Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was born on October 7, 1952 The Soviet Union Leningrad (now Russia St. Petersburg ) ^[39] He graduated from Leningrad University (now Saint Petersburg State University ), Russian politicians, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th President of Russia . ^[1] ^[162] ^[175-176]

In 1975, after graduating from university, Putin joined KGB (National Security Council) And then, in Leningrad Intelligence agency work. In 1985, he was sent to German Democratic Republic As an agent. In 1990, he returned to Leningrad, where he served successively Leningrad University Foreign Affairs assistant to the President, Advisor to the Mayor of St. Petersburg, First Deputy Mayor, etc. In 1997, he was appointed Deputy Director of the General Affairs Bureau of the Presidential Office of Russia, and then successively transferred to the Director of the General Supervision Bureau of the Presidential Office. Security Council of the Russian Federation Secretary, First Deputy Director of the Presidential Administration, Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, etc ^[39] ^[85] ^{[143
]} ^[144] . In August 1999, he was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister and acting Prime Minister of the Russian Federation ^[42] ^[181] In December, he became acting President of Russia ^[182] . In March 2000, he was elected the third President of Russia ^[41] , He was re-elected in 2004. In April 2008, after the President's term expired, he became Prime Minister United Russia President, during this period, Russia adopted a constitutional amendment to extend the presidential term and modify the limit of two consecutive terms ^{[45] 44 -} . In March 2012, he was re-elected President of Russia ^[183] . In May 2018, he was elected President of Russia for a fourth term ^[7] ^[184] . On May 7, 2024, he was officially inaugurated as the eighth President of Russia. ^[177]

Since Putin came to power, he has been committed to reviving Russia's status as a great power, strengthening the power of the federal government, rectifying economic order, and fighting Financial oligarchy Strengthen the building of the army; Foreign efforts to improve the international environment, expand diplomatic space, safeguard national interests, and gradually restore the status of a great power in the international arena ^[43] . It has been featured in the US age "And" Forbes "Magazine named the world's most influential people. ^[2] ^[40]

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Russian President Vladimir Putin will visit North Korea and Vietnam 6 hours ago

Russian President Vladimir Putin will visit the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on June 18-19 and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on June 19-20, according to the Kremlin. ... details

Chinese name: Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Foreign name: Nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl (Russian)
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (English)
alias: Valodya
gender: male
nationality: Russia
Ethnic group: Russian

Place of Birth: Leningrad ^[39] (present-day St. Petersburg)
Date of birth: October 7, 1952
Graduate School: Saint Petersburg State University
Political party: Communist Party of the USSR , United Russia
degree: Learned scholar ^[144]
Academic calendar: Graduate student
Representative works: On the Principle of the Most Favoured Nation in International Law (Graduation thesis)
Have faith in: Orthodox Church

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Character experience

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EDITOR

Childhood life

Putin's childhood portrait

Putin was born on October 7, 1952 The Soviet Union Leningrad (Present-day Russia) St. Petersburg ) An ordinary family ^[85] His mother, Maria Ivanovna Putina, was a factory worker, and his father, Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin, served in the Soviet Navy World War II Served as the Soviet NKVD's explosive ^[185] . During his childhood, he lived in a public house with his parents because of his poor family, so he often fought with other children who lived in a large courtyard, and cultivated his fighting quality and tough spirit from childhood ^{[191
]} During this period, he began to try various physical exercises in order to keep his status as the king of the children in the courtyard, first learning boxing for a while, but in a practice boxing sparring, the nose was broken, and then turned to other exercises. In 1965, when he was a fifth grader in primary school, he started working with a coach Anatoly Rachlin Learning wrestling, since then, the character gradually became stable. Under Rakhlin's urging, Putin not only actively exercised, but also began to study seriously, and after the sixth grade of primary school, his performance improved rapidly. ^{[191-192
]}

Middle school years

Young Putin

After graduating from eighth grade, the entire class decided to enter Middle School 197, but Putin chose to transfer to 281 Middle School, an experimental school for chemistry. During the 281 middle school, Putin gradually became a typical "Slavic boy", ordinary and not eye-catching. In addition to focusing on learning, he also focuses on sports like primary school, and goes to the training ground to exercise after school. In middle school, he did not do well in science, but because of his love for literature, he did well in literature and history. In addition, because of his interest in German, his German level also improved rapidly during middle school. Marxist-leninist philosophy and Political economy As the main content of the basic course of social science, was included in the school syllabus, he became interested in the course, one of the first to participate in the political correspondent group, and actively participate in the political evening, pay attention to the international situation, speak boldly, as a political current affairs propagandist of 281 middle school. These experiences gradually cultivated his ability to express himself, and at the same time, he was inspired and explored for his sensitivity to political current affairs and the big picture. ^{[193
]}

College career

Putin in the 1970s

In 1970, after graduating from high school, Putin entered Leningrad State University (now Saint Petersburg State University ) Department of Law International Law. During the university, he studied very hard, all subjects were 5 points, basically did not participate in extracurricular activities, and did not participate in the Communist Youth League organization ^{[197
]} . During his sophomore year, he regained his passion for wrestling and often competed in Sambo wrestling matches. Through wrestling, he developed the ability to quickly and accurately judge situations under complex conditions, laying the foundation for his later entry into the KGB and politics ^{[194
]} . He also has a black belt in judo ^[195] ^{[197
]} He won the St. Petersburg judo Championship in 1974 ^[196] ^{[197
]} . In his junior year, Putin began to follow Anatoly Alexandrovich Sobchak After studying economics, he chose "On the Principle of the Most-Favoured-Nation in International Law" as the topic of his graduation thesis, which was reviewed by Sobchak and received an "excellent" rating ^{[194
]} ^{[197
]} . While in school, he also had several contacts with the KGB, and joined Communist Party of the USSR ^[39] ^{[194
]} . Putin graduated from Leningrad University in law in 1975. ^[198]

Spy experience

Putin in military uniform

Films by Soviet Union Sword and Shield As early as middle school, Putin wanted to join the intelligence service. The KGB reception room staff told him to finish university first, and preferably study law. Thus, Putin chose to study law at university ^[201] . After graduating from university, he joined the National Security Council of the USSR (short for: KGB (National Security Council) ) He was assigned to work in Leningrad District ^[85] . In 1976, he completed his KGB training, and two years later, he joined the secret department of the Leningrad Intelligence Service, where he worked until 1983, when he was sent to the KGB Moscow The KGB school for one year ^[85] . In 1985, he was sent to East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) His public identity was as director of the "House of Soviet-German Friendship" in Leipzig, and his actual identity was as a secret agent, responsible for collecting sensitive scientific and industrial information held by Western countries. ^[198] In 1990, Reunification of Germany and Germany He was president of the Soviet Union Gorbachev An agreement was reached with the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany to withdraw Soviet troops from Democratic Germany, and in the same year, Putin voluntarily asked to be transferred to the reserves and returned to Leningrad to end his career as a secret agent. He was then promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. ^[85] ^[200]

Newcomer to politics

Putin photographed in the 1990s

In January 1990, Putin returned to Leningrad with the intention of entering politics. Unable to find a suitable job, he returned to Leningrad University to work, on the one hand as an assistant to the president, responsible for international affairs, on the other hand to prepare a doctoral thesis, continue to study for a doctoral degree ^{[202
]} . Soon after, Sobchak, a university teacher, returned from the Leningrad City Soviet to work at Leningrad University and unexpectedly met Putin. When he was looking for an assistant, he invited Putin to work at the Leningrad City Soviet. After accepting the invitation, Putin resigned from Leningrad University, became foreign affairs adviser to the Chairman of the Leningrad City Soviet, and began to accompany Sobchak to receive foreign guests or receive some minor guests, while becoming familiar with the municipal operation of a large city ^[167] ^[203] ^{[204
]} . In June 1991, he was promoted to Chairman of the International Liaison Committee of the City of Leningrad, responsible for the external economic relations of the municipality ^[144] ^[201] . During this time, he retained his KGB identity ^[203] . In 1991, when the Soviet Union was facing a severe economic crisis, the then-president Gorbachev And the Supreme Chairman of the Soviet Boris Yeltsin The political struggle is also heating up. On August 19, the Soviet Union broke out. August 9 incident "Including the chairman of the KGB Kryuchkov Soviet die-hards staged a coup and put Gorbachev under house arrest. Yeltsin used public opinion to defeat the die-hards and win the support of his own people and the West ^{[205
]} . After the August 19 incident, Sobchak announced his support for Yeltsin, and was put on the arrest list by KGB leader Yuchkov. Putin learned this news from inside the KGB, and saved Sobchak before the KGB personnel attacked, and helped Sobchak stabilize the situation in Leningrad City ^{[206
]} . Later, Putin issued a statement announcing his resignation from the KGB ^[144] ^[201] ^[203] . In March 1994, he was promoted to First Deputy Mayor of St. Petersburg and Chairman of the International Liaison Committee. ^[85] ^{[143
]}

Political dark horse

Putin photographed in the 1990s

In 1996, Sobchak lost the St. Petersburg mayoral election, and Putin left St. Petersburg city Hall ^{[202
]} . In the same year, he combined his years of work practice, with the title of "Strategic plan for the transformation of the mining base in the Region under the condition of the formation of market relations", completed the associate doctorate thesis Saint Petersburg Mining University Apply for and receive an associate degree in Economics ^{[207
]} . In August 1996, a former adviser to Sobchak, then Boris Yeltsin Presidential chief of staff Anatoly Chubais He accepted the invitation of Bowell Borodin, then director of the Presidential Administration of the Office of the President of the Russian Federation, to go to Moscow as deputy director of the Presidential Administration, mainly responsible for the management of the Soviet Union's property abroad, as well as all the foreign economic contacts of the bureau and all the negotiations, which created conditions for him to enter the top power core of Russia ^[85] ^{[202
]} ^{[207
]} . In March 1997, he was promoted to deputy Director of the Presidential Administration and Director of the General Administration of Supervision ^[144] ^{[207
]} During the period, he led the General Administration of Supervision to give full play to its supervisory function, carried out detailed special inspections of many departments and enterprises, including the "Russian Arms" company, and caught a group of incompetent officials headed by Yevgeny Ananiev, president of the "Russian Arms" company, and won Yeltsin's appreciation ^{[207
]} . On March 29, 1998, Boris Yeltsin The secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Aleksandr Bordyuza, was dismissed and replaced by Vladimir Putin ^[208] . On May 25, Yeltsin fired Vittoria Mitina and appointed Putin as the first deputy Director of the Presidential Office for Central and regional relations, responsible for coordinating relations between the Kremlin and Russia's 89 federal subjects. At the same time, in accordance with Yeltsin's instructions, Putin still holds the post of director of the General Supervision Bureau of the presidential office ^{[207
]} . On July 25, Yeltsin appointed Putin to the Security Council (KGB) chairman ^[85] ^[208] Through reforms, Putin has stabilized Russia's chaotic Security Council. In August 1998, as Russia's domestic political situation deteriorated, Putin clearly supported Yeltsin, and when the situation stabilized, Putin was again promoted by Yeltsin. On 20 November, Yeltsin signed a decree making Putin a permanent member of the Federal Security Council ^{[209
]} . In March 1999, he was appointed Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. ^{[143
]}

