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Qu Yuan (c. 340 BC ~ 278 BC),
Mi
(
A surname
), Qu Shi, name Ping, word original, and since the cloud name regular, word Lingjun, born
Chu State
Danyang
Zigui
(now Yichang City, Hubei Province),
Warring States
Chu poets and statesmen in the period. King Wu of Chu
Xiong Thong
Son of
Correct a defect
The offspring of (one said
The origin of Qu family is the Chu people in the early Western Zhou Dynasty
Qu 紃
).
[53]
Qu Yuan received a good education when he was young, extensive knowledge, ambitious. Suffer from
King Huai of Chu
Trust, Ren.
A surname
,
A surname
In charge of both domestic and foreign affairs. Advocating "American politics", advocating the internal promotion of talents and abilities, cultivation of Ming Fa degree, and external forces to unite against Qin. Because he was ostracized and slandered by the nobles, he was exiled to
Northern Han Dynasty
and
Yuanyuan Xiang
The river basin.
[2]
In 278 BC, Ying Du of Chu was defeated by the Qin army and sank in the city
Miluo River
To martyr Chu.
[54
]
Qu Yuan is a great patriotic poet in the history of China
Romantic literature
Of the founding fathers,"
The songs of Chu
"Founder and representative writer, pioneered"
Vanilla beauty
The tradition is known as the "ancestor of Chu Ci" and the famous Ci fu home of Chu
Song Yu
,
Donler
,
Field difference
They were all influenced by Qu Yuan.
[3]
The appearance of Qu Yuan's works marks that Chinese poetry has entered a new era from elegant singing to romantic originality
[4]
His main works are:
Lisao County
""
Nine songs
""
Nine chapters
""
Tian Wen
", etc. Qu Yuan's works as the main body of"
The songs of Chu
"Is one of the sources of Chinese romantic literature and has a profound influence on later poetry." Become a bright pearl in the history of Chinese literature, "Yi Xiang Wei Ci, outstanding world". "The road is long and far, I will search up and down", Qu Yuan's "search" spirit has become a noble spirit believed in and pursued by later generations of noble people.
[1]
In 1953, on the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death,
World Peace council
Passed a resolution to determine Qu Yuan for the commemoration of the year
The world's four cultural celebrities
One of them.
[5-9]
- alias
- Cupin , Quzi , Quant regular
- word
- Original and spirit
- The surname
- Mi ( A surname )
- age
- Late Warring States period
- Place of Birth
- Zigui, Danyang (present-day Yichang, Hubei Province)
- Date of birth
- About 340 BC
- Date of death
- 278 BC
- Place of death
- Miluo River
- Major achievement
-
In domestic affairs, he advocated promoting the virtuous and cultivating the law
Diplomatic efforts to unite against Qin
In literature, he created new poems in style - Major work
- Li SAO , Nine Songs , Nine Chapters , Heavenly Question
- eigenname
- Qu Yuan
- gender
- male
catalogue
- 1biography
- ▪Early experience
- ▪Legal reform
- ▪A slanderous man is seldom seen
- ▪Exile in northern Han
- ▪Exile south of the Yangtze River
- ▪Dive into the Miluo
- 2Major influence
- ▪Literary achievement
- ▪Political achievement
- ▪Personality spirit
- 3Anecdotal allusion
- ▪Qu family
- ▪Birthdate 8
- ▪Qu Yuan's name
- 4Historical evaluation
- ▪Positive comment
- ▪Negative evaluation
Statue of Qu Yuan
In the thirty-ninth year of King Zhou Xian (330 BC), Qu Yuan lived in Lepingli. Since childhood, book addiction, reading more and miscellaneous, "stone cave reading" and "Bashan wild old scripture" when in this year.
In 329 BC, he lived in Lepingli. Although Qu Yuan was born into the nobility, he was very sympathetic to the poor people because he lived among the people and was well influenced by his family. Since then, he has done many good things for the people at a young age, and won the praise of all.
[5]
[9-10]
About the fourth year of King Zhou Shenliang (317 BC), Qu Yuan served as the left apprentice of King Huai of Chu, engaged in legal reform, formulating and issuing various laws and regulations.
[16]
In the following years, Qu Yuan continued to deepen the reform of the law, fighting against the old nobility and all stubborn forces. The situation of Chu changed greatly, and the old nobles faced the fate of ruin.
[10]
Zhou Nan Wang first year (314 BC), Qu Yuan because of the slander of the Shangguan doctor and see thin, was deposed as the official of the left, as the position of the Sanlu doctor.
Qu Zi's Troubadour by Chen Hongshou
In the third year of King Nan of Zhou (312 BC), the State of Chu sent troops to counter the state of Qin
Lantian
(present Lantian area of Shaanxi Province) was defeated. King Huai of Chu re-employed Qu Yuan and sent him to the state of Qi in order to forge a new alliance between the two states.
In the fourth year of King Nan of Zhou (311 BC),
King Huiwen of Qin
More Yuan fourteen years, attack Chu Zhaoling. King Huiwen was willing to give half of Hanzhong to Chu and make an alliance with Chu. King Huai of Chu wanted Zhang Yi more than Hanzhong's land. When Zhang Yi came to Chu, he bribed Jin Shang with a large amount of money and got the beloved Ji of King Huai of Chu
Zheng Sleeve
He was released and returned to Qin. King Huiwen of Qin died, and his son King Wu was established. Qu Yuan went to the state of Qi and returned to the state of Chu when Zhang Yi had already left, Qu Yuan counseled King Huai and said, "Why not kill Zhang Yi?" King Huai regretted that he sent someone to chase Zhang Yi and failed to catch her.
In 310 BC, in the first year of King Wu of Qin, Zhang Yi left the state of Qin and went to the State of Wei because he was not satisfied with the king. Qu Yuan is still Huai king for three Lv doctor.
Six years (309 BC), two years of King Wu of Qin, King Xuan of Qi wanted to be the length, evil Chu and Qin together, the king of Chu left the book, Huai King hesitated, Zhao Sui force remonstrated, then not Qin and Qi to good Han.
The seventh year of King Nan of Zhou (308 BC), the third year of King Wu of Qin,
Kanmaw
Take Han Yiyang. Qu Yuan lived in Ying Du and set up an altar to teach.
