Collect
Check out my collection
0
Useful +1
They resemble monks in appearance
monk
But its essence is that of soldiers, whose minds are not filled with the Bible, nor with prayers, but with "fighting." They were dressed in half-monastic garments, but under these they still wore the armour of knights. Their weapons were not preaching, but swords and spears.
- Chinese name
- knighthood
- Foreign name
- Knight team
- Establishment time
- crusade period
- nature
- Religious feudal military organization
The Knights emerged during the Crusades in the Middle Ages as religious feudal military organizations established by feudal lords in Western Europe to defend their occupied territories in the East.
After the end of the First Crusade (1096-1099), the Crusaders occupied the richest areas and the most prosperous industrial and commercial cities on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, and established four Crusader states in this area, whose occupation of the territory from south to north as long as 1,200 kilometers. Due to its flat coastal terrain and lack of natural barriers, the region was vulnerable to attack, and the Crusader states were in turmoil under the threat of an aggressive Muslim attack.
To consolidate these states, the establishment of a standing armed force is urgently needed. Thus, the Pope organized several orders of monastic knights, which became known as the three major orders in history: the Hospitaliers (early 12th century), the Knights Templar (circa 1118), and the Teutonic Knights (1198). Its mission was to suppress the resistance of the people in the Crusader states, to fight against the neighboring Muslim states, and to defend and expand the Crusader territories. These three orders soon developed into elite professional armies capable of fighting enemies anywhere. They are recruiting heavily in Europe and their strength is growing.
In its apparent form and character, the Order was a kind of order of monks, whose religious discipline was similar to that of monks. Most of these monks and knights were outlaws from poor aristocratic backgrounds in Western European countries, organized in a monastic manner and dedicated their lives to the "defense of Christianity." Members of the Order must not marry, have children, seek wealth, disobey the will of their superiors (the Catholic Church), and must not be swayed from their "devotion to Christianity" by their infatuation with worldly life.
The supreme leader of each regiment is the "general commander", the head of the branch under its jurisdiction is called the "branch commander", and then there are commanders, stable commanders, etc., and the officers below the branch commander form a general association, subordinate to the general commander. The general, on the other hand, reports directly to the Pope and must obey his orders.
The Pope granted the order various privileges, the most important of which was freedom from the monastic and lay rulers of the Crusader states. Although the Archbishop of Jerusalem was the Pope's envoy, he had no authority over the Order.
Nominally, the order must abide by the three precepts of poverty, chastity, and obedience. But what the knights longed for and were busy with was the accumulation of wealth. They can't live in peace and happiness. Moreover, the monastic feudal lords of the country of the Crusaders, in order to use their power to keep the Western Europeans occupied on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean for a long time, also gave the knights favorable treatment. As a result, the Order's way of life was extremely secular.
The "secular cause" of the Order was a great success, and within a few decades the Order had not only territories in the East, but also numerous possessions in France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, the Czech Republic, England, and other places.
At the same time, the Knights became increasingly important in the Crusader states, owning many fortresses and castles. By the end of the 12th century, the Order of Monks had become a powerful political, economic, and military force in both East and West. The number of members also increased greatly, because many ordinary knights saw that under the protection of the cross, they could lead a rich life. By the end of the 12th century, the Knights Templar alone had 15,000 members.
Later, with the decline and collapse of the Crusader states, the Knights could no longer stand in the East, but they did not disband, but returned to Europe in monastic robes and helmets, and continued to serve the Pope. The Teutonic Order even established order states in Europe, exerting a long influence on European political and military life.
Western noble pilgrims asked the Knights to purchase palaces, houses, and land in Crusader countries as a place to live when they arrived in the "Holy Land," and at the end of the pilgrimage they were given possession of the Knights. In 1168, the Knights Templar received 10,000 besans from the Hungarian ruler, 6,000 of which were used to buy a palace and four houses in Acre for use by the Hungarian ruler, all of which later fell into the hands of the Knights. In the 12th century, the Knights Templar also signed similar agreements with the French and Czech princes. So it is with the Knights of Good Hall. King Henry II of England gave it 42,000 silver marks and 500 gold marks before his death to fund its activities.
