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Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: Manas x x Y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev; 2 March 1931-30 August 2022), Russian,
Soviet politicians
[1]
He was the last leader of the Soviet Union
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR
He was the sole President of the Soviet Union from March 1990 to December 25, 1991.
[54]
Gorbachev was born in the southern Soviet Union
Stavropol Krai
Privolinoye Village. He joined in 1952
Communist Party of the USSR
. He graduated in 1955
Lomonosov State University, Moscow
The law Department. In October 1980, he became a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1985 to 1991, he served as General secretary and President of the Soviet Union, promoting the reform of the Soviet Union's economic, political and military systems. On 25 December 1991, he resigned as President of the Soviet Union. On May 24, 1993, in
Green Cross International
At the inaugural meeting, he was elected the first president of the organization.
15 October 1990, obtained
Nobel Peace Prize
.
[2]
On 11 March 2000, he was elected
Unified Social Democratic Party of Russia
The leader. In June 2005, the German Unification Council awarded him the "Alpha Checkpoint" German Unification Award.
[3]
On September 18, 2008, he was awarded the Medal of Freedom in the United States.
[4]
On May 3, 2012, he was appointed by the President of Russia
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev
Russia's highest honor
Order of Saint Andre
.
On August 30, 2022 local time, Gorbachev died of a long and serious illness at the age of 91.
[51]
- Chinese name
- Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
- Foreign name
-
Manna x x x density C Y Y density C Y Y density C y y density C y density C y density C
(Russian)
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (English) - gender
- male
- nationality
- Russia
- Ethnic group
- Russian
- Place of Birth
- before The Soviet Union - Stavropol Krai
- Date of birth
- March 2, 1931
- Date of death
- August 30, 2022
- Graduate School
- Lomonosov State University, Moscow
- Political party
- Communist Party of the USSR , Russian Social Democratic Union
- Representative works
- Reform and new thinking , Memoirs of Mikhail Gorbachev
- duty
- statesman
- Have faith in
- Early belief Marxism-Leninism
- Major achievement
-
proceed
Gorbachev's reform
Serve as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR , Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Chairman of the Bureau, President of the Soviet Union
Be awarded with Nobel Peace Prize (1990)
Be awarded with Order of Saint Andre (2012)
catalogue
- 1biography
- ▪Early experience
- ▪Home office
- ▪Enter the center
- ▪National reform
- ▪Be forced to resign
- ▪Later life
- ▪Death of a person
- 2Administrative measures
- ▪economy
- ▪political
- ▪society
- ▪nation
- ▪Military affairs
- ▪diplomacy
- 3Personal life
- ▪Marriage and family
- ▪In good health
- 4Major contribution
- ▪Receive honor
- ▪Character works
- 5Character evaluation
Gorbachev (center) and his parents as a child
One night in 1937,"
Soviet counterinsurgency movement
As well as the Gorbachev family, Grandpa was arrested on charges of collaborating with the Trotskyists to undermine the economic power of the collective farms. Gorbachev's grandfather, too, was arrested for not having any seeds and for not completing his planting plan, and spent two years chopping wood in a labor camp before being released.
[5]
Gorbachev was 10 years old when German fascists invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. During the war, his family did not retreat to the rear, but engaged in agricultural labor not far from the front line, at which time Gorbachev lost the normal opportunity to study, and could only work while reading.
[6]
In 1944, he began working regularly on the farm, and later became a Combein operator's assistant.
After 1945, Gorbachev worked every year as a temporary worker at the local agricultural machinery station or as an assistant at the combine harvester, and for his hard work, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in 1949.
[5]
In 1946, he began to work as a mechanic at the farm's tractor machinery station.
Gorbachev in his youth
In March 1962, he became an organiser (head) of the Party of the Stavropol Region, and in December of the same year, he became the head of the Party of the Stavropol Region.
From September 1962 to 1967, he completed correspondence studies at the Stavropol Agricultural College.
In September 1966, he became the first secretary of the Stavropol Municipal Party Committee and in the same year received a degree as an agricultural economist.
He became the second Secretary of the Stavropol District Committee in August 1968 and the first Secretary in April 1970.
[7]
In 1971, he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
In 1974, he was elected deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the Executive Committee for Youth Affairs.
In 1978, after Kurakov's death, Gorbachev was transferred directly to
Moscow
He was appointed secretary of the CPC Central Committee and entered the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee. He succeeded Kurakov in the Ministry of Agriculture.
In November 1979, he was elected an alternate member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
In October 1980, he became the youngest member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture.