First prime minister

Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in 1999

On August 9, 1999, Yeltsin announced the dissolution of the Stepashin government less than three months after its establishment, and appointed Putin as the first deputy Prime Minister and acting prime minister of the government State Duma (The lower house of Parliament) nominated Putin as a candidate for prime minister of the government. On the same day, Yeltsin said in a televised speech that he hoped that the acting Prime Minister of Russia, Vladimir Putin, would succeed him and become the new head of state in the presidential election held in June 2000 ^[210-211] ^{[213
]} . On August 16, the Russian State Duma (the lower house of parliament) held a plenary session to approve Putin as the prime minister of Russia ^[47] ^[212] . In the same month, when Chechen separatists attacked Dagestan and blew up residential buildings in Moscow and other places, Putin announced a crackdown on Chechen illegal armed forces in order to "maximize the protection of Russian soldiers and Chechen residents" tactics, mainly aircraft and artillery bombing, which won the support of the majority of Russians. On December 19th the Unity coalition he supported defeated the former prime minister in elections for the State Duma, the lower house of parliament Primakov And then the mayor of Moscow Luzhkov His Fatherland-All-Russia bloc gave pro-government lawmakers a majority in the new Duma, ending years of parliamentary rivalry. As a result, his approval rating has risen from less than 10% to more than 50%. ^[208] ^[214]

First-term president

Vladimir Putin was inaugurated as Russia's second president

On the evening of December 31, 1999, Yeltsin abruptly announced his resignation, and announced that Putin would become acting president, according to the provisions of the Russian Constitution. In January 2000, Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin completed the transition of power ^[210] . On January 25, Putin took office Council of Heads of State of CIS chairman ^[215] . On March 26, Russia's presidential election, originally scheduled for June 2000, was brought forward by Boris Yeltsin's resignation, which left the opposition parties unable to fully prepare for the election and weakened by Putin's actual rise to power ^[4] . On March 27, the chairman of the Russian Central Election Commission, Vishnyakov, announced that according to the preliminary results of the vote, Putin had won more than 50% of the vote and was elected the second (third) president of the Russian Federation ^[41] ^[76] . On May 7, he was sworn in as President of Russia ^[216] . In the first presidential term, Putin focused on stabilizing the social and political situation, gradually establishing a vertical power system in the country, dividing the whole of Russia into seven federal districts, and appointing president plenipotentiary representatives to the seven regions, ending Russia's 10-year "state decentralization period." At the same time, multiple transformation and consolidation United Russia In late 2003, the party won a landslide victory in the Russian Duma general election, taking two-thirds of the seats in parliament ^{[217
]} ^[218] . At the same time, the illegal behavior of financial oligarchs and interference in government decision-making were severely cracked down on corruption, which made the Russian economy gradually emerge from the crisis and move towards recovery. In addition, he launched a sustained campaign against the illegal Chechen armed forces. Diplomatically, it emphasizes multi-polar diplomacy, improving relations with the West, especially with Europe, while strengthening Asia-Pacific diplomacy and increasing cooperation and exchanges with China, India and Japan. ^{[217
]}

Re-elected president

In 2004, Vladimir Putin delivered his inaugural address as president

On 14 March 2004, Putin was re-elected president with 71.3% of the vote. In 2004, The Beslan hostage situation Later, Putin further strengthened the vertical power system with the president as the core by changing the method of local leaders and the election of the State Duma, reformed the local administrative and legislative structure of the Russian Federation, substantiated the federal districts established in 2000, which originally had only supervisory roles, and weakened the autonomy of various federal subjects (republics, autonomous regions, regions, oblast, etc.) to varying degrees ^[45] ^{[217
]} ^[219] . In 2005, Putin put forward four major national projects to prioritize health care, education, housing construction and agriculture ^[220] . At the end of the same year, Russia adopted a law on non-governmental organizations to strengthen the regulation and regulation of the activities of non-governmental organizations ^[45] ^{[217
]} . In the second term, Putin also focused on promoting nationalism, and seized the opportunity of rising oil prices to adjust domestic economic policies, strengthen national macroeconomic regulation and control, adjust industrial structure, accelerate the pace of economic growth, eliminate poverty and improve economic competitiveness as the core objectives of economic policy formulation, and promote the economy to maintain a steady growth rate of 7% per year in 2007. The Russian economy is 58.1 percent larger than it was in 2000. With the development of the economy, the number of unemployed people in Russia decreased from 7.059 million in 2000 to 4.246 million in 2007, and the income of residents increased significantly, with the average annual increase of 12.4% in real money income ^[220] . Russia once joined the ranks of the emerging high-growth countries, becoming" BRICS One of ^[219] . The Russian constitution limits the president to one consecutive term ^[221] In December 2007, United Russia Other parties elected the first deputy Prime Minister of Russia Medvedev Putin, a candidate for a third term as Russian president, agreed. After being anointed by Putin as his successor, Medvedev said he would nominate Putin as prime minister ^[5] . On April 14, 2008, the ninth Congress of the United Russia Party adopted the proposal to recommend Putin as the leader of the party. On April 15, Putin was officially elected chairman of the United Russia Party for a four-year term. On May 7, he officially stepped down as President of Russia. ^[64]

Step aside as prime minister

On May 7, 2008, Putin attended the inauguration of President Dmitry Medvedev

On May 7, 2008, after Medvedev was sworn in as president of Russia, he nominated Putin as Prime Minister of the new government, and Putin agreed to serve as Prime minister ^[64] . On May 8th, Russian State Duma By 392 votes in favor and 56 against, with no abstentions, Medvedev's nomination of Putin as prime minister was approved, and Putin was officially inaugurated as prime minister ^[65] . In his State of the Union address to the Federal Assembly on November 5, Medvedev proposed to extend the term of office of the president and members of the State Duma from four years to six years and five years respectively. On November 11, Medvedev formally submitted to the State Duma a constitutional amendment to change the terms of office of the President and members of the Duma. Putin expressed support for the proposal ^[222] . On November 22, the Russian State Duma officially voted to adopt the constitutional amendment ^[223] . During his term as Prime minister, Putin actively dealt with livelihood problems and personally participated in fighting them 2010 Forest fires in Russia ^[144] ^[225] In order to effectively supervise post-disaster reconstruction, he asked the Ministry of Regional Development to install mobile cameras on the construction site of housing reconstruction for people affected by forest fires, replacing the original fixed cameras, and direct the live content to the government website and the Prime Minister's official website, so as to better understand and monitor the reconstruction process ^[226-227] At the same time, he actively developed agriculture, the military, and education ^[144] .

Reterm as president

On May 7, 2012, Vladimir Putin was inaugurated as President of Russia

On September 24, 2011, Medvedev proposed at the United Russia Party congress that Putin run for president in the March 2012 election, and Putin said that if he was elected president, Medvedev would become Prime minister. Medvedev accepted Putin's offer to head the United Russia party's election list and lead the party in the new State Duma (lower house) elections on December 4, 2011 ^[228] . On November 27, the United Russia Party held a congress, and Putin's nomination as the candidate of the United Russia Party for the 2012 presidential election of the Russian Federation was unanimously approved, and he stood for the presidential election in March 2012 ^[72] . On March 4, 2012, Vladimir Putin was elected president of Russia for the third time ^[77] ^[144] . On May 7, he officially took office as president, and on the same day, he nominated outgoing President Medvedev to the State Duma (lower house) as Prime minister of the new government. ^[6] ^[75] After Putin took office as the third president, while actively fulfilling his commitment to promote the reform of the political system, he made special efforts to control the public political space that has a direct influence on the political situation and social stability, and promoted the adoption of laws such as amendments to the Law on Gatherings, Gatherings, Demonstrations, Marches and Protests, the Law on Internet Blacklisting, and the Law on Non-profit Organizations. It has effectively maintained domestic stability in Russia ^[229-230] . In 2013, Ukraine crisis Putin broke out through Ukraine's then-president Yanukovych It began to pull Ukraine toward the Eurasian Union, but the West clung to it ^[233] . In February 2014, 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics Effectively showcasing the new face of Russia ^[144] ^[231-232] . That same year, Events in Crimea In the Kremlin, Putin signed an agreement with the leaders of Crimea and Sevastopol to join Russia. ^[234] During his tenure, Mr Putin has used the Ukraine crisis to push back against western repression, galvanising patriotic sentiment at home and calling on local business people to repatriate their assets to shore up support for Russia's position in the worst standoff with the west since the Cold War. ^[235]

Four presidents

On May 7, 2018, Vladimir Putin was inaugurated as President of Russia

On December 27, 2017, Putin officially registered with the Russian Central Election Commission as an independent candidate for the March 2018 presidential election ^[74] . In March 2018, he was elected President of Russia for a fourth term ^[7] ^[236] . He was officially sworn in for a fourth term on May 7 ^[84] On the same day, Medvedev was nominated to the State Duma (lower house) as the Prime Minister of the new Russian government ^[83] He also signed a presidential decree defining the national development goals and strategic tasks of Russia in the social, economic, educational and scientific fields until 2024 ^[237] . Appointed by Putin in January 2020 Medvedev As Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, while removing Medvedev from the post of acting Prime Minister, appointed Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin As premier ^[246] . On April 5, 2021, Putin signed a new presidential term law, which allows the president to serve more than two terms, laying the groundwork for subsequent presidential terms ^[245] . In the same year, because NATO eastward expansion The problem is that Russia-Ukraine relations have further intensified and erupted, and local conflicts between Russia and Ukraine have intensified ^[240] . On February 21, 2022, Putin delivered a nationally televised speech, talking about the relations between Russia and Ukraine, the situation in eastern Ukraine, Russia's security guarantee and other issues. Subsequently, orders on the recognition of the "Donetsk People's Republic" and the "Luhansk People's Republic" were signed, as well as treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between Russia and these two "republics" respectively ^[241] . On February 24, Putin addressed the nation, deciding on Donbass region Carrying out "special military operations", Russia-ukraine conflict in 2022 Eruption ^[242] . On 5 October, the four regions of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporozha officially joined the Russian Federation by referendum ^[244] . After the outbreak of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the Western countries imposed multiple rounds of sanctions on Russia, which brought difficulties to the long-term development of the Russian economy. Putin focused on stabilizing the economy and tried to eliminate the impact of sanctions. In foreign relations, he reiterated that he would not reject dialogue with the West, but that dialogue must be on an equal footing ^[243] . During this term, as Russia's diplomatic relations with the United States and Western countries remained in a confrontational form, Putin continued to pursue a "turn to the East" foreign policy, especially deepening the comprehensive strategic coordination with China. ^[238-239]

Five presidents

On May 7, 2024, Putin was sworn in

On December 8, 2023, Putin announced his candidacy for the 2024 Russian presidential election ^[152] . On December 17, local time, the 21st Congress of the United Russia Party held in Moscow, the participants unanimously supported Putin to run as an independent candidate in the 2024 presidential election, and the next day, Putin officially registered as a presidential candidate ^[247] . On March 21, 2024, Chairwoman of the Central Election Commission of Russia Pamfilova announced the results of the Russian presidential election, and Vladimir Putin was re-elected president of the Russian Federation with 87.28% of the vote ^[248] . On May 7, Putin was sworn in as the eighth president of Russia and began his fifth presidential term. In his speech after reading the presidential oath, Putin said that in the face of any challenges and threats, Russia's social and political system must remain stable and ensure that the country can maintain unity, independence and stable development. He also said that the Russian side has not rejected dialogue with the West and is ready for dialogue on topics such as security and strategic stability, but on the premise of equality and respect for each other's interests. ^[249]

Administrative measures

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EDITOR

Political aspect

Strengthen centralization

After Putin was elected president of Russia, in the face of Russia's uncontrolled power and lawless disorder, restoring the unified executive power system of the Russian Federation and building a strong state power are the necessary conditions for Russia to get out of the political and economic crisis, maintain national unity and restore its status as a world power. "Russia needs a strong system of state power," Putin said, "that is, a democratic, legal and competent federal state." To this end, he carried out a series of major reforms in strengthening the central authority of the Russian Federation, consolidating the unified state power system of the Russian Federation, and improving the Russian parliamentary and political party systems. First, the establishment of the Russian Federal District and the appointment of the President's plenipotentiary representative to the Federal District. Second, the Russian president nominates and elects regional leaders. Thirdly, a system of intervention by the President of the Russian Federation in the legislation of the subjects of the Federation or the legislation of the representative bodies should be established. This strengthens the unified system of executive power in the Russian Federation. ^{[217
]} ^[218] ^[251]

