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Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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Treaty signed by international organizations in Kyoto in 1997

synonymKyoto Protocol(Supplementary provisions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) generally refers to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a treaty signed by international organizations in Kyoto on December 11, 1997.

Chinese name: Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Classification of treaties: Environment (Resources and Energy)
Date of signing: December 11, 1997

Effective date: February 16, 2005
timeliness: In effect
Category of treaty: protocol
Place of signing: Kyoto

The Parties to this Protocol,

As a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as the Convention),

In order to achieve the ultimate objective set out in article 2 of the Convention,

Recalling the provisions of the Convention,

Guided by article 3 of the Convention,

In accordance with the Berlin Mandate adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its first session in decision 1 / CP.1, it is agreed as follows:

For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. As well as:

1. "Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.

2. "Convention" means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted at New York on 9 May 1992.

3. "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" means the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change jointly established by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme in 1998.

4. "Montreal Protocol" means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted at Montreal on 16 September 1987, as subsequently adjusted and amended.

5. "Parties present and voting" means Parties present at the meeting and voting in favour or against.

6. "Party" means a Party to this Protocol unless otherwise stated in the text.

Seven. "Party included in Annex I" means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, including possible amendments, or a Party that has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2 (g), of the Convention.

Article 2 1. Each Party included in Annex I, in achieving its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments referred to in Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall:

(a) The implementation and/or further development of policies and measures in accordance with national circumstances, such as:

(a) to enhance the energy efficiency of relevant sectors of the domestic economy;

(b) to protect and enhance sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account their commitments under relevant international environmental agreements; Promoting sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation;

Promote sustainable agricultural practices, taking into account climate change;

(d) research, promotion, development and increased use of new and renewable sources of energy, carbon dioxide sequestration technologies and advanced innovative technologies beneficial to the environment;

(e) Progressively reduce or eliminate market deficiencies, financial incentives, tax and tariff exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas emitting sectors that are contrary to the objectives of the Convention, and use market instruments;

Encourage appropriate sectoral reforms aimed at promoting policies and measures to limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;

(vii) Take measures to limit and/or reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;

(viii) Limiting and/or reducing methane emissions through waste management and recovery and use in the production, transport and distribution of energy;

(b) Cooperate with other such Parties, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2 (e) (I), of the Convention, with a view to enhancing the individual and combined effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article. To this end, these Parties should take steps to share their experiences and exchange information on these policies and measures, including by seeking to improve their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall consider, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, ways of facilitating such cooperation, taking into account all relevant information.

2. Parties included in Annex I shall make efforts through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, respectively, to seek to limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from aviation and Marine bunker fuels not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.

3. Parties included in Annex I shall endeavour to implement the policies and measures referred to in this article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including adverse effects on climate change, effects on international trade, And the social, environmental and economic impacts on other Parties, in particular developing country Parties and those Parties specifically identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention, taking into account article 3 of the Convention. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may, as appropriate, take further action to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph.

4. If the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol determines that coordination of any of the policies and measures referred to in paragraph 1 (a) above would be useful, taking into account different national circumstances and potential impacts, it shall consider ways and means of clarifying the coordination of such policies and measures.

Article 3 1. Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their total anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated in accordance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments contained in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, To reduce overall emissions of these gases by at least 5 per cent from 1990 levels over the 2008-2012 commitment period.

2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made verifiable progress in implementing its commitments under this Protocol.

3. Net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from directly human-induced land-use change and forestry activities - limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation - since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks for each commitment period, should be used to meet the commitments of each Party included in Annex I under this article. Greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks associated with these activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8.

4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide data for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in order to determine its carbon stocks in 1990 and to enable estimates of changes in its carbon stocks in subsequent years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, determine what other human-induced activities relate to changes in emissions of greenhouse gases by sources and removals by sinks of agricultural soil and land use change and forestry; The modalities, rules and guidelines on how to add to or subtract from the assigned amounts of Parties included in Annex I shall be decided, taking into account uncertainties, transparency of reporting, verifiability, methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice under Article 5 and decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. This decision shall apply to the second and subsequent commitment periods. A Party may elect to apply this decision for these additional human-induced activities for its first commitment period, provided that these activities have been carried out since 1990.

5. The base year or base period of a Party included in Annex I that is in transition to a market economy, as determined by decision 9 / CP.2 of the Conference of the Parties at its second session, shall be used for the purpose of fulfilling its commitments under this article. Any other Party included in Annex I that is transitioning to a market economy and has not yet submitted its first national communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol of its intention to use a historical base year or period other than 1990 for the purpose of fulfilling its commitments under this article. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall decide on the acceptance or otherwise of such notification.