[5]
In February 1984, Gorbachev was declared the second most powerful man in the Soviet Union and became a core member of the Politburo, where he was in charge of agriculture, economics, education, ideology, and foreign affairs.
[8]
On March 10, 1985,
Konstantin Ustinovitch Chernenko
Died of an illness. On March 11th, in
Gromyko
With the support of others, Gorbachev was elected general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and chairman of the Soviet National Defense Conference at the extraordinary plenary session of the Central Committee.
The Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in April 1985 and the twenty-seventh Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in early 1986 established Gorbachev as the supreme leader of the General Secretary, and established
Gorbachev's reform
The route.
In 1986, in his report to the twenty-seventh Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev replaced the reference to "entering developed socialism" with the reference to "building developed socialism" and proposed the policy of "accelerating the strategy" and implementing "thorough reform".
Gorbachev (left) on stage at the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
In June 1988, he proposed a political restructuring plan at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On 1 October, he was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
On 25 May 1989, he was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union at the first Congress of the People's Congress of the Soviet Union.
On March 14, 1990, he was elected the first president of the Soviet Union at the Third (extraordinary) People's Congress of the Soviet Union, becoming the only president in history
President of the Soviet Union
. Gorbachev's declaration of glasnost led to a 1990 law abolishing censorship of books and a massive rehabilitation campaign for victims of political persecution.
August 19, 1991, is
Ukraine
Gorbachev was placed under house arrest while vacationing in the southern coastal town of Foros. On the same day, Soviet Vice President Mikhail Yanayev issued an order declaring that Gorbachev was no longer able to perform his duties as president due to poor health. On 21 August, Gorbachev issued a statement stressing that he had taken full control of the situation, restored the communication with the whole country that had been interrupted, and resumed his duties as president. On August 24, Gorbachev resigned as general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and proposed that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union "dissolve itself".
August 9 incident
Gorbachev continued to work on the Union treaty, but on December 8, representatives of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed a declaration on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty, and announced the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On December 25, Gorbachev announced his resignation as president and commander in chief of the Soviet Armed Forces
Nuclear weapon
The power is transferred to the President of the Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin
.
Gorbachev Announces resignation (December 25, 1991)
Gorbachev Announces resignation (December 25, 1991)
Gorbachev
On May 24, 1993, in
Green Cross International
At the inaugural meeting, he was elected the first president of the organization.
[7]
Construction began in September 1999
Unified Social Democratic Party of Russia
He was elected leader of the party on 11 March 2000.
In 2001, he got a new job as a television presenter. As a partner, Gorbachev became the host and chief editor of Power Secrets.
In May 2004, the chairman of the Russian Social Democratic Party insisted on a coalition with the pro-government
United Russia
A political agreement was reached, but Gorbachev opposed the move. On 22 May, at a party meeting, Gorbachev resigned as party leader due to a dispute with party members over the direction of the party.
In August 2007, Gorbachev became a luxury brand
Louis Vuitton
An advertisement for a leather bag.
[9]
On October 20, 2007, Gorbachev founded the Social Democratic Union, an all-Russian social democratic political party with Gorbachev as its leader
(subsequently resigned)
.
On 3 May 2012, he was elected President of Russia
Medvedev
Awarded to Saint Andrei Pervozwane, the medal is the symbol of Russia's highest honor.
[10]
Awarded the Medal of Freedom by the National Constitution Center in 2008 [4]
On March 15, 2016,
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
to
Russian State Duma
Proposals were submitted to criminalize at the national level the policies of Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader, and Boris Yeltsin, Russia's first president, while in office. Gorbachev responded that day by saying that the purpose of the Liberal Democratic Party was to create social tensions and demanded the dissolution of the Liberal Democratic Party.
[12]
April 25, attend
Moscow State University
Speaking at the launch of his new book "Gorbachev in Life", Gorbachev admitted that he could not escape his responsibility for the collapse of the Soviet Union, which he had tried to save and preserve, but failed to achieve his goal and failed to control the situation.
[13]
On August 30, 2022 local time, the Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Presidential Affairs Bureau released news at night that the last leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev died that night due to long-term serious illness, at the age of 91. Russian President Vladimir Putin is deeply saddened by Gorbachev's death and will send a message of condolences to his family and friends on the morning of August 31.
[51]
[53]
Gorbachev will be buried in Moscow's Novosti Cemetery next to the grave of his wife Raisa.
[52]
On September 3, 2022, Mikhail Gorbachev's farewell ceremony was held in the columned hall of the Trade Union Building in Moscow.
