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World heritage site

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Cultural relics and monuments and natural landscapes of outstanding significance and universal value recognized by all mankind

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World Heritage refers to being UNESCO and World Heritage Committee The identified rare and irreplaceable wealth of mankind is recognized by all mankind as having outstanding significance and universal value Cultural relics and historic sites and Natural landscape .

World Heritage sites include World cultural heritage (contain Cultural landscape ), World natural Heritage , World cultural and natural heritage Three categories. In a broad sense, according to the form and nature, World Heritage is divided into material heritage ( Cultural heritage , Natural heritage , cultural and natural heritage) and Intangible cultural heritage .

As of September 18, 2023, the total number of World Heritage sites has reached 1,121, distributed in 167 countries, including 39 World cultural and natural heritage sites, 213 World natural Heritage sites, and 869 World cultural Heritage sites. China It has 57 World Heritage sites . ^[1-2] ^[25] ^[28]

Chinese name: World heritage site
Foreign name: World Heritage
definition: The rare and irreplaceable wealth of mankind is the cultural relics and monuments and natural landscapes with outstanding significance and universal value recognized by all mankind

Generic type: Culture, nature, culture and nature
Start time: The year 1977
Legal system: " Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage "
Total amount: 1122 items ^[3]

catalogue

8Records
9China directory
▪World Heritage List
▪Partial estate presentation
▪Preliminary list of World Heritage Sites
▪Intangible cultural heritage
10Convention law

Development course

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EDITOR

In 1959, Egypt The government intends to build The Aswan High Dam May be flooded The Nile Valuable monuments in the valley, like The Temple of Abu Simbel . In 1960, UNESCO launched the" Nubia Action Plan ", ABU Shin be Temple sum Temple of Philae As the monuments were carefully disassembled, transported to the highlands, and then assembled piece by piece. The conservation effort cost $80 million, $40 million of which was raised by more than 50 countries. The operation was considered very successful and spurred other similar conservation efforts, such as rescue Italy Mizuki Venice , Pakistan The site of Mohenjo-Daro, Indonesia the Borobudur Let's wait. After that, UNESCO Jointly with others International Council on Monuments and Sites Agreements on the protection of the cultural heritage of humanity have been drafted.

The United States was the first to join the Convention in 1973, with about 180 countries joining.

In 1977, UNESCO World Heritage Committee Formal meeting, review World cultural heritage . World cultural Heritage includes: (1) cultural relics, (2) architectural buildings, (3) sites. World Natural Heritage sites include: ① natural features of geological and biological structures; ② ecological areas of endangered plants and animals; ③ natural attractions.

In 1992, UNESCO At its 16th session, the World Heritage Committee proposed" Cultural landscape heritage Included in the World Heritage List specifically represents the common works of nature and man as expressed in Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of the World Culture and Heritage. Cultural landscape heritage includes: (1) garden and park landscape, (2) organically evolved landscape (physical evidence of the evolution of human history), and (3) associated cultural landscape.

In 1992, UNESCO launched an extension of the World Cultural Heritage project Memory of the World documentary Heritage (also called" Memory of the World Project "Or" Memory of the World Register The purpose is to rescue and protect the documentary record and make the memory of mankind more complete.

The year 1998 UNESCO Adopted a resolution establishing" Intangible cultural heritage To protect cultural diversity and stimulate creativity. This is a follow-up to" Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage "Protection Material cultural heritage The juxtaposed items are generally regarded as the whole content of the World Heritage Site.

In 1998, Austria The Semmering Railway, 1999 India Darjeeling Himalayan Railway It is inscribed on the World Heritage List, extending an area with Tourism development value Linear cultural heritage "Type.

In 2001, UNESCO issued the Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Underwater cultural heritage Class item

In 2002, FAO, UNDP and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) established the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage (GIAHS) Programme.

In 2009, Wetlands International Alliance organized the inclusion of international wetlands into the World Heritage protection strategy and established the "Wetland Heritage" project.

In 2019, 43rd World Heritage Assembly Up. Burma the Ancient city of Bagan It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. ^[4]

On July 25th, 2021, Quanzhou: The world Marine trade center of China in Song and Yuan Dynasties Approved for inclusion in the World Heritage List. ^[25]

On September 18, 2023, at the 45th Expanded session of the World Heritage Committee in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tunis Djerba It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. ^[30]

Main classification

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EDITOR

World Heritage sites World cultural heritage , World natural Heritage and World cultural and natural heritage . Have a clear definition and supply Member state Criteria for nomination and approval by the Estate Committee: ^[5]

Cultural heritage

Artifact: Historically, artistically, or scientifically, having Outstanding universal value Buildings, stelae, and paintings of monuments, of an archaeological nature, of composition or structure, inscriptions, caves, and their complexes.