Reform the composition of Parliament

Putin reformed the composition of the Federation Council of the Russian Parliament and implemented the principle of professionalization of parliamentary activities. In July 2000, the Russian Parliament passed the Law on the Procedure for the Formation of the Federation Council of the Russian Parliament, which was officially signed by Vladimir Putin on August 5 of the same year. The Federation Council, as the upper house of the Russian Parliament, is composed of two representatives elected by the subjects of the Russian Federation, one from the legislature of the subjects of the Federation and one from the executive authority of the subjects of the Federation. Representatives from the legislature are elected by a majority vote in the Legislative Assembly. Representatives from the executive authority are appointed by the Chief Executive of the federal subject, subject to a vote of the Legislative Council. Elected members of the Federation Council may not be deputies to the Duma or to the legislature of the federal subject, may not hold high state offices, and may not be elected as local leaders. This law changed the way in which the Federal Council was composed of the heads of the executive powers of the federal subjects and of the legislature. This meant democratizing and professionalizing the composition of the Federation Council and strengthening the legislative and supervisory functions of the upper House of the Russian Parliament. ^[251]

Reform the Duma elections

Putin reformed the electoral system of the State Duma and gave full play to the political function of political parties. In July 2005, Russia amended the Law on Elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation. According to the provisions of the electoral law, the election of the State Duma has abolished the single-constituency election mode, and the election is conducted according to the federal constituency. The list of candidates for deputies to the Duma submitted by political parties was disqualified from the election coalition; According to the proportional representation system, the threshold for political parties to enter the Duma was raised, and parties that obtained 7% or more of the vote in the Duma election were eligible for the allocation of seats in the Duma. On December 2, 2007, the election of the fifth State Duma was held in accordance with the Electoral Law amended in 2005. The aim of Putin's reforms is to develop a multi-party political system and strengthen the role of political parties in the country's political life. ^[251]

Reform the political party system

In December 2000, Putin submitted to the State Duma (lower house) a draft law on Political Parties of the Russian Federation, drafted by the Election Commission. It was adopted by the State Duma in June 2001 Law on Political Parties of the Russian Federation Detailed provisions were made on the establishment, purposes, rights and obligations of political parties, as well as the number of party members and the number of regional organizations. The issuance of the Law on Political Parties of the Russian Federation created legislative standards for the development of the Russian political party system, regulated the development process of the multi-party system in Russia at the federal and local levels as a whole, ended the existence of some small political parties in Russian politics, and ensured the openness of information about political party activities ^[250] .

Develop political ideology

At the turn of the century, Putin published an article "Russia at the turn of the Millennium", stressing that Russia should take the road of enriching the people and strengthening the country, pointing out the importance of "Russian thought" and advocating strengthening the role of the state. Putin believes that the elements of the "Russian idea" are patriotism , Great power consciousness , nationalism And social solidarity. Putin believes that true democracy should take into account the interests of all groups in society, and should not be turned into an entertainment show. In the new" Information age "And people will pass Internet Get more opportunities to participate in politics. ^[73] United Russia has repeatedly expressed its identification with Putin and his ideas. In December 2006, the seventh Congress of the United Russia Party adopted the program "Russia We Choose", which summarized and declared Putin's thought as the guiding ideology of the party.

Readjustment of the presidency

The Russian constitution previously prohibited the president from serving more than two consecutive terms. In 2008, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed a constitutional amendment extending the presidential term from four to six years. In January 2020, Putin submitted draft amendments to the Constitution to both houses of the Russian Parliament and the State Duma that would allow him to seek two more presidential terms at the end of his term. In July of the same year, a referendum on constitutional amendments passed by the State Duma and the Federation Council was approved with 65% of the vote and 78% of the vote. ^[53] ^[252] On April 5, 2021, Putin signed the bill on the presidential term. According to the bill, Putin can run for two more terms after his current term ends. ^[28] On November 14, 2023 local time, Putin signed an amendment to the presidential election law, which prohibits the use of all frozen resources for election campaigns. ^[150]

Construction of public service

Since 2010, all public officials and their family members have been required annually to declare their income, real estate and bank deposits for the previous year, and this information needs to be published on the websites of corresponding government departments and publicized in the media. After Mr. Putin returned to the presidency in 2012, he gave pay raises to almost all Russian officials, except for a few top officials, including himself, the prime minister and the chairmen of both houses of parliament. On April 14, 2014, Putin signed a decree raising his and then-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev's salaries to 1.65 times their original salaries. ^[29]

Strengthen information control

In March 2022, Putin signed a presidential decree guaranteeing technological independence, banning state agencies from using foreign software in critical information infrastructure (CII) from 2025 onwards ^[109-110] . On May 1, local time, Putin signed a presidential decree on additional measures to ensure information security in Russia. Putin ordered the creation of IT security units in every ministry, agency and backbone organization. According to the regulations, from January 1, 2025, Russian state-owned enterprises and institutions will be prohibited from using information security equipment produced by unfriendly countries ^[114] On the same day, Signed a law restricting Russian credit institutions from providing information to foreign countries. The new law prohibits Russian banks and credit institutions from providing foreign authorities, including judicial authorities, with requested information about bank customers and their transactions, as well as customer representatives, beneficiaries and account and asset holders. The law also stipulates that Russian banks and credit institutions may submit relevant information to foreign institutions within the scope of international cooperation on tax information, if the account holder is subject to the jurisdiction of foreign tax laws regarding the holding of foreign accounts ^[113] . In November 2022, Putin signed a decree to protect 17 traditional values aimed at preserving national unity, defending national sovereignty and preventing Western countries from posing a threat to traditional Russian values. ^[139]

Economic aspect

Economic regulation

After Putin came to power, he quickly ended the "shock therapy" and promulgated a series of policies to stabilize the economy, such as adjusting the privatization strategy and nationalizing strategic industries. Improve the efficiency of state-owned assets management; Curb the oligarchy's monopoly and plunder of the national economy; Promulgating land, finance, and labor bills; The measures to improve the business environment and participate in the WTO accession negotiations have restored investors' confidence in the government and the economic prospects, and are also Putin's attempts to explore the path of economic reform with Russian characteristics ^{[217
]} ^[253] . He took advantage of high oil prices to further improve social welfare and increase labor income, making Russia once among the ranks of emerging high-growth countries, becoming one of the "BRICS. ^[53] ^[219] . By adjusting domestic economic policies, we will strengthen national macroeconomic regulation and control and adjust the industrial structure ^[220] From 2000 to 2008, the Russian economy achieved rapid growth, with an annual growth rate of 7%. By 2007, Russia's gross domestic product (GDP) had reached $1.3 trillion, up 94% from the beginning of Putin's presidency, and its share of the world economy had climbed from 2% to 4%. Per capita income has doubled, more than half of the poor have been lifted out of poverty, and foreign debt has been repaid ahead of schedule, with the outstanding external debt only accounting for 5% of GDP in 2007 ^[253] . In 2008, the outbreak of the global financial crisis caused a heavy blow to the Russian economy, and Russian GDP fell by 7.9%, which was the first negative economic growth after Putin came to power. From 2009 to 2013, oil prices recovered, the world economy recovered, and the Russian economy achieved recovery growth. However, the Russian economy was hit by the double blow of plunging oil prices and European and American sanctions in 2014, and the economy fell back into recession, which did not ease until 2016. Between 2009 and 2018, Russia's GDP grew at an average annual rate of just 0.9%, well below the world average of 3.2%. In 2020, the global outbreak of the novel coronavirus, the ensuing collapse in oil prices and the social distancing measures implemented by the government, made the Russian economy hit again ^[253] . Russia-ukraine conflict in 2022 After the outbreak, Russia began a new round of investment boom, localization tide and import substitution tide under Western sanctions. In 2023, the Russian economy will grow by 3.6%. ^[54] ^[254-255]

Financial control

On March 1, 2022, Putin signed a presidential decree that will take additional temporary measures to safeguard financial stability, including from March 2, the implementation of special rules for foreigners from unfriendly countries to strengthen controls ^[37] . On March 18, Putin signed a presidential decree on additional economic measures to ensure Russia's financial stability, including in the field of foreign exchange supervision ^[106] .

Foreign exchange control

On May 24, 2022, local time, Putin signed a presidential decree stipulating that the compulsory settlement ratio of foreign exchange earnings from exports of enterprises will be reduced from 80% to 50% ^[120] . On June 9, Putin signed a decree abolishing the requirement that exporters be forced to settle 50 percent of their foreign exchange sales. According to the presidential decree, the proportion of foreign exchange earnings that exporters must now sell (into rubles) will be determined by a government committee. ^[123] On July 5, Putin signed a presidential decree banning Russian residents from transferring foreign exchange earnings earned by Russian companies in the form of dividends to foreign accounts ^[127] . On August 8, a presidential decree was signed, providing that if Russian financial institutions are unable to conduct foreign exchange operations due to sanctions, they have the right to stop such foreign exchange business with legal persons and individual merchants. ^[131]

Push ruble settlement

On March 31, 2022, Putin signed a decree on the settlement of natural gas trade in rubles. He also said that if the buyers of "unfriendly countries (and regions)" do not comply with the new payment conditions, Russia will terminate the existing gas supply contracts ^[111] . On June 22, Putin signed a presidential decree establishing temporary procedures for the payment of government debts in foreign currencies. According to the presidential decree, the payment of the Eurobonds in roubles will be considered as fulfilling Russia's debt service obligations. The amount of roubles thus paid shall be equivalent to the value of the debt in foreign currency and shall be calculated at the exchange rate on the date of payment ^[124] . On August 8, 2023 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a presidential decree stipulating special procedures for the settlement of foreign trade contracts for the supply of Russian agricultural products, establishing a mechanism for the settlement of foreign trade of Russian agricultural products in rubles through a special account. ^[145]

Social aspect

Medical insurance system reform

After Putin came to power, he paid great attention to Russia's health care. In 2005, he identified health care as one of the four priority areas of the national development Plan (the other three being education, housing and agriculture) and personally chaired the National Priority Development Plan Committee set up specifically for this purpose. The "Healthy" National Excellent Development Program was launched that year, and the expenditure in that year alone amounted to 78.7 billion rubles. Another important goal of Putin's "healthy" national development priority plan is to increase the life expectancy of Russians. In order to adapt the health insurance system to marketization and modernization, the Law of the Russian Federation on the partial revision of the Law on Compulsory Health Insurance of the Russian Federation was adopted on 29 November 2010. The main contents are: 1, give the insured the right to choose the medical insurance company; 2. Expand the coverage of compulsory medical insurance; 3. Remove restrictions on private medical institutions entering the compulsory medical insurance system. This reform makes Russia's compulsory medical insurance more convenient for the majority of residents to seek medical treatment. ^[256]

Housing system reform

On February 13, 2012, Putin published a presidential campaign article entitled "Building Justice - Social Policy in Russia" in the Communist Party of Russia: At that time, only a quarter of Russian citizens could afford to build or buy a new house. The Russian government will solve the housing problem through various means. He believes that with the implementation of various measures, 60% of families can get new housing by 2020, and the problem can be completely solved by 2030. In 2004, Putin stressed in his presidential State of the Nation address that in order to standardize the real estate market, the monopoly of the construction market must be broken, and Russian citizens should not pay for the costs caused by administrative obstacles in the construction industry, nor should they pay for the excess profits of builders. ^[256]