The Knights Templar, for example, had its own fleet, took part in trade in the Mediterranean, and charged high fees to transport pilgrims from place to place. At the same time, the Order also operated loan sharking and banking businesses. Therefore, it was said at the time, "there are more books of covenants than of religion" in the order of knights.
This kind of behavior is not uncommon for knights. For example, after the Crusader states fought against the Egyptians and captured Ascalon in 1153, the Templars first stormed the city, placing 40 soldiers at a gap in the wall to keep other knights out while the knights went door to door in search of gold and silver.
Insignia of the Knights Templar
Around 1119, two French nobles who had fought in the war, Hugo de Paine and Geffre de Saint-Aume, proposed the formation of a friar order to protect the pilgrims. King Baldwin II of Jerusalem agreed and allowed them to base themselves at the Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount.
Legend has it that the temple was built on the ruins of the former Temple of Solomon, hence the name "the Poor Knights of Christ and Solomon's Temple". They started with nine members and relied on donations. The emblem of the pair riding a single horse image, symbolizing their poverty.
This poor state of affairs soon changed when Saint Bernardo, one of the most influential men in Christendom, decided to support the Knights Templar.
In 1129, the Synod of Bishops met in Troyes, France, and the Pope officially recognized them.
In 1139, Pope Innocent II granted them a privileged status by a papal bull. The Knights Templar were answerable only to the Pope, not to Kings or local bishops; With the privilege of tax exemption and the ability to collect tithes in their territory. As a result, they quickly grew into an important force for the Pope, with a maximum membership of more than 20,000. The Knights Templar guarded an important fortress in the Holy Land and played a decisive role in the defense of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Templar
At the Battle of Mongiza on November 25, 1177, Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem, at the age of 16, led 80 Templars, 375 cavalry, and several thousand infantry against the 30,000 men of Saladin of Arabia, resulting in the nearly complete annihilation of the elite Mamluk guard, with a total of more than 20,000 casualties. Saladin fled back to Egypt with less than a tenth of his remaining army.
At the Battle of Hardin in 1187, the Knights Templar were besieged by Saladin's army, most of whom were killed or wounded. In the same year, Saladin captured Jerusalem, and the Templars withdrew, eventually retreating to Cyprus. By the time of the Third Crusade (1189-1192), the Templars were already weak.
The Knights Templar initially acquired a large amount of real estate, which laid the foundation for its development, and later launched fundraising missions overseas, and engaged in banking and commerce to expand its assets. They controlled the commerce between the East and the West, and had branches in various places, including France and England, which for a time entrusted the king's Treasury to them. The Knights Templar were important in financial circles at the time, making people think that the world was rich, but therefore became the cause of its destruction.
In 1241, the Mongol Batusi invaded Poland. At the Battle of Wahlstadt, the Templar forces were almost wiped out. Its chief, Armond de Perigord, wrote to King Louis of France that there was no military power in Central Europe that could stop the Mongol horde from reaching France.
The Templars were burned at the stake
On Friday 13 October 1307 (one of the origins of the "Black Friday" superstition), without warning, almost all Templar members throughout France were arrested and placed under restrictions on their possession to prevent their transfer out of the country. The reason is that the "beautiful man" known for his ability, King Philip IV of France, has issued a secret letter, ordering officials everywhere to open at the same time, and carry out his rectification action. In Paris alone, 138 people were arrested, including its Grand commander Jacques de Molay. Many of them died at trial, others were burned at the stake.
Pope Clement V of Avignon, France, played more than just a persecutor in the Templar trials, and repeatedly requested that the jurisdiction be handed over to the Church, but Philip IV did not agree.