In the seventeenth year of King Nan of Zhou (298 BC), King Zhao of Qin sent troops out of Wuguan, attacked Chu, beheaded fifty thousand people, and took out (today's Xichuan in Henan Province) and about fifteen cities.
[9]
[11]
Qu Zi's Troubadour by Fu Baoshi
In 302 BC, in the thirteenth year of King Nan of Zhou, the allied forces of Qi, Wei and Han attacked Chu. King Huai of Chu sent Prince Heng to Qin as a hostage and asked Qin to send troops to rescue him. The king of Qin ordered his guest minister to lead troops to rescue Chu and defeat the Allied forces of The Three Kingdoms. The following year, a doctor of the state of Qin and the crown prince Heng were killed because of a private feud. Prince Heng was afraid that King Zhao of Qin would blame him and fled to Chu without permission. This caused the relations between Qin and Chu to deteriorate, leading to frequent attacks by Qin against Chu. "Qu Yuan hated King Huai of Chu for listening to the slanderous words, and let the untrue language blind the correct language. These rumors will damage the interests of the state of Chu, and are not tolerated by the square people, so Qu Yuan wrote Li SAO in sorrow and contemplation."
In the sixteenth year of King Nan of Zhou (299 BC), Qu Yuan had by this time returned from exile in northern Han, and
Zhao Ju
Together, they urged King Huai not to attend the meeting, saying: "Qin, the country of tigers and wolves, is not credible, it is better to do nothing." However, King Huai's younger son Zi LAN was afraid of losing the favor of the king of Qin, and tried to encourage King Huai to go. As a result, as soon as King Huai entered Wuguan, he was detained by the Qin army and sent to Xianyang to coerce him into ceding Wu and Qianzhong counties. King Huai of Chu was taken to Xianyang, and the prince of Chu was appointed King Qingxiang by Qi Ying, and Prince Zilan was appointed as Yin, refusing to cede land to Qin. Qin attacked Chu again, defeated the Chu army, beheaded 50,000 people, and captured 16 cities.
[9]
[12]
Qu Zi Jumping into the River by Zhang Xiangzhou
Twenty years after King Nan of Zhou (295 BC), Qu Yuan arrived
Changsha
In this Chu king began to seal the land all over the situation of mountains and rivers, even the feeling of the nation.
In the twenty-second year of King Nan of Zhou (293 BC), in the sixth year of King Qingxiang of Chu, the State of Qin sent Bai Qi to Yique to attack Han and won a great victory, beheading 240,000 people. The state of Qin then sent a letter to the king of Chu, saying, "Chu has betrayed Qin, and Qin is going to lead the princes to fight against Chu and have a final victory. I hope you can organize your soldiers and have a good fight." King Qingxiang of Chu did not forget his feelings, and pointed out that King Huai finally fell to the end of foreign death, because "its so-called loyal people are disloyal, and the so-called wise people are not good."
From the twenty-first year of King Nan (294 BC) to the thirty-sixth year of King Nan (279 BC), Qu Yuan was exiled for the second time to a remote area in the South. The route of this exile, according to the
Nine chapters · Mourning Ying
According to the analysis, it starts from Ying Du (today's Jiangling County in Hubei Province), first goes southeast down the river through Xiashou (today's southeast of Shashi City in Hubei Province), looks at Longmen (east gate of Ying Du) and enters the Yangtze River through Dongting Lake, then leaves Xiapu (today's Hankou County in Hubei Province), and finally arrives at Lingyang (said to be in the south of today's Qingyang County in Anhui Province). For sixteen years, during which time he wrote a large number of excellent literary works, such as"
Nine chapters · Sad return Wind
", etc.
[9]
[12]
Zhou Nan King 35 years (280 years ago), Chu Qingxiang king nineteen years, Qin general
Sima Co
Attacking Chu, Chu ceded Shangyong and Northern Han; The following year, Qin
Bai Qi
Attack Chu, take evil, Deng, Xiling.
In the 37th year of King Nan of Zhou (278 BC), Bai Qi further captured Ying Du, and King Qingxiang of Chu had to flee with the ruling nobles and "secure Chen Cheng (today's Huaiyang in Henan Province)". In a state of extreme distress and utter despair, Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. This year was probably the twenty-one year of King Qingxiang of Chu (278 BC), and Qu Yuan was about sixty-two years old.
[12-14]
Statue of Chu Yuan
Generally speaking, Li SAO, Tianwen and Nine Songs can be regarded as the representatives of the three types of Qu Yuan's works. The content and style of "Nine Chapters", "Far Away", "Bu Ju", "Yu Fu", "Summoning Soul" and "Dazhao" can be classified as a group with "Li SAO", most of which are based on information and righteousness, focusing on the expression of the author's inner feelings. Li SAO is Qu Yuan's ideal, encounter, pain, passion and even the whole life of the magnificent poem, which shines bright personality glory, is the focus of all Qu Yuan's creation. Tianwen is a poem written by Qu Yuan on the basis of myths and legends. It focuses on the author's academic attements and his views on history and nature. "Nine Songs" is the sacrificial music of Chu, which was processed and polished by Qu Yuan. It is full of strong life atmosphere in the expression of characters' feelings and the description of environment atmosphere. However, it is expressed on behalf of people or gods, not the author's self-lyric expression, which shows more traces of Southern Chu literary tradition. Li SAO and Nine Songs constitute the basic style of Qu Yuan's works.
Qu Yuan's works are closely related to mythology. Many illusory content is inherited from the development of myth. Qu Yuan is also a poet concerned about the reality, his works reflect the contradictions in the real society, especially to expose the dark politics of Chu state the most profound.
The style of Qu Yuan's works is obviously different from that of the Book of Songs. This is related to...
Yangtze River basin
The folk customs and
Yellow River basin
The folk customs are different related. By then, the North had already entered
Patriarchal society
While Chu still has
Clan society
The legacy of the people, strong, lively thinking, not for the law of etiquette. Therefore, to express the feelings of men and women, patriots and patriots is so straight, and the materials used are so rich, anything can run into the bottom of the pen. Writing about the love of man and God, writing about crazy people, writing ancient historical legends, writing about the gods and ghosts, all gods have ordinary human nature of the people, God is just beyond ordinary people. They make the works appear beautiful color, rich feeling, momentum. Such works show different characteristics from northern literature.
