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Jia Kyun

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Jia Island (779-August 27, 843), Tang Fanyang (now southwest of Beijing) people, a Langxian, since the title "Jieshi Mountain people". [1] Tang Dynasty poet, known as" Sinu ". [33]
In about the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), Jia Dao became a monk in Hengshan, North Mountain, because he had no livelihood. Law number without this, from the Jieshi mountain people. It is said that in Luoyang, because there was an order at that time to forbid monks to go out in the afternoon, Jia Island poetry grumble, was Han Yu Discovered his talent, persuaded by Han Yu, in about the seventh year of Yuan and 812. Resume secular life And participated for the first time Imperial examinations But finally lost. After the heavy lifting can not be right. In September 837, he was demoted for libel Suizhou Changjiang county (now Suining City Daying county ) Chief registrar Therefore, it is called "Jia Changjiang". In September 840, he moved to Puzhou Shirakura joins the army . Huichang three years (843), Jia Island in Puzhou mansion Die.
Jia Island life of poverty, bitter poetry, his poems write more desolate and lonely, long in the five rules, heavy sentence temper. with Meng Jiao One's name is" Suburban cold island thin "Similes his poetic style. The author of... Yangtze River Cluster ". [1]
(Overview diagram references [51 ] )
Full name
Jia Kyun
alias
Jiakyedo , Sinu
word
Langxian and Langxian
No.
People from Jieshi Mountain
age
Tang Dynasty
Ethnic group
The Han nationality
Place of Birth
A surname
Date of birth
The year 779
Date of death
August 27, 843
Major work
"Changjiang Collection", "Poetry" and so on

catalogue

  1. 1biography
  2. ▪Become a monk in one's early years
  3. ▪Return to ordinary life
  4. ▪Meet and greet
  5. ▪Banished to Shu
  6. ▪Death of an official residence
  7. 2Major influence
  8. ▪Artistic style
  1. ▪Posterity influence
  2. 3Historical evaluation
  3. 4Anecdotal allusion
  4. ▪The dust is not over
  5. ▪Engagement to return to secular life
  6. ▪Consider the origin
  7. ▪Take away the maulus and preach
  8. ▪Suburban cold island thin
  1. 5Interpersonal relationship
  2. 6Major work
  3. 7Character dispute
  4. 8memorialize
  5. ▪Jiadao Tomb
  6. ▪Jia Gong Memorial Hall
  7. ▪Jia Island Yu
  1. ▪effigy
  2. ▪Library
  3. ▪colloquia
  4. 9Historical data index
  5. 10Artistic image

biography

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EDITOR

Become a monk in one's early years

Portrait of Jia Island
In the 14th year of the calendar year (779), Jia Dao was born. [36] Jia Island early family poor, had lived fangshanite Yukou Stone Village. [9]
About the fourth year of Zhenyuan (788), Jia Island left his hometown. [36]
About the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), Jia Dao became a monk in the northern Mountain Hengshan because of his livelihood. Law number without this, from the Jieshi mountain people. [9] [36] After living in Luoyang stone tower and Songshan area. [49]
At the beginning of the 17th year of Zhenyuan (801), Jia Island came from the Buddhist temples in the Fanyang area Eastern capital Luoyang Longmen Temple of fragrant hills To become a monk. In March, on the poem Han Yu, two people thus met and made a contract. In November, he followed Han Yu to Chang 'an and settled there Azure Dragon Temple . [36]

Return to ordinary life

About the 18th year of Zhenyuan (802) in the spring and summer, Jia Island and Han Yu He returned to Luoyang and left this year Temple of fragrant hills Back home Fanyang area, sojourn Buddhist temple study preparation Imperial examination . [36]
In the spring and summer of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (806), he wrote the book Wish me too much Poem to A surname . In autumn and winter, he went to Chang 'an and made a book With new attements Zhang Ji Han Yu way into Poems to Zhang Ji, Han Yu. therefrom A surname Met and then met again Meng Jiao . In November, he returned to Fanyang and continued to study in a Buddhist temple to prepare for the imperial examinations. [40]
In the spring of the fifth year of Yuan He (810), Jia Dao went to Luoyang and wrote" Tou Li Yi Poetry visited Li Yi And with their friends Wei Lianzhong , Zhuge Jue In Tianjin Qiaonan co-created" Tianjin Bridge in the south mountain each question "Poem. [10] [40] After that, he returned to Fanyang and continued to study in a Buddhist temple to prepare for the imperial examination. [40]
In the spring of the seventh year of Yuan and Yuan (812), Jia Dao was in Fanyang and wrote" Double Fish "Poem. In autumn and winter, from Fanyang to Chang 'an, through the easy water Fu" The easy water is nostalgic "Poem. After arriving in Chang 'an, Ju Yeonsudi With Zhang Ji as a neighbor. About this year, Jia Dao returned to secular life, and took part in the imperial examination for the first time. [40]