[60-61]
Gorbachev speaks at the United Nations
At the Plenary session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union held on April 23, 1985, Gorbachev talked about the "acceleration strategy" and pointed out that the main direction of national economic development should be determined first and foremost by the plan. At the same time, we should adopt a new attitude towards planning and actively use economic levers to provide a broad space for the exertion of the initiative of the labor collective. The 12th Five-Year Plan for 1986-1990, formulated by the twenty-seventh Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was similar to previous plans in that heavy industry, especially machine building, remained at its core.
On June 25-26, 1987, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union held its June plenum, the core of which was economic restructuring. Economists worked with members of the government to develop ideas for economic reform along the lines of expanding corporate autonomy, strengthening incentives for labor, and increasing the role of profits. The firms that gained autonomy quickly raised wages for their workers, increasing by 8 per cent in 1988 and 13 per cent in 1989. In mid-1988, a decree permitting the establishment of private enterprises was passed.
In 1990, in the midst of a severe economic crisis, Gorbachev was forced to consider a transition to a market economy. On March 6, the Soviet Law on Ownership was passed, which recognized the equality of all forms of ownership. On 27 July, Yeltsin and Silayev, on the one hand, and Gorbachev and Ryzhkov, on the other, signed a cooperation agreement to draw up a plan for the transition to a market economy. But in the end there were two plans for a transition to a market economy, both of which were uncompromising and which Gorbachev reconciled. When Gorbachev presented his "Unification Plan" to the Presidential Council and the Federation Council in mid-October, Yeltsin and others saw it as a repudiation of his own plan and a refusal to join the Russian leadership in transitioning to a market economy. Russia decided to act independently and implement its own 500-day plan. Gorbachev and Yeltsin were once again in confrontation, and the Soviet economy was left to run on inertia - by the time the Soviet Union collapsed, it was practically unsustainable.
[14]
Twenty-eighth Party Congress of the Soviet Union
In February 1988, the February Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held, and Gorbachev proposed that the political system must be reformed, centered on solving the problem of separating party and government functions, making the Soviet "the center of state power and management", and proposed that the authority of the Union and the Union republics should be redivided.
In June 1988, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held, marking that Gorbachev officially abandoned economic reform and economic development, and focused on political reform and political development. At this congress, Gorbachev presented the concept of "humane democratic socialism" for the first time.
In May and June 1989, the first People's Congress of the Soviet Union was held, marking the change of the state power structure of the Soviet Union and the formal establishment of the people's congress system. The Congress of the People became the highest organ of state representative power, and the Supreme Sauviere became the permanent organ - Parliament.
In 1990, Gorbachev pushed through a law abolishing censorship of books and launched a mass rehabilitation campaign for victims of political persecution.
[16]
In March 1990,
People's Congress of the Soviet Union
A resolution was passed stipulating that the CPSU would no longer have a legal leadership position. The Congress also adopted the Constitution on the establishment of the Presidency of the Soviet Union and
Constitution of the Soviet Union
(The Basic Law) amended the Supplementary Law and decided to establish the President of the Soviet Union, thus changing the law
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Under the system of collective exercise of the functions of the head of state of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev was elected as the first president of the Soviet Union.
In July 1990, after the 28th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union officially declared its implementation
Multi-party system
. The reason is that Gorbachev vigorously advocated pluralism of opinions and political pluralism, gradually relaxed the leadership of the CPSU over social groups, and later basically adopted a policy of laissez-faire for various mass groups and organizations, creating conditions for the formation of a multi-party system.
There was a lot of alcoholism in the Soviet Union, and Gorbachev launched an anti-alcoholism campaign to "put the national mental order in order." He decided to reduce the production of hard liquor year by year, and by 1988 he had completely stopped producing fruit-based liquor and limited the supply of liquor in stores.
[17]
Old Gorbachev
On February 25, 1986, the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held, and Gorbachev made a summary report on behalf of the Central Committee, affirming that the Soviet Union has formed a new historical community of nationalities - the theory of the Soviet people, and the problem of ethnic relations in the Soviet Union has been relatively successfully solved. As a result, Gorbachev focused on the reform, but ignored the sensitive and complex issues of ethnic relations. As a result, under the wrong reform policies he implemented, the long-term latent ethnic contradictions and problems quickly broke out, plunging the Soviet Union into an unprecedented crisis of ethnic relations.