From the point of view of the system, Qu Yuan's previous poems, whether the Book of Songs or southern folk songs, were mostly short, but Qu Yuan developed into a full-length masterpiece. Li SAO alone has more than 2,400 characters. In the way of expression, Qu Yuan put Fu, compare, xing cleverly blend into one, a large number of use of "vanilla beauty"
Beeching maneuver
The abstract moral character, consciousness and complex real relations are vividly displayed. In language form, Qu Yuan's works break through the "Book of Songs" to the four-character sentence pattern, each sentence five, six, seven, eight, nine characters, there are three words, ten words, syntax uneven, flexible; At the end of the sentence, the word "Xi" is used, and the characters such as "Zhi", "Yu", "Hu", "fu" and "and" are used to coordinate syllables, resulting in ups and downs and singing in unison. In short, his works have great creativity from content to form.
Qu Yuan's works, after the Chu people established the Han dynasty capital Guanzhong, it had a huge impact, "Chu Ci" continued to spread, development, the northern literature gradually Chu. The new five - and seven-character poems are all related to Chu SAO. The fu writers of the Han Dynasty were all influenced by "Chu Ci". After the Han Dynasty, "Shao SAO" works have been written in all dynasties. The authors often use Qu Yuan's poems to express the block in their chest, and even use Qu Yuan's experience to describe themselves, which is the direct development of Qu Yuan's literature. In addition, the story of Qu Yuan's life as the subject of poems, songs, ci, music, drama, qin Ci, Da Qu, script, etc., painting art such as Qu Yuan, "nine songs map", "Tianwen Map", etc., are also difficult to count. therefore
Lu Xun
Qu Yuan's works are called "elegant and magnificent words, outstanding for the first time", and "its influence on later articles is even in the"
Three hundred
"(The Book of Songs)" ("
Outline of the history of Han literature
"). The famous poet Guo Moruo once wrote the screenplay for his
Ode to Thunder
"To commemorate his deeds.
Qu Yuan's works are the most imaginative, and his poems are very magnificent. "Li SAO" in a large number of myths and legends, the sun, the moon, the clouds, are called into the poem, so that the rhetoric is very beautiful, he also describes the story of three times to express his obsession and Bixing." He is good at using beauty, vanilla, to metaphor gentleman; Evil wood dirty grass, to metaphor villain, through Bixing technique to the king of the letter slander, crafty sycophants, patriots to serve the country without a door scene, write incisively and vividly.
Qu Yuan's works are full of positive romanticism. Its main expression is that he integrates his passionate pursuit of ideals into his artistic imagination and magical mood. The wind is in the style of Qu Yuan's Chu poems. Due to the exclusion of Qu Yuan by Xiao Xiao frame-up, the King Huai of Chu, who once trusted him and relied on him to change the law and become strong, doubted him and even alienated him; After King Xiang of Chu came to power, he became even more stupid and corrupt. Chu was facing the crisis of subjugation, and the patriots like Qu Yuan were persecuted. Qu Yuan's upright character, noble personality, patriotic action, but have become a crime. He put his full of angry emotions into poetry, forming a fierce mood. This kind of aggressive sentiment is very strong in the Nine Chapters. Qu Yuan's romanticism has a profound influence on later literary creation. In particular, Li Bai, the great romantic poet of the Tang Dynasty in China, also consciously learned Qu Yuan's positive romantic creative techniques, and Li Bai's poems were also a large number of Luo Zhi myths and legends, historical figures, the sun and the moon and other poems, forming a magnificent picture.
The statue of Qu Yuan on East Lake in Wuhan
Qu Yuan in many poems, he did not pay attention to the society at that time, his talent is not met expressed great indignation, and in the indignation revealed a sad mood. Qu Yuan Chu Ci although the mood is exciting Chu, but because of the broad mind, deep feelings, so deep interest, no floating or hypomanic sense of reading. This kind of profound interest is deeply contained in all kinds of poems he created. Not to mention the profound patriotic enthusiasm expressed in Li SAO and the poet's trickling sincerity to the country and the nation, which deeply touched the readers' hearts, it is the strange poem composed of questions in the form of "Tian Wen", which contains quite profound thoughts in the rhetorical question, fully showing his profound and wise, making the poem rich in interest, transcendent in divine principle, and giving readers a beautiful revelation.
Qu Yuan's symbolism of "vanilla beauty" inherits and plays the bixing technique of the Book of Songs, Qu Yuan's creation shows the liberation of emotions to a considerable extent, resulting in a new, lively and powerful poetic style. Because of this need of emotional expression, it can not be satisfied with plain writing techniques, but need to borrow a lot of Chu mythological materials, with beautiful fantasy, the realm of poetry is greatly expanded, showing the magnificent characteristics. This opens up a new way for the creation of Chinese classical poetry. Descendants of poets with strong personalities and emotions, such as Li Bai,
Li He
And so on, are greatly inspired by it. It can be said that ancient Chinese literature pays attention to the literary talent, pay attention to the beauty of the school, ultimately can be traced to Qu Yuan.
Qu Yuan is a love of jade, in his own works described the understanding and feelings of jade: "Fu long sword, jade", "Bai Yu Xi for the town", "look at the grass and wood it is still not Xi, how cheng (cheng,
A kind of beautiful jade
) Can be beautiful"
[51]
.
As a great poet, the appearance of Qu Yuan not only marked that Chinese poetry had entered a new era from collective singing to individual creation, but also his new poetic style, Chu Ci, broke through the expression form of the Book of Songs, greatly enriched the expression of poetry, and opened up a new world for the creation of poetry in ancient China. Compared with the Book of Songs in terms of sentence pattern and structure, Chu Ci is more free and varied, so it can more effectively shape artistic images and express complex and intense feelings. As far as sentence pattern is concerned, Chu Ci mainly uses miscellaneous words, breaking through the traditional four-sentence pattern. As far as language description is concerned, Chu Ci is good at rendering and describing, the words are numerous and rich, and attach great importance to the beauty of external forms, which created conditions for the emergence of Fu style literature in the Han Dynasty. "Chu Ci" also highlights the romantic spiritual temperament, which is mainly manifested as: the enthusiasm of emotions, the pursuit of ideals, the prominence of the lyric hero's image, the fantasy of imagination, etc., through fantasy, myth, etc., to create a magnificent picture. Later generations therefore took the "Book of Songs"
National customs
"And" Li SAO "in" Chu Ci "and called" Fengsao ". "Wind" and "SAO" are the source of the two fine traditions of realism and Romanticism in the history of Chinese poetry. At the same time, Qu Yuan as the representative of the Chu Ci also influenced
Han Fu
The formation of...