Meet and greet

About the first eight years (813), Shen Yazhi After returning to the east, Jia Dao wrote" Send Shen Xiucai east return Poems to send. [40] In the same year, he wrote" The essence abode in Yanshou "Poem. [11]
In the ninth year of Yuan and Yuan (814), A surname Exam Jinshi, will leave Beijing to take up his post, Jia Island made" Forwarding business "Poem. In August, Meng Jiao died, Jia Dao wrote" Weeping suburb "" The law of the hanging Meng "Poem. [12] [40]
In August of the tenth year of Yuan He (815), Shouju Prefectural official Li Wentong Participate in pacification The Huaixi Rebellion Jia Dao's" To Li Wentong "Poems to give. December, the monk Huai Hui Died in Zhangjing Temple, Jia Dao wrote" Crying Cypress Zen master "Poem. [12]
In September of the eleventh year of Yuan He (816), Li Zhengci Was relegated to the Golden State historian, Jia Dao wrote" Gift to Li Jinzhou "Poems to give. [13]
Yuan and 13 years (818) spring, Jia island in the north bank of the Qujiang River on the plain of tomb , wrote Send money to the concubine Shisu The son of a prince Qian Hui . In spring and summer, visit Weibo Yao He . In the autumn of the same year, he wrote" Autumn night Qian Meng two public qin guest will "Poem. In autumn and winter, he returned to Beijing and sent Yao He poems through Liyang's "Pay Yao School Book". [41]
In the fourteenth year of Yuan He (819), Jia Dao wrote" Send Korean Chaozhou Yu "" Send Han Xiang "Poem. [14]
In the autumn of the fifteenth year of Yuan and He (820), Jia Dao wrote" Investment yuan Lang Zhong The poem is devoted to Temple doctor Yuan Zhen . In autumn and winter, due to illness in Chang 'an Ci 'en Temple Wenyu hospital, as a" Stay Cien Temple Yu public house "" Ci 'en Temple upper courtyard "" Pay Ci 'en Temple Wenyu master "And other poems. [14] That same winter, Han Yu Back to Beijing, just ill Jia island to congratulate. [41]
Changkhanh In the spring of the first year (821), Jia Dao wrote" Present a gift to the imperial Academy The poem was given to Yuan Zhen, a bachelor in the Imperial Palace. The same fall, with Zhu Qingyu , Gu Fexiong , Li Xuan There is no one to live with Yao He Home, made" Suyao little house Hokusai "" Pay Yao Shaofu "" Heavy reward Yao Shaofu "And other poems. [14] Summer and autumn, travel Jingxiang, make" Send kung fu Yao master book Poetry to martial arts master book Yao He. [41]
In the second year of Changqing (822), Jia Dao was admitted as a scholar in Chang 'an, because he wrote a book called Diseased cicada The poem satirizes the minister, and with Hiraso When he is demoted at the same time, he calls the field ten evils. [15] [41]
The third year of Changqing (823), Li Yu After returning to Sichuan, Jia Dao wrote" Send Li Yu and return to Shu "Poem. That same winter, Han Xiang Accept Go on a expedition Went to Jiangxi shogunate, Jia Island made" Send Han Xiang Poems to send. [15]
In the summer of the fourth year of Changqing (824), he wrote" Huangzibei official officials of Han Dynasty "Poem to Minister of Official Affairs Han Yu. In the early autumn of the same year, he rafted Nanxi several times with Han Yu and Zhang Ji. [15]
Baoli In March of the first year (825), he wrote" He was sent to Zhong Cheng to be conferred "Poem. About the same year, he wrote" I care about the bear "" Liu鄠 county Li Kuo Shaofu see you Send Wei You to School The old man at Huai Boling "Poem. [17] [41]
In the second year of Baoli (826), he lived in Changan Shengdao Fang and sang with Zhang Ji and Yao He. That same year, Zhu Qingyu And Homecoming, Jia Dao's" Send Zhu Kejiu to the middle Poems to send. About the same year, he wrote the book Then to Li Yi Chang Shi Poem sent to Li Yi. [18] He is also the author of the book Aomen Riku "Poem. [9]
In May of the first year of Taihe (827), he wrote" Send week judge yuan fan to go over "Poem. In summer and autumn, he wrote" Send Liu Qichu Poem delivery Cassia tube observer Liu Xichu . [41]
In the autumn of 828, the second year of Taihe, Wang Jian Act as Shannzhou Sima, Jia Island made "send Shaanxi Fu Wang Sima" poem sent. In the autumn and winter, he made" Home Yao he sent zhang division business registration "Poem. In the same year, Luo Shao Jing retired his official home, and Jia Dao wrote" Send little house to Niu Zhu Poems to send. [41]
Taihe three years (829) in May, made a "mail Cangzhou Li Shangshu poem sent to Cangzhou Emperor Li You . In the summer of the same year, Yongta Enter the Shu and write a book Send Yongtao to Shu Poems sent to each other. Then he wrote" To the young Yin Poem in Beijing Zhaoxiao Yin Pang Yan . December, send Li Kuang Go to Jiannan field "Send Li Kuo to serve the Jiannan Camp" poem. [41]
In the autumn of the fourth year of Taihe (830), he wrote" He Pang Shaoyin in addition to too chang Shaoqing "Poem. In September, made" Xi Yongtao to "Poem. [41] In the same year, Zhang Ji died and wrote" Be in tears "Poem. [25]
About the fifth year of Taihe (831), he wrote" Yongfu Lake and Yang Zhengzhou "" Cui Qing Chishang double egret "" Choi Kyung Chigami Crane "Poem. [41]
In April of the sixth year of Taihe (832), Jia Dao went to Jinzhou to meet Yao He, the governor of Jinzhou. [41]
In the first month of the seventh year of Taihe (833), General Yujin Wuwei Wang Maoyuan Take up the post of Lingnan governor Jia Dao's" King general "Poems to give. June, Linghu Chu ren Official official documents , check Underhand fire Jia Dao's" Send orders to the fox "Poem to make fox Chu. In November, made" Send Changwu Zhu Shang book "Poem. [41]
In the spring of the eighth year of Taihe (834), Yongta Jin Shi and returned to Chengdu, Jia Dao wrote" Send Yongtao and return to Chengdu Ningqin "Poem. [26] In July, Yao He was appointed governor of Hangzhou, and Jia Dao wrote" Send Yao to Hangzhou "Poem. [41]
In the autumn of the ninth year of Taihe (835), he visited Hangzhou. In the same year, he wrote" Send the tomb Che Gong "" Send Yin Shiyu to the same state "" Above the stone urn Temple "" Crying Lu Tong "" Visit Li Gan's original residence "And other poems. [26]
Open into the first year (836) March, Jia Island tour Kuaiji, coincided with Nanzhuo On his way back to Beijing, he passed by Kuaiji and wrote a book Send South Zhuo to the capital Poems to send. In spring and summer, Chae Kyung And back to Shandong, Zheng history And back to Lingnan, Jia Dao wrote" Chae Kyung "" Send Zheng Changshi to Lingnan Farewell two people. [26] [41]