In 1312, at the request of King Philip IV of France, Pope Clement V declared the dissolution of the Knights Templar. The Portuguese Knights became affiliated with the Jesuits, no longer engaged in military missions, and evolved into ordinary orders focused on overseas missions. The estates of the Spanish and Portuguese orders were transferred to two new orders: the Spanish Order of Montesa and the Portuguese Order of Christ.
In 1314, before being burned at the stake, Molet cursed Philip IV of France and Pope Clement V, saying that they would face eternal judgment within a year. The facts do agree with it. Pope Clement V died of a sudden illness a month later, and Philip IV, the "beautiful man," died suddenly while hunting six months later.
Later studies of the Chinon Parchment found that the Knights were actually ruled "possibly immoral, not heretical".
Templar Seal double riding was framed for homosexuality
The insignia is two knights sharing a horse with a shield and spear, and the shield is painted with a Red Cross. It symbolized its members as poor knights, and was later interpreted as the robed friendship of its members.
When King Philip IV of France attacked the Knights Templar, he interpreted them as homosexual. The slogan of the Knights Templar is "God wills it." and Non Nobis, Domine, Sed Nomini Tuo Da Gloriam. (Latin). Not to us, not to us, o Lord,But to your name give glory. Not to us, not to us, O Lord, but to your name give glory.
The leader of the Knights Templar, known as The Grand Master, or Grand Master, holds an elected office for life. The Grand Master was directly responsible to the Pope and was not controlled by the king or the local bishops. Members are divided into four classes:
Knights: is the main body. Its highest rank wore a white robe with a Red Cross painted on the back. Sergeants: Foot soldiers, below knights, are the main force of the military. Farmers: Manage property, mainly professional monks. Father: Prayer and other religious activities.
The sigil of the Teutonic Order
Founded in Palestine in 1198, it consisted mainly of German knights wearing white coats, black ancrucials, and white cloaks painted with red swords and crosses.
In the early 13th century, under the General Colonel Von. Under Salza, the mission shifted its focus from the Middle East to Eastern Europe.
In 1226, at the request of Konrad, Duke of Mazovia, the Teutonic Knights went to Poland to attack the Prussians, Poland's old enemies. Conrad made a treaty with the Teutonic Order: the Order was responsible for attacking Prussia, and Conrad signed to give the order a piece of territory between Torun and Heronno as a reward. Conrad's policy of inviting in the enemy and shortsighted caused great disasters to Poland in the future.
The image of a Teutonic knight
In 1237, the Teutonic Order merged with the Knights of the Sword on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea and became a powerful political force in Eastern Europe. For the next 50 years, the Teutonic Knights were firmly in control of Prussia, thus creating a situation in which Polish territory was seized from both the east and the west, directly threatening Polish national security.
The late 14th and early 15th centuries were the heyday of the Teutonic Order. Not content with the invasion of Poland, he also extended his aggressive hand to Lithuania, which stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.
In 1346, the Teutonic Knights took Estonia from the Danes. In addition, the Teutonic Knights had their own possessions in southern Italy, Greece, Spain, France, and the largest in Germany. The Teutonic dependencies in northeastern Europe blocked the access of Poland, Lithuania, and Russia to the Baltic Sea. The forces of the Polish, Russian and Lithuanian nations then united to fight against their common enemy, the Teutonic Knights.
In 1410, Poland and Lithuania formed an alliance and marched against the Teutonic Knights who had occupied Polish territory. On July 15, the historic Battle of Greenwald (known as the Battle of Tannenberg in German documents, and also translated as the Battle of Tannenberg in Chinese) was fought.
The current General director is Dr. Bruno Platter
Thereafter, the Teutonic Order turned to decline.
In 1454, fighting resumed between Poland and the Teutonic Knights.
In 1462, at the decisive Battle of Puck, the Teutonic Knights were again defeated and the Grand master was captured.