[8]
[14-19]
Miluo Qu Yuan Temple in Hunan Province
First, reward farming. Reward farming is to increase taxes, enrich the people, reward war is to strengthen military strategic equipment;
Shang Yang
and
Wuqi County
The reform is this set of ways, so that the people whether farming or war, have the hope, the head and the idea, only the establishment of reward and punishment system, ministers and people will be willing to do their best for the drive of the title.
Second, promote the worthy. Warring States Period
Marquis Wenof Wei
The first way to show respect to virtuous soldiers made the state of Wei dominate for more than 100 years in the early Warring States period. Second, Tian Qi
Duke Huan of Qi
Set Jixia as a school palace, recruit talents, here
King Qi Wei
Period,
Jixia Academy
It is still beyond the beam to sit firmly in the world, and become a place where scholars flock to. Qu Yuan at this time, such a reform can be regarded as the right time. But at the time
King Wuling of Zhao
The military reforms are in stark contrast. Ten years later, when the State of Zhao rose strongly and became a powerful state in the Warring States, the state of Chu was gradually depressed with its weak tendency.
Third, anti-blocking. That is, to break the communication barriers between the king and the minister and the people, to let the orders issued by the king of Chu be accurately and promptly conveyed to the official of the minister, and the official of the minister also conveyed the orders issued by the palace to the majority of the people in the first time; Let the king of Chu and the people exchange what they have and break the situation that the king is surrounded by crafty sycophants; The monarch can clearly understand the plight of the people, and do not listen to or believe. And the opinions of the subjects can be sent at high speed to Chutin.
Fourth, no friends. In view of the fact that the nobles and the old families of Chu often form parties for private affairs, work in collusion with each other, and vigorously attack ministers with different political views, and restrict them in the form of laws.
Fifth, clear reward and punishment. Both Shang Yang, a famous legalist, and Wu Qi, a military expert, paid attention to strict rules to restrict the merits and faults of the soldiers. On such issues as the reform of the law, Qu Yuan collected the essence of legalists and soldiers and became a single body.
Sixth, change customs and customs. Qu Yuan is deeply disgusted with the corrupt trend of Chu, and one by one, the minister workers of the old family, at the expense of the main interests of the country to opportunist. The reform of the law also restricted the bad wind of Chu state by legal forms.
19-20] [
Cheng Lian-ou's painting Qu Zi Yin
The life consciousness embodied in Qu Yuan's works is mainly manifested in two aspects. On the one hand, time flies, the urgency of time and the cold sense of death. Faced with the change of the four seasons of nature, it can trigger the common consciousness of time and life of human beings. The expression of ancient Chinese literati's sense of beauty's twilight has been renewed for generations. But no one has ever felt such a sense of urgency and even fear in the face of the passing of time as Qu Yuan. For Qu Yuan, the most realistic significance is to realize his ideal of American politics as soon as possible, and his political life is far higher than his biological life.
On the other hand, the narcissistic personality and the concubine consciousness of personality weaving. Qu Yuan's lifelong mission is to serve the monarch, and he will not forget to be loyal to King Huai of Chu until he dies, which is Qu Yuan's concubine consciousness. Qu Yuan often uses "beauty", "vanilla", "wedding date", "Chengyan", "media" and "seeking a woman" in his works, so the most important "bixing" material in Qu Yuan's "Ci of Chu" is "woman", and this "woman" is a symbol of himself, a woman abandoned by the king. In Qu Yuan's works deeply hidden "concubine consciousness", even if the king does not know the feelings of the gentleman villain, to loyalty as evil, even if his confession, refers to the day as an oath, even if he suffered unbearable pain, he still hopes that the stupid king will wake up. Qu Yuan put all hopes on the king, this naive, is undoubtedly a passionate political idealism, worthy of future generations to ponder. Since Qu Yuan, the "concubine consciousness" of ancient Chinese literati has been strengthened and stabilized, so that a stable political personality - concubine personality has been formed. Once the official frustrated, the beauty of the late narcissistic self-injury will be graceful. Xin Qiji is a typical example. Xin Qiji understood the inevitable results of the southern Song Dynasty and peace, but Xin Qiji is still difficult to let go, with the age of old, with the continuation of the emperor and minister, the national event, the restoration of the cause, becoming more and more dim, his mood as Qu Yuan only "broken heart" when. It can be said that Xin Qiji is a typical Chinese literati who consciously inherits Qu Yuan in personality and artistic creation. His abandonment, his "loyalty and patriotism", his concubine consciousness, his artistic creation features, are all Qu Yuan's different generations of confidant.
[48] 45 -
The influence of the patriotic spirit in Qu Yuan's literary works on the later generations
As a great patriot and patriotic poet, Qu Yuan was admired by later generations. His profound and persistent patriotic passion, the spirit of upholding ideals in political struggle, preferring death to surrender, pursuing truth and boldly criticizing reality set a model for later writers. There are many verses in Li SAO that express Qu Yuan's patriotic heart.
Early Han Dynasty
Jia Yi
After failing in the political struggle, he was banished to Changsha, and when he passed the Miluo River, he felt that he and Qu Yuan had similar experiences, and wrote a very sad"
Ode to Qu Yuan
On the one hand, Qu Yuan mourned for Qu Yuan as a confidant; On the one hand, he learned the creative spirit of Qu Yuan and boldly exposed and criticized the dark social reality of right and wrong. The great historian and writer Sima Qian is to Qu Yuan's admiration, in the "Records of the Grand Historian" for Qu Yuan biography, correctly affirmed Qu Yuan's position in history. He said: Yu read "Li SAO", "Heavenly Question", "Spirit", "mourning Ying", sad. Suitable for Changsha, view of Qu Yuan's self-sinking Yuan, did not have tears, want to see him. Shi Ji is a historical prose work, it sustains the author's ideal, permeated with the author's love and hate clear feelings and the spirit of pursuing the truth, which is also the inheritance of Qu Yuan's great literary spirit. After the Han Dynasty, Qu Yuan's spirit was further developed in many writers. Li Bai, a great poet in Tang Dynasty, admired Qu Yuan very much. His spirit of defying power and resisting reality is the inheritance and development of Qu Yuan's spirit. In addition, Chinese poets and writers of all ages, in the face of national oppression, always wrote generous and fierce patriotic poems. There are also many writers, in the dark political era, adhere to the ideal, adhere to the struggle, do not hide their love and hatred, and even sacrifice their lives in the political struggle, adding luster to the history of ancient Chinese literature. This great spirit can be traced back to Qu Yuan.