6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall allow Parties included in Annex I that are transitioning to a market economy a degree of flexibility in implementing their commitments other than those provided for in this Article.

Seven. For the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period from 2008 to 2012, each Party included in Annex I shall be assigned an amount equal to its percentage contained in Annex B of its total anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases included in Annex A in 1990 or in the base year or period established in accordance with paragraph 5 above multiplied by 5. Land-use change and forestry for those Parties included in Annex I that constitute net sources of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 shall, for the purpose of calculating their assigned amounts, include in their 1990 emissions base year or base period the total anthropogenic CO2 equivalent emissions from sources less removals by sinks resulting from land-use change in 1990.

8. Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride for the purposes of the calculations referred to in paragraph 7 above.

9. The commitments of Parties included in Annex I for subsequent periods shall be defined in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of Article 21, paragraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall commence consideration of such commitments at least seven years before the end of the first commitment period referred to in paragraph 1 above.

10. Any emission reduction units or any part of an allocation obtained by a Party from another Party under the provisions of Article 6 or 17 shall be counted in the allocation of the receiving Party.

11. Any emission reduction units or any part of an assigned quantity transferred by a Party to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Articles 6 and 17 shall be subtracted from the assigned quantity of the transferring Party.

12. Any certified emission reduction obtained by a Party from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be credited to the allocated amount of the receiving Party.

13. If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I during a commitment period are less than its assigned amount determined in accordance with this Article, such difference shall, at the request of the Party, be credited to that Party's assigned amount for subsequent commitment periods.

14. Each Party included in Annex I shall endeavour to fulfil its commitment in paragraph 1 above by minimizing adverse social, environmental and economic impacts on developing country Parties, in particular those specifically identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention. In accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol on the implementation of these provisions, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, consider what actions may be necessary to minimize the adverse consequences of climate change and/or the effects of corresponding measures on the Parties referred to in the above provisions. Issues to be considered should include financing, insurance and technology transfer.

Article 4 1. Any Party included in Annex I that has entered into an agreement to jointly implement its commitments under Article 3 shall be deemed to have fulfilled those commitments provided that its combined total anthropogenic CO2 equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed the commitments contained in Annex B based on its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments and the assigned amounts calculated under article 3. The respective emission levels assigned to each Party to the Agreement shall be set out in the Agreement.

2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the Secretariat of the contents of the Agreement on the date on which they deposit their ratification, acceptance or approval of this Protocol or accede to it. The Secretariat shall then inform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the contents of the agreement.

3. Any such agreement shall continue for the duration of the commitment period referred to in Article 3, paragraph 7.

4. If a Party acts jointly within the framework of and with a regional economic integration organization, any change in the composition of that organization after the adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Any change in the composition of the Organization shall apply only to those commitments under Article 3 adopted subsequent to that change.

5. In the event that the Parties to the Agreement fail to achieve their aggregate combined emission reduction levels, each Party to such an agreement shall be responsible for its own emission levels as set out in the Agreement.

6. If a Party is acting jointly within the framework of and with a regional economic integration organization that is itself a Party to the Protocol, each Member of that regional economic integration organization, individually and together with a regional economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 24, shall be responsible for the level of its emissions notified in accordance with this Article if it fails to achieve the overall combined level of emission reduction.

Article 5 1. Each Party included in Annex I shall, no later than one year prior to the commencement of the first commitment period, establish a national system for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The guidelines for such national systems, which shall reflect the methodology referred to in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session.

2. The methodology for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. If such methodology is not used, appropriate adjustments shall be made in accordance with the methodology agreed upon at the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review and revise and make adjustments, as appropriate, on the basis, inter alia, of the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, taking fully into account any relevant decisions taken by the Conference of the Parties. Any amendment or adjustment of the other party's jurisprudence shall be used only for the purpose of determining compliance with the commitments under Article 3 during any commitment period adopted following such amendment.

3. The global warming potential values for the calculation of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review and revise, as appropriate, the global warming potential of each such greenhouse gas, based, inter alia, on the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, taking fully into account any relevant decisions taken by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. Any revision of global warming potential shall apply only to commitments under Article 3 for any commitment period adopted following that revision.