Improve low-income groups

After Putin came to power, he adopted a series of policy measures in the field of distribution and focused on improving low-income groups. According to Putin, the gap between the richest and poorest groups is closing too slowly, and excessive differentiation is unjust and causes social tensions. ^[256]

Restore the title of hero mother

On August 15, 2022, Putin signed a decree granting women who have raised 10 or more children "the right to live." Hero mother "Titles and MEDALS. According to the order, those who win the title of "hero mother" will also receive a prize of 1 million rubles (about 110,000 yuan). ^[133]

Cultural aspect

Putin proposed to bring Russia into the "Renaissance of the 21st century," for which he repeatedly stressed the importance of culture, calling on Russia to retain its national identity, promote the essence of national traditions, and play the role of cultural soft power commensurate with national strength. Putin asked Russian cultural personnel not only to open to the world, but also to mind Russia, have full confidence in the Russian civilization and the Russian road, be good at drawing the essence from the Russian traditional culture, and take the transmission of Russia's core values and inheritance of Russian civilization as the top priority of today's Russian cultural undertakings ^[266] . In May 2014, Putin signed a new decree banning vulgar language in Russian culture, art and entertainment ^[264] . On December 24, 2014, President Putin signed Presidential Decree No. 808 on the Outline of the Establishment of a State Cultural Policy, which forms a clear and unified value orientation of the state cultural policy, guarantees national cultural security, protects cultural heritage and cultural resources, and strengthens the cultural education of Russian citizens. On February 29, 2016, the Government of the Russian Federation finally issued the Strategy of the State Cultural Policy of the Russian Federation until 2030. ^[266] . On March 1, 2023, Putin signed the Law on the Official Language to regulate the use of foreign words, which stipulates that when Russian is used as an official language, foreign words shall not be used, except for those foreign words that have no similar common words recorded in the Russian language in the standard dictionary. ^[265]

Military aspect

Strategy of strengthening the military

In 2000, when Putin came to power, he made it clear that the only realistic choice for Russia was to choose to be a great power, and that without a strong armed force, there would be no strong Russia. In 2004, Putin reiterated that "an efficient and effective armed force is the most important factor in defending Russia against any form of military-political pressure or potential aggression, and in consolidating Russia's international standing." Guided by this idea, the Security Council of the Russian Federation, on the basis of the National Macroeconomic Development Plan for 2015, proposed the principle of "asymmetry" and "realistic containment" for the construction of the Russian military. Since then, with the constant changes in the security threats faced by Russia (that is, the continuous eastward expansion of NATO, the withdrawal of the United States from the anti-missile treaty and the decision to deploy missile defense systems near the Russian border) and the continuous enhancement of the armed forces, the goal of Russian military construction has become increasingly high. In 2007, in his State of the Nation address, Putin proposed building the Russian military into a force capable of dealing with both global and regional conflicts, and if necessary, several local conflicts at the same time. ^[259]

Change the mode of national defense management

In February 2007, Putin appointed Serdyukov, former head of the State Administration of Taxation, as defense minister, the first time in Russian history that the minister of defense was civilianized. The purpose of this move is threefold: First, to establish a civilian military system and thoroughly place the military under the leadership of civilian politicians. The second is to make a clear distinction between the administrative functions of the army and the operational command functions, so that servicemen can get rid of all functions unrelated to combat readiness as far as possible, concentrate on training, assign some functions to the government or society, and transfer other functions that do not require professional military knowledge to civilian personnel. The third is to establish a national management system in the military field, so that the legislative authority can exercise civilian supervision over military construction, so as to completely solve the problem of rational allocation and use of military expenditure. ^[259]

Service reform

In terms of military reform, Putin has reduced the number of military personnel, optimized the structure of the military and arms, and established a cross-service command system. By the end of 2003, the Russian military had largely completed its sweeping military reforms. The army was cut from 3 million in 1992 to 1.13 million in 2007. The structure of the services and arms has also been changed from the past five services to three services and three services, which has improved the effectiveness of the use of the units of the services and arms, simplified the coordinated actions of the services and arms, and significantly reduced the cost of the construction of the military command system. In accordance with this, the reform of the inter-service command system has been put on the agenda. According to the next step plan of the Russian army, by 2010, the Russian army will be unified command of the armed forces and the forces of all powerful departments by three permanent regional commands and two functional commands of strategic nuclear forces and air and space defense. ^[259]

Increase military expenditure

According to Russian official data, in 2000, Russia's defense budget was 6 billion to 7 billion US dollars, with an average of less than 10,000 US dollars per soldier, which is 1/18 of the United States. Training costs only 1% of the military budget. The supply of weapons and equipment has largely stopped. The proportion of modern weapons and equipment fell from 70 percent in 1990 to 20-25 percent in 1999. In the face of the financial situation of the Russian military, Putin dramatically increased military spending after the national economy improved, so that the defense budget soared from less than $7 billion in 2000 to $37.4 billion in 2007, thus turning the situation of the defense budget. ^[259]

Equipment innovation

After coming to power, Putin has made the building of strategic nuclear forces a top priority in the construction of the military, and actively embarked on the transformation and development of "North wind" class strategic nuclear submarines, sea-based "round hammer" strategic nuclear missiles, Tu-160 strategic bombers and land-based "Topo-M" mobile intercontinental missiles ^[260] . Russia has restored the global balance of power by successfully upgrading its armed forces, including nuclear weapons, pursuing a balanced defense policy, maintaining strategic deterrence, and not getting involved in a new arms race ^[55] . Through the formulation of a series of military reform plans to promote the construction of Russia's military modernization. ^[257]

Strengthen combat training

When Putin first took office, the overall training level of the Russian military was extremely low. Take Air Force pilot training, for example. Normally, the average minimum number of flying hours for a pilot per year should be 160 to 180 hours. In 2003, the average annual flying hours per pilot in Russia was only about 40 hours. This low level of training has gradually lost the skills of pilots to fly at night and in bad weather conditions, and the accident rate of aircraft has increased significantly. After enhanced training, in 2007, the average annual flying hours of the Russian Air Force pilots have increased to 120 hours, its training level has been close to the Soviet period. In addition, the aircraft carrier formation and strategic bombers have resumed combat duty. On December 5, 2007, the Russian Navy fleet resumed deep-sea navigation, and the aircraft carrier formation composed of the Russian Northern Fleet, Black Sea Fleet and Baltic Fleet conducted deep-sea combat training in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea after two months of navigation. ^[260]

Reform military service

After Putin came to power, the military service system was greatly adjusted, the compulsory military service period was shortened from 2 years to 18 months, and in 2008, it was further shortened to 12 months, which ensured the successful completion of the recruitment task, so that the military maintained a high full rate, and solved the problem of recruitment difficulties for a long time. In terms of personnel replenishment, the proportion of contract soldiers has been increased. ^[258] ^[260]

Improve military welfare

The Russian army has raised military salaries four times from 2005 to 20083, increasing by 15% on January 1, 2006, increasing by 10% on January 1, 2007, increasing by 15% on November 1, 2007, and increasing by 15% on September 1, 2008. The four capital increases, which will increase military salaries by 67 percent from 2005 levels, stabilize the military and retain highly qualified personnel in the military. ^[260]

Army building

On March 4, 2022, Putin signed amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The bill stipulates penalties for spreading false information about the behavior of Russian servicemen, discrediting the Russian armed forces and calling for anti-Russian sanctions ^[38] . On May 28, Putin signed a decree abolishing the age limit for Russian and foreign citizens to sign their first military service contract with the Russian military ^[121] . 1 On January 14, Putin signed a decree regulating a number of issues related to the service of foreigners in the Russian armed forces, which allows citizens of other countries to serve in the Russian military on the basis of contracts signed, in addition to allowing the conscription of Russian citizens who also hold citizenship in other countries ^[140] . In January 2024, Putin signed a decree allowing foreigners who sign military service contracts to serve in the Russian armed forces and their families to obtain Russian citizenship ^[154] . In February 2024, Putin signed a federal law on the confiscation of property acquired or used through the deliberate dissemination of false information about the armed forces of the Russian Federation and calls for actions against the security of Russia. According to the law, activities that undermine Russia's security, publicly insult and discredit the Russian military may lead to the confiscation of funds or property. ^[158]

Military action

Putin came to power after several military operations, including The Second Chechen War , Russo-georgian War , Ukraine crisis , Russia-ukraine conflict in 2022 Let's wait. ^[52] ^[86] ^[261] In addition, he also asked the Federal Security Service to strengthen anti-terrorism work in various fields, and resolutely crack down on attempts to provoke unrest and "Russophobia". Putin believes that systematic and comprehensive work is needed in the fight against Western attempts to undermine Russia's development. Western countries actively use radical transnational terrorist organizations to oppose Russia and encourage threats against Russia, and the provocative statements of Western politicians about the possibility of terrorist attacks against Russia are open blackmail. ^[262]

diplomatically

Characteristics and principles of diplomacy

After Putin came to power, he further elevated the multi-faceted diplomacy to the height of the principle of "balance" to operate. Its structural situation is roughly as follows: First, the relationship between Russia and other member states of the CIS is the most prominent position in its diplomatic blueprint, and Russia regards it as "internal affairs in diplomacy, internal affairs in diplomacy". Second, in the relations between the United States and Western Europe, the ranking has been adjusted, putting Western Europe ahead of the United States. Third, it attaches much greater importance to relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific region, especially with China, India, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and ASEAN countries. Fourth, diplomacy to African and Latin American countries has also been expanded with emphasis and more flexible means. Since Putin came to power, he has adhered to the principle of national interests, stimulated the spirit of national unity, and his diplomacy has a strong autonomy. Faced with the tide of economic globalization, especially the impact of American unilateralism, Russia is in a weak position, and sometimes it can't help but compromise in its diplomacy. Pragmatism is the hallmark of Putin's diplomacy. In his view, Russia's prestige on the international stage and its domestic political and economic situation depend on the civilized and effective use of its diplomatic resources. The second feature of Mr Putin's diplomacy is compatibility, defending his interests resolutely but without confrontation. The third feature of Russian diplomacy is stealth. Mr. Putin has said that Russia does not objectively have as many means to influence the international situation as it would like ^[267] .