Banished to Shu

In September 837, Jia Dao was demoted for libel Changjiang county (present-day Sichuan Suining City Daying County) master book, so it is called "Jia Changjiang". [3] [26] On the way to send "to the Yangtze River to send Linghu Xianggong" poem to the prime minister Linghu Chu . In October, go to Zizhou , The governor of Dongchuan Yang Rushi Call its view of winter set, great courtesy, before leaving Jia island for" View winter set on the east Sichuan Yang Shangshu "Poem. From October to November, arrived in Yangtze County, and then received Linghu Chu sent cold clothes, as "Thank Linghu Xianggong clothes nine things" poetry. [27]
Kaicheng three years (838), Jia Island in the Changjiang County on the book, wrote" Send Dugu horse two Xiucai live in Mingyue mountain to study "" Mingyue mountain with a lone fish Two poems. [42]
For four years (839), he wrote" Subject to the Yangtze River "" Present a round person Two poems. [27]
Open into five years (840) spring, Dongchuan magistrate Zheng Fu dredge The Fujiang River (in Henan Province) Jia Dao's" Zheng Shangshu new Fujiang two To discipline it. [27] [42] In September of the same year, Jia Island Changjiang County master book term expired, moved to Puzhou Secang army. [27] After arriving in Puzhou, the Puzhou historian Le Chan wanted him to be an officer, but Jia Island did not agree, and wrote a book called Let the correction make the king happy Poem response. In the same year, he wrote" Visit Jianxuan master nephew "" Send willow house people Zong Yuan Two poems. [28]
Huichang first year (841) first month, monk Zongmi After death, Jia Dao wrote" Crying Zongmi Zen master "Cry. [28] In the same year, the historian Le Chan wrote "Purple pole Palace tablet", written by Jia Island, Le Yanrong A surname . [42]
In the summer of the second year of Huichang (842), he wrote" Climb the South Tower on summer nights "Poem. In the same year, he wrote" Let the king save Kang Chenggong "Jiang Ting and Tian Caizhou" two poems. [42]

Death of an official residence

The Third Year of Huichang (843) July 28 (August 27), Jia Island in Puzhou mansion Die. [28]
On March 17, 844, in the fourth year of Huichang (844), his wife Liu carried out her legacy and moved Jia Island to the south Post of Yifeng Township, Anyue County, Puzhou. [28]