[31]
[46] 45 -
Qu Yuan's Dwelling Map by Huang Yingchen of Qing Dynasty
Statue of Qu Yuan
In the early Spring and Autumn period, about the seventh century BC, the son of King Xiong Tong of Chu Wu was sealed in the place of "Qu", called Qu Xia, and his descendants took Qu as their family. In the family of the King of Chu, similar to the Qu family, there are Spring and Autumn Period
Joao's
He 䓕, Zhao and Jing of the Warring States Period. Zhao, Qu, Jing is the three major family names of the royal family of Chu, Qu can continue from the early spring and Autumn period to the late Warring States period, has been in the upper echelons of Chu, this family can be described as enduring. Qu Yuan was the Sanlu doctor, is said to be in charge of the royal family three surname affairs.
Qu Yuan is both the king of Chu's home, at that time called "Gong" or "Gong", then his relationship with the state of Chu, of course, is different. Qu's descendants such as
Bending weight
,
Kudoen
,
Bend to
,
Qu Jian
All of them held important positions in the State of Chu. In Qu Yuan's generation, only Qu Yuan and other generals captured by the State of Qin were among the few Qu officials
Qu 匄
. According to Qu Yuan's
Nine chapters · Read with compassion
The poem "suddenly forget the lowly poor", we can see that this noble family has declined at that time.
[15]
[21]
The date of Qu Yuan's birth, according to many modern studies, is between the twenty-seventh year (342 BC) and thirty years (339 BC) of King Xian of Zhou. According to A, that year should be the year of Wuyin. Incidentally, the birth of Qu Yuan is not only Yin year, but also Yin month Yin Day. According to the Chinese calendar, the old saying is "life is in Yin", so the summer Zheng begins with the month of Jian Yin (i.e. the first month). Since Qu Yuan was born on the day of the moon and the year in which he was born, which really corresponds to the birth date of "man", Qu Yuan said in his work Li SAO: "My virginity is to Meng Chou, but my life is to me." "Chou to Meng" means that the New Year is Chou to him, which means that the year is Chou to him. Meng is the beginning, Chou is the first month, and the Xia calendar begins with the month of Jianyin, which means that the first month of the year is Yin; "Only Geng Yin I come down" indicates that the day Qu Yuan was born is Yin Day. Qu Yuan was born on the day of Yin Nian, according to
Zou Hanxun
,
Liu Shipei
According to the Yin calendar and the Xia calendar, it was determined to be the 21st day of the first month in the 26th year of King Zhou Xian (343 BC). Chen 玚 in the Qing Dynasty calculated the 22nd day of the first month of the same year with the weekly calendar. The academic world generally defines the 29th year of King Zhou Xian (340 BC).
[15]
Qu Yuan felt that his birthday was somewhat different, so he said in "Li SAO" : "Emperor Yuankui Yu first degree Xi, Zhaoxi Yu to Jia name, name Yu said regular Xi, word Yu said Lingjun." It means that my father saw that my birth was extraordinary and gave me a good name, which was called "Ping" and the word "Yuan". Wang Yi in the Eastern Han Dynasty
The chapters of Chu Ci
Qu Yuan's name is explained by saying: "Zheng, Pingya; Then, law also ", "spirit, God also; Even, tune also. Words can be lawless than the day, nutrients are adjusted, Mo God in the ground." Hence the name "flat law heaven" and the word "original law land". In conjunction with his birth date, literally speaking, "ping" means justice, and equality is the symbol of heaven; "Original" is a wide and flat terrain, is the symbol of the earth, Qu Yuan's birthday and name is in line with the "heaven in the son, the ground in ugly, life in Yin" of the three series of heaven and earth. This was considered a good sign at the time. Sima Qian once said in the Biography of Qu Yuan: "Qu Yuan, named Ping, the same surname of Chu also." The royal family of Chu is Mi Xiong, Mi on the maternal line, Xiong on the paternal line. Qu Yuan was born after the royal family, and Xiong Huai, king of Chu, was his family. During the Spring and Autumn Period, King Wu of Chu gave his son "Concealer" to Qu Yi to be the leader, because Prince Concealer was originally in court as an official, did a good job, let him enjoy Qu Yi's property, people then called him "Qu Concealer". Thus, the king of Chu was named Mi and Qu became a branch of Xiong.
The man in the pre-Qin period did not call his family name, so his name was Qu Yuan, not Miyuan. Later, with the unification of surnames, this problem no longer exists.
[15]
[49]
Ancient times
Sima Qian
"
Shih Chi
,
The biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng
"Although Qu Yuan exiled, visit the state of Chu, the heart of the king, do not forget the desire to reverse, hope one of the enlightenment, one of the customs change also." Its survival of the king of the country and want to repeat, in one, three Zhiyan."
A bust of Qu Yuan [22]
Wang Yi "Chu Ci Chapter Sentence preface" : "The quality of loyalty, the body clean, straight as a stone, the face as blue; Enter not hidden its plot, retreat regardless of its life, this sincere journey, Junyan Ying also."
Liu Xie
"
Literary heart, carving dragons, debating SAO
"Without Qu Yuan, do you see Li SAO?" Surprise only wind escape, high ambition smoke. Mountains and rivers are endless, and reason is hard. Metallographic jade type, Yan overflow to measure millimetre."
Hong Xingzu
"
Notes on Chu Ci
"Qu Yuan, Chu the same surname also. The same name means nothing." "The same surname is both grace and righteousness, and Qu Yuan can not die?" "No one in Chu, if Qu Yuan goes to the country, Chu will die." "Although Qu Yuan was exiled, and wandering without going to Chu, its meaning is not to strive for strong remonstrance, death still hope for its sense." "Even if I die, I will not die."