Foreign policy conception

In 2000, 2008, 2013, 2016 and 2023, Putin signed the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. The 2000, 2008 and 2013 editions of the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation clearly listed "promoting a multipolar world" as one of Russia's foreign strategic goals, emphasizing that the international order is in the transition stage to a "multipolar world." The second is to seek to establish a multi-polar pattern of interdependence. The third is to accelerate the Eurasian integration process and consolidate the strategic support for Russia's status as a "pole" ^[270] . In 2016, Putin signed the "Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation", which mainly expounds Russia's position and attitude in developing relations between major countries, reducing arms, combating international terrorism and other aspects, calling for the establishment of an equal and mutually beneficial partnership, and indicating that unfriendly acts will be vigorously fought back ^[269] . In 2023, Putin signed the "Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation", which mainly clarifies Russia's position and attitude towards the current world trends and development prospects, and clarifies the national interests, strategic objectives and priority directions of Russia's foreign policy. ^[268]

External communication

broadcast

EDITOR

International organization

In the 2023 Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation signed by Putin, in order to promote a multipolar world, Russia will strive to tap the potential and strengthen the role of the BRICS countries, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union and the Collective Security Treaty Organization, and will strengthen cooperation with ASEAN countries in the economic and security fields. ^[287]

International organization	Hold an attitude	Successive exchanges
The United Nations	Regarding the UN mechanism, Putin said that as a founding member and permanent member of the UN, Russia has always supported it The United Nations It intends to continue to do all it can to support the principles on which the United Nations is based ^[128] It considers the documents of the United Nations to be the main norms in international affairs.	On June 5, 2002, Putin met with the visiting UN Secretary General in Moscow Annam The two sides exchanged views on the India-Pakistan situation. ^[272]
		On May 20, 2014, during the fourth Summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA) in Shanghai, Putin met with the then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon Hold meetings to discuss the situation in Ukraine, Syria and other places. ^[271]
		On April 26, 2022, Putin met with the visiting UN Secretary General in Moscow Guterres . ^[112]
The Commonwealth of Independent States	Putin is committed to promoting the development of relations between the CIS countries ^[273] Maintaining common security and stability in the Eurasian region is one of the key areas of cooperation among the CIS countries, he said, noting that although there are certain differences among the CIS member states, it is important that the countries continue to cooperate. He stressed that even if the CIS countries face difficult problems, they will strive to solve them together and help each other.	On December 28, 2021, an informal meeting of the leaders of the CIS countries was held in St. Petersburg, with Putin and the leaders of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as well as the first President of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev Wait for attendance. ^[273]
		On October 14, 2022 local time, the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States met in the capital of Kazakhstan Astana Opening, Putin attended the meeting. ^[275]
		On December 27, 2022, the informal meeting of the leaders of the CIS countries was held in St. Petersburg, attended by Vladimir Putin and the leaders of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. ^[274]
Eurasian Economic Union	The Eurasian Economic Union was founded by the President of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev Proposed in 1994, Putin made the idea a reality ^[276] . On 29 May 2014, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed the Eurasian Economic Union Treaty. On January 1, 2015, the Eurasian Economic Union was officially launched. Putin believes that the Eurasian Economic Union is an effective and dynamic integration organization whose work contributes to the development of trade and investment exchanges, the strengthening of commercial ties and the expansion of cooperative relations. ^[277]	On October 1, 2019, Putin attended a meeting of the Supreme Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission in Yerevan, capital of Armenia. ^[281]
		On May 24, 2023 local time, the second Eurasian Economic Forum of the Eurasian Economic Union opened in Moscow, the capital of Russia, and Putin attended the plenary session of the forum and delivered a speech. Putin said that the Eurasian Economic Union supports the docking of the integration process within its framework with the Belt and Road Initiative. ^[278]
		On December 25, 2023, Putin and a number of leaders of the Eurasian Economic Union countries attended a meeting of the Supreme Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission in St. Petersburg, Russia, and signed a number of documents such as the Declaration on economic development, pointing out the direction for further deepening cooperation. ^[279]
		On May 8, 2024, Putin attended a small meeting of the Supreme Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission, the highest authority of the Eurasian Economic Union, in Moscow, saying that the Eurasian Economic Union has become an independent and self-sufficient center in a multipolar world. ^[277]
European Union	Putin has positioned the EU as an important economic, trade and diplomatic partner of Russia, and pointed out that the future Russia-EU relations need to be continuously improved in the legal basis and cooperation mechanism, and finally achieve the strategic goal of Russia-EU relations, that is, to create a common cultural and economic space from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. ^[303] But after the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Russia-EU relations declined, Putin said that the EU's economic woes, as well as the unfriendly attitude shown by the United States towards Europe, are the direct result of the weak performance of EU leaders. Putin also said that the EU had become a "foot wipe" for the United States. ^[304]	On February 24, 2022, Putin announced a special military operation in the Donbass region of eastern Ukraine. Later, the president of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, said on social media that she strongly condemned Russia's "unjustified attack" on Ukraine and that the EU would hold Russia accountable. On the same day, a series of EU sanctions against Russia were officially published in the official Gazette of the EU, meaning that the sanctions took effect. ^[67]
		On February 26, 2022, the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Canada issued a joint statement banning Russia from using the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) international settlement system. ^[66]
		On February 27, 2022, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen issued a statement saying that the EU decided to close its airspace to Russia as a whole, and banned the news and information products of Russian state media Russia Today and Sputnik News agency from landing and spreading in the EU. In addition, the EU also decided to provide Ukraine with 450 million euros for the purchase of lethal weapons and 50 million euros for the purchase of non-lethal supplies such as fuel and defensive equipment, which is the first time in the history of the EU to provide arms assistance to a country under external attack. ^[68]
BRICS	Putin is committed to promoting a multi-polar world, hoping to tap the potential of the BRICS countries and enhance their role. ^[287]	2022年6月23日晚，国家主席习近平在北京以视频方式主持金砖国家领导人第十四次会晤，南非总统拉马福萨、巴西总统博索纳罗、俄罗斯总统普京、印度总理莫迪出席。 ^[306]
BRICS		On August 24, 2023, Putin attended the third day of the 15th BRICS Summit in South Africa by video. ^[305]
Shanghai Cooperation Organization	Putin is committed to promoting a multi-polar world and hopes to tap the potential and enhance the role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. ^[287]	On September 15, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in Samarkand. ^[308]
Shanghai Cooperation Organization		On July 4, 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin attended by video the 23rd meeting of the Council of Heads of States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). ^[307]
Collective safety organization	Putin is committed to promoting a multipolar world, hoping to tap the potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and enhance its role. ^[287]	On November 23, 2022 local time, the summit of the Collective Security Treaty Organization was held in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. Russian President Vladimir Putin, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, Armenian Prime Minister Mikhail Pashinyan, Kazakh President Mikhail Tokayev, Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon and Kyrgyz President Alexander Zaparov attended the summit. ^[309]
Collective safety organization		On November 23, 2023 local time, the Collective Security Council of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) held a meeting in Minsk, the capital of Belarus. President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, President of Russia Vladimir Putin, President of Kazakhstan Mikhail Tokayev, President of Kyrgyzstan Anatoly Zaparov, President of Tajikistan Emomali Rakhmon and Secretary-General of the SCO Tasmagambetov attended the meeting. ^[310]
Asean (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)	Putin is committed to promoting a multi-polar world, hoping to tap the potential of ASEAN and cooperate with ASEAN countries in the fields of trade, investment, health and tourism. ^[287] ^[311]	On May 19, 2016, the summit commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Russia-ASEAN dialogue Partnership was held in the southern Russian city of Sochi, where Putin held talks with the leaders of eight ASEAN countries. ^[312]
Asean (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)		On November 14, 2018, local time, the Russia-ASEAN Summit was held in Singapore, where Putin and representatives of ASEAN countries discussed issues such as deepening cooperation in trade, investment, humanitarian fields, and strengthening ties between ASEAN and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Eurasian Economic Union. ^[313]
Putin's speech at the UN General Assembly (28 September 2015)

nation

In the 2023 Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation signed by Putin, Russia pursues an independent and multi-directional foreign policy. According to the concept, Russia will further strengthen the comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination with China, develop mutually beneficial cooperation in various fields, and strengthen mutual support and coordination with China on the international stage. To ensure security, stability and sustainable development in Eurasia and the rest of the world. Strengthening the strategic partnership with India and strengthening ties with India in all fields will become one of the priorities of Russian foreign policy. Russia will give priority to developing relations with Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Syria. The concept emphasizes that Russia hopes to maintain the strategic balance and peaceful coexistence with the United States; Russia will eliminate security threats from unfriendly countries in Europe and NATO. In order to promote a multipolar world, Russia's priority task is to eliminate the "dominant position" of the United States and other unfriendly countries in international affairs and force them to abandon their neo-colonial and hegemonic ambitions. Russia believes that the main risk to international security and peace and the equitable development of human society comes from the United States. For Europe, independence from the United States and the abandonment of anti-Russian policies would bring security and well-being. ^[287] Putin visited China several times during his term of office and attended the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics respectively as Prime Minister and president. Putin reiterated many times that China is a very important strategic partner of Russia, because bilateral trade is growing rapidly, China is developing rapidly, and will become a good market for Russian goods and a good partner for investment in Russia. Putin also said that both sides are willing to develop good-neighborly and friendly relations. ^[286] ^[288-290]