Major influence

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EDITOR

Artistic style

The image of Jia Island in Ming Dynasty's Three Talents
First, odd
Many poets have always appraised Jia Dao's poems as "odd". The singularity of Jia Dao is first expressed in the choice of poetic images. Jia Dao is very interested in the description of trivial and strange things, and if we check his poetry, we can find the images of barren banks, cave ants, Tibetan cicadas, abandoned pavilions, autumn hotaru, cold grass, line hung and so on, which are rarely included in the poems of ordinary poets. The images chosen by Jia Dao are basically common things, but he shows the state of decay, sickness and deformity of these things, and people do not like them, such as broken steps, strange birds, withered plants, worn horses, tree burls and so on. Or things that people rarely touch and are not easy to get close to, such as snakes and insects. Jia Dao was able to keenly capture the correspondence between these images and his specific mood or situation, so he used them to convey deep feelings in his poems. [48]
Jia Island strange, also reflected in the use of sentence patterns. In order to avoid the direct narration of the poems, he often adopts inverted method and causal sentences, etc., which makes the sentence pattern twists and turns and is intriguing. As... Send mountain friend long Sun Qiqiao "Crane like the king nothing, wind blowing rain all over the mountains." "Crane like the king" is actually the king like the crane, and the crane compares the master's character to be elegant and noble. But Jia Island deliberately reversed, the crane than the king, more than the king like the crane I forget the meaning of two things, you can see its painstaking sentence. [48]
Two, fresh
The poets of all dynasties have "Qing" evaluation on the poetry of Jia Dao. Jia Dao himself often uses "Qing" to evaluate other people's and his own works, and also uses "Qing" to summarize his own poetic style. The connotation of "Qing" is diverse. According to the situation of Jia Dao's poetry, the style of "Qing" can be more accurately summarized as fresh, which has the following specific manifestations: [48]
One is that under the influence of Zen thought, Jia Dao constructs a quiet image full of Zen, which makes his works show a kind of empty and clear, and has a transcendent temperament. As... Climbing the river pavilion at night ": [48]
Haomiao immersed cloud root, smoke haze not far village. Birds return to sand, sails across the waves without trace.
Look at the water know flexible, look at the mountain to tired soul. Indulgent still not already, back to the horse to dusk.
In the first verse, the poet sees the vast river and the waves beating against the rocks on the shore; There is a mist flowing on the distant mountains, and the villages on the mountains are submerged and barely visible. The birds have returned to their nests, but there are still traces of their claws on the beach. There are boats on the river, but there is no mark on the river. When the poet sees the birds returning and the sails passing by, he has never remembered the past, and has seen the future from the past, which is full of philosophical significance. In the latter two couches, the poet integrates himself with nature, immerses himself in the mountains and rivers, perceives the harmony of silence and the leap of life. From the quiet of nature, the poet enters the quiet of spirit, thinking deeply about the understanding of the life self. [48]
The second is that the language is clean and concise, not conventional. Such as "Send Nobody Else" :
GUI peak new, send this cottage people. Dust tail with from temple, 蛩 Ming temporarily don't kiss.
Walk alone on the bottom of the pool, count the trees. There will be smoke about, the roof as a neighbor.
This is for the poet to send from brother Wushan people to the Guifeng practice. First write to send, after the rain, the sky and the earth are clear, the poet sent his brother to travel. The light color sends people, the tone is fresh and indifferent, and the artistic conception of "the white emperor of the Dynasty" is the same. Nod in order to write don't, dust and from the younger brother left together, in the 蛩 worm in the crisp cry temporarily goodbye relatives. The neck says don't walk alone. When he returned, he was alone, his shadow reflected on the bottom of the pool; Rest with only the trees around. These two sentences reflect the poet's understanding of Zen principles. In the shadow of the pool and beside the tree, the poet understands the relationship between the non-self and the ID. The shadow at the bottom of the pool is but an illusion, and the figure at the edge of the tree is but a body, so what sorrow is there in parting? But after all, the poet could not completely eliminate the secular feelings, so he made an appointment with his younger brother at the end, "the terrace is a close neighbor." [48]
The third is that Jia Island often expresses in his poems the life of poverty and embarrassment, and in the bitter cold, there is the meaning of sticking to poverty, not changing the heart, not falling into the cloud. As... asthenia "Very write home no rice no firewood, hunger and cold, but at the end of the sentence" hunger can not attest to his door, the ancients have clumsy words "self-encouragement.
The fourth refers to the cold and bitter atmosphere often found in Jia Dao's poems. This is a mental state caused by the poor life and difficult experience of seeking achievements, and the frustration of failing to achieve success. The external objects observed in this mental state all have the characteristics of cold and sad. As... Niyangwan ": [48]
Customer sorrow and rise, the old man back at night. The abandoned house firefly in autumn, the empty city cold rain.
The sunset drifts white dew, the tree shadow sweeps the moss. Sitting alone from the face of miserable, lonely lights can not turn on.
The first joint point, set off the guest sorrow. The poet's sorrow is still lingering, and he adds the sorrow of leaving, sending people home in the twilight. The melancholy of the poet arises, because the guest sends the guest in the guest, this is doubled, and the poet's melancholy is even heavier. The last three combined scenes, in order to express the poet in the museum at night suffering from guest sorrow. The poet will "abandoned hall", "autumn hotaru", "empty city", "cold rain", "sunset", "white dew", "tree shadow", "moss", "lonely lamp" and other images are combined, all the scenery are covered with dim tones, to express the deep loneliness in the heart. [48]
5. Abstain from old familiarity and strive for novelty in conception and artistic expression. Jia Island poetry is most dedicated to this. As... I am the monk of China Mountain ": [48]
Distant white stone room, pine and cypress hidden hazy. The moon falls to see the heart, Yunsheng closed eyes.
Five more clock separated mountain, ten thousand feet of water hanging in the air. Moss rock, vaguely have a path.
This is a distant work, and every sentence in the poem is a scene, but the image of the monk is everywhere. The residence surrounded by pines and cypress, the mountain waterfall, and the moss path all show the detachment and dedication of Huashan monks. Writing people with scenery, combining virtuality and reality, is the most commonly used and most useful way in Jia Island. [48]
Three, plain
In the evaluation of Jiadao's poetry style, the most influential one is Su Shi's "thin island on the outskirts of the cold", which has been considered as the main style of Jiadao's poetry for a long time. Now, with the in-depth study of Jia Island, it can be determined that "thin" can not summarize its overall style, and after careful investigation, it is found that rather than "thin" Jia Island poems, it is more accurate to use "plain". [48]
Like Tao Qian, Jia Dao creates a plain and natural style of poetry with a bitter attitude, showing the following characteristics: choosing images to create the environment, looking at the foreground, seeking common things into the poem, and deeply and quietly conveying the feelings that ordinary people cannot recognize. Because Jia Dao was stuck in Chang 'an for a long time and had a poor life, his vision of life was narrow, and the things and things in poetry were common in life and even ignored by people. But Jia Island is good at capturing the characteristics of touching poetry, after deeply thinking out. As... Send Tian Zhuo into Huashan The poet bid farewell to Tian Zhuo, thinking of his friend's life in the mountains. Among them, nods link "waterfall five thousand ren, Caotang waterfall side." Write about Tian Zhuo's residence. Waterfall thousands of mountains, the height of the waterfall cascading down the spectacular, while the cottage is showing the simple and low living. The scenery on both sides, one is grand and magnificent, one is short and simple, one is flowing and flying, and one is silent, forming a stark contrast. By contrast, it brings out the inner spirit of Tian Zhuo in the change of heaven and earth. This joint is a landscape, but intended to write people. [48]
Jia Island rarely uses the Canon, often in the ordinary language to copy the scenery and write things, expression, language presents a kind of "words outside the text, meaning inadvertently" (" Send monk ") of the natural province of the characteristics. As... Send Korean Chaozhou Yu ": [48]
This heart had with Mulan boat, until the south tide head.
Separate ridge chapter to Huayue, out of the letter too long flow.
Peak hanging road broken clouds, sea immersion city roots old trees autumn.
An evening miasma smoke wind curl, early on the wave west building.
This poem was written during the period when Han Yu was demoted to Chaozhou, and Jia Island expressed his missing feelings with the poem. The poem begins with "this heart", which is the Lord of the whole poem, from which all the feelings and thoughts in the poem originate. The first poet is willing to accompany Han Yu with his sincere heart until he devalues Chaozhou. Three or four sentences about the letters they exchanged after they parted. Five or six sentences to write the scenery of Chaozhou, the sea immersion of the old tree is not only to write the scenery, but also to depict Han Yu's stubborn style, the language is extremely heavy. The last two sentences reveal the poet's longing, one day, the wind blows the air, the moon shines on the west floor. It means that Han Yu's grievances will be exonerated, and his loyalty and honesty will be revealed to the world. These two sentences through the painting, the sincere hope of Jia island, on the other hand is also the portrayal of Han Yu open-minded. [48]
Jia Island poetry collection has a lot of scene-painting sentences, the use of white painting techniques, absolutely Yuan embellished. As... Akiki Hara "The last joint:" leaning on the stick chat idle look, Tian Jia did not cut grass." Writing the original people's country life scene, with plain and indifferent language to express the quiet and leisure life in the country, but also comfort the poet's depressed heart. [48]