Building group: A single or connected group of buildings of outstanding universal value, from a historical, artistic or scientific point of view, in architectural style, uniformity of distribution, or integration with the environmental landscape.

Site: From history, aesthetics, ethnography From an anthropological point of view, man-made works or joint works of man and nature and archaeological sites of outstanding universal value.

Its criteria are:

1, represents a unique artistic achievement, a creative masterpiece of genius.

2, can be in a certain period of time or a certain world Cultural region Inside, right Architectural art , memorial art, planning, or landscape design Significant impact .

3) To provide a unique or at least special testimony to a lost civilization or cultural tradition.

4, as an outstanding example of a building or group of buildings or landscape, showing an important stage (or stages) in human history.

(5) may be an outstanding example of a traditional place of human habitation or use, representing a culture (or cultures) that has become vulnerable to damage, especially under the influence of irreversible change.

(6) There is a direct and substantial connection with events of special general significance or with existing traditions or ideas or beliefs or with literary and artistic works (the Committee considers that this paragraph justifies inclusion in the List only in certain exceptional circumstances or if the criterion is used in conjunction with other criteria).

In addition, "cultural landscape" is a special type included in "cultural heritage", not a separate category of heritage.

Natural heritage

From an aesthetic or scientific point of view, has outstanding, universal value by geology and Biological structure Or the natural appearance of such groups of structures.

Geology and geology of outstanding universal value from a scientific or conservation point of view Physical geographic structure And clearly defined Endangered animals and plants species biotope .

Natural sites of outstanding or universal value or clearly delineated from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty Natural zone .

Its criteria are:

1, constitute a prominent example of an important stage in the history of Earth modernization.

2, the composition represents the ongoing important geological processes, biological evolution processes, and human interaction Natural environment A striking example of interrelationship.

(3) Unique, rare or excellent natural phenomena, landforms or areas of rare natural beauty.

4. Habitat for remaining rare or endangered species of plants and animals.

Mixed heritage

The cultural and natural Mixed heritage (Mixed Site) is referred to as "mixed heritage", "compound heritage", and "double heritage". In accordance with the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, only partial provisions of the Convention can be met at the same time. Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Only heritage items with the definition of cultural and natural heritage can become mixed cultural and natural heritage.

Session time

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EDITOR

session	years	date	Host city	nation
1	The year 1977	June 27 - July 1	Paris	France
2	The year 1978	September 5 -8	Washington, D.C.	America
3	The year 1979	October 22-26	Cairo , Luxor	Egypt
4	The year 1980	September 1st - 5th	Paris	France
5	The year 1981	October 26-30	Sydney	Australia
6	The year 1982	December 13-17	Paris	France
7	The year 1983	5 -9 December	Florence	Italy
8	The year 1984	October 29 - November 2	Buenos Aires	Argentina
9	The year 1985	December 2 -6	Paris	France
10	The year 1986	24 -28 November
11	The year 1987	December 7-11
12	The year 1988	5 -9 December	Brasilia	Brazil
13	The year 1989	December 11-15	Paris	France
14	The year 1990	December 7th - 12th	Banff	Canada
15	The year 1991	December 9-13	Carthage	Tunisia
16	The year 1992	December 7-14	Santa Fe	America
17	The year 1993	December 6 -11	Cartagena	Colombia
18	The year 1994	December 12-17	Phuket	Thailand
19	The year 1995	December 4-9	Berlin	Germany
20	The year 1996	December 2-7	Merida	Mexico
21	The year 1997	December 1st - 6th	Naples	Italy
22	The year 1998	November 30 - December 5	Kyoto	Japan
23	The year 1999	November 29 - December 4	Marrakech	Morocco
24	The year 2000	November 27 - December 2	Keynes	Australia
25	The year 2001	December 11-16	Helsinki	Finland
26	The year 2002	June 24-29	Budapest	Hungary
27	The year 2003	June 30 - July 5	Paris	France
28	The year 2004	June 28 - July 7	Suzhou	China
29	The year 2005	July 10-17	Durban	S.Africa
30	The year 2006	July 8-16	Vilnius	Republic of Lithuania
31	The year 2007	June 23 - July 3	Christchurch	NZ
32	The year 2008	July 2-10	Quebec	Canada
33	The year 2009	June 22-30	Seville	Spain
34	The year 2010	July 25 - August 3	Brasilia	Brazil
35	The year 2011	June 19-29	Paris	France
36	The year 2012	June 24 - July 6	St. Petersburg	Russia
37	The year 2013	June 16 - June 27	Phnom Penh , Siem Reap	Cambodia
38	The year 2014	June 15 - June 25	Doha	Qatar
39	The year 2015	June 28 - July 8	Bonn	Germany
40	The year 2016	July 10 - July 20	Istanbul	Türkiye
41	The year 2017	July 10 - July 20	Krakow	Poland
42	The year 2018	June 24 - July 4	Manama	Bahrain
43	2019	June 30 - July 10	Baku	Azerbaijan
44	The year 2021	July 16 -31	Fuzhou (capital of Fujian Province)	China ^[6] ^[24]

Other estate types

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EDITOR

Linear heritage

It means having a particular culture Resource collection The linear or banded areas of matter and immaterial Canals, roads and railway lines are important forms of cultural heritage. This type of heritage is generally classified as cultural heritage.