Article 6 1. For the purpose of implementing its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in Annex I may transfer to or obtain from any other such Party emission reduction units resulting from projects in any sector of the economy aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks, provided that:

(a) Any such project shall be subject to the approval of the Party concerned;

(b) any such project must be capable of reducing emissions from sources or enhancing removals by sinks in addition to any reduction or enhancement otherwise occurring;

(c) A Party that does not comply with its obligations under Articles 5 and 7 shall not be granted any emission reduction units;

(d) The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be complementary to national actions to meet commitments under Article 3.

2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, develop further guidance for the implementation of this article, including for verification and reporting.

3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize a legal entity to participate, under the responsibility of that Party, in actions leading to the creation, transfer or acquisition of emission reduction units in accordance with this Article.

4. If, under the relevant provisions of Article 8, a Party included in Annex I is identified as having problems with the implementation of the requirements referred to in this article, the transfer and acquisition of emission reduction units may continue after the problem has been identified, but a Party may not use any emission reduction units to meet its commitments under Article 3 until any compliance issues have been resolved.

Article 7 1. Each Party included in Annex I shall include in its annual inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, to be submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, such additional information as will be necessary for the purposes of ensuring compliance with article 3, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.

2. Each Party included in Annex I shall include in its national communication under Article 12 of the Convention such additional information as may be necessary to demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, as determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.

3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required in paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with the submission of the first inventory under the Convention during the first year of the commitment period following the entry into force of this Protocol for it. Each such Party shall submit the information required in paragraph 2 above as part of the first national communication to be submitted after the entry into force of this Protocol for it and after the adoption of the guidelines in accordance with paragraph 4 below. The frequency of subsequent submission of the information required under this article shall be determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into account any timetable decided by the Conference of the Parties for the submission of national communications.

4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session and periodically review thereafter the guidelines for the preparation of the information required under this article, taking into account the guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall also decide, prior to the first commitment period, on the modalities for calculating the allotments.

Article 8 1. National communications submitted under article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed by an expert review team in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol in accordance with paragraph 4 below. The information submitted by each Party included in Annex I in accordance with Article 7, paragraph 1, shall be reviewed as part of the annual compilation and calculation of emission inventories and assigned amounts. In addition, information submitted by each Party included in Annex I in accordance with article 7, paragraph 2, shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications.

2. The expert review team shall be coordinated by the Secretariat in accordance with guidance provided for that purpose by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention and shall consist of members selected from among experts nominated by Parties to the Convention and, where appropriate, intergovernmental organizations.

3. The review process shall include a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment of all aspects of a Party's implementation of this Protocol. The expert review team shall prepare a report for submission to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, in which it shall assess the implementation of the commitments by the Party and identify any potential problems with the implementation of the commitments and factors affecting the implementation of the commitments. Such reports shall be circulated by the Secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The Secretariat shall list any issues of implementation identified in such reports for further consideration by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.

4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, adopt and periodically thereafter review guidelines for the review of the implementation of this Protocol by expert review teams, taking into account the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties.

5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider:

(a) Information submitted by the Party in accordance with Article 7 and reports of expert reviews conducted in accordance with this Article;

(b) those issues of implementation identified by the Secretariat in accordance with paragraph 3 above, as well as any issues raised by the Parties.

6. In the light of its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take decisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.

Article 9 1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific information and assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic information. These reviews shall be coordinated with those related reviews required under the Convention, in particular article 4, paragraph 2 (d), and article 7, paragraph 2 (a), of the Convention. On the basis of these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action.

2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, and further reviews shall take place on a regular and timely basis.

All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their particular national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without introducing any new commitments to Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing commitments under article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and continuing to promote the implementation of those commitments in order to achieve sustainable development, Taking into account article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, it shall:

(a) Develop, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national and, where appropriate, regional programmes to improve the quality of local emission factors, activity data and/or models that reflect the socio-economic situation of each Party, To prepare and regularly update national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using a comparable methodology to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention and consistent with the guidelines for the preparation of national communications adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention;

(b) Develop, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing climate change mitigation measures and measures conducive to adequate adaptation to climate change:

(I) Such programmes would cover, inter alia, the energy, transport and industrial sectors, as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management. In addition, adaptation technologies and methods aimed at improving regional planning can also improve adaptation to climate change;

(b) Parties included in Annex I shall submit, in accordance with Article 7, information on actions taken under this Protocol, including national programmes; Other Parties shall endeavour to include in their national communications, as appropriate, information containing measures that the Parties believe will contribute to addressing climate change and its adverse effects, including programmes to mitigate the increase in greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance sinks and sinks removal, capacity-building and adaptation measures;