Posterity influence

Jia Dao was widely respected and loved in the late Tang Dynasty and had a great influence. According to Li Zhiwen's The Status of Jia Island in the Development History of Tang Poetry, Poetry of the Tang dynasty In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, there are 38 poems about Jia Island, which greatly exceeds the number of poems about Jia Island Li Bai , Du Fu Poems by Han Yu et al. Wei Zhuang Once on the sparse please chase Jia Island and other scholars, and awarded to pick up the title, the most can reflect the late Tang Dynasty literati to Jia Island love. It can be seen from the above that Jiadao's poems had a wide influence on the literati's thoughts, feelings and aesthetic concepts in the late Tang Dynasty. Many poets in the past dynasties have acknowledged the fact that Jia Dao is an integral part of Tang poetry.
Jia Dao remained an important influence after Tang Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, Poetry of Song dynasty There is no style of their own, the poets mostly inherited the wind of the five dynasties, to the middle and late Tang poets for the formation of learning Bai Juyi , Li Shangyin The three schools of Jia Island, we can see the extensive influence of Jia Island. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Jiangxi poets took books as poems, blindly imitated the ancients, and filled their poems with allusions and empty things. In order to change this habit of Jianghu poets, four spirit poets advocate learning Jia Island. quack Liu Kezhuang , Dai Shuigun He also studied and marked the poetry style of Jia Dao and the late Tang Dynasty, and then turned to study under the influence of the national crisis Lu You .
Later Ming Dynasty Jingling school Poet's representative Zhong Xing , Tan Yuanchun , in view of Public security faction The tendency of imitating the ancients put forward their own propositions: to learn the ancients, do not take the ancients' way, but take the ancients' true spirit. Their so-called "true spirit", that is, the ancient people's "solitary mood" and "strange interest", tend to mark Jia Island and its late Tang poetry style. In the Qing Dynasty, it was Li Huaiminhe in the Qianlong period who marked the style of late Tang poetry represented by Jia Island Noh Moon 弨 . [30]

Historical evaluation

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EDITOR
Jia Kyun
Tang dynasty writers Han Yu : ① crazy words fourpang, low ang see shu miserable. Wipe out the poor monster becomes, often make flat talk. (" Send the division to Fan Yang ") [20] ② Meng Jiao died buried in the north Mangshan Mountain, from then on the wind has been idle. Days fear article muddy break off, revitalizing Jia island in the world. (" Gienjia Island ") [16]
Poets of Tang dynasty Meng Jiao Poem bone shrugs Dongye, poem Tao gushing back, sometimes stumbling, people scared crane a division. It is a pity that Li Du died and did not see this madness. (" The play gives nothing (I) [21]
Officials of Tang dynasty Su Jiang : Gas between male and long wood, super single survival. ... Ming day Jia Gong, heaven longitudinal strange article. When the name is high, the crane is not in the clouds. Early sound and light, high step out of the group. (Inscription on the Tomb of Duke Jia who joined the Army in the Tang Dynasty) [19]
Poets of Tang dynasty Li Dong ① Crane outside Tang to have relegated stars, Changjiang east cold cang Ming. Search pine snow fairy island, Yinshu Lin Quan main book hall. The moon has been able to rank black, distant day he Yi hold grave green. Every year who does not climb the high, not win the donkey into the painting screen. (" Past Jialangxian old land ") ② The first person has, the gentleman will not sell. Low Shu land, poetry accounted for Tang Dynasty. Travel to bury the new grave is small, the soul is far away. I have come to set a stone as a mark. (" Jiadao Tomb ") [29]
Late Tang poets Wei Zhuang A talented poet, sometimes a legacy of sages, do not touch a life in the wise, did not make a thousand years of hate bone. As far as I know, yes Li He , Hwang Bosong , Li Qunyu , tortoiseshell , Zhao Guangyuan, Wen Tingjun , Liu Deren, Lu Kui, Fu Xi, Hiraso Jia Dao, Liu Zhigui, Roye Square thousand, all have no apparent encounter, all have a genius, beautiful sentence clear words, all over the mouth of the poet, armature hatred, actually for the dust of the road. [29]
Poetry critic of Southern Song Dynasty Yan Yu : In terms of people, there are: Motosudo (Li Ling, Su Wu), Caoliu style (Zijian, business), Tao body (Yuanming), Xie body (Lingyun)... The Jalangsian body ... , Yang Seisai style (He began to learn the middle mountain, the back mountain, and finally learned the phrase in the Tang Dynasty, and gave up all the family's body and unique style, covering its self-order is so). (" Canglang poetry · Poetic Style) [31]
Wang Yuan, an official in the Southern Song Dynasty: Langxian is famous for poetry, outstanding in Zhenyuan, Yuan and articles after the peak... Meng Jiao died, crying for it, his poetry and the outskirts of the body and chi, steep straight cut deep, the love of the mind, spring sorrow and autumn complaints, read the love of its work, pity its ambition, such as listening to the sad song of Yan Zhao, the sound of moth eyebrows, Qin Chu cry, Jingshan cry also. (Preface to Jia Changjiang Collection) [22-23]
Yuan Dynasty poetics quadrature ① However, the Korean people, poetry school is different, this ( Xiang ) A surname The school also; Yao He , Li Dong, Square stem Down, Jia Island Pai also. (" Evaluation of Yingquiru marrow Volume II) [30] ② Jia Lang Xian five words of poetry ancient, life force to the seven words of poetry not caught. (" Yingquiru ") [24]
meta-agent Wu Shidao : Lu Quanxiang old, Jia island cold astringent, its own. (" Wu Libu poetry ") [30]
Poets of Yuan Dynasty Xin Wenfang Island appearance clear meaning ya, talk about the Buddha, paid outside the dust. Times are depressed, livelihood 岨峿. (" Biography of the Talented Son of Tang Dynasty ") [2]
Ming dynasty writers Li Dongyang : Vault Zen four feet in the title, the word wind more than eternal feelings. (Qijia Island Tomb) [29]
Ming Dynasty poetry critic Hu Yinglin : ① The ancient Dongye, the law of Langxian, Changji Yuefu, Yuechuan Song, its talent, so they are exceptional. Such as the peak of despair, deep stream springs, and self-interesting, do not follow. (" shoal · External Editor) [19] ② Qujiang's Qingyuan, Haoran's simple light, Suzhou's leisure wan, Lang Xian's quiet strange, although the early sheng mid and late Tang Dynasty tone is different, but all five words alone. (Sishu Nei, Vol. 4) [30]
Ming Dynasty poetry critic Xu Xueyi ① After the Great Calendar, the law of Five and seven words became frustrated, and Yuan and all the public rose up to force it, Jia Island, Wang Jian Lotte created novelty, then for a big change. ② Although there are few people entering the seven Words of Jia Dao,...... Both are fresh and steep, the other is a kind of small difference with the five words, but also small deviation. (" Poetic source argumentation ") [24]
Ming Dynasty poet Chen Zhang: So the nunnery is still in the green mountains, but Chang 'an is not a piece of tiles. Flea poem name surprised officials, advised to add towel hat into the butu. Look back at Yao Li Fengsi under, on the Cen king road is not lonely. I only love your poem thin and healthy, think also spend time. (" Jia Island nunnery ") [32]
Late Ming and early Qing poets He Shang As for Jia's blindness in chanting things, only the verse has good sentences. ( " Carrying wine garden poetry " ) [24]
Lu Wen, an proofreader in the Qing Dynasty 弨 : ① Although the Yangtze River poems are not elegant, they still have ancient meaning, and reading them can be familiar and charming. (" Baojing Tang Anthology "volume 13" After the Poems of the Yangtze River ") ② Yu Yu Jia Shi element is not addicted, especially its ancient precious ears. After He Yimen's evaluation of the school, began to understand the depth of its intention, almost nothing idle. In the past, people judged the island by thin, thin husband how easy is it? He is bloated and stumbling, and he cannot lose his ears. Jia to thin, so can become a grid. However, this is not in the pavilion, but can be enjoyed with the people in the mountains. (" The corpus of the Buddhist Scriptures Volume 13 "After Re-titling Jia Changjiang Poems") [30]
Qing dynasty writers Xu Yinfang : Two people (referring to Meng Jiao, Jia Dao) after Li, Du, avoid the wide scale of thousands of households, take the narrow path of sheep intestines and birds, aiming at opening the surface alone, and then become more astringent one. (Compilation of Poems and Methods) [19]
Modern poet Wen Yiduo From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the poets who learned Jia Dao could not be counted by numbers, except for a few distinct exceptions who moved towards the artistic mood and rhetoric of Ci, the rest of the general mass of poets, that is, the mass of poets, all belonged to Jia Dao. From this point of view, we may as well call the late Tang and five dynasties the Jia Island era. (" A miscellany of Tang poems ") [29]
Director of the Department of Ancient Literature, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Son Geum An The seven laws of Langxian steep bone shrugged, and the smooth tone of the few, there are good sentences to pick, but the end is less than the five laws. Yao Yao He Jia said, covered in the five laws, seven laws are different. Jia focuses on sentence refining, while Yao focuses on the flexibility of chapter syntax. (Commentary on the Seven Chinese Poems of the Tang Dynasty) [24]