In 1466, the Order was forced to sign the Peace of Torun with Poland, and East Prussia, although still under the rule of the Order, was legally annexed to the Kingdom of Poland. The Teutonic Order became a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland, and half of its members were already Polish.
In 1525, Albrecht, the Grand Master of the Order, made East Prussia the secular Duchy of Prussia, and the Order lost its former prominence, although it remained until 1809, when it was dissolved. It was later restored in 1834, but since then the Teutonic Order has been completely different from the original sense of the powerful Teutonic Order state.
Previous Knights Hospitaller logo
However, after the end of the First Crusade, the purpose of the Hospitallers began to change, and their leaders decided: Some of the congregation continued to do charity work for hungry and sick pilgrims, but its central task was to establish a well-trained and disciplined knight army, which gradually became a purely feudal knight military order and existed in Palestine for nearly 200 years. The costume was a black coat with a white cross, which was later changed to a red coat.
In the early 14th century, the Ottoman Empire forced the order to move to the eastern Mediterranean island of Rhodes in 1310.
In 1522, in order to relieve the worries of invading Europe, Ottoman Sultan Suliman I attacked Rhode Island in a large scale. Although the knights only had more than 500 knights and more than 6,000 soldiers, they faced 200,000 strong enemies without fear and bravely resisted for more than half a year. But the Turkish army paid a heavy price with at least 50,000 dead. Suliman I was impressed by the courage of the Knights, and the enemy force was safely evacuated from the island on 1 January 1523.
Knights Hospitaller Maltese Cross
In 1798, on the way to Egypt, the French army led by Napoleon drove the Knights from the island of Malta, and the order was once again reduced to the rest of the world until 1834, when it took root in Rome, Italy. Since then, they have turned to charity again, and have continued to do so, and their name has been changed to"
Sovereign Military Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem, Rhode Island and Malta
".
The headquarters of the Order is the Malta Building on Rome's Commercial Street, marked by the initials S.M.O.M. Like the Vatican, they own the land. Although the Order has only a few dozen full citizens and only this 12,000-square-meter mansion, it has diplomatic relations with 87 countries around the world.
knighthood
The Order of Malta was very wealthy, and its income was used for the rescue and relief work it organized in times of war and natural disasters. In addition, it has a large number of aircraft, of course, have to borrow foreign airports, because the Order's own palm-size territory is no bigger than a normal airport.
The Order now has more than 12,000 knights around the world, including King Juan of Spain. Carlos, former Italian Prime Minister Francisco. Corsica, former United States Treasury Secretary William. Simon, New York Catholic Terence. Cook and other celebrities. There are 2,300 knights in the United States, the largest number of knights in any country except Italy.
The Cross of the Knights of Saint Lazarus
Coat of arms of the Knights of Saint Lazarus
Insignia of the Order of the Sword
In 1202, Bishop Alibiert organized the knights of the Baltic coast to form a religious military order, the Order of the Sword, or the Order of the Sword, or the Order of the Sabre, modeled after several orders established in Palestine.
Sword of the Livonian Fraternal Order
The seal of the Order of the Sword
In 1204, Pope Innocent III approved the creation of the Order. The members of the Order included the German "warmonks". The other names of the order were the Knights of Christ, the Brothers of the Sword, and the Volunteers of Christ of Livonia.
Albert, Bishop of Riga (or Prince Bishop of Livonia), founded the Brotherhood to assist the Diocese of Livonia in the conversion of Livonians, Latgalians, and Thionians, pagans who lived along the ancient trade routes leading east to the Gulf of Riga. From its founding, the undisciplined order tended to ignore its subordination to the bishop. In 1218 Albert requested assistance from King Valdemar II of Denmark, but Valdemar and the Brotherhood signed an agreement allowing them to occupy northern Estonia in lieu of their request for assistance.