(c) To cooperate in promoting effective ways of developing, applying and disseminating environmentally beneficial technologies, know-how, practices and processes related to climate change, and to take all practical steps to promote, facilitate and, where appropriate, finance the special transfer of such technologies, know-how, practices and processes to or access to developing countries, including through the formulation of policies and programmes; To facilitate the effective transfer of publicly owned or publicly owned environmentally beneficial technologies and to create an enabling environment for the private sector to promote and enhance the transfer of and access to environmentally beneficial technologies;

(d) To cooperate in scientific and technological research to promote the maintenance and development of systematic observation systems and the development of databases to reduce uncertainties related to the climate system, the adverse effects of climate change and the economic and social consequences of response strategies; And promote the development and strengthening of national capacities to participate in international and intergovernmental efforts, programmes and networks on research and systematic observation, taking into account article 5 of the Convention;

(e) Cooperate at the international level and make use of existing institutions, as appropriate, to promote the development and implementation of education and training programmes, including strengthening national capacity-building, in particular human and institutional capacity, exchange or redeployment of personnel to train experts in this field, in particular from developing countries, and, at the national level, promote public awareness and access to information on climate change. Appropriate means should be developed to implement these activities through the relevant bodies of the Convention, taking into account article 6 of the Convention;

(f) Include in national communications programmes and activities carried out in accordance with this article, in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention;

(g) To take full account of article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention in the implementation of its commitments under this article.

Article 11 1. In implementing Article 10, Parties shall take into account the provisions of Article 4, paragraphs 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 of the Convention.

2. In the context of the implementation of article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, in accordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and article 11 of the Convention, and through the entities entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of the Convention, the developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention shall:

(a) Provide new and additional financial resources to cover the full agreed costs incurred by developing countries to facilitate the implementation of existing commitments under article 4, paragraph 1 (a), of the Convention, as referred to in article 10, paragraph (a);

(b) and provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, as may be required by developing country Parties to cover all additional costs agreed to facilitate the implementation of existing commitments under Article 10 under article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and agreed between a developing country Party and the international entity referred to in article 11 of the Convention under that article.

The implementation of these existing commitments should take into account the need for adequate and predictable financial flows and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among developed country Parties. The guidance given in relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention to entities entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of the Convention, including those agreed upon prior to the adoption of this Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutinis to the provisions of this paragraph.

3. Developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention may also make available, and be accessed by developing country Parties, through bilateral, regional and other multilateral channels, funds for the implementation of Article X.

Article 12 1. A clean development mechanism is hereby identified.

2. The purpose of the CDM is to assist Parties not included in Annex I to achieve sustainable development and contribute to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I to achieve compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3.

3. Under the Clean Development Mechanism:

(a) Parties not included in Annex I will benefit from project activities that produce proven emissions reductions;

(b) Parties included in Annex I may use the proven emission reductions obtained through such project activities to promote compliance with one of their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3 as determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.

4. The Clean Development Mechanism shall be under the authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and shall be overseen by the Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism.

5. The reduced emissions resulting from each project activity must be demonstrated by an operating entity designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol in accordance with the following:

(a) Voluntary participation approved by each Party concerned;

(b) Real, measurable and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change;

(c) Emissions reductions are additional to any emissions reductions that occur in the absence of a proven project activity.

6. If necessary, the CDM should assist in arranging the financing of proven project activities.

Seven. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, develop modalities and procedures with a view to ensuring transparency, efficiency and reliability through independent audit and verification of project activities.

8. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall ensure that part of the proceeds from certified project activities are used to cover administrative costs and to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet adaptation costs.

9. Participation in the CDM, including in activities referred to in paragraph 3 (a) above and in obtaining proven emission reductions, may include private and/or public entities, subject to any guidance that may be provided by the CDM Executive Board.

10. Proven emission reductions achieved during the period from 2000 until the beginning of the first commitment period can be used to assist in compliance during the first commitment period.

Article 13 1. The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the Meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.

2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. In the exercise of its functions as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by the Parties to this Protocol.

3. Any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the Convention who is not at that time a Party to this Protocol, when the Conference of the Parties is exercising its functions as the Meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, shall be replaced by another member elected by the Party to this Protocol from among the Parties to this Protocol.