Anecdotal allusion

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The dust is not over

According to legend, Jia Island had been elected several times before the age of 30, but he was not successful. Frustrated, but also forced to make a living, he went to become a monk, no reason. Jia Island with a belly of complaints monks, so although the body in the door, but failed to forget the troubles of the world. When he was a monk in Luoyang, the authorities ruled that he could not leave the temple in the afternoon. If you change the monk, you can't go out. The country is boundless, where can not cultivate oneself? But he felt his freedom bound and could not bear it. So he sighed, "It is not as good as cattle and sheep, still at dusk." [33]

Engagement to return to secular life

Jia Dao had a cousin named No, who was also a poet. They were ordained together at the time. Jia island can not stand loneliness, kill back horse gun; And no one is still clasping his palms to the Buddha. Jia island had an appointment when he returned to secular, still a monk in the future, but a dust net will be wrapped up. If you can't, write a poem to remind him not to forget the appointment. Jia Dao said, how can I forget? "Famous mountains to think about, sooner or later to Song Hill" (" Send no one else "There will always be clouds, the roof as a close neighbor" (" Send to no one else "). He still yearns for the quiet of the Buddhist gate. But talk is talk, action is action, and the two are full of contradictions. [34]

Consider the origin

The monk knocked on the door of the moon
When he was young, Jia Island was a monk and sojourned from brother Shi No Changan Guifeng grass Temple. He was obsessed with poetry, and paid great attention to refining words and sentences, bitter chant into a habit, like obsession. "Tang Legacy History" : One day, Jia island visit hermit Li Ning returned, got a sentence: "bird bed pool tree, monk push (knock) under the moon door." He used the word "push" or "knock" in the poem, the practice is not decided, intoning from time to time to make "push" and "knock" gestures, fascinated by myself. When the book staff member Han Yu out passing by here, Jia island avoidance, hit Han Yu bodyguard team third guide there was stopped, guards will bring him to Han Yu in front of Jia island according to the truth, "because not determined 'push', 'knock', wandering outside, I do not know to avoid." After hearing this, Han Yu did not scold him, but after thinking for a moment, he smiled and said, "' Knock 'is a good word!" From then on, Hanja became a close friend. [47] This story also gave birth to the word "deliberation", which is used to describe writing articles or doing things, to repeatedly ponder, consider, and strive for perfection, in order to get the best results.

Take away the maulus and preach

It is said that Jia Island and the post-living law can not be refined. One day Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty travel in microclothes, go to the temple, hear people sing poetry, then climb the building, see the case on the poem volume, then take to browse. Jia Dao is in the back. Grab it with one hand. He did not know Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, so he stared and shouted: "Lang Jun fresh food and beautiful clothes, how do you understand this?" I was very nervous afterwards, waiting for the crime. The court gave him a minor official in the Changjiang County and banished him from Chang 'an. There are two poets in the Tang Dynasty who deal with this matter. Anqi poetry cloud: "Riding a donkey to great Yin, take the volume Xuanzong." Li Kegong poetry cloud: "Xuanzong relegated to the business, Han Yu know to have zhen name." [34]

Suburban cold island thin

Suburban cold island thin refers to Meng Jiao and Jia Island, two people are known for bitter singing, because of their life experience is generally similar, the style of poetry Qingqi sad, quiet and dry, narrow pattern, broken and rapid, and pay attention to bitter singing, hammer words condensed sentences, often give people a sense of cold thin, so it was called "suburban cold island thin". This comment was first made Su Shi "Yuan light white vulgar, suburban cold island thin" (" Sacrifice to Liu Ziyu ") . [35]

Interpersonal relationship

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Wife: Liu. [28]
From brother: No (birth and death year is unknown), late Tang poetry monk. Fanyang people. Young monk, once lived in Qinglong Temple, Caotang Temple. Work five words, poem name and Jia island, A surname Qi, with Yao He, Li Xuan, Xue Neng, horse Many poets have poems to return. Also work calligraphy, effect Liu public right body. There are two volumes of poetry. [52 ]