The headquarters of the Brotherhood was located in Filin (Viljandi) in present-day Estonia, where the walls of the Grand Master's castle still stand. Other castles are located in Wenden (Chase), Sigward (Sigurd), Ashladen (Ezkauk). Fehring, the commander of Geerdingen (Kurdiga), Marienburg (Aruksny), Zhival (Tallinn) and the court officer of Wiesenstein (Pide) were the attendants of the Grand Master.
On 24 November 1232, in his letter, Emperor Gregory IX asked the Knights to defend Finland against the Novgorod attack. However, there is no documentation of any action by the Order in Finland that might have saved it. (Sweden eventually occupied Finland in 1249 during the Second Swedish Crusader invasion.)
At the Battle of Sulle in 1236, the Lithuanians and Samogitians killed most of the Knights. The surviving members of the Order were merged into the Teutonic Order the following year and formed a separate branch, renamed
The Livonian Order.
A branch of the German Teutonic Order. Founded in 1237, it was named after the territory of Livonia (present-day Latvia and Estonia). He was defeated in a fierce battle on the ice in 1242, after which he stopped expanding to the east. It was further weakened in the early 16th century. It was defeated by Russia during the Livonian War. It was dissolved in 1562.
One of the more famous knights, also known as the Livonian Order.
Between 1237 and 1290, the Livonian Order conquered all of Courland, Livonia, and Semigalia, but the Order's attempt to invade the neighboring Republic of Novgorod was unsuccessful, and its army was finally defeated at the Battle of Lakhvere (1268).
In 1240, together with the Danish and Swedish feudal lords, the Order invaded Russia, captured the city of Pskov, and continued eastward to the city of Novgorod.
On April 5, 1242, the famous "Battle on Ice" broke out on the frozen Lake of Chud, resulting in the victory of the Novgorod army, the expulsion of the Knights from Russia, and the subsequent eastward expansion of the order
In 1346, the Order bought the Estonian Duchy from King Valdemar IV of Denmark. Life in the territory of the Order is described in the chronicle of Balthazar Rusov.
After the Battle of Grunwald in 1410,
The Teutonic Knights
It began to decline, and in 1525 the master of the Order, Albrecht, took it
Prussia
The territories were secularized, but the Livonian Order tried to remain independent.
The Livonian Order was defeated at the Battle of Papaiskas on September 1, 1435, and this defeat led the master and several senior knights to draw the Order together with their Livonian neighbors. On September 4, 1435, the Archbishop of Riga, the bishops of Courland, Dorpat, Ursel-vik and Revar, representatives of the Livonian Order and its dependencies, and representatives of the municipal councils of Riga, Levar and Dorpat signed at Volk the Agreement of the Commonwealth of Livonia.
eiine fruntliche eyntracht
).
In January 1558, under the pretext that the Livonian Order was allied with Lithuania against Russia, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia sent 40,000 troops to invade Livonia from the north. Start the Livonian War. They occupied the fortresses of Narva and Dolpat (present-day Tartu) and surrounded the Bishopric of Riga, which was temporarily suspended for fear of intervention by other countries. The Livonian feudal lords took the opportunity to conclude a treaty with Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, placing Livonia under Polish and Lithuanian protection.
In August 1560, the main force of the Order was attacked by the Russian army, and the general commander Felstenburg was captured.
In 1560, the Russians invaded Livonia from the center and occupied large areas. Sweden intervened and occupied northern Estonia. The rest of Livonia came under the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. From then on, the Russian invasion of Livonia was transformed into a Russian war against Sweden, Poland, and Lithuania.
On 28 November 1561, the new Grand Master of the Order, Gothard. Keteler signed a contract with King Sigismund II of Poland at Vilnius, giving Livonia to Lithuania, restoring the Order to the laity, and establishing duchies in Courland and Semigalia, dependent on Poland and Lithuania. The following March, the Livonian Order, which had existed for 360 years, was officially dissolved.