4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review the implementation of this Protocol and shall, within its competence, take such decisions as may be necessary to promote the effective implementation of this Protocol. The Conference of the Parties shall perform the functions assigned to it by this Protocol and shall:

(a) Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it under the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation by the Parties of this Protocol and the overall impact of the measures taken under this Protocol, in particular the environmental, economic and social impacts and their cumulative impacts, as well as the extent of progress achieved in achieving the objectives of the Convention;

(b) Periodically review the obligations of the Parties under this Protocol in the light of the objectives of the Convention, the experience gained in its implementation and the development of scientific and technical knowledge, taking due account of any reviews required by article 4, paragraph 2 (d), and article 7, paragraph 2, of the Convention, and in this regard consider and adopt periodic reports on the implementation of this Protocol;

(c) Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures taken by Parties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of Parties, as well as their respective commitments under this Protocol;

(d) Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measures taken by those Parties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties, as well as their respective commitments under this Protocol;

(e) To promote and guide the development and regular improvement of comparable methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, in accordance with the objectives of the Convention and the provisions of this Protocol, taking fully into account the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties;

(f) to make such recommendations on any matter as are necessary for the implementation of this Protocol;

(g) Seek to mobilize additional resources in accordance with article 11, paragraph 2;

(h) Establish such subsidiary bodies as may be deemed necessary for the implementation of this Protocol;

(i) Seek and make use, as appropriate, of the services, cooperation and information provided by competent international organizations and intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies;

(j) To perform such other functions as are necessary for the implementation of this Protocol and to consider any tasks resulting from decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.

5. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and the financial rules adopted under the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis under this Protocol, unless the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may otherwise decide by consensus.

6. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be convened by the Secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the Conference of the Parties scheduled after the entry into force of this Protocol. The subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held annually and in conjunction with the ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, unless the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties decides otherwise.

Seven. An extraordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held at such other time as the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to this Protocol deems necessary, or at the written request of any Party, provided that it has the support of at least one third of the Parties within six months after the request has been communicated to the Parties by the Secretariat.

8. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency, as well as their Member States or observers that are not Parties to the Convention, may be represented as observers at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Any body or institution, whether national or international, governmental or non-governmental, competent in matters covered by this Protocol, may be admitted to a session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol if it has notified the Secretariat of its willingness to be represented as an observer, unless at least one third of the Parties present objects. The admission and participation of observers shall be governed by the rules of procedure referred to in paragraph 5 above.

Article 14 1. The Secretariat established under Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat for this Protocol.

2. Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention, relating to the functions of the Secretariat, and Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention, relating to the arrangements for the performance of the functions of the Secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The Secretariat shall also exercise the functions conferred upon it by this Protocol.

Article 15 1. The Subsidiary Bodies for Scientific and Technological Advice and Implementation established by articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as the Subsidiary bodies for scientific and Technological advice and implementation of this Protocol. The provisions of the Convention governing the functioning of the two bodies shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The sessions of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in conjunction with those of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the Convention, respectively.

2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary Body. When a subsidiary body is a subsidiary body of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by the Parties to this Protocol.

3. In the exercise of their functions of the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention to deal with matters relating to this Protocol, any member of the Bureau of the subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention who is not for the time being a Party to this Protocol shall be replaced by another member elected by a Party to this Protocol from among the Parties to this Protocol.

The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, as soon as practicable, consider the application of this Protocol and, where appropriate, modify the multilateral consultation procedure referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any relevant decision that the Conference of the Parties may take. Any multilateral consultative procedure applicable to this Protocol shall operate without prejudice to the procedures and mechanisms established pursuant to Article 18.

Article 17 The Conference of the Parties to the Convention shall determine relevant principles, modalities, rules and guidelines for emissions trading, in particular its verification, reporting and responsibilities. Parties included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the purpose of fulfilling their commitments under Article 3. Any such trade shall be complementary to national action for the purpose of achieving quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under that article.

Article 18 The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, adopt appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to follow up and address situations of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol, including an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the causes, types, extent and frequency of non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms which may give rise to binding consequences under this Article shall be adopted by way of an amendment to this Protocol.

Article 19 The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol.

Article 20 1. Any Contracting Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.

2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at a regular session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Any proposed amendment to this Protocol shall be communicated by the Secretariat to the Parties at least six months prior to the meeting at which the amendment is proposed for adoption. The Secretariat shall also communicate proposed amendments to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and to the depositary for information.

3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement by consensus on any proposed amendments to this Protocol. If every effort has been made to achieve consensus but no agreement has been reached, the amendment shall, as a final measure, be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting. Amendments adopted shall be transmitted by the Secretariat to the depositary, who shall transmit them to all Parties for acceptance.