In February 1988, the most prominent ethnic conflict -
Armenia
and
Azerbaijan
The ethnic vendetta took place in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. Gorbachev agreed to Defense Minister Yazov's order to quickly send cadets and other troops to Sumgate, while more than 3,000 police officers were flown in
Sumgate
A curfew was imposed. The deployment of Soviet troops temporarily halted the expansion of the situation. In order to prevent the conflict from turning into an armed confrontation, the CPSU Central Committee and the Supreme Soviet decided to impose direct central government in the Nak-Ka Autonomous Region from July 26, 1988, and appointed Arkady Volsky as "Plenipotentiary" to Stepanakot. From September 18 to 21, armed clashes between Azerbaijanis and Armenians occurred in the Nagorno-Karabakh region, forcing the Soviet government to impose a state of emergency in some areas.
Military reform
In the 1980s, Gorbachev began the economic system reform by reducing military expenditure, and then adjusted the mission tasks and institutional organization of the army, and voluntarily gave up the leadership of the army. In terms of organization, the CPSU reduced the number of political organs at all levels and about 80,000 political officers in the army, abolished the General Political Department, and stipulated that CPSU organizations and their organs should not interfere with the work of the military command organs. In particular, the Supplementary Act on the establishment of the President of the Soviet Union and the Amendment of the Constitution of the Soviet Union legally deprived the CPSU of the supreme power to lead and command the army.
[18]
Nuclear disarmament
After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in an arms race for more than four decades, and by the mid-1980s each side had about 25,000 nuclear warheads.
On March 11, 1985, immediately after being elected general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev made a speech expressing his hope that the arms race with the United States would be halted, nuclear arsenals would be frozen and missiles would not be deployed. On March 12, the two sides began negotiations
Geneva
Hold new arms control negotiations. At the beginning of the negotiations, the Soviet Union insisted on the elimination of medium-range missiles, the reduction of strategic nuclear weapons and the ban on space weapons tests, trying to destroy the United States "Star Wars" program, but the United States refused to give up the program. In this context, Gorbachev made a major concession, no longer insisting that the United States abandon the "Star Wars" program, and on the European intermediate-range missile issue accepted the United States proposal to eliminate land-based intermediate-range missiles worldwide. Thus, the two sides reached and signed a treaty on the total elimination of land-based intermediate-range missiles in 1987, and reached a framework agreement on the reduction of strategic nuclear weapons in June 1990. Gorbachev made major concessions in arms limitation negotiations with the US President in 1991
George H.W. Bush
Signing of the Treaty on the Comprehensive Elimination of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces and the Treaty on Strategic Nuclear Weapons Reduction
[63]
. The conclusion and signing of these two treaties greatly reduced the level of nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, and was a major breakthrough in the issue of nuclear disarmament between the two countries.
[19]
Gorbachev and Reagan (right) sign a nuclear disarmament agreement
Gorbachev and Reagan (right) sign a nuclear disarmament agreement
Withdrawal from Afghanistan
In December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded
Afghanistan
This is not only a blatant violation of international law, but also a serious threat to peace and security in Asia and the world, and therefore has been strongly opposed by the international community.
[56]
In April 1985, just a month after coming to power, Gorbachev ordered a "solid and unbiased analysis" of the situation in Afghanistan.
In February 1986, Gorbachev stated at the twenty-seventh Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that as soon as a political solution could be reached to ensure the actual cessation and non-resumption of foreign armed interference in the internal affairs of Afghanistan, a phased withdrawal of Soviet troops would be agreed upon with the Afghan side. In a speech delivered in Vladivostok in July, Gorbachev proposed a phased withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, saying that six regiments would be withdrawn by the end of the year.
After many negotiations, he was presented to the United Nations Secretary-General on 14 April 1988
De Cuellar
In Geneva, representatives of the Soviet Union, the United States, Pakistan and Afghanistan signed an agreement on the political settlement of Afghanistan. On May 15, the Soviet Union announced the beginning of the withdrawal of its troops from Afghanistan, and nine months later all 120,000 Soviet troops in Afghanistan were withdrawn.
[19]
Relations with the West
Gorbachev and then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (right)
In December 1984, Gorbachev visited the United Kingdom, and it was during this visit that he first articulated his "new thinking." "New thinking" was initially just a diplomatic thinking to ease contradictions with the West, and later expanded to other fields. Speaking in front of British MPS and with the then Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher
During the talks, Gorbachev fully expressed his willingness to disarm.
[8]
In 1988, Gorbachev became chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and announced that the Soviet Union would give up
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev
The doctrine of renouncing interference in the internal affairs of Eastern European countries and allowing the democratization of Eastern European countries. He dubbed the policy "Sinatra doctrine".