Major work

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Jia Shima is the author of" Yangtze River Cluster "10 volumes, recorded more than 390 poems. Widely available A four-part series " photocopy Ming turned Song. Li Jiayan " Changjiang new school "With" Poetry of the Tang dynasty "Received Jia poetry as a base, school Betamoto And related collections, anthologies, appendix A chronology of Jia Island ", "Jia Island Friends Test" and the list of Jia Island poetry rating, more complete. [45] There are also 3 small volumes," metrical 1 volume. [46]

Character dispute

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EDITOR
Disparage and award officials
Jia Dao Statue
In September 837, Jia Island was awarded the master book of Changjiang County in Suizhou. The award of the official, the historical records of the ambiguous words, so that people and later generations puzzled. According to the Biography of Jia Dao in the New Book of Tang, "The island... Heavy lifting, not in the right. During the reign of Emperor Wenzong, he flew to slander and disparage the Yangtze River." The reason for its derogation, only said "flying slander" three words, as for the truth, it is not detailed. After Jashima died, my friend Su Jiang In the Epitaph of Jasakura, it says: "The island of Public Chi... The young man is not in the field, and the slander is sudden. Solution brown grant Suizhou Yangtze River master book." However, it is not known what exactly caused the "slander". [43]
Like history books and epitaphs True history The rigorous style is different, and the later wild history of Jia Island's derogation has a detailed interpretation. Like five generations Wang Dingbao Think Jia Island was dismissed because of disrespect Emperor Wuzong of Tang As a result, Jia Island was banished in time Emperor Wenzong of Tang It was opened in two years (837), so it is not credible. Five generations He Guangyuan Think Jia Island is offended Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Caused by the Yuan Dynasty Xin Wenfang write Biography of the Talented Son of Tang Dynasty This is also the case. He Guangyuan painted the matter in vivid detail in his Record of Jianshou, even producing a rescript denouncing Jia Dao and the exact date of the following. But for the novelist, Jia Island died in the Huichang three years (843) of Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty, it is impossible to have this experience, obviously for the legendary family. [43]
According to the Tang system of selecting officials, Jinshihe After that, it is necessary to pass the examination of the Ministry of Civil Affairs before being awarded an official. Jinshi understand brown, grant nine official ranks, generally in Beijing for the test Collate books Outside, the master book, county lieutenant. And "tired lifting, not the right." The island of Jia, although because of derogation and gain Subordinate to the nine grades of rank in the feudal system overtighten County register In fact, the treatment of this post is equivalent to that of Jinshi and Jinshi. [43]
Modern scholars have different opinions on Jia Dao's denunciation and awarding officials, and no conclusion has been reached. [43]
Wang Dajin The article "Ancient Poetry Miscella · About Jia Island" makes a new hypothesis about the reasons for Jia Island's demotion. "But why did Jia Dao denigrate the Master book of the Yangtze River? Instead of confronting Emperor Wuzong or Emperor Xuanzong to his face, as mentioned in the novel, he dared to write and offended the eunuchs." However, the fact that Jia Dao offended the eunuchs in writing is not recorded in official and non-official history, so Wang Dajin's theory is only a reasonable speculation. [43]
Du Jinghua The five dynasties He Guangyuan "Jianshou Record" recorded in the "large inkwork (Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made an official with ink), and then inferred: "I think, from the years Jia Island was an official in Yangtze County, this time if also changed to 'September 7, 8 years' when it is almost the same." According to this, "Jia Dao actually served as a small local official in Shu for ten years" to accommodate the demotion. [43]
Yin Zhanhua The novelist said that "Jia Island and Xuanzong do not accuse", he thought: "So Jia Island met Xuanzong slight thing is true, it was in the beginning of the second year of Wenzong Kaicheng, when. Li Chen Not yet the emperor, just the king of light; The medium and large ink system is also true, and it was the Tang Xuanzong who pursued the book after he became emperor." [43]
Fang Rishi In the article "Jia Dao's selection of Jinshi and His Criticism", the theory that Jia Dao failed to get Jinshi is questioned. "Jia Island has been promoted and because of the sudden detention flying slander, or Under the Chinese book Disqualified in response. However, it can be the first because of the incident because of the unfounded slander to cancel its qualification, which is different from the fact that it is not at all, and it is another matter, because of the appointment. Although the Yangtze River county is not a far state evil county, but the end of the remote poor, awarded the Yangtze River county Master book It implies reproach." [43]
A surname It is thought that Jia Island may be higher than the main book before the derogation, so the derogation. [43]
Lay-off time
According to the New Book of Tang, Jia Dao was originally a monk with no original dharma name. When he was in Luoyang, because there was a ban on monks going out in the afternoon in Luoyang, Jia Dao was dissatisfied with this, and wrote a poem to express his feelings, which was known to Han Yu, and because he cherished his talent, he persuaded him to take the exam and win fame. So Jia Island returned to secular. There are records about this matter in the Annals of Tang Poetry, The Book Records of Zhizhai and the Collection of Jia Changjiang. [50]
The record of Jia Dao in the Biography of the Talent of the Tang Dynasty is the opposite of that in the New Book of the Tang Dynasty, which records that Jia Dao became a monk because He Guangyuan failed in the examination room and had no means of livelihood. [50]
Because of these historical accounts are different, Jia island is a secular or due to the failure of the examination room and monastic, a time is a big question. Li Jiayan He and Huang Peng both think that it should be based on the official history, according to the New Book of Tang. [50]
Bai Aiping "Jia Island for Monks and the Time and Place of Returning to secular" has a detailed analysis of the time of Jia Island returning to secular: Han Yu and Meng Jiao's poems about Jia Island, Han Yu has" Send the division to Fan Yang ", Meng Jiao you The play gives nothing From the poem title, when Jia Dao entered Chang 'an with Han Yu in Yuan and six years (811), he was still a monk and did not return to secular life immediately. According to Jia Dao Present a gift to the imperial Academy "Poetry, we know that its return to secular should be no later than the Yuan and seven years (812). literati Shen Yazhi After returning home in the seventh year of Yuan and He (812), Jia Island wrote a poem Send Shen Xiucai east return Jia Dao returned to Fanyang in November of the sixth year of Yuan and He (811), and this poem indicates that Jia Dao had returned to Chang 'an by the spring of the seventh year of Yuan and He (812) at the latest. Before returning to Fan Yang, it should be related to the return of secular. According to the analysis of Bai Wen, Jia Dao was a monk before, and then returned to secular service in Yuan and Sixth year (811) or Yuan and seventh year (812), at the age of 33 or 34. [50]