Putin mainly visits exchange activities
continent	nation	Successive exchanges
Asia	China	2000年7月17日至19日，应时任中华人民共和国主席江泽民的邀请，普京于对中国进行国事访问，两国元首在北京举行了正式会谈。 ^[8] ^[291]
		During the meeting, the two heads of state comprehensively reviewed the successful experience of the smooth development of China-Russia relations in the past decade, formulated strategic plans for the development of bilateral relations in the coming period, identified the key directions and areas for the two sides to carry out long-term mutually beneficial cooperation, and exchanged views on major international issues of common interest in an extensive and in-depth manner. ^[292]
		In October 2004, during Putin's state visit to China, China and Russia issued a joint statement and signed the Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern section of the China-Russia Border. ^[293]
		On March 21-22, 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin paid a state visit to China. ^[293]
		On August 8, 2008, Putin attended the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games. ^[51]
		From October 11 to 12, 2011, Putin paid an official visit to China and held the 16th regular meeting between Chinese and Russian Prime Ministers with then Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, during which natural gas cooperation projects between the two sides in the next 30 years will be at the top of the agenda. ^[51] ^[63]
		From June 5 to 7, 2012, Putin paid a state visit to China and attended the summit Peking The 12th meeting of the Council of Heads of Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This is Putin's first visit to China after taking office again as Russian president. On June 5, then President of China Hu Jintao Invite Putin Beijing Great Hall of the People Meet the press together. The two heads of state exchanged in-depth views on bilateral relations and major international and regional issues of common interest and reached important consensus. Russia is willing to strengthen military, law enforcement and security cooperation with China, promote cultural, news and tourism exchanges, and support cooperation in Russia's Far Eastern Siberia region and China's Northeast region. ^[9]
		2018年6月，普京应中国国家主席习近平邀请对中国进行国事访问并出席上海合作组织成员国元首理事会第十八次会议。 ^[10]
		China and Russia should strengthen international coordination, jointly safeguard the authority of the United Nations and the UN Security Council, uphold international law and universally recognized norms governing international relations, firmly promote a multi-polar world and democracy in international relations, and uphold multilateralism. Putin said that Russia-China comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination has reached the best level in history and become a model of state-to-state relations. Russia is willing to keep close high-level exchanges with China, deepen bilateral exchanges and cooperation in various fields, and do a good job in major demonstration projects such as energy and connectivity, he said, agreeing to keep close communication and coordination in international and regional affairs and multilateral institutions. ^[58]
		2022年2月4日，普京出席第24届冬季奥运会开幕式，并与习近平在北京举行会谈，双方签署《中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦关于新时代国际关系和全球可持续发展的联合声明》，声明集中阐述中俄在民主观、发展观、安全观、秩序观方面的共同立场。 ^{59 [60]}
		2022年2月25日，普京和习近平通电话，双方重点就当前乌克兰局势交换意见。 ^[33]
		2022年9月15日下午，普京同习近平在撒马尔罕国宾馆举行双边会见，就中俄关系和共同关心的国际和地区问题 Exchange of meaning See you. ^[135-136]
		On October 17, 2022, Putin signed a decree declaring 2022-2023 as the Russia-China Year of Sports cooperation. ^[137]
		On October 18, 2023, Putin attended The third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation ，并与习近平在北京举行会谈，就巴以局势等深入交换意见。 ^[148-149]
		2024年2月8日下午，国家主席习近平同俄罗斯总统普京通电话 ^[157] .
		2024年3月18日，国家主席习近平致电普京，祝贺他当选连任俄罗斯联邦总统 ^[163] .
		2024年5月16日至17日，应国家主席习近平邀请，俄罗斯总统普京对中国进行国事访问 ^[180] . At 4 o 'clock on May 16, Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived in Beijing by special plane ^[187-188] . ^[189-190] . ^[199] . Chinese Vice President Han Zheng meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Harbin on Monday. ^[224]
	Japan	On April 29, 2000, Putin held talks with visiting Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori at the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg. ^[283]
		On September 4, 2000, Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori held a summit meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin, who was on an official visit to Japan, focusing on the disputed territorial issue between the two countries. ^[284]
		On January 10, 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi held a meeting in the Grand Kremlin to exchange views on the development of Russian-Japanese relations and the withdrawal of the DPRK from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. ^[285]
		On February 7, 2014, Abe went to Russia to attend the opening ceremony of the Sochi Winter Olympic Games, despite the fact that the heads of major European and American countries would not attend. Abe expressed the hope that through frequent dialogue in the field of economic cooperation to deepen mutual trust, to promote the northern territories (Russia called the South Kuril Islands) to lay the groundwork for the settlement of the issue. ^[88-89]
	India	On December 27, 2023, local time, Putin met with the visiting Indian Foreign Minister in Moscow Sujeshan . ^[153]
	India	On January 15, 2024 local time, Putin and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi held a telephone conversation, during which the two sides discussed bilateral cooperation in the fields of economy and trade, science and technology, energy, transportation and logistics. ^[155]
	Kyrgyzstan	On February 21, 2024, local time, Putin met with visiting Kyrgyz President Alexander Zaparov in Kazan. ^[159]
	Kazakhstan	Local time 2024 On February 21, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with visiting Kazakh President Mikhail Tokayev in Kazan. ^[160]
		On March 2, 2024, local time, Putin had a telephone conversation with President Tokayev of Kazakhstan. The two sides discussed a number of hot issues on the bilateral agenda, focusing on joint projects in the fields of economy and trade, transport, logistics and energy. ^[161]
		On May 18, 2024, Putin held a telephone conversation with Kazakh President Mikhail Tokayev, during which the two sides discussed bilateral cooperation and expressed their common will to further strengthen the Russia-Kazakhstan alliance and strategic partnership. ^[263]
		On May 31, local time, Putin had a phone conversation with Kazakh President Mikhail Tokayev. The two sides discussed issues of bilateral cooperation in the fields of economy, trade, energy, transport and logistics, as well as the preparations for the meeting of the Council of Heads of SCO Member States in Astana. Putin and Tokayev also exchanged views on the recent contacts with foreign leaders and stressed the need to continue to comprehensively strengthen Russia-Kazakhstan strategic partnership and alliance. ^[347]
	Tajikistan	2022 On June 28, Putin arrived in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, by special plane to start his working visit to the country ^[125] . On the same day, Putin held talks with Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon. The two sides discussed the current situation and prospects of the Russia-Tajikistan strategic and alliance relations, focusing on cooperation in the security, military and military-technical fields. ^[126]
		On May 3, 2024 local time, Putin and Tajik President Emomali Rahmon exchanged views on bilateral hotspot issues such as the fight against terrorism and migration. In addition, the two sides agreed to improve cooperation mechanisms between relevant ministries and agencies. ^[174]
		On May 9, 2024 local time, Putin and visiting Tajik President Emomali Rahmon held talks in the Kremlin to discuss anti-terrorism cooperation. ^[178]
	Uzbekistan	On August 22, 2022, Putin spoke by phone with Uzbek President Mirziyoyev. The two sides mainly discussed the preparations for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit to be held in Samarkand in September, as well as related issues such as bilateral cooperation. ^[134]
	Uzbekistan	On March 23, 2024, local time, Putin had a telephone conversation with Uzbek President Mirziyoyev. Mirziyoyev strongly condemned the terrorist attack on the concert hall of the "city of Krokus" in Moscow Oblast, and hoped that Putin would convey his condolences to the families of the dead and hoped that the injured would recover as soon as possible. The two sides confirmed that they will continue to maintain close cooperation in the field of counter-terrorism. ^[166]
	Iran	On the evening of July 18, 2022, Putin arrived in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Putin will hold talks with Iranian President Raisi and other senior officials and attend the Astana Process summit on Russia, Turkey, Iraq and Syria ^[129] . On the night of July 19, the Supreme Leader of Iran Khamenei Meeting with visiting Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tehran. ^[130]
		On December 7, 2023, Putin held talks with visiting Iranian President Raisi in the Kremlin. The two sides discussed bilateral cooperation in detail during the talks, focusing on promising economic and trade cooperation projects, including transportation and energy projects. ^[314-315]
		On May 19, 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with Iran's ambassador to Moscow, Jalali May 19 Iranian presidential team helicopter hard landing accident Hold a meeting. During the meeting, Putin expressed concern over the incident and said Russia is ready to provide all necessary assistance to Iran. ^[316] On May 21, Putin said that Iranian President Raisi was a reliable partner of Russia, and expressed Russia's willingness to assist Iran in investigating the helicopter crash. ^[317]
		On June 13, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin held a telephone conversation with Iranian Acting President Mohammad Mukhbel, during which the two sides discussed cooperation in bilateral relations as well as on the international stage. ^[349]
	Korea	On February 26, 2001, Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, for a three-day visit to South Korea. ^[326]
		On November 12, 2013, Russian President Vladimir Putin paid a two-day state visit to South Korea at the invitation of South Korean President Park Geun-hye. ^[325]
		On June 22, 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin and South Korean President Moon Jae-in, who are on a state visit to Russia, held small and large-scale talks. ^[327]
	North Korea	On September 13, 2023, Putin met with Kim Jong UN, General secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and Chairman of The State Council of the People's Republic of Korea, who arrived at the Dongfang launch site in the Amur region of Russia's Far East. ^[147]
		On the evening of January 16, 2024, local time, Putin held talks with visiting DPRK Foreign Minister Choe Son Hui at the Kremlin in Moscow, the Russian capital. ^[156]
		On May 24, 2024, RIA Novosti reported, Peskov "President Putin has received a valid invitation for an official visit to North Korea, and preparations are under way for the visit." ^[346] Russian President Vladimir Putin will visit North Korea in the near future, according to a senior official of the South Korean presidential office on June 12. ^[348] On June 18-19, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited North Korea. ^[350]
	Syria	On January 7, 2020, Putin arrived in the Syrian capital Damascus for a visit and a meeting President of Syria Bashar al-Assad Hold talks. This is Putin's first visit to Damascus since the Syrian crisis erupted in 2011. The two sides jointly listened to a report by the commander of the Russian army in Syria and discussed the situation in Syria and the recent situation in the region, including the situation in Idlib and northern Syria, the fight against terrorism and the promotion of the political process in Syria. ^[11]
	Syria	On March 23, 2024, local time, Putin and the Syrian president Bashar al-Assad On the phone. The Syrian president has strongly condemned the terrorist attack on a concert hall in Russia's Moscow region and the two presidents have agreed to strengthen contacts in the field of counter-terrorism. Putin and Assad also discussed the crisis situation in the Middle East and the current situation in Syria. ^[169]
	Georgia	On June 13, 2006, Putin met with the visiting president of Georgia in St. Petersburg Saakashvili They talked for hours about South Ossetia and Abkhazia. ^[280]
	Türkiye	On March 17, 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan held a telephone conversation with Vladimir Putin during which the two sides discussed the Russia-Ukraine situation. ^[103-105]
		On September 4, 2023, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan arrived in Sochi, Russia, for a three-hour meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin. The two sides discussed hot issues such as bilateral relations and the agreement on the export of agricultural products from Black Sea ports. ^[146] ^[282]
		On March 23, 2024 local time, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan spoke by phone with Russian President Vladimir Putin, vowing to strengthen anti-terrorism cooperation with Russia. ^[168]
	Vietnam	On March 26, 2024 local time, Putin held a telephone conversation with General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam at invitation to discuss bilateral relations and other issues. ^[170]
	Israel	On May 5, 2022, Putin spoke by phone with Israeli Prime Minister Bennett, during which they discussed relations between the two countries and exchanged views on the situation in Ukraine. ^[116]
	Israel	On August 9, 2022, at the initiative of the Israeli side, Putin had a telephone conversation with Israeli President Herzog. ^[132]
	Armenia	On October 12, 2021, Putin met with visiting leaders at the Kremlin Prime Ministers of Armenia Nicole Pashinyan . Putin expressed his desire to "meet up" with Pashinyan on the summit of heads of state of the Commonwealth of Independent States to be held in the Belarusian capital Minsk on October 15, as well as bilateral cooperation and regional issues. ^[30]
	Bahrain	On May 23, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin held talks with visiting King Hamad of Bahrain, following which the two sides signed seven cooperation documents. ^[343]
Europe	Belarus	Vladimir Putin and the President of Belarus on February 19, 2022 Lukashenko Jointly participate in military cooperation activities. ^[32]
		2022 On May 23, Putin and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko began talks in Sochi, Russia. ^[119]
		On March 23, 2024, local time, Russian presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that Putin and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko spoke on the phone and the two sides confirmed their willingness to cooperate in the fight against terrorism. ^[165]
		On the evening of April 11, 2024 local time, Putin held talks with visiting Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko to discuss the Russia-Ukraine situation and other issues. ^[172]
		On May 23, 2024, local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, for a two-day visit to Belarus. He also held talks with Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko to discuss security and Belarus' participation in exercises of non-strategic nuclear forces. ^[342] ^[344]
		On the afternoon of May 24, 2024, local time, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko began talks with visiting Russian President Vladimir Putin in Minsk. Lukashenko said the two sides will discuss deepening bilateral relations, especially cooperation in the economic and security fields. Putin said that the two sides will continue to promote the development of the Russia-Belarus union and have begun to take concrete steps in this field. ^[345]
	Ukraine	On February 12, 2008, Putin met with then-Ukrainian President Vladimir Putin Yushchenko At a joint press conference after the talks, Russia warned that if Ukraine joined NATO, Russia could target strategic nuclear missiles at Ukraine, which was Putin's strongest warning yet on Ukraine's bid to join NATO. Mr. Yushchenko responded that Ukraine has the right to independently set its own foreign and defense policies, that NATO membership must not be seen as a threat to Russia, and that Ukraine's constitution does not allow foreign military bases on Ukrainian soil. ^[50]
		On July 12, 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived in Crimea for talks with Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and a meeting of the Russia-Ukraine Inter-State Commission. ^[302]
		On December 9, 2019, Putin attended a meeting in Paris, France Normandy Model Four countries (Russia, Ukraine, France, Germany) summit. After the talks, the four countries issued a joint communique, which said that Russia and Ukraine committed to fully implement the ceasefire and will implement all necessary ceasefire support measures by the end of 2019 to consolidate the ceasefire. In addition, Putin and Ukrainian President Zelensky achieved the first face-to-face bilateral meeting during the summit, which is the first meeting between Ukrainian and Russian leaders after Zelensky became the president of Ukraine. ^[71]
		On December 31, 2019, Putin and Zelensky spoke on the phone and congratulated each other on a happy New Year. The two leaders welcomed the December 29 exchange of detainees between the parties to the conflict in eastern Ukraine and the signing of a contract for the supply of natural gas through Ukraine to the EU. During the talks, the two sides also expressed their hope for a complete ceasefire in eastern Ukraine and stressed that both sides would work to confirm the list of people to be released next, including Crimeans detained in Russia and Crimea, as well as Russians detained in Ukraine. ^[69-70]
	Germany	On February 15, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin held talks with German Chancellor Scholz in Moscow, during which the two sides exchanged views on bilateral relations and international and regional hotspot issues. This is Scholz's first visit to Russia since taking office as German chancellor in December 2021. ^[321]
	France	On May 3, 2022, Putin held a two-hour phone call with French President Emmanuel Macron. ^[115]
	Britain	On June 24, 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived in London in the afternoon, starting a four-day state visit to the United Kingdom. Putin is the first Russian leader to pay a state visit to Britain since 1874. Putin's trip is aimed not only at mending tensions over Iraq, but also at attracting investment to the Russian economy. ^[322]
	Finland	On May 14, 2022, Putin held a telephone conversation with Finnish President Sauli Niinisto, during which the two sides exchanged views on Finland's intention to apply for NATO membership . Putin stressed that abandoning the traditional policy of military neutrality was a mistake and that Finland's security was not threatened. ^[118]
	Serbia	President of Serbia, May 29, 2022 Vucic Had a telephone conversation with Putin. Vucic said the two sides touched on a number of topics, the most important being the new three-year gas deal. ^[122]
Africa	S.Africa	On July 15, 2023 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin held telephone talks with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa at invitation. The two leaders reaffirmed their common willingness to strengthen cooperation in various fields. ^[320]
	S.Africa	On March 28, 2024, local time, the Kremlin announced that Russian President Vladimir Putin had a phone call with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa. Bilateral cooperation and regional situation will be discussed. ^[319]
	Egypt	On November 14, 2023 (Russian time), Putin and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi talked on the phone about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ^[151]
	Egypt	On March 21, 2024 local time, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi held a telephone conversation with Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss the Israeli-Palestinian situation and other issues. ^[164]
	Mali	On March 27, 2024, local time, Putin had a telephone conversation with Mali's interim President Goita. Putin and Goita decided to strengthen cooperation between Russia and Mali in the field of counter-terrorism. The two sides also discussed strengthening ties in a number of areas, including the implementation of joint projects in energy and agriculture. ^[171]
	Congo (Brazzaville)	On March 27, 2024 local time, Putin and President Denis Sassou-Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo talked by phone about the continued implementation of the agreements reached at the 2023 Russia-Africa Summit and confirmed that the two countries will strengthen cooperation in the political, economic and people-to-people fields. ^[171]
	Chad	On January 24, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin held talks with visiting Chadian Transitional President Mohamed Idriss Deby. Mohamed Idriss Deby expressed his condolences over the crash of a transport plane in Belgorod. ^[318]
North America	America	The first U.S.-Russia summit after Putin came to power was held in Slovenia in June 2001. At the summit, Putin and then-US President George W. Bush The two were friendly to each other. ^[61]
		In November 2001, when Putin visited the United States, the leaders of Russia and the United States agreed to cut their respective nuclear warheads by two-thirds. ^[61]
		On July 15, 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin and then-US President George W. Bush held talks in St. Petersburg, decided to jointly launch the Global Initiative against Nuclear Terrorism, and discussed the Middle East crisis, the Iranian nuclear issue and Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization. ^[300]
		On April 6, 2008, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with visiting US President George W. Bush in Sochi to discuss issues such as the US anti-missile base in Eastern Europe and the European security pattern. ^[301]
		In November 2011, Putin and then-US President Barack Obama had a brief exchange on the sidelines of the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting. ^[298]
		On September 28, 2015, Russian President Vladimir Putin and U.S. President Barack Obama met on the sidelines of a United Nations conference. It was their first lengthy interview in more than two years. ^[298]
		In November 2016, at the APEC Summit in Lima, Peru, then-US President Barack Obama and Putin held a brief four-minute talk. ^[299]
		On July 7, 2017, US President Trump met with Russian President Vladimir Putin during the G20 Hamburg Summit, which was the first face-to-face communication between Trump and Putin after taking office, and the two presidents discussed a series of issues such as Syria, Ukraine and network security in a concrete and pragmatic manner. ^[297]
		On July 16, 2018, local time, the US-Russia Summit was held in the Presidential Palace of Finland, where Russian President Vladimir Putin and US President Donald Trump held an official meeting. ^[296]
		On June 16, 2021 local time, U.S. President Joe Biden and Russian President Vladimir Putin met at Villa Lagrange in Geneva, Switzerland. (See: 2021 US-Russia summit ) ^[295]
		On December 7, 2021 local time, U.S. President Joe Biden and Russian President Vladimir Putin held a security meeting on Ukraine. During the meeting, Biden reiterated U.S. support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. ^[294]
		On February 24, 2022, Putin announced the launch of "military operations" in eastern Ukraine, and Biden gave a speech on the situation in Russia that afternoon, saying that "the relationship between the United States and Russia is now completely broken." ^[62]
	Canada	On December 18, 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived in Ottawa for a three-day official visit to Canada. He hopes to strengthen his personal relationship with Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien and receive assistance from Canada in the political and economic fields. ^[323]
South America	Brazil	On the afternoon of February 15, 2022, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro arrived in Russia, officially kicking off his first state visit to Russia after taking office ^[31] . On February 16, Putin met with Bolsonaro in Moscow for more than two hours. ^[56]
	Bolivia	On May 13, 2024, local time, Putin had a telephone conversation with Bolivian President Arce. The two leaders discussed the further development of bilateral relations, focusing on the implementation of mutually beneficial cooperation projects in the fields of economy, trade and energy. The two sides agreed to strengthen contacts at all levels. ^[179]
	Cuba	On June 14, 2023 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin held talks with visiting Cuban Prime Minister Manuel Marrero Cruz. ^[324]