This policy led to a series of mostly peaceful revolutions in Eastern Europe in 1989. Only in...
Romania
There was violence. This effectively ended the Cold War, for which Gorbachev was awarded on October 15, 1990
Nobel Peace Prize
.
[20]
[64]
Relations with Germany
Gorbachev at the 25th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall (2014)
It was not until January 26, 1990, that Gorbachev convened a conference to discuss the German question and introduced the plan of the "six troika", that is, the four victorious powers
(USSR, USA, UK, France)
The two countries formed a special negotiating body to negotiate the question of German reunification, which was basically approved by Kohl. The Soviet Union's position was: first, not to use military force to obstruct German unification. Second, it would not agree to a reunified Germany joining NATO. Third, the Soviet Union sought to avoid deteriorating relations with East Germany and continued to approach West Germany in order to establish a partnership. The West, led by the United States, clearly does not agree that Germany is neutral, and Germany should become a member of NATO.
As the situation developed, the Soviet attitude changed. First, the socio-political crisis in East Germany was deepening rapidly. Second, the West German government actively promoted the pace of reunification, making the reunification situation more and more irreversible. Third, the United States gave full support to the swift reunification of Germany. Fourth, the political reform started in 1989-1990 in disregard of the social foundation made the political and economic situation of the Soviet Union deteriorate day by day, which greatly limited the various possibilities of foreign policy strategies, and Gorbachev felt increasingly powerless to deal with international affairs. On February 21, 1990, Gorbachev outlined the Soviet Union's position on the German question, marking Gorbachev's shift to the Western "2+4" solution.
After several "six troika" negotiations (" 2+4 "meetings), the Soviet Union agreed to Germany's full membership in NATO, with full sovereignty for a unified Germany. West Germany promised not to host NATO foreign troops, nuclear weapons, and delivery devices on East German territory. The unified German army was limited to around 370,000 troops. At the same time, West Germany promised financial assistance after the withdrawal of Soviet troops from East Germany. Many of the Soviet concessions on German reunification made
Kohl
The treaty of good-neighbourliness, partnership and cooperation with the Soviet Union was signed, easily achieving the results dreamed of for many years. The final text of the treaty on German reunification (the "2+4" Treaty) was signed in Moscow on September 12, 1990, thus giving birth to a united Germany and ending the German question.
[21]
Relations with Poland
In April 1987,
Polish United Workers Party
First Secretary, Chairman of The State Council
Jaruzelski
He visited the Soviet Union, held talks with Mikhail Gorbachev, signed the Declaration of Polish-Soviet Cooperation in the field of Ideology, Science and Culture, and decided to resolve the "blank spots" and "outstanding issues" in the history of bilateral relations. The Joint Commission of Historians of the two countries, established in accordance with the spirit of the Declaration, has decided against it
Katyn event
Wait for a full investigation. During Gorbachev's visit to Poland from July 11 to 14, the two countries issued a joint statement on the investigation of the "blank spots" left over from the history of Poland and the Soviet Union, stressing that "the investigation should be accelerated, and more in-depth use of reliable sources to investigate all aspects of the history of relations between the two countries."
[22]
In April 1990, when Polish President Jaruzelski visited the Soviet Union, Gorbachev took a step forward in clarifying the truth about the Katyn incident. He acknowledged the Katyn massacre as a "Stalinist crime" and said
Jaruzelski
Transferred part of the relevant
Katyn event
Archival material.
[23]
Relations with China
In 1988, the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations accelerated. From December 1 to 3, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the former Soviet Union
Shevardnadze
Invitation, then Chinese Foreign minister
Qian Qichen
Made an official visit to the Soviet Union and met with Gorbachev. The two foreign ministers exchanged views on the early and thorough settlement of the Cambodian issue and reached some consensus. This is the first visit by a Chinese foreign minister to the Soviet Union in 31 years, which can be described as an ice-breaking trip.
[24]
Just two months later, from February 2 to 4, 1989, Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze paid a reciprocal visit to Beijing, during which the foreign ministers of China and the Soviet Union continued to exchange views on an early and thorough settlement of the Cambodian issue
Cambodia
At the same time, the specific date of Gorbachev's visit to China was determined, that is, May 15-18, 1989.
[25]
[57]
戈尔巴乔夫夫妇与邓小平
Gorbachev and his wife Raisa
After Raisa's death, Irina sold her house in downtown Moscow and bought a house near her father in the suburbs. But Irina often found that as soon as her father returned to the room where her mother lived, he could not help but fall into meditation and sadness.