4. An instrument of acceptance of an amendment shall be deposited with the depositary, and an amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force for the Parties that have accepted the amendment on the ninetieth day after the date on which the depositary has received an instrument of acceptance from at least three fourths of the Parties to this Protocol.

5. In the case of any other Contracting Party, an amendment shall enter into force for that Contracting Party on the ninetieth day after the date on which that Contracting Party deposited with the depositary its instrument of acceptance of the amendment.

Article 21 1. The annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part of this Protocol and, unless expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Protocol shall be made in conjunction with any of its annexes. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be limited to lists, forms and any other illustrative material of a scientific, technical, procedural or administrative nature.

2. Any Contracting Party may propose annexes to this Protocol and may propose amendments to annexes to this Protocol.

3. Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to the annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at a regular session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to the annex shall be communicated to the Parties by the Secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which the annex or amendment to the annex is proposed to be adopted. The Secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or amendment to it to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and to the depositary for information.

4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement by consensus on any proposed annexes or amendments to them. If every effort has been made to achieve consensus but no agreement has been reached, the annex or amendment to it shall, as a last resort, be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting. The annexes adopted, or amendments to them, shall be transmitted by the Secretariat to the depositary, who shall transmit them to all Parties for acceptance.

5. With the exception of Annexes A and B, annexes or amendments to annexes adopted in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties six months after the date of the depositary's communication to all Parties to this Protocol of the adoption of the annex or the adoption of amendments to the annex, Except in the case of a Party which, during this period, has notified the depositary in writing that it does not accept the annex or any amendment thereto. In the case of a Party that withdraws its notification of non-acceptance, the annex or the amendment thereto shall enter into force for it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt of the notification of withdrawal by the depositary.

6. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to this Protocol, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until after the entry into force of the amendment to this Protocol.

Seven. Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted and enter into force in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 20, provided that any amendment to Annex B shall be adopted only with the written consent of the Party concerned.

Article 22 1. Subject to paragraph 2 below, each Contracting Party shall have one vote.

2. Regional economic integration organizations shall, in matters within their competence, exercise the same number of votes as the number of Member States that are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right to vote, and vice versa.

Article 23 The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the depositary of this Protocol.

Article 24 1. This Protocol shall be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by States and regional economic integration organizations that are Parties to the Convention. This Protocol shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. This Protocol shall be open for accession from the day after the deadline for its signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the depositary.

2. Any regional economic integration organization that becomes a Party to this Protocol and whose member States are not Parties shall be bound by the obligations of this Protocol. If one or more of the Member States of such an organization are Parties to this Protocol, the organization and its Member States shall determine their respective responsibilities for the implementation of their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases, the Organization and its Member States shall not be entitled to exercise their rights under this Protocol at the same time.

3. The regional economic integration organization shall declare in the instrument of its ratification, acceptance, approval or accession its competence with regard to the matters provided for in this Protocol. These organizations shall also notify the depositary of any material change in the scope of their competence, and the depositary shall notify the Parties.

Article 25 1. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which no fewer than fifty-five Parties to the Convention, including Parties included in Annex I whose combined carbon dioxide emissions account for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I in 1990, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

2. For the purposes of this article, "total 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of Parties included in Annex I" means the amount communicated by Parties included in Annex I in their first national communications submitted under Article 12 of the Convention on or before the date of adoption of this Protocol.

3. For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Protocol after the conditions for entry into force specified in paragraph 1 above have been met, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

4. For the purposes of this article, any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be regarded as an additional instrument to that deposited by the Member States of that organization.

Article 26 No reservations may be made to this Protocol.

Article 27 1. At any time after three years from the date of entry into force of this Protocol for a Contracting Party, that Contracting Party may withdraw from this Protocol by giving a written notice to the depositary.

2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect at the end of one year from the date of receipt of the withdrawal notice by the depositary or on the date after the change stated in the withdrawal notice.

3. Any Party withdrawing from the Convention shall be deemed to have also withdrawn from this Protocol.

Article 28 The original of this Protocol shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and its Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts shall be equally authentic.

Done at Kyoto on 11 December 1997.

In witness whereof the undersigned, having been duly authorized to do so, have signed this Protocol on the date fixed.