普京（左）与习近平（右）（2019年11月13日）

普京（右）与习近平（左）（2022年9月15日）

普京（左）与习近平（右）（2023年10月18日）

普京（左）与胡锦涛（右）（2012年6月5日）

Putin (right) and Abe (left) (January 22, 2019)

Vladimir Putin (first from right) and Herman Van Rompuy (second from left) (15 November 2014)

Putin (right) and Zelensky (left) (9 December 2019)

Putin (right) and Biden (left) (June 16, 2021)

Putin (left) and Trump (right) (November 2017)

Putin and Obama's 'death stare'

Vladimir Putin (right) and Jair Bolsonaro (left) (16 February 2022)

Political thought

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EDITOR

Russian new thought

According to the Russian tradition and the historical changes in the development of Russia as a nation-state in the past century, Putin took the essence of the Soviet reform and the reform experience of the Yeltsin period on the basis of the profound summary, and dialectically inherited the traditional values. On December 30, 1999, in his article "Russia at the Turn of the Millennium", he proposed the concept of a "New Russian idea". Putin stressed that the Russian new Thought includes traditional values such as "patriotism", "strong power", "national concept" and "social solidarity", which are important spiritual pillars for Russia to achieve national cohesion and social solidarity. Among them, patriotism is the foundation of Russia's new thought and the ideological driving force of Russia's construction of a powerful country. The proposal of "Russian New Thought" inherited the traditional political culture and formed the national ideology that condensed Russian thought. ^{[328
]}

Putinism

The governance ideas and measures of the Putin era are collectively referred to as" Putinism ". The concept and system characteristics of "Putinism" have triggered the debate on national governance and development path between the West and Russia, and their interpretations of "Putinism" are different. "Putinism" has a clear internal logic, consistent with the national characteristics of Russia and the tradition of state governance in history, and its connotation can be summarized as the control of politics, the political nature of economy and the extension of diplomacy. In essence, "Putinism" is a strategic adjustment and adaptation made by Putin to solve the needs of Russia's transformation and development after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which has a far-reaching impact on the world situation and the development of Russia. ^[329]

Personal life

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EDITOR

Family background

relation	name	intro
grandfather	Spiridon Putin	Was in the position of Lenin and Stalin The personal chef.
father	Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin	In 1939, after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, he was drafted into the army and sent to Sevastopol as a sailor in the submarine unit. He died in 1998.
mother	Marya Ivanovna Putina	She was a factory girl. Two boys were born in the mid-1930s, one of whom died young and the other died of diphtheria during the battle of Leningrad. Putin was born in 1952. He died in 1999.
Reference source: ^[117] ^[185-186]

Family life

Putin's former wife was Lyudmila He was born on January 6, 1958 Kaliningrad He graduated from Kaliningrad No. 8 Middle School. He loves drama and sports activities. After graduating from high school, Lyudmila enrolled in the Kaliningrad Institute of Technology, and dropped out after two years because she did not like engineering. In the early 1980s, she worked as a flight attendant in the Kaliningrad Air Force. He entered Leningrad State University to study languages Spain Word. He was a university teacher in Bryansk, Russia. When he was 24, he took a short vacation to Leningrad, where he met Putin at a concert. On July 28, 1983, Putin married Lyudmila in a small boat on the Neva River. ^[48] On June 6, 2013, Putin and his wife announced that they were divorcing after 30 years of marriage after attending a ballet together at the Kremlin. Lyudmila and Putin have two daughters, Maria Putinina, born in 1985, and Ekaterina Putinina, born in 1986, both of whom graduated from Moscow's Devonian University. ^[49]

Putin (left) and his ex-wife Lyudmila (right)

Personal assets

On January 30, 2024, Russia's Central Election Commission released the income declaration of Putin, Putin's income in the past six years is about 67.6 million rubles (about 5.35 million yuan), which includes salary, bank deposits and securities income, military pension, pension and asset sale income. According to the documents, President Putin owns the following properties: a 77-square-meter apartment in St. Petersburg; An 18 SQM garage in St. Petersburg; 3 cars: GAZ M21 (1960 production), GAZ M21 (1965 production), Lada mud tile (2009 production); A "Skif" trailer (1987). In addition, Putin also owned 10 bank accounts with a total deposit of 54,416,604.52 rubles (about 4.307 million yuan) and 230 shares in the bank of St. Petersburg. As President of Russia, Putin owns a 153.7 square meter apartment in Moscow and a permanent use of an 18 square meter parking space in St. Petersburg. ^[330]

Hobbies and interests

Putin is particularly keen on collecting hunting guns, in his hunting gun collection room, gathered almost all the famous hunting guns in Russia, including red deer, tiger, bear, sable, Wolf and other series of hunting guns, but also has a German double-barreled hunting gun and Italian standpipe hunting gun more than ten. Putin is also a pet owner and owns three dogs, the most photographed of which is the Labrador retriever Koni. His pet team also includes five Arabian horses, a trotter and a miniature horse, and a Ussuri tiger cub. ^[341]

Honorary award

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EDITOR

time	Honors & Awards
2023	The highest order of honour of the Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina ^[141-142]
The year 2021	Nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize. ^[46]
2019	Russia's Independent newspaper "Russian political 100" number one. ^[15]
2019	Tsinghua University An honorary doctorate. ^[14]
The year 2018	The first Chinese "Friendship Medal". ^[3]
The year 2015	# 1 on Forbes' 2015 list of the World's Most powerful People. ^[95]
The year 2015	The United States age # 1 on the magazine's "Most Influential People" list. ^[94]
The year 2014	Nobel Peace Prize nomination ^[332]
The year 2014	Forbes ranked the world's most powerful people in 2014. ^[93]
The year 2013	World Taekwondo Federation Awarded 9th Dan Black Belt with Taekwondo Honours (Note: This honour was revoked on February 28, 2022) ^[19] ^[36]
The year 2013	It was first awarded by the World Assembly of the Russian People Prize for the defense of Russia's Great Power status . ^[13]
The year 2013	# 1 on Forbes 2013 list of the World's Most powerful People ^[331]
The year 2012	The International Judo Federation awarded Judo Eight Dan, becoming the first Russian to do so. ^[18] ^[34]
The year 2012	Ranked third on Forbes' 2012 list of the world's most powerful people ^[12]
The year 2011	# 2 on Forbes' 2011 list of the World's Most powerful People ^[331]
The year 2008	Honorary President of the International Federation of Flexo (Note: This title was suspended on 27 February 2022) ^[34]
The year 2007	Time magazine's 2007 "Person of the Year". ^[78]
The year 2006	French Legion of Honor ^[333]
The year 2005	Honorary President of the European Judo Federation. ^[18]
The year 2001	Olympic Order (Note: This Order was revoked on 28 February 2022) ^[35]

Personal anecdote

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EDITOR

Sports expert

Putin has had an indissoluble bond with sports since childhood, and Putin's favorite sport is judo. He began to practice judo at the age of 13 and won a judo championship in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). ^[79] In 1973, Putin went from an apprentice to a Sambo wrestling coach, and two years later became a judo coach. Among Putin's many disciples are outstanding figures, including a two-time world champion Sambo wrestler Abdurayev . In recognition of Putin's special contribution, the former Soviet Union awarded him the title of "Meritorious coach." ^[80] In addition to judo, Putin is also good at wrestling, mountain skiing and other sports. He often has "out of line" behavior, showing a strong, strong side. ^[79]

In 2006, Putin caught the world's attention by going topless while fishing. ^[79]

On November 7, 2010, Putin took a test drive at a race track in St. Petersburg Formula Renault Sochi will host an F1 race starting in 2014. Putin believes that the entry of Formula 1 into Russia will increase the interest of young Russians in motorsport. ^[23]

On 11 May 2014, the Russian Amateur Ice Hockey League Championship ended with a score of 21:4, with the Russian Amateur Ice Hockey League Stars winning. Putin opened the scoring for the Stars, scoring six goals and making five productive passes throughout the game.