memorialize

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Jiadao Tomb

Anyue in Sichuan Province
After his death, Jia's body was buried in the foothills of southern Anquan Mountain, Anyue County, Sichuan Province. Anquan Mountain in the southern suburbs of the county. Jia Island tomb is semicircular, 12 meters long, 3 meters wide and 3 meters high, masonry walls, surrounded by stone bricks. Qing Qianlong years, Anyue county magistrate Xu Guanhai Build "thin poem Pavilion" in front of the tomb, late Qing Dynasty Phu Chau Magistrate Fei Xianzhong rebuilt and erected the archway. [38]
Beijing Fangshan
Jia Dao Yiguan Tomb is located in Erzhan Village, Shilou Town, Fangshan District, Beijing. There are stone pavilions in front of the tomb, which are stone tablets in the Ming Dynasty Great governance It was established during the years. Jia Island tomb original Jia Gong Memorial Hall Built during the Kangxi years of the Qing Dynasty, the temple faces south and enters three temples. Existing Qing Dynasty rebuilt Jia Gong Temple inscription two, Fangshan District cultural relics protection units. [5]
Luoyang, Henan Province
"Luoyang Fu Annals" and "Luoyang County Annals" both say that "the main book of the Yangtze River is Jia Island tomb Yi Que County Dongshan, tombstone to see ", also for the tomb. [38]
Anhui Dangtu
Qing Dynasty Chen Qiyuan " Take notes during a break "Volume four" Jia Island Tomb "cloud:" Tang poetry Jia Island tomb in Anhui Taiping city outside the Gantang village." Modern scholar Li Jiayan Research, this tomb is Jia Song tomb, not Jia island tomb. [38]
Fuping in Shaanxi Province
Shaanxi dialect The annals of Fuping County "In: Jia Island tomb Fuping county Gaoli Dajia village, the village has Jia Island tombstone, the inscription is Liu Gongquan Handwritten, this is Suspected grave . [38]
Daying County, Sichuan Province
" You have a great view "Jia Island relegated to the Yangtze River book, there are tombs in how." [38]
According to historians, only the Jia Island tomb in Anyue County, Sichuan Province, is a true tomb, and the others are commemorative tombs. [38]

Jia Gong Memorial Hall

Jia Gong Memorial Hall
Jia Gong Memorial Hall Located in Erzhan Village, Shilou Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, it was built in memory of Jia Island. In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, Luo Zin Gong, then governor of Fangshan County, allocated 30 mu of land to build a temple of Jia Gong in the village of two stations in Shillou Town, which was demolished due to historical reasons. In 2003, Beijing Hanjian Group self-funded 32 million yuan to repair it. The total area is 36,188 square meters, the construction area is 3040 square meters, and the whole pattern is built in the style of Tang Dynasty. It was completed in 2005. The reconstructed Jia Gong Temple consists of two parts, the western part is the cultural reception area, which is a double courtyard. Among them, there are displayed calligraphy and calligraphy in memory of Jia Island for people to enjoy. The east area is the focus of the temple, the first half is composed of the main hall and the east and west side of the courtyard. The main hall is called "SAO Altar Hall", and there are Jia Island statues. [6] There are also murals of Jia Dao living in the Qing residence of Wuxiang Temple in Fangshan. The east side Hall, named "Thin Poetry Xuan", contains juxtaposed statues of Jia Dao and Meng Jiao, another poet. The mural shows the poet's painstaking efforts to compose poems. The West side Hall is named "under the moon", which is the story of "deliberation". There are Jia island and life bosom friend Han Yu statue. The mural reproduces the scene of the "deliberation".

Jia Island Yu

Jia Island Yu is located in the northwest of Zhoukoudian, Fangshan, Beijing, more than 20 miles away from Fangshan. For" Eight views of Fangshan "One of them. [5]

effigy

Statue of Jia Island
There is a statue of Jia Island in Zizhu Square in Anyue County, Sichuan province. [39]

Library

In 2012, Jia Island Library opened on the site of Jia Gong Temple in Fangshan, Beijing, and is the first village-level private library in the suburbs of Beijing. [7] On the morning of April 23, Fangshan District of Beijing was welcomed World Book Day Held the opening of Jia Island Library, memorial hall and Fangshan District 17th "World Reading Day" Jia Island poetry reading. [44]

colloquia

On December 26, 2020, the Jia Island Hometown Culture Forum was held in Hancun River Villa, Fangshan District, Beijing. [8]

Historical data index

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Su Jiang's Inscription on the Tomb of Duke Jia in the Tang Dynasty [4]
Meng 棨 " satoshi · Resentment Fourth [4]
Wang Dingbao " Tang Zhiyan · Volume One [4]
He Guangyuan " denunciations · Volume 8 [4]

Artistic image

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"Breaking Wind Poems of Jia Island in Liangting", Zju, see" Mai Wang Hall copy the ancient and modern drama "Five five, Yuan Ming Anonymised, four fold, the end of the book, Positive end Do Jia Island. [37]
" Luan D « "Legend, Ming Ye Xianzu Written by Kidgu Pavilion Sixty kinds of music Ben, see you dendrocalamus , Feng Junjie Compile" Commentaries on sixty kinds of music "Twenty-seven, Outer end Do Jia Island. [37]
Jia Lang Xian Jie Day Festival Poetry, Zju, Qing Dynasty Ye Chengzong Coined, see, Qing Dynasty drama "Two episodes, single fold, Positive end Do Jia Island. [37]
Jia Island Sacrificial Poems, Zju, Qing Dynasty 石韫玉 Wrote, Nine plays between the flowers "Seven, see" flower rhyme Nunnery master fill in the words ", a fold, the end (male role) play Jia Island. [37]
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