Su Shi
"I can't reach all of them, but Qu Zi has only one ear."
Zhu Xi
"
Notes on the songs of Chu
"For this trip, the flow up and down, and the death returned to Chu Yan; It is also the most humane and the most righteous."
[23]
Modern times
Liang Qichao
Qu Yuan is "the ancestor of Chinese writers".
Lu Xun "Han Literature History Outline" : "Compared with" poetry ", its words are very long, its thinking is very fantasy, its text is very beautiful, its purpose is very clear, with the heart, does not obey the standard... It may have influenced more than three hundred subsequent articles."
Guo Moruo: Qu Yuan is a "great patriotic poet", a shining star in the "era of stars", "especially a first-class star with brilliance".
Mao Zedong
"Qu Yuan's name is more sacred to us. He was not only a talented singer in ancient times, but also a great patriot, selfless and fearless, brave and noble. His image remains in the mind of every Chinese. Both at home and abroad, Qu Yuan is an immortal image. We are the witnesses of his life."
Wen Yiduo
Qu Yuan is "a person who has sufficient conditions to be called the people's poet in Chinese history".
Feng Youlan
"
New History of Chinese Philosophy
"After Wu Qi, the politician who advocated reform in Chu was Qu Yuan." He was a statesman who carried out "rule of law" in Chu State, and was a disseminator of the old man's learning. He achieved so much in literature that his political and philosophical ideas were overshadowed by his literary achievements. In fact, his literary works are all based on his political views and philosophical thoughts. His literary work is great precisely because it has such content."
Hu Qiaomu
Editor-in-chief of
Encyclopedia of China
· Chinese Literature: Qu Yuan is "the founder of Chinese romantic literature".
Zhang Zhengming
"
Chu cultural history
"The development of Laozi School has two trends: one is to develop into Zhuangzi philosophy, and the other is to develop into Jixia Jingqi theory. The representative of Jixia essence theory in the South is Quzi philosophy."
Gong Pengcheng
"
History of Chinese literature
Qu Yuan was "the first great patriotic poet in the history of China".
In 1953, Qu Yuan was named by the World Peace Council as one of the four famous people commemorated in the world that year, and the editorial "Qu Yuan and Us" in the "Literature and Art Newspaper" collection No. 11: "Qu Yuan is a great poet in the world, and one of the highest figures in the history of world literature."
Federline, academician of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences, "On the uniqueness and humanity of Qu Yuan's poetry" : "Qu Yuan's poems have inherent national characteristics, but also have universal world significance, Qu Yuan's thought is the wealth of all mankind."
Qu Yuan's Poem for the Ages: "The immortal name of the ancient Chinese poet Qu Yuan ranks in the forefront of the best authors of Chinese poetry and the world's language arts." Qu Yuan's works belong to this cultural phenomenon with world historical significance, and its great and social significance, the later, the more fully and clearly it will be revealed."
Former Soviet Union Leningrad University Oriental Department of Chinese literature teaching and research Department director Sereburyakov "Qu Yuan and Chu Ci" : "Chu Ci the most important writer Qu Yuan's English name is also helei world literary wealth forest."
James Hai Tao Wei, professor of Harvard University, member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts, member of the Asian Studies Association, Qu Yuan Research: "A great poet, and such a pursuit of innovation, this is indeed extremely rare in the world literature."
[16]
[30] 24 -
Yangxiong
: "To float." "Dance to the sky."
Ban Khao
"Winning glory with the sun and the moon is more than true." "Lu CAI Yang himself, blame the number of Huai king, blame the evil pepper orchid, worry about God, hard thinking, strong not a person, resentment is not allowed, sink the river and die." "An instrument of unwisdom."
According to Li SAO, Qu Yuan's father was called
Beuron
. Qu Yuan in the poem "Li SAO" said: "The emperor to examine Bo Yong." This sentence
Huang Shouqi
Translated as "My deceased father, Bo Yong." Most scholars believe that Bo Yong was the name of Qu Yuan's father. Qu's mother is difficult to trace.
[33-34]
According to the Genealogy of Qu's Family, Qu Yuan's wife was Madame Deng. Jin Dynasty "Xiangyang Custom record" : "Qu Yuan on the fifth day of the fifth month into the Miluo River, his wife each throw food in the water to sacrifice." This means that after Qu Yuan threw himself into the river, his wife threw food into the Miluo River every year on the fifth day of the fifth month. The Qing Dynasty "Ancient and Modern Atlas Integration" records that there is a phoenix temple in the southwest of Yiyang County, Hunan Province, dedicated to sacrificing Qu Yuan's wife and son, and the Qing Dynasty "Yiyang County Record" has the same record. The genealogy of Qu's wife in the eleventh year of Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty in Shanyang County of Shaanxi Province has a portrait of Qu Yuan's wife, which is noted as "Lingjun AD with the portrait of Madame Deng".
[35]
According to the genealogies of the Qianlong Qu family in Shaoyang, Hunan, Lu County and Shuangliu Qing Dynasty in Sichuan, and
He Guangyue
According to the History of the Origin and Flow of Chinese surnames, Qu Yuan had four sons named Chengkai, Chengyuan, Chengtian and Chengzhen. In addition, according to the legend of the Miluo area in Hunan Province, Qu Yuan had a woman called
Female 媭
.
[35]
According to the
Sima Qian
Records of the Grand Historian
The biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng
According to Qu Yuan, he served as "the left disciple of King Huai of Chu", internally "discussing state affairs with King Tu to issue orders", and externally "meeting guests and dealing with princes". About Qu Yuan's appointment
King Huai of Chu
The position of left apprentice, ancient and modern scholars have many explanations, and now choose its main points:
Qu Yuan [52]
Two.
Lin Keng
Say: Zuo Tu is
A surname
Something like that. Lin Geng's "National poet Qu Yuan Biography" attached to the article "Four Notes - Say Zuo Tu", in the Record of the Historian about Chun Shen Jun as a confidant of Chu, Zuo Tu then promoted Yin's account said: "Zuo Tu is therefore said to be a confidant of the court, because it is a confidant, so the prince, its situation is about as Jia Yizhi is' Changsha King Fu ', Qin also called Huang Xie 'prince Fu'."
Three.