(1) World Linear Heritage:

1. The Semmering Railroad (Austria)

2. Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (India)

(2) China's adopted linear heritage (including transnational) :

1. Grand Canal of China

2. The Silk Road: The network of Changan-Tianshan Corridor ^[7]

(3) Other linear legacies of China

1. Huizhou merchants Rising route

2. Long March route

3. Yunnan-vietnam railway

4. Sichuan and Shaanxi The ancient Shu Road

5. The Ancient Tea Horse Road

6. The road of Tang poetry in eastern Zhejiang

7. The travels of Xu Xiake route

8. The Silk Road on the China Sea

9. Sichuan Yunnan Five foot road

10. Qin Zhidao

Intangible cultural heritage of humanity

Intangible cultural heritage of humanity , refers to the warp UNESCO Be selected for inclusion in Representative List of the intangible Cultural Heritage of humanity "Heritage project. Social practices, conceptual expressions, forms of expression, knowledge, skills and related tools, objects, materials, and materials that are considered by communities, groups and sometimes individuals to be part of their cultural heritage. handicrafts And cultural venues. As opposed to the tangible heritage, the material heritage that can be passed on, It is not technically a World Heritage site. ^[8]

Adopted in October 2003 International Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage "States that Intangible cultural heritage Five areas should be covered:

1. Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a medium of intangible cultural heritage

2. Performing arts

3. Social practices, ceremonies and festivals

4. Knowledge and practice of nature and the universe

5. Traditional crafts

China has a national level Intangible cultural heritage To declare the representative of the United Nations intangible Cultural heritage, you must first enter the national list.

(For details, see Intangible cultural heritage of humanity )

Memory of the world

Memory of the World documentary Heritage It means in accordance with the world significance, in 1992 UNESCO Memory of the World Project International advisory committee Recognize and incorporate into the Memory of the World Register "Documentary heritage project. ^[9] Memory of the World documentary heritage is World cultural heritage An extension of the conservation project, but It is not technically a World Heritage site . Focuses on documentation, including museum , archives , Library Etc. Cultural institutions Preservation of valuable documents, manuscripts in any medium, Oral history Records as well as ancient books and rare copies. Its purpose is to record documents that are gradually aging, destroying, and disappearing around the world International cooperation And the use of the best technical means to rescue, so that human memory more complete.

(For details, see Memory of the World documentary Heritage )

Important agricultural cultural heritage

Since 2002, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations United Nations Development Programme and Global Environment Facility Start setting up globally important Agricultural culture Heritage items. Its conservation projects will protect globally important traditional agricultural cultural and technological heritage under threat. Agricultural cultural heritage Not only is the landscape outstanding, it is of global importance for preservation Agricultural biodiversity , maintenance can be restored ecosystem And pass on high values Traditional knowledge And cultural activities also play an important role. It does not belong to the "World Heritage" project.

See GIAHS for details Important agricultural cultural heritage of the world )

World Heritage of irrigation engineering

In order to better collect ancient times Irrigation project Learn about the history of irrigation and its impact on civilization, and learn about ancient people sustainability Irrigate the wisdom, protect the precious Historical and cultural heritage The International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) has decided that, starting in 2014, it will conduct an annual review of the "Water Supply". World Heritage of irrigation engineering "To be selected. Applications for World Heritage Irrigation projects must be of the following value: Yes Irrigated agriculture A milestone or turning point in development that has contributed to agricultural development, increased grain production, and increased farmers' incomes; in Engineering design Construction technology, project scale, water diversion, Irrigated area Be ahead of its time in one way or another; Increase food production, improve farmers' livelihoods, promote rural prosperity and reduce poverty; It was an innovation in its architectural age; It has contributed to the development of contemporary engineering theories and methods. Pay attention to environmental protection in engineering design and construction; An engineering marvel in its architectural age; Unique and have constructive Significance; possess Cultural tradition Or the mark of civilization; Is sustainability Operation management A classic example of... It does not belong to the "World Heritage" project. ^[10]

Wetlands of international importance

Wetlands International is sponsored by Wetlands in 2009 League of nations The organization has initiated projects that have been planned to carry out wetland World Heritage assessment projects in China Qinghai Lake , Dongting Lake , Lugu Lake Such wetlands. It does not belong to the "World Heritage" project. ^[8]

World Heritage in danger

On 29 November 2022, UNESCO recommended that the Australia the Great Barrier Reef Listed as a World Heritage Site "in danger", it is the largest in the world Coral reef ecosystem Has been severely affected by climate change and ocean warming. Reports say that frequent bleaching events Coral reef Pose a threat. ^[26]

Modern heritage

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EDITOR

definition

" Modern heritage An important type of World Heritage site, it is defined as "the outstanding creation of mankind that has emerged since the 19th century" and its slogan is "Humanity's gift to the future".