Annex A

Greenhouse gas Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Methane (CH4)

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

Department/Source Category Energy

Fuel combustion

Energy industry

Manufacturing and construction

transport

Other departments

other

Runaway emissions from fuels

Solid fuel

Oil and gas

other

industry

Mineral products

Chemical industry

Metal production

Other production

Production of halocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride

Consumption of halocarbon and sulfur hexaoxide

other

Use of solvents and other products

agriculture

Intestinal fermentation

Manure management

Rice planting

Agricultural soil

The burning of the savanna

Field burning of crop residues

other

trash

Land solid waste disposal

Wastewater treatment

Waste incineration

other

Annex B

Quantified commitments by parties to limit or reduce emissions

(Percentage of base year or base period)

Australia ……………………………………………………… 108

Austria ………………………………………………………… 92

Belgium ………………………………………………………… 92

Bulgaria * …………………………………………………… 92

Canada ………………………………………………………… 94

Croatia * …………………………………………………… 95

Czech Republic * ………………………………………………… 95

Denmark …………………………………………………………… 92

Estonia * …………………………………………………… 92

The European Community …………………………………………………… 92

Finland …………………………………………………………… 92

France …………………………………………………………… 92

Germany …………………………………………………………… 92

Greece …………………………………………………………… 92

Hungary * ……………………………………………………… 94

Iceland …………………………………………………………… 110

Ireland ………………………………………………………… 92

Italy ………………………………………………………… 92

Japan …………………………………………………………… 94

Latvia * …………………………………………………… 92

Liechtenstein …………………………………………………… 92

Lithuania * ……………………………………………………… 92

Luxembourg ………………………………………………………… 92

Monaco ………………………………………………………… 92

The Netherlands …………………………………………………………… 92

New Zealand ………………………………………………………… 100

Norway …………………………………………………………… 101

Poland -………………………………………………………… 94

Portugal ………………………………………………………… 92

Romania * …………………………………………………… 92

Russian Federation * ………………………………………………… 100

Slovakia * …………………………………………………… 92

Slovenia * ………………………………………………… 92

Spain ………………………………………………………… 92

Sweden …………………………………………………………… 92

Switzerland …………………………………………………………… 92

Ukraine * ……………………………………………………… 100

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ……………………………… 92

The United States of America ………………………………………………… 93

Note: * Countries in transition to a market economy.

Decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties

Decision 1 / CP.3 adopted the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The Conference of the Parties,

Having reviewed article 4, paragraph 2 (a) and (b), of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at its first session and having concluded that these provisions are inadequate,

Recalling its decision 1 / CP.1 entitled "Berlin Mandate: Review the adequacy of article 4, paragraph 2 (a), of the Convention, including proposals for protocols and decisions on follow-up ", in which it was agreed to initiate a process to enable the Conference of the Parties to take appropriate action for the period beyond 2000, including the adoption of a protocol or another legal instrument by the Conference of the Parties at its third session,

Recalling further that the purpose of this process is to strengthen the commitments contained in Article 4, paragraph 2 (a) and (b), of the Convention and to promote the development of policies and measures by developed countries/other Parties included in Annex I, as well as their anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, Setting quantified limits and reduction targets within specified periods, such as 2005, 2010 and 2020,

Recalling also that, in accordance with the Berlin Mandate, this process will not introduce any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but will reaffirm existing commitments in article 4, paragraph 1, and continue to advance their implementation with a view to achieving sustainable development, taking into account article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7,

Taking note of the reports of the AD Hoc Group on Berlin on its eighth session,

Note: ①FCCC/AGBM / 1995/2and7andCorr.1; FCCC/AGBM / 1996/5, 8, and11; FCCC/AGBM / 1997/3, 3 / Add.1 andCorr.1, 5, 8, and8 / Add.1

Having considered with appreciation the report submitted by the Chairman of the AD Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate,

Taking note with appreciation of the report of the Chairman of the Committee of the Whole on the results of the work of the Committee,

Recognizing the need to prepare for the early entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,

Aware of the importance of starting work in a timely manner to pave the way for a successful outcome of the fourth session of the Conference of the Parties, to be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina,

1. Decides to adopt the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change annexed to this decision;

2. Requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to act as depositary of the Protocol and to open it for signature in New York from 16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999;

3. Invites all Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to sign the Protocol on 16 March 1998 or as soon as possible after that date and to deposit instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval or accession as soon as appropriate;

4. Also invites States that have not yet become Parties to the Convention to ratify or accede to the Convention without delay, as appropriate, in order to be able to become Parties to the Protocol;

5. Requests the Chair of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Chair of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation, taking into account the approved programme budget for the biennium 1998-1999 and the programmes relating to the work of the Secretariat, 2 to give the Secretariat guidance on the preparatory work required for consideration by the Conference of the Parties at its fourth session and, as appropriate, to allocate work on the following matters to their respective subsidiary bodies:

Note: ②FCCC/CP / 1997 / INF.1.