You Guoen
Said: Left apprentice is to make Yin deputy post. You Guo-en said in the book Qu Yuan that according to the Records of the Grand Historian
Chu family
"King Kaolie took Zuo Shu as his order, gave Wu the title Chunshen Jun." Therefore, it seems that the position of the left apprentice is second only to the highest position of Ling Yin, perhaps it is the deputy position of Ling Yin.
Four.
Zhao Addu
Said: The left apprentice is a pedestrian. Zhao's poetry has Zuo Du · Zheng Yin · Pedestrian · Ci Fu in Qu Yuan and His Times. In this article, he conducted research from the unearthed cultural relics and related materials, and believed that the words "Tu" and "Yin" were double-sound pseudonyms. At the same time, "Li SAO" "Jiyuan Xiang to the south", "Nine songs" "flying dragon Xi north", and cited "Erya release" : "Levy, line also." The meaning of "levy Yin" is the same as the so-called "pedestrian" in the Central Plains countries, which refers to the officials responsible for diplomacy.
Five.
Tang Bingzheng
Say: The left apprentice is the left apprentice. Tang Bingzheng, in his article "New Exploration of Qu Fu, Zuo Tu and Deng Tu", believes that
Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
The official positions recorded on the unearthed bamboo slips are "left Dengdu", "right Dengdu" word is the false word of "ascension" in the ancient classics, "ascension" word is the same as the word "ascension", and mutual false, therefore, "Zuo Du" is the province of "Left Dengdu", in the Chu court belongs to the doctor level. At the same time, Tang Bingzheng also explained the role of "Left disciples", that "left disciples" although both in charge of internal affairs and diplomacy, but from the biography of Qu Yuan, especially"
The Biography of Chun Shen Jun
Their main activities were diplomatic. Such as Qu Yuan several times to make Qi and his
Zhang Yi
The struggle and other aspects can be confirmed.
Six.
Nie Shiqiao
Said: the left disciple is second only to the prime minister of the official. Nie Shiqiao "Qu Yuan on draft" said: "Make Yin is the prime minister, it can be seen that the left disciple is next to the prime minister of the official."
Giantai
In the book Qu Yuan it is said: "We are based on later
Lord of Chunshen
Huang Xie
Taking Zuo Du as the order of Yin, we can see that Zuo Du was a senior official at that time, second only to Ling Yin (Prime minister)." And said: "Left apprentice upgrade can do order Yin."
Seven.
Yao Xiaoou
Say: Zuo Tu is
A surname
Something like that. In the article "The First Road" and the Re-understanding of Qu Yuan's early experience in "Li SAO", Yao Xiaoou studies that the "road" of "Coming to Wu Dao Fu's first road" in "Li SAO" is "chariot", which is the chariot of the king of Chu, and the following "the defeat of the fear of the Emperor". Furthermore, the author researches the position of "left apprentice" and thinks that "Left apprentice" is equivalent to the later "servant" kind of official position. According to "Zhou Li · Taifu", Yao Xiaoou said "Taifu" : "Taifu, in charge of the king's formal dress, in and out of the king's great life. Take control of the reversion of the princes." To this end, Yao Xiaoou said:"
The rites of Zhou
In "Taifu" the post is the next doctor, its title is not high, but the command is very important." It also holds that "the job of Zuo Tuan is equivalent to that of 'Tai servant' in Zhou Li".
Eight.
Wang Yijun
Said: Zuo Tu is King Huai of Chu Zuo Situ. Wang Yijun in "Qu Yuan's left apprentice, Zuo Situ Kao" ("
Modern language
2010 No. 8) pointed out that Qu Yuan in Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian" is a sketch written by the left disciple of King Huai of Chu. According to the relevant accounts in the Biography of Qu Ping, Qu Yuan's position was to draft a constitutional order to receive guests and respond to the duties of princes similar to those stipulated in the Zhou Official Book. The Chu people were still on the right, so the right Situ was the right and the left Situ was the deputy, so the king of Chu replaced the name of the size Situ in the Book of Zhou Guan with the left and right Situ.
[11-12]
Statue of Qu Yuan at Qu Yuan Primary School in Xixia, Henan Province
First, "four sons" said: in the Shaoyang area of Hunan Province in the Qing Dynasty, the Qu family tree compiled during the Qianlong period says that Qu Yuan had four sons, the eldest son Chengkai, the second son Chengyuan, the third son Chengtian, and the fourth son Chengzhen. He Guangyue, a famous historian at the Hunan Academy of Social Sciences, published a History of the Origin and Flow of Chinese surnames in 2003, as well as the Qu family tree of the Qing Dynasty in Luxian and Shuangliu counties in Sichuan Province.
Second, "three sons" said: in Yaoxian County in Shaanxi Province and Dongzhi County in Anhui Province found that Qu Yuan had three sons. According to Yaozhou Records, after Qu Yuan's death, all three of his sons entered the State of Qin, and one of them changed his surname to Sun in Yaozhou and said that he was a medical scientist in the Sui and Tang Dynasties
Sun Simiao
Be its descendants; A home Pucheng, still surname Qu; The other is in Hanseong, changed his surname to House. But none of them have names. The genealogy of Qu's family in the forty-first year of Qianlong preserved in Huangjing Village, Dongzhi County, Anhui Province, records that Qu Yuan had three sons, the first son named Meng Shi Wen Hua Gong, the second son named Zhong Yu Wu 'an Gong, and the third son named Ji Min Xiaosi Gong.
Third, the "two sons" said: Beijing National Library and Jiangsu University, Changshu City library collection "Linhai Qu Shi Shi Genealogy" records that Qu Yuan had two sons, one called Qu Gu Gu, another called Qu Hou Zu Zu, also known as Qu Hou Zu Zu Zu.
Fourth, "a son and a daughter" said: the Qing Dynasty "Changsha Fu Zhi" said that Qu Yuan had a woman named Xiu Ying, also known as Wei Ying, and said that his tomb in Hunan Yiyang garden hole. The same record is recorded in the Annals of Taojiang County in the Qing Dynasty. The Qi Zhou Records of Ming Dynasty said that Qu Yuan had a son, the common name "black God", and the Yiyang County Records of Tongzhi period said that "the common call Phoenix God".