Historical evolution

International community Originally about Protection of cultural heritage The legislation is usually to protect Prehistoric period An ancient relic. In the mid-to-late 19th century, people began to associate the medieval Historical building especially Church architecture Included in the protection, and further included Renaissance The cultural heritage of the period. Entering the 20th century, the object of protection was gradually extended to the beginning of the 20th century, twice World war Period of cultural relics. At the same time, various kinds of cultural heritage after 1945 are increasingly concerned.

Sydney Opera House

In 1981, Sydney Opera House declare World cultural heritage A surname World Heritage Committee Completed less than 10 years ago Architectural work It is rejected on the grounds that it cannot prove itself to be of outstanding value ". Although the project has not been accepted as a world heritage, it has prompted people to examine and reflect on the human creation of the 20th century, that is, how to evaluate and treat those human creations that are not yet 100 years old while paying full attention to the ancient heritage.

In this context, commissioned by the World Heritage Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites In 1986, he submitted to the World Heritage Committee the document "Contemporary Architecture Application for World Heritage", including the definition of modern architectural heritage and how to use the existing World heritage standards to comment on modern architectural heritage. A series of conferences on twentieth-century heritage followed.

The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) has identified the preservation of heritage in the 20th century as a priority Global strategy Give it a push. Led by the international community, some countries have also responded positively. In the 20th century, the concept of heritage also expanded from the construction of houses to other areas of human creation, such as gardens, monuments, sculptures, ports, piers, and other structures that have existed for only a few decades. Offshore oil drilling Platforms, as well as granaries, railways, production lines, etc., are equally respected and protected.

In 2007, 26 years after the first World Heritage application was rejected, Sydney Opera House As a legacy of the 20th century World Heritage List ".

As of 2009, in the journal World Heritage List There are more than 30 places of 20th century heritage, including outstanding buildings, unique towns, well-laid university campuses, and famous School of art The birthplace of the city, and the importance of the past Industrial building And landscape, etc.

Screening criteria

Although the international community's discussion on the definition and screening methods of heritage in the 20th century is still continuing, and no clear theoretical results have been formed, the protection practice of heritage in the 20th century is already impatient.

The United States has passed legislation to stipulate that all areas, sites, buildings and structures that have played an important role in history and have a history of more than 50 years and are of great value in architecture, archaeology, engineering and culture, etc. structure And other physical objects are included in the scope of registration. Historic buildings and structures that have been recognized and registered in the United States and are on the protected list Cultural site There are more than a million of them, many of which belong to the twentieth century heritage. ^[11]

Representative item

Brasilia ;

Barcelona The mysterious and bizarre Geller Park;

It was built in the 1920s Sweden The Wieborg radio station .

Practical significance

In view of Intergenerational equity And ideas of sustainable development, UNESCO In addition to the tireless commitment to the preservation of ancient heritage, there is no reason why those of the 19th - 20th centuries have Intrinsic value The building of... Town planning and Landscape design the Historical time It is relatively short and neglects to preserve them, but gives them high attention and designates them as modern heritage. The appendix is referred to in the "Guidelines for the inclusion of special types of items on the World Heritage List" Cultural landscape There are four special heritage types, such as historic towns and town centers, Heritage canals and heritage routes, among which the category of "20th century towns" is specifically listed under the special type of "historic towns and historic centers". The inclusion of modern heritage as an important type of World Heritage reflects UNESCO's witness to specific heritage projects Human civilization The consistent idea of development trajectory has ensured that the course of civilization development in the past two centuries has been in positive symbols continuity .

Application requirements

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EDITOR

Application conditions

The nominee's legacy must be "outstanding. Universal value And meet at least one of the following ten benchmarks:

1, the expression of human creativity classic .

2. At some time or of some kind Cultural circle It has greatly influenced the development of architecture, technology, monumental art, town planning, landscape design, and promotes the exchange of human values.

(3) To present unique or rare evidence of cultural traditions or civilizations that exist or have disappeared.

4. About presentation Human history critical Building type Or a combination of architecture and technology, or an example of landscape excellence.

(5) A traditional human settlement representing one or more cultures Land use It provides an excellent example - especially in the event of extinction because of the irresistible tide of history.

6) Events, living traditions, ideas, beliefs, artistic and literary works of significant universal value, with a direct or substantial link (the World Heritage Committee considers that this benchmark should best be used in conjunction with other benchmarks).