[26]
Gorbachev has two granddaughters, Ksenia and Anastasia, whom he married on April 30, 2003, and March 2010, respectively. The two were raised by their grandfather Gorbachev and grandmother Raisa.
[27]
Gorbachev suffered from severe diabetes. Due to health reasons, he was unable to attend the former British Prime Minister in 2013
Margaret Thatcher
He was hospitalized twice in 2013.
[28]
In the summer of 2014, he was hospitalized for two weeks and failed to attend the former president of Georgia
Shevardnadze
The body farewell ceremony.
[28]
On October 9, Gorbachev was hospitalized.
[1]
On October 10, at the age of 83, Gorbachev left the hospital.
[28]
Gorbachev and Medvedev (left)
|
Award time
|
Award name
|
|---|---|
|
October 15, 1990
|
|
|
May 4, 1992
|
|
|
June 2005
|
He received the "Alpha Checkpoint" German Unification Award from the German Unification Committee for his outstanding contribution to the reunification of Germany
[3]
|
|
18 September 2008
|
Accepted in the United States by President of the Constitution Center and former President of the United States
George H.W. Bush
The Medal of Freedom
[4]
|
|
May 3, 2012
|
|
|
---
|
He was awarded three Lenin MEDALS, as well as the Order of the October Revolution and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
[7]
|
bibliography
|
title
|
date
|
cover
|
|---|---|---|
|
Perestroika and New Thinking: The Works of Mikhail Gorbachev
|
The year 1987
|
Cover of the Book of Mikhail Gorbachev
|
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The year 2003
|
||
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The year 1998
|
||
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The year 1992
|
||
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Socialism of the Future
|
The year 1994
|
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The year 2006
|
||
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The year 2005
|
||
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The year 2003
|
||
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We Look to the Future with Confidence
|
The year 1986
|
|
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November 2012
|
||
|
Leaving the Kremlin
|
In November 2014
|
(Above reference sources:
[30] 29 -
)
advertisement
|
A given year
|
advertisement
|
|---|---|
|
The year 1997
|
|
|
The year 2007
|
program
Gorbachev
The world's assessment of Gorbachev is polarizing. Some people admire it, others criticize it. In fact, when the fog of history has not yet cleared, it is premature to try to "close the coffin". It may be years, at least, before a more objective or coherent view of Gorbachev and the collapse of the Soviet Union is possible.
(China Daily Review)
[33]
On December 15, 2015,
East China Normal University
Director, Centre for the Study of the International History of the Cold War
Shen Zhihua
The professor and others went to Moscow and met with former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and former President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev reflected on his ideological and political history, and offered his views on the origins and failures of perestroika.
He admitted that he was right
Soviet model
The reforms failed, but did not admit that they were
socialism
The ideal betrayer, because he still holds to it
Democratic socialism
The concept of... As for the reasons for the failure of reform, Gorbachev boils down to two points: one is
Start too late
By the time he takes office and initiates substantial reforms, yes
It's hard to get back
It was too late for the Soviet model; The second is
Be eager to succeed
After the reform he promoted began, the introduction of a series of measures caused the intensification of social contradictions, and the Soviet society was not prepared for it at that time.
Gorbachev delivers his resignation speech
Gorbachev led Russia at a particularly complex and difficult time, and awarding him the Order of St. Andre is also a mark of respect for the country he led, our common fatherland, the Soviet Union.
(
Medvedev
Review)
[31]
Gorbachev, as a great leader, offered a possibility for the world to come together without division. At a time when the people of Eastern Europe were living in darkness, he was like a beacon to those who sought freedom. Nearly 20 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, we can still feel his efforts and their positive impact on the world.
(
George H.W. Bush
Review)
[4]
Gorbachev's devotion to freedom, and his courage to make difficult but necessary decisions over decades, has made the world safer and remains a source of inspiration to this day. (
Biden
Evaluation of
)
[49]
Gorbachev's main historical effect was that he gave people freedom. He is not afraid to take responsibility, and in this respect he differs from many modern modernizers.
(Commentary by Sergei Mitrokhin)
[31]
By doing everything possible to make the totalitarian empires of the 20th century collapse virtually without sacrifice, Gorbachev has secured himself an important place in Russian and world history.
(
Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov
Review)
[31]
Reagan (left) presents Gorbachev with the first Reagan Medal of Freedom
Gorbachev changed the course of history and was a "unique statesman." The world has lost an outstanding global leader, committed multilateralist, and tireless advocate for peace."