In 1562 Ivan IV (Ledi) attacked Lithuania from the south with 80,000 troops and captured Polotsk, threatening its capital, Vilno. At this time, there was an internal change in the Russian ruling group, the Tsar was busy dealing with the domestic crisis, and the Russian army suffered successive defeats on the front line. The Russian front commander A.M. Kurbsky left for Lithuania in 1564, and the situation changed unfavorably for the Russian army.
In 1569, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania merged into the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom, which strengthened its rivalry with Russia.
In 1576, Polish-Lithuanian King Stefan IV Batori formed an alliance with Sweden, Turkey, and Croatia against Russia.
In 1579, Stefan IV Batori led an army and captured Polotsk, Never, and Dalluki.
In 1581, he besieged Pskov, bringing the war to the Russian mainland. This played a major role in turning the tide of the war. At the same time, Sweden also launched an offensive against Russia in the north, capturing Narva, Corera, and advancing on Karelia. Russia was forced to sign armistice agreements with Poland (1582) and Sweden (1583), giving up the Livonian territories. Russia made several enemies and was unable to do anything, winning first and then losing, and failing to achieve the goal of gaining access to the sea. The basic form of operation in this war is fortress attack and defense, field battles mainly cooperate with the battle for the fortress, siege artillery and explosive equipment are widely used.
The ceremonial dress of the Knights of Santiago was a white cloak painted with a red sword cross, with a lily shaped grip and guard end.
San Diego Knights
In 1151 AD, the Order of Santiago was formed in the Kingdom of Leon (northwestern Spain, the capital of the Spanish computer for you). But it seems everyone's original Order of Santiago was in Valencia).
How it was formed, and who the original members were, are not exactly answered.
The cross of the Order of Santiago
Originally known as the Knights of Caceres and the Knights of Our Lady of the Sword (fancy names), these men developed and, like the other orders, accumulated estates and property, and eventually ruled a territory resembling a bishopric, with its capital at Ucelles.
Their chief (called the Chief Justice) wields the same power as the archbishop. This territory is the size of three Spanish provinces (the Spanish provinces are so small that they are equivalent to our concept of "provinces" called "regions"), and it also governs several famous monasteries.
According to a royal document issued in 1174, Castile (central Spain, the location of Madrid, meaning "castle", the Spanish flag, emblem of the castle is from this; In addition, the Lion on the Spanish flag and emblem is attributed to King Alfonso VIII of Leon /Lion (the king of Spain at the beginning of the game), who gave Uccles to Pedro Fernandez Fuentencarada, one of the founders of the Order.
According to the rules of the Order of Santiago, its members may be awarded the title of "Thirteen Knights" by the Grand Chief and other members. A royal decree of Pope Alexander III in 1175 stated that thirteen monks should be responsible for electing and advising the Grand Chief. Some historians claim that the number of 13 corresponds to the original 13 members of the Order of Santiago (but the "most realistic explanation" just now says that there were 12 founders...). . Thirteen Knights were the highest rank of the order, followed by two masters from Uccles and SAN Marcos. At the general Council of Knights, the thirteen knights wore black cloaks and four-cornered hats like the great chief. Mayores de Castilla and the two prefects of Leon were always among the thirteen Knights. But they were elected just like everyone else. If there is a shortage of 13 knights, it is also taken up by the elected knights. The 13 Knights have great power and great responsibility. In 1246, Pope Innocent IV limited their powers, but Alexander IV restored the powers of the thirteen Knights. But one of the most important powers they had always had was the ability of the thirteen knights and their master to depose the Grand chief if they agreed that he was incompetent or harmful to the order - which they did in 1338 with Don Basco Lopez. In addition, the important role of the thirteen knights is also reflected in a red tape of the order: when the great chief is awarded the Great Chief badge, it is first reviewed by the master of the knights, and then it is approved by the thirteen knights, and finally at the public knight meeting, the great chief has to make a speech to thank the thirteen knights for their approval...