7) of outstanding natural beauty and aesthetic importance Natural phenomenon Or the region.

(8) Represents a record of the evolution of life, an important and sustained geological development process, and is significant topography or physiography isocharacteristic Earth history main Development stage Notable examples of.

9, on land, freshwater, coastal and Marine ecosystem In terms of the evolution and development of flora and fauna, it represents an ongoing process ecology And remarkable examples of biological processes.

10, have the most important and significant pluralism biont Natural ecology Habitat containing endangered species of animals that are of universal value from a conservation or scientific point of view.

Evaluation standard

Criteria for World Heritage status Main basis: Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Article 1 and Article 2. Heritage items shall be listed in the World Heritage List It must go through strict assessment and approval procedures.

The World Heritage Committee, which meets once a year to approve applications for inclusion on the list, has previously commissioned experts to examine sites nominated by countries Field trip And presented the evaluation report.

Inspection of heritage sites nominated by countries shall mainly be conducted jointly by the Committee International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) IUCN Organize experts to carry out. Headquartered in Paris, the former was founded in 1965 and is the only international institution engaged in cultural heritage Protection theory International non-governmental organization for the application and promotion of methods, science and technology, with more than 80 national members and more than 4,500 individual members; The latter is based in Switzerland Geneva Founded in 1948, formerly known as International Nature and Natural resources The Conservation Union, whose mission is to promote and encourage the conservation and permanent use of natural resources, consists of official bodies in 120 countries, Civil organization , research and conservation institutions. Both were commissioned by the World Heritage Committee to nominate for inclusion in the directory "Culture and nature Heritage site Conduct inspection and submit evaluation report.

Declaration procedure

According to UNESCO documents, the declaration of World Heritage sites requires the completion of nine steps:

1. A country must first sign a treaty Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage And guarantee the protection of the country's cultural and natural heritage, to become Contracting state .

(2) Any Contracting Party shall draw up a preliminary list of the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value on its territory.

3, from the preparatory list to be included in the" World Heritage List The legacy of...

4. Send the completed nomination form to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre.

5. The UNESCO World Heritage Centre checks whether the nominations are complete and sends them to IUCN and ICOMOS for review.

6. Experts visit the site to assess the protection and management of the heritage. According to the criteria of cultural and natural heritage, The International Union for Conservation of Nature and International Council on Monuments and Sites The nominations submitted are reviewed.

7. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and the International Council on Monuments and Sites submit assessment reports.

8. The seven members of the Bureau of the World Heritage Committee review the nomination evaluation report and submit a list of recommendations to the Committee.

9. The 21-member World Heritage Committee makes the final decision on the list for inclusion, deferred inclusion or elimination.

Application materials

mark

Applicant States: sign the Treaty recognizing World Heritage, become a "member state" of the treaty, and protect their natural and cultural heritage

Member States:

Develop a detailed list of heritages of general and special value

Proposed inclusion of cultural relics in the list

File a declaration with the UNESCO World Heritage Centre

UNESCO World Heritage Centre:

Review of declaration documents

Submit the declaration documents to the following organizations:

1. Cultural heritage - Cultural relics and historic sites and Natural landscape International Committee (ICOMOS)

2. Natural Heritage - World Alliance for Natural Landscapes (UICN)

3. Comprehensive Legacy - presented to both organizations (ICOMOS, UICN)

International Commission on Antiquities, Monuments and Natural Landscapes:

to applicant Send experts,

Assessment, conservation and management of cultural relics

Prepare application report

Verification of declared cultural objects in accordance with the World Heritage Treaty

Submit the assessment report to the Office of the World Heritage Office with recommendations

World Heritage Office:

Audit document

Demand from member states Supplementary material

Recommendation to the World Heritage Committee

World Heritage Committee:

Requests for additional materials from member states prior to inclusion on the World Heritage List

Refuse to list the declared estate

Accept the declaration and be included in the list ^[12]

Heritage list

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EDITOR

In accordance with UNESCO World Heritage sites are divided into five categories: Africa (Africa), Asia and Pacific region (Asia and the Pacific), Arab country (Arab States), Europe and North America (Europe and Europe) North America ), Latin America and Caribbean (Latin America and the Caribbean).

As of July 10, 2019, there are 1,121 World Heritage sites in 167 countries. World cultural and natural heritage 39 items, World natural Heritage 213 items, World cultural heritage 869 items. China has 55 World Heritage sites, total and Italy Tied for first place in the world.