(
Guterres
Review)
[55]
Gorbachev is generally held in high regard in the West, and in 1990 he won the Nobel Peace Prize, a highly political award. In July 2006, polls in Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Spain showed that a majority of European citizens thought Gorbachev was a better national leader than Putin, with 59% in favor of the former and only 12% in favor of the latter.
(Sina.com review)
[35]
Gorbachev and former US President George H.W. Bush (left)
Gorbachev was the main destroyer of Soviet civilization. Gorbachev eliminated the second largest power in the world. And it happened without any military action, with a fifth column and a Trojan Horse inside.
(Commentary by Vladimir Zhirinovsky)
[31]
Gorbachev photographed by Yusuf Karsh
After Gorbachev was elected as the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, on the basis of Andropov, he put forward the famous "new thinking" and began his nearly seven years of "reform era" with the "acceleration" strategy. But his strategy of "accelerating" the economy is no different from Khrushchev's strategy of "catching up and overtaking" the United States, which is bound to be hindered and fail. The political restructuring that followed not only took the reform off the socialist track, but also made a crucial step towards the collapse of the ruling party in the Soviet Union. With the Cold War not yet over and the domestic and international situation extremely complicated, any reform needs to be extremely cautious and tread on thin ice. Gorbachev, however, failed to anticipate the difficulties and resistance to reform. Having lived for too long in a rigid mode, the vast and complex machine of the Soviet Union has become difficult to navigate.
(China net review)
In a motion submitted to the Duma in March 2016, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia proposed that the consequences of the political activities of Gorbachev and Yeltsin should be evaluated at the national level, based on the principle of historical impartiality. The resolution says that the decisions and actions taken by Gorbachev and Yeltsin as leaders of the country led to the collapse of the Soviet Union, led to ethnic conflicts, increased disease and death rates among the population, and led to the worst crisis in the country's history: In addition, the level of science, culture and education of the population has declined, the national defense system has been destroyed, a large amount of state property has been transferred to the oligarchy through privatization, and large amounts of capital have fled. The resolution also calls on Russia to remember the lessons of history and implement deliberate policies to avoid repeating past mistakes.
(Liberal Democratic Party of Russia)
[12]
Gorbachev and Yeltsin (left)
Yeltsin, however, revived Gorbachev's "all power to the Soviets" mantra against party conservatives, and in 1989 he won seats in the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet. He quit the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1990 because of major differences with Gorbachev's supposed centrist positions, and rode the popular support of the people at the time to win Russia's first direct, popular presidential election in June 1991.
Hardliners in the Soviet leadership tried to prevent further de-Sovietization by staging a failed coup in August. Yeltsin took the opportunity to control Gorbachev and Moscow's situation and resources completely in his own hands.
[36]
Mikhail Gorbachev and Vladimir Putin (right)
Although the two men often praise each other, it is not uncommon for them to criticize each other. Putin once denounced Gorbachev as the greatest criminal in Russian history, accusing him of being a coward who threw power on the ground for some hysterical maniac to pick up.
[38]
Gorbachev, in turn, often criticizes Putin in public, both personally and on certain policies. Mikhail Gorbachev and Russia's first president, September 2004
Boris Yeltsin
All face the Russian president
Putin
The proposed reform of the electoral system has been criticized, accusing it of a setback to democracy, and hoping to prevent it from becoming law and protecting hard-won democratic freedoms.
[39]
On March 5, 2009, Gorbachev strongly criticized Putin's leadership
United Russia
is
Communist Party of the USSR
The worst version says that Russia has become a country with an illiberal legislature and judiciary. On February 16, 2011, Gorbachev criticized Medvedev and Putin, saying that only the two of them decide everything in Russia, and that he was ashamed of both of them, and that they were far from the so-called "saviors of Russia". In April 2013, Gorbachev gave a speech to the Russian news agency RIA Novosti. In his speech, he said Mr. Putin had embarked on "a destructive and desperate path" by "depriving" people of their freedoms and severely regulating civil society and the news media. In November 2014, Gorbachev complained that Putin never consulted him, arguing that the Kremlin leader considered himself "second only to God," and that Putin's aides had repeatedly turned down his requests to meet, except for a brief meeting in June.
Mikhail Gorbachev with President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden (2009)
In his speech, Gorbachev pointed out that the end of the Cold War has brought great hope: it is possible for all countries to rebuild the world order and guarantee peace. However, some Western powers used the collapse of the Soviet Union to see the end of the Cold War as a victory for themselves. At the same time, Gorbaggio also expressed his views on the upcoming US presidential election, especially for the comments of the US Republican candidate Mitt Romney.