(a) Establish models, rules and guidelines on how additional human-induced activities related to changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the agricultural soil and land use change and forestry categories should be accounted for or subtracted from the assigned amounts of Parties to the Instrument of Agreement included in Annex I to the Convention, as provided for in Article 3, paragraph 4, of the Protocol;

(b) Establish relevant principles, modalities, rules and guidelines for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading, in particular in accordance with Article 17 of the Protocol;

(c) Develop guidelines for the transfer to or acquisition from any other such Party by any Party to the Protocol included in Annex I to the Convention of any emission reduction unit resulting from a project aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy, as provided for in article 6 of the Protocol;

(d) Consider and, where appropriate, take action on appropriate approaches to address situations where individual projects will have a significant impact on emissions from Parties included in Annex B to the Protocol during the commitment period;

(e) Analysis of the impact of article 12, paragraph 10, of the Protocol;

6. Requests the Chairs of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to submit to the eighth session of those bodies a joint proposal on the division of work for their preparatory work, so that the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Protocol after its entry into force can fulfil its mandate under the Protocol. December 11, 1997

12th plenary meeting

Decision 2 / CP.3 Methodological issues relating to the Kyoto Protocol

The Conference of the Parties,

Recalling its decisions 4 / CP.1 and 9 / CP.2,

Approving the relevant conclusions of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice at its fourth session,

Note: ①FCCC/SBSTA / 1996/20.paras.30and54.

1. Reaffirms that Parties should use the 1996 revised Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories to estimate and report anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;

2. Affirms that actual emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride should be estimated, where data are available, and used for reporting emissions. Parties shall make every effort to develop the necessary data sources;

3. Reaffirms that the global warming potentials used by Parties should be those proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its Second Assessment Report, based on the effects of greenhouse gases over a 100-year time horizon (" IPCC 1995 Global warming potentials "), taking into account the inherently complex uncertainties involved in estimates of global warming potentials. In addition, for information purposes only, Parties may also use an alternative time frame provided in the second assessment report;

4. Recalls that, in accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories as revised in 1996, emissions based on fuel sold to ships or aircraft engaged in international traffic should not be included in national totals but should be reported separately, and urges the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to give further consideration to including these emissions in Parties' overall greenhouse gas inventories;

5. Decides that emissions resulting from multilateral activities under the Charter of the United Nations should not be included in national totals but should be reported separately. Emissions related to other activities shall be included in the total national emissions of one or more Parties concerned. December 11, 1997

12th plenary meeting

Decision 3 / CP.3 Implementation of article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention

The Conference of the Parties,

Noting the provisions of Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,

Taking note also of article 3 of the Convention and of paragraph 1 (b) of the "Berlin Mandate",

Note: ①Decision1 / CP.1

1. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation, at its eighth session, to initiate a process to identify and determine what actions are required to meet the specific needs of developing country Parties referred to in article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, arising from the adverse effects of climate change and/or the effects of the implementation of contingency measures. Among the issues to be considered should be actions related to financing, insurance and technology transfer;

2. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to report to the Conference of the Parties at its fourth session on the outcome of this process;

3. Invites the Conference of the Parties to take a decision on the required action at its fourth session, taking into account the conclusions and recommendations of this process. December 11, 1997

12th plenary meeting

Report of the third session of the Conference of the Parties

Table: Total CO2 emissions from Annex I Parties in 1990, presented for the purposes of Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol

Percentage of emissions (gigagrams) by Parties

Australia 288,9652.1

Austria 59,2000.4

Belgium 113,4050.8

Bulgaria 82,9900.6

Canada 457,4413.3

Czech Republic 169,5141.2

Denmark 52,1000.4

Estonia 37,7970.3

Finland 53,9000.4

France 366,5362.7

① The data in the table are based on information provided by 34 Annex I Parties that submitted their first national communications on or before 11 December 1997, which has been compiled by the Secretariat in several documents (A/AC.237/81; FCCC/CP / 1996/12 / Add.2 and FCCC/SB / 1997/6). Some communications include data on emissions from sources and removals by sinks from land use change and forestry, but they have not been included because of the different reporting methods used.

Germany 1,012,4437.4

Greece 82,1000.6

Hungary 71,6730.5

Iceland 2,1720.0

Ireland 30,7190.2

Italy 428,9413.1

Japan 1,173,3608.5

Latvia 22,9760.2

Liechtenstein 2080.0

Luxembourg 11,3430.1

Monaco 710.0

The Netherlands 167,6001.2