UNESCO In July 2019 Azerbaijan At the World Heritage Committee held, the "Hundred-tongue-bird ancient tombs" were included in the World Cultural Heritage list. ^[13]

In July 2019, including The Guggenheim Museum Eight of Wright's buildings have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. ^[14]

Specific list: " World Heritage List " ^[3] ^[15]

Records

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EDITOR

Northernmost World Heritage Site: Wrangel Island Nature Reserve ( Russia , 71°11 'N)

Southernmost World Heritage Site: Macquarie Island ( Australia , 54°35's)

Tallest heritage building: Paris, along the Seine the Eiffel Tower (France)

The first Natural World Heritage Site to be de-listed: Arabian antelope reserve ( Oman From 1994 to 2007)

The first World Heritage Site to be delisted: Dresden Elbe Valley ( Germany , 2004-2009)

The first World Heritage Site to experience a serious conflict over sovereignty: The Preah Vihear Temple ( Cambodia / Thailand )

World Heritage Sites across the largest number of countries: Struve geodetic arc (by Finland , Belarus , Estonia , Latvia , Republic of Lithuania , Norse , Moldova , Russia , Sweden , Ukraine Owned by 10 countries)

The only World Heritage Site not clearly identified as its host country: The Old City of Jerusalem and its walls (by Jordan Declare on behalf of)

The first World Heritage Site destroyed by a national government: Cultural landscapes and archaeological sites of the Bamiyan Valley (by then Afghanistan the Taliban The government is destroyed)

World Heritage in danger The largest number of countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo

China directory

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EDITOR

World Heritage List

As of July 25, 2021, 56 World Heritage sites in China have been listed in the" World Heritage List In which World cultural and natural heritage 4 items, World natural Heritage 14 items, World cultural heritage 38 items (including 5 items of world cultural landscape). ^[16] ^[25]

World cultural heritage

The Great Wall

( Amur River , Ji Lin , Liaoning (Province) , Hebei (Province) , Tianjin , Peking , Shandong (Province) , Henan (Province) , Shanxi (Province) , Shaanxi (Province) , Gansu (Province) , Ningxia , Qinghai (Province) , Inner Mongolia , Xinjiang , 1987.12)

Mogao Grottoes ( Gansu (Province) Jiuquan , 1987.12)

Imperial palace of Ming and Qing Dynasties ( Beijing Palace Museum , Peking , 1987.12; Shenyang Imperial Palace , Liaoning (Province) Shenyang (in Liaoning Province) July, 2004)

Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and Terracotta Warriors Pit ( Shaanxi (Province) Xi 'an , 1987.12)

Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian ( Peking , 1987.12)

Potala Palace ( Jokhang Temple , Norbulingka ) ( Xizang Lhasa , 1994.12)

Chengde Mountain Resort and surrounding temples ( Hebei (Province) Chengde , 1994.12)

Qufu Confucius Mansion , Confucian temple , Confucian cemetery ( Shandong (Province) Jining , 1994.12)

Wudang Mountain ancient architecture group ( Hubei (Province) Shiyan , 1994.12)

Lushan Mountain ( Jiangxi (Province) Jiujiang , 1996.12.6)

Old town of Lijiang ( Yunnan (Province) Lijiang , 1997.12)

Pingyao Ancient city ( Shanxi (Province) Jinzhong , 1997.12)

Suzhou classical gardens ( Jiangsu (Province) Suzhou , 1997.12)

Temple of Heaven ( Peking , 1998.11)

The Summer Palace ( Peking , 1998.11)

Dazu stone carving ( Chongqing , 1999.12)

Longmen Grottoes ( Henan (Province) Luoyang , 2000.11)

Imperial tombs of Ming and Qing Dynasties

( The Xianling Mausoleum , Hubei (Province) Jingmen , Eastern tombs of the Qing Dynasty , Western Qing Tombs , Hebei (Province) Tangshan (in Hebei Province) , Baoding , 2000.11; Ming mausoleum , Jiangsu (Province) Nanjing , Ming Tombs , Peking , 2003.7; Shengjing three Mausoleums , Liaoning (Province) Shenyang (in Liaoning Province) , Fushun , July 2007)

Mount Qingcheng - Dujiang Weir ( Sichuan Chengdu , 2000.11)

Ancient villages in southern Anhui ( Xidi County , Hong Village ) ( Anhui (Province) Mount Huangshan , 2000.11)

Yungang Grottoes ( Shanxi (Province) Datong , 2001.12)

Goguryeo royal city, royal mausoleum and noble tombs ( Ji Lin Tonghua City , Liaoning (Province) Benxi July, 2004)

Historic districts of Macau ( Macau , July 15, 2005)

Yin Ruins of Anyang ( Henan (Province) Anyang , July 13, 2006)

Kaiping Diaolou and village ( Kwangtung Jiangmen , June 28, 2007)

Tulou in Fujian ( Fujian (Province) Longyan , Zhangzhou July, 2008)

Mount Wutai ( Shanxi (Province) Xinzhou , June 26, 2009)

"Between heaven and earth" historical buildings ( Henan (Province) Zhengzhou , 2010.8.1)