On January 8, 2016, Putin visited the southern training center of the Russian Judo National team in Sochi, during which he competed with top masters such as the Judo champions of the London Olympic Games. ^[87]

Putin's sports life

Multiple piloting

In October 1999, Putin flew an Su-25 for 10 minutes. In 2000, Putin flew Su-27 fighter jets to Grozny, the capital of the Chechen Republic, again in person. In August 2005, Putin flew and briefly flew a Tu-160 strategic bomber for five hours during a multi-project military exercise. ^[81]

Putin flies a plane to put out a fire (August 10, 2010)

On August 10, 2010, Putin piloted a B-200 fire-fighting aircraft Liang Zanzhou Participate in the fire fighting. On the same day, Putin boarded the bi-200 amphibious aircraft of the Aviation Fire Service of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations to observe and monitor the forest fires with the help of thermal imagers. ^[20] During the flight, Putin suddenly got up and left his minders, entered the cockpit and sat in the co-pilot seat. The chief of the aviation Fire Department of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations quickly explained the operation essentials to Putin. After circling for a week, the plane landed smoothly in the river and took off again after absorbing 12 tons of water in 11 seconds. A few minutes later, the plane flew over a burning spot and Mr. Putin pressed the spray button. Putin personally piloted his aircraft twice to collect water from the river and spray the burning forest at low altitude, putting out two fires. ^[21]

Surprise quote

In August 1999, the terrorist acts planned by the Chechen armed rebel leader Basayev and separatists shocked the Russian government for a time. During a visit to Dagestan, Putin said: "Forgiving them is God's business, and my task is to send them to God." If you meet them on the plane, exterminate them on the plane, if you meet them in the toilet, drown them in the toilet!" ^[24] ^[173]

Dart whaling

Putin hunts whales with crossbow

On August 25, 2010, Putin took part in a scientific expedition to the port of Olga near the Kamchatka Peninsula. in Kamchatka Peninsula With a crossbow in hand, Putin hunched over the side of the fast-moving rubber dinghy, and he accurately hit the gray whale with a specially designed dart designed to collect whale skin samples. "I hit it on the fourth attempt," Putin, wearing a black and orange waterproof suit and a casual black hat, shouted into the camera from the boat. A biologist accompanying Putin showed a sample of the whale's skin, which helped give experts an idea of where the whale came from. ^[22] After the rubber boat landed, Putin easily jumped onto the shore and sprinted all the way to the waiting reporters, who happily answered their questions. "Overall, it was a dangerous experience," he said. But I love this kind of activity. I love nature." ^[82]

Defuse a protest

On April 8, 2013, Putin was visiting Germany at the time of the German chancellor Merkel Accompanied by the tour Hannover Messe . During the visit, several female activists from a Ukrainian women's rights group broke through police lines and confronted the Russian and German leaders, stripped off their shirts, went topless and shouted uncivilized slogans in English, which had been smeared on their bodies. "As for the demonstration," Mr. Putin said afterward, "I liked it. We should say thank you to the Ukrainian girls, they helped us promote this exhibition. Because, without such demonstrations, the level of attention to the exhibition would not be as high. In fact, it would be better to undress somewhere else, like the beach." Mr. Putin added, "I didn't hear what slogans they were Shouting there. Because the security personnel's approach was very decisive, several big-waisted security guards jumped on them. I felt that this was not right and that the women could be treated in a softer way. I didn't get a chance to see if their hair was dark brown or black." While Mr Putin himself was calm and dignified about a topless demonstration by Ukrainian women's rights activists at the Hannover Messe, the Kremlin has asked Germany to take disciplinary action against three demonstrators. ^[335-336]

Character evaluation

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EDITOR

President Putin is my closest foreign colleague and my best intimate friend. I cherish the profound friendship with President Putin very much. （国家主席习近平评） ^[339]

Putin has been a successful president leading our country. ( Medvedev Review)

Putin is not only smart and knowledgeable, but also very calm and well-behaved. ( Boris Yeltsin Review) ^[107]

He brought stability to Russia, and not everyone was able to handle the legacy he inherited from Yeltsin. I didn't think he would succeed, but he did and saved the country from danger. He began to solve some important socio-economic problems and to re-govern Russia. This opens the door to real modernization. ( Gorbachev Review) ^[108]

I think he's a war criminal. ( Biden Review) ^[98-99]

When it comes to leadership, Putin gets an "A," and our [Obama] president doesn't do so well. Putin is smart, I mean, he's got $2 worth of sanctions in exchange for a country, which is smart, I would say. ( Trump Review) ^[26] ^[57]

With one foot stuck in the Cold War era, Putin has stepped into a new one. ( Obama Review) ^[96-97]

Sometimes he's cocky, sometimes he's charming, but more often he comes off too tough. ( George W. Bush Review) ^[91]

A real man and a strong leader. (Commentary by Sobyanin)

In many ways, Putin is the embodiment of the Russian national consciousness. In the last 100 years, we have never had a leader so close to the soul of Russia as Putin. (Commentary by Crobock) ^[25]

He is an expert, consistent, strong defender of the national interests of the Russian Federation and has a great sense of humour. (Comment by Dmitry Peskov, Putin's press secretary) ^[340]

Putin has done a remarkable job of leading Russia back into the ranks of the world's great powers from its disarray. (United States" Time magazine "Review) ^[78]

Russian President Vladimir Putin is a confident and knowledgeable man. ( International Atomic Energy Agency Director GENERAL Rafael Mariano Grossi Review) ^[138]

Character influence

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EDITOR

Putin's image is widely sung in popular songs. In 2002, a popular song called "Marry a Man Like Putin" swept the streets of Russia ^[16] . The old house in St Petersburg where Mr Putin lived and worked has become a tourist hotline; Putin in Germany Dresden The place where the city lived has also become a lucrative tourist destination for Germans. Putin's image has also been painted into a doll, which has become a hot souvenir in Russia; Pictures of Mr. Putin have also been turned into calendars that have become proud collectibles for officials. ^[17]

Character dispute

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EDITOR

Personality cult

On the one hand, the Russian authorities carefully designed and shaped the leader image of Putin, but also cleverly used the "extraordinary charm" released by Putin as a leader image to highlight the national image of Russia. Putin has presented himself as the man the people want, and the people have given him tremendous support. Russians have even transferred the cult of the "good tsar" to the "new tsar" Putin. A poll was conducted in Russia: "Who is responsible for the increase in wages?" "Who is responsible for rising prices?" Most of those surveyed believe that the good goes to Putin (the good tsar) and the bad goes to the government (the bad aristocrat). A similar example is the controversy over the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PAH) in the summer of 2013, in which the angry scientists' struggle was always directed at the then education minister de Livanov, the then deputy Prime Minister O Gorgerts, and even the then Prime Minister Medvedev, and placed their hopes on Putin. ^[92] Although Russians largely support Mr Putin, opposition is growing. Pro-american media often accuse Putin's policies of being anti-democratic, and Putin's cult of personality is widely criticized. There are also reports that Putin manipulates the media to suppress opponents, such as chess champion Garry Kasparov, who has been repeatedly arrested for protesting against the government. "In this country, there are people who beg for food from foreign embassies like running dogs, who count on the support of foreign foundations and governments, not on their own," Putin responded. ^[27] On March 13, 2020, Russian Presidential Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov said that Putin does not agree with the cult of personality, that he does not like it and does not agree with it. ^[334]

Electoral fraud

Putin and United Russia have long held a commanding lead over opposition parties in opinion polls and elections, but these parties have often accused him of manipulating public opinion behind the scenes. On December 2, 2007, Russia held the fifth State Duma (lower house of parliament) election, although Putin claimed that the election was "broadly transparent and honest", but the chairman of the Russian Communist Party Zyuganov still commented on the result: "This is a shameful farce, it is not in the interests of the country and democratic institutions." "What you see today is not just a crisis of democracy. A party with no ideas, multiple candidates who did not participate in the debate and a fraud calculated 30 days ago now leaps onto the television screen in front of you." On May 27, 2008, the Communist Party of Russia filed a complaint with the Supreme Court of Russia demanding the cancellation of the results of the 5th State Duma (lower house of Parliament) election. According to the indictment, the Russian Communist Party believes that United Russia committed multiple violations during the State Duma election, including violating pre-election propaganda rules, providing voters with asymmetric information about candidates, and using administrative resources in the counting of votes. The spokesman of the Russian Communist Party said that in light of these irregularities, the Russian Communist Party has reason to demand the cancellation of the results of the current State Duma election. ^[102]

In March 2009, when Russia held its first regional elections since the economic crisis, the opposition accused Putin's United Russia party of trying to disguise the Kremlin's falling popularity as unemployment rose and companies cut wages. Senior Communist Party leader Gennady Zyuganov described the election as "dirty and unforgivable," and Liberal Democratic Party chairman Vladimir Zhirinovsky led a group of lawmakers out of the Duma in protest. ^[101]

On December 7, 2011, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev said that Russia should nullify the results of the State Duma election and hold new elections because they "do not reflect the will of the people". On December 10, tens of thousands of people held a rally in central Moscow, Russia, to protest the Russian State Duma election fraud and demand a new "honest election". The Russian Interior Ministry put the number of participants at about 25,000, while the opposition said 80,000 people showed up. ^[100]

authoritarianism

In January 2004, he was the US Secretary of State Powell During his visit to Russia, he pointed out that Putin's suppression of opposition media and arrest of plutocrats who support opposition parties are manifestations of "democratic regression." Most senior US officials agree. As a result, although Russia-US relations are ostensibly thriving, many scholars believe that if Putin pushes them further authoritarianism Policy, RussiAn-American relations will eventually break down. Powell also brought Russia into the open: "free but unfair" parliamentary (Duma) elections expelled most pro-Western parties; Russia has gradually pushed private property out of all television stations; Russia has largely ignored international criticism of its policy in Chechnya; Russia's heavy-handed approach to pro-Western oil barons, and so on. ^[90]

43rd President of the US George Walker Bush After leaving office, in his autobiography Decision Points, Putin said in a meeting that he was full of blood, but Bush responded, "No, Vladimir, you're a cold-blooded animal." ^[91]

Conflict between Russia and Ukraine

Russia-ukraine conflict in 2022 After the incident, Putin and some Russian officials were subjected to Western sanctions. On March 16, 2022, local time, US President Joe Biden made the "strongest condemnation" of Russian President Vladimir Putin since the war between Russia and Ukraine, and for the first time claimed to describe the Russian president with the word "war criminal" ^[338] . On December 15, Putin said the West was trying to use sanctions to push Russia to the edge of the world, but Russia would not go down the path of self-isolation. ^[337]

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