五、“一子”说：麻城市沈家庄保存的民国七年的《熊氏族谱》记载屈原有一子，名“岳”，并说屈原受“屈”也就是受“冤屈”而死，所以他的这个儿子又恢复为熊姓，因为屈原的远祖叫熊绎。
Six, "a woman" said: Miluo, Hunan folk legend Qu Yuan has a woman called female 媭, Miluo Qu Yuan Memorial Hall, Qu study expert Liu Shilin wrote a book "Miluo River Qu Zi Temple", which has a special research, that female 媭 for Qu Yuan's daughter.
[35]
Song Yu's eulogy
Large statue of Qu Yuan in Jingzhou
Ode to Qu Yuan
Jia Yi, a political commentator and litterateur in the early Western Han Dynasty,
Ode to Qu Yuan
"Is a poem in memory of Qu Yuan. In the fourth year of Emperor Wen's reign (176 BC), Jia Yi was demoted to the title of King Taifu of Changsha. According to the Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng, "Jia Sheng was the King of Changsha." Jia Sheng both resigned to the line, heard the low humidity of Changsha, since life is not long, and to relegate, not contented, is the degree of Xiangshui, for Qu Yuan hanging." Jia Yi deeply remembered Qu Yuan's glorious personality, heroic ideal and tragic life in the poem.
[11]
[50]
Qu Yuan Memorial Hall
Zigui Quyuan Temple
Qu Yuan Temple is divided into 12 exhibition halls, respectively, the front hall, the north and south gallery (which contains Qu Yuan's works and poets praising Qu Yuan's works), the main hall (sacrificial hall). Zigui Quyuan Temple, recorded generation after generation of Quxiang children's memory of the moving deeds of the ancestors, but also preserved the vicissitudes of the historical process of Quyuan Temple and its ancient charm.
Tomb of Qu Yuan
Tomb of Qu Yuan
The other is located in Hunan Miluo city north Yuxerao Mountain east 5 km Miluo peak. Because there are 12 tall tombs within 2 kilometers, there are "Chu Sanlv doctor tomb" or "Chu Sanlv doctor tomb" stone tablets in front of these tombs, which are said to be Qu Yuan's "twelve suspected tombs".
[37] 36 -
Quyuan Gang
Qu Yuan Gang, West Gorge, Nanyang (Koumajian king place)
Poets of Ming dynasty
Lee 蓘
Qu Yuan Gang poem: "Spiritual practice to this, should ask the monuments difficult." Try to think to Gao Gang, there will be no Qu Yuan."
Ming Jiajing "Nanyang Fu Annals" : "Neixiang County (now Xixia County in the history of Neixiang County) there is Qu Yuan gang - Sanlv doctor detained Ma Jian Huai King."
Qing Dynasty Kangxi thirty-two years (1693) "Neixiang County Annals" volume a detailed record: "Qu Yuan Gang in (Neixiang) county north 60 miles, the king of Chu Xing division, Qin soldiers attacked, defeated to Chu here, remember Qu Yuan is called, posterity for its name. The Great broken Chu teacher in the book of Gai Shih also."
[38]
Temple of Qu Yuan
The Temple of Qu Yuan in Xixia, Henan Province is the earliest temple of Qu Yuan in China. Biography of Yandu in the Later Han Dynasty: Yandu "was imprisoned by the Party and died at home, and his village was shaped in the temple of Qu Yuan". The record of the temple of Qu Yuan in Nanyang here is the earliest known record of Qu Yuan memorial architecture in official history, which indicates that the temple of Qu Yuan had been established in Nanyang at the latest in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Nanyang Xixia Qu Yuan Temple
Qu Yuan Society of China
Experts have visited the temple of Qu Yuan, identified that the murals in the temple of Qu Yuan and Mawangdui in Hunan have similar places, and found on the walls of the temple of Qu Yuan there are square bricks of the Tang Dynasty. It can be inferred that the temple of Qu Yuan was built in the Tang Dynasty.
[39]
The day Qu Yuan threw himself into the river is said to be the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, namely
Dragon Boat Festival
. The Dragon Boat Festival was originally a festival for the Chinese people to cure diseases and prevent diseases. Before the Spring and Autumn period in Wuyue area, there is the custom of holding tribal totem sacrifices in the form of dragon boat racing on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. Since Qu Yuan died on this day, it has evolved into a traditional festival for the Chinese people to commemorate Qu Yuan.
The connection between Qu Yuan and the Dragon Boat Festival begins with the documents of the Southern Dynasty. The Dragon Boat Festival originated from Qu Yuan, the earliest is spread in the Jingchu region of the legend. South dynasty beam
Zong Lin
A notebook collection of stories about ancient Chu scenery during the year
Jingchu years old record
"Contained:" According to the May 5 race, as Qu Yuan into the Miluo day, injured its death, so life to save it." South dynasty beam
Wu Jun
"
Continued Qi harmonic memory
"Qu Yuan May 5 from the Miluo died, Chu people mourn, every day, often to bamboo tube storage rice, water offering." ... People make Zongzi for five days, and with five colors of silk and neem leaves, all Miluo's legacy also." The custom of the Dragon Boat Festival is also one of the ways to commemorate Qu Yuan in Jingchu area. "Sui Shu · Geography under" said: "mostly Jingzhou rate respect ghost, especially heavy temple services, Qu Yuan for the system of" nine songs ", cover this also. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the custom of commemorating Qu Yuan on the Dragon Boat Festival was not limited to the Jingchu region, but became a national festival custom, which has been passed down to the present.
[40]
China's planetary exploration mission is named "Tianwen series", and the first Mars exploration mission is named "Tianwen Series".
Tianwen 1
Subsequent planetary missions are numbered in sequence. The name comes from Qu Yuan's long poem "Heaven Asks", which expresses the Chinese nation's tenacity and persistence in the pursuit of truth.
[32]
[44]
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The Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng by Simaqian, Western Han Dynasty
|
Biography of Li SAO by Xi Han Liu An.
[11-12]
[41]
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name
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type
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Drama category
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Title of work
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create
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Historical play
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Qu Yuan
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director
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drama
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Qu Yuan
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create
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Historical opera
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Qu Yuan
[42]
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time
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Genre of film and television
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Film and television works
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Actor or actress
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The year 1977
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movie
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Qu Yuan
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The year 1986
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teleplay
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The year 1999
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The year 2012
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The year 2015
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The year 2017
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