[40]
Biography of Mikhail Gorbachev
On November 13, 2012, Gorbachev, who had not been seen for a long time, held a book signing for his new book "Lonely Company" in Moscow, which attracted a large number of readers to participate, especially middle-aged and elderly people, and Gorbachev did not forget to invite readers to his ninetieth birthday. Regarding his new book, Gorbachev said that he himself misses his late wife, to whom the book is dedicated, as a belated gift. In the new book, he will talk more about his wife and his family life after the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the same time, the book also discloses some stories behind the scenes of the collapse of the Soviet Union, and Gorbachev also analyzes the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the current situation of Russia.
[41]
On November 20, 2014, Gorbachev launched his new book "Leaving the Kremlin" at a bookstore in central Moscow. In the book, Gorbachev describes the years since he left power and comments on current President Vladimir Putin's role in Russia's history. Gorbachev pointed out that Putin played an important role in stabilizing Russia after Yeltsin, and worked to prevent the breakup of Russia.
[42]
It also points to Mr Putin's arrogance.
[43]
On January 31, 2020, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky accused the Soviet Union of being partly responsible for the outbreak of World War II. Former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev dismissed such remarks as tarnishing those who died for the victory against fascism.
[44]
Gorbachev believes that such remarks dishonor those who died for the victory of the struggle against fascism. "To me, this is a very strange statement, just too strange, whose interests does it serve?"
[44]
Gorbachev said that even during the Cold War, no one doubted that Hitler's regime was responsible for starting World War II. "The best thing to do," he stressed, "is to pay tribute to those who suffered great suffering and disaster and saved humanity."
[44]
Gorbachev and his family return home after the August 19 coup (1991)
On the morning of 19 August, tanks and armoured vehicles rolled in
Moscow
Downtown. But the National Emergency Committee was attacked
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Pres.
Boris Yeltsin
Led by strong resistance, thousands of Soviets also joined the protests. On 21 August, Gorbachev was rescued and issued a statement stressing that he was in full control of the situation and continued to function as president. At 2 p.m. on August 22, Gorbachev and his entourage landed at Moscow's Vnukovo 2 airport, marking the end of the coup that had lasted three days.
[46]
Gorbachev in his old age
On April 10, 2014, a group of deputies from three parties in the Russian State Duma sent a letter to the Russian Prosecutor General's Office asking the Prosecutor General of Russia, Yuri Chaika, to investigate
Collapse of the Soviet Union
The incident was investigated. Gorbachev was accused of setting up the Soviet State Council, which he headed, and of violating the Soviet Constitution by creating and authorizing this body, which was approved by the Soviet State Council
The three Baltic States
An independent resolution. Under the Soviet constitution, not even the most legitimate body could pass such a decision. They also pointed out that in a referendum held that year, an overwhelming majority of Soviet citizens voted to keep the country united, but the illegal activities of several senior party officials led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. To this end, they demanded that Gorbachev be held criminally responsible for the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The lawmakers also stressed that there is no time limit for the prosecution of such crimes, that nothing will hinder the criminal investigation of the former Soviet president, and that Gorbachev will not be granted any immunity.
[47]
Gorbachev with then-President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H.W. Bush
Gorbachev criticized the FDP's proposal as an attempt by the party to create tension in society, but he did not intend to take the matter to court. The first deputy director of the Yeltsin Presidential Center, Gereny, responded that the Liberal Democratic Party has always been radical, and the party has previously suggested that Russia ban the dollar.
[12]
Gorbachev (second from right) with his family
On December 2, 2015, the Moscow Timyazevsky Court issued a judgment in this case, partially satisfying Zhirinovsky's lawsuit for the protection of honor, dignity and reputation, punishing Gorbachev for 6,300 rubles in legal costs and publishing a newspaper to clarify information about the involvement of the Liberal Democratic Party in planning the attack against him in Omsk. But denied all of the plaintiff's claims against Global publishing.
[48]
On August 31, 2022, in response to the death of Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian said at a regular press conference that Mr. Gorbachev had made positive contributions to promoting the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations. We express our condolences to his death and condolences to his family.
[58]
On August 31, 2022, according to the United Nations website, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres issued a statement expressing deep sadness at the death of Mikhail Gorbachev. Guterres said Gorbachev was a "unique statesman" whose efforts to bring a peaceful end to the Cold War were unmatched.
[59]
On September 3, 2022, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban traveled to Moscow to attend Gorbachev's funeral.
[62]