Hangzhou West Lake cultural landscape ( Zhejiang (Province) Hangzhou , June 24, 2011)

Yuan Shangdu ruins ( Inner Mongolia Xilin Gol , 2012.6.29)

Honghe Hani Terrace cultural landscape ( Yunnan (Province) Red River , 2013.6.22)

Grand Canal of China ( Peking , Tianjin , Hebei (Province) , Shandong (Province) , Henan (Province) , Anhui (Province) , Jiangsu (Province) , Zhejiang (Province) June 22, 2014)

Silk Road: Network of Changan-Tianshan Corridor Henan (Province) , Shaanxi (Province) , Gansu (Province) , Xinjiang June 22, 2014) ^[7]

Tusi site ( Hunan (Province) Western Hunan , Hubei (Province) Enshi , Guizhou (Province) Zunyi July 4, 2015) ^[17]

Zuojiang Huashan rock painting cultural landscape ( Guangxi Chongzuo , 2016.7.15) ^[18]

Gulangyu: Historical International community ( Fujian (Province) Xiamen (in Fujian Province) July 8, 2017)

Ruins of Liangzhu Ancient City ( Zhejiang (Province) Hangzhou , 2019.7.6)

Quanzhou: The world Marine trade center of China in Song and Yuan Dynasties ( Fujian (Province) Quanzhou , 2021.7.25)

Pu 'er Jingmai Mountain ancient tea forest cultural landscape ( Yunnan (Province) Pu 'er tea , 2023.9.17) ^[29]

World cultural and natural heritage

Mount Taishan ( Shandong (Province) Tai 'an , 1987.12)

Mount Huangshan ( Anhui (Province) Mount Huangshan , 1990.12)

Mount Emei - The Leshan Giant Buddha ( Sichuan Lac Son , 1996.12)

Wuyi Mountain ( Fujian (Province) Nanping , 1999.12; Jiangxi (Province) Shangrao County , 2017.7.10) ^[19]

World natural Heritage

Yellow dragon ( Sichuan Aba , 1992.12.7)

Jiuzhaigou Valley ( Sichuan Aba , 1992.12.7)

Wulingyuan ( Hunan (Province) Zhangjiajie , 1992.12.7)

The three rivers flow together ( Yunnan (Province) Lijiang , Diqing , Nu Chiang , 2003.7.2)

Giant panda habitat in Sichuan ( Sichuan Chengdu , Ya 'an City , Aba , Garze , July 12, 2006)

South China Karst ( Yunnan (Province) Kunming , Guizhou (Province) The south of Guizhou Province , Chongqing , June 27, 2007; Chongqing , Guizhou (Province) Southeast of Guizhou Province , Guangxi Guilin , River pool June 23, 2014)

Sanqing Mountain ( Jiangxi (Province) Shangrao County August, 2008)

Chinese Danxia ( Guizhou (Province) , Fujian (Province) , Hunan (Province) , Kwangtung , Jiangxi (Province) , Zhejiang (Province) , 2010.8.1)

Chengjiang fossil land ( Yunnan (Province) Yuxi , July, 2012)

Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang ( Xinjiang , 2013.6.21)

Shennongjia ( Hubei (Province) , 2016.7.17)

Hoh Xil ( Qinghai (Province) Jade tree July, 2017) ^[20]

Fanjing Mountain ( Guizhou (Province) Tongren , 2018.7.2)

Migratory Bird Habitat in the Yellow Sea, China (Phase I) ( Jiangsu (Province) Yancheng , 2019.7.5) ^[21]

Partial estate presentation

Grand Canal of China (June 22, 2014)

- Zhejiang (Province) Segment:

Site: Nanxun ancient town , Jiaxing Changhongbridge , Jiaxing Chang 'an Gate , Hangzhou Fuyicang Hangzhou Fengshan Water Gate site, Hangzhou Bridge west Historic district , Hangzhou Gongchen Bridge , Hangzhou Guangji Bridge , Sai Hing Tong Ferry Pier, Shaoxing Splayed bridge Shaoxing Eight Character Bridge Historical Block, Shaoxing Ancient towpath , Ningbo Qingan Hall

River Course: Hangzhoutang Paragraph (starting at Jiaxing Heining , classics Yuhang Linping County Enter Hangzhou), Jiangnan Canal The Hangzhou section (i.e Gongchen Bridge Hangzhou section of the canal to Sanbao), Shangtang River Duan, Hangzhou Trung Ha - Longshan River , East Zhejiang Canal Main line, Jiangnan Canal Nanxun Section, Jiangnan Canal Jiaxing to Hangzhou section, East Zhejiang Canal Xiaoshan Mountain To Shaoxing section, East Zhejiang Canal Shangyu County to Yuyao Section, Ningbo section of Zhejiang Eastern Canal, Ningbo Sanjiangkou

- Jiangsu (Province) Segment:

Suzhou : River course includes Shandang River , Shangtang River , The Xujiang River , Pingjiang River , around the city, Ancient canal , Jiangnan Canal . Heritage sites include mountain ponds Historical and cultural district , Pingjiang Historical and cultural district, Pan door , Ribbon bridge Wujiang ancient towpath

Wuxi : River channels include ancient canals and Old Canal . Heritage sites include Qingming Bridge historical and cultural block

Changzhou : The river includes the ancient Canal and the Jiangnan Canal

Huaian : River course includes Li Canal The old canal road, Ancient Yellow River , Zhong Canal , Zhang Fuhe . Heritage sites include Double gold gate , Qingjiang Gate , Qingkou junction , Hongze Lake levee , Ruins of the governor's office of water transport

Suqian : River course includes Zhong Canal Suqian section. Heritage sites include Dragon King Temple Palace

Yangzhou (in Jiangsu Province) : River courses include: Gaoyou Yuchengyi , Town water iron cattle ( Gorangjian The Iron Bull, Shao Bo iron ox , Sanhe Iron cattle, Gaojiayan iron cattle, Stable Town Bay iron cow), Huaiyang Canal Segment main line, Baoying County Song Jing River, Baoying Ming and Qing canals, Gaoyou Ming and Qing canals , A surname Ming and Qing canals, ancient Hangou Ditch Old road (Hangou Road, Yangzhou City section), Ruins of Yangzhou City , Zhuyu Bay ancient gate , Gaoyou Nanmen Street Historic area , Pingjin weir Ruins, Zhenguo Temple Pagoda , Garden in Yangzhou , Yangzhou Tianning Temple Palace (including Chongning Temple ), Yangzhou Salt Industry Historical Relics, Yangzhou Wanglumen Residence, Yangzhou Lu Shaoxu Residence, Yangzhou Yanzong Temple

- Anhui (Province) Segment:

Huaibei : Liuzi Canal site

Suzhou : Tongji Canal Sixian County Period of

- Henan (Province) Segment:

Luoyang : Huilocang site and Hanjiacang site, Tongji Canal Zhengzhou Duan, Tongji Canal A surname Nanquan County Section, Tongji canal Shang hill Xia Yi Paragraph, Wei He ( Yongji Canal ) Hua County - Xunxian (a county in Henan Province) Section, Liyangcang site, Xunxian County

- Shandong (Province) Segment:

South Canal Section: South Canal Texas Period of

Huitong River Duan: Huitong River The city of Linqing Section (Yuan Canal, small Canal), Huitong River Yanggok Duan, Huitong River Namvang Hub section, Xiaonchaung The Huitong River Weishan Mountain Period of

Middle River: Middle River Taier Zhuang Period of

-- The north section of the River:

Hengshui : Jingxian County Huajiakou rammed earth dangerous work

Cangzhou : Dongguang county Lianzhen Xiejiaba, Cangzhou to Dezhou section canal channel

- Tianjin Section: Shicang Site, Bakong Gate, Yixing Port , Lone flow wooden bridge , Jiuxuanzha , The mouth of the three forks

- Peking Segment: Wanning Bridge , East not pressure bridge Ruins, Thongwe Chaung Segment, Old City segment (incl Xicheng District Shichahai , Dongcheng District Yuhe River )

Silk Road : Network of Chang 'an - Tianshan Corridor (June 22, 2014) (Transnational Heritage) ^[7]

- China ( Henan Province : Han and Wei Luoyang city site , Site of Dingding Gate of Luoyang City, Sui and Tang Dynasties , Xinan Han Hangu Pass site , Xiaoku Road Site of Shihaou section; Shaanxi Province : Weiyang Palace site of Chang 'an City of Han Dynasty , Tomb of Zhang Qian, Ruins of Daming Palace in Chang 'an City of Tang Dynasty , Big Wild Goose Pagoda , Lesser Wild Goose Pagoda , Xingjiao Temple Pagoda , Bin County The Big Buddha Temple Grottoes ; Gansu Province : The ruins of Yumenguan , Xuanquan site , Maijishan Grottoes , Bingling Temple grottoes Site of Suoyang City; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region : The old city of Gaochang , Jiaohe Old City , Kizilgkah Fusilium , Kizil Grottoes , Ruins of the Subashi Buddhist Temple , Beiting Old City ruins )

- Kazakhstan ( Almaty : The site of Kalik Targar Site, Karamargan site; Jabpur Prefecture : Aktobe Site, Kuran Site, Olnek Site, Akyatas Site, Kotobi site)

- Kyrgyzstan ( Chuhe Prefecture : Shredded Leaves Site of Ake Beshim, site of Brana in Balasagon City, site of Kolasnaya Reshika in New City) ^[22]

Preliminary list of World Heritage Sites

Preliminary List of Natural Heritage in China

(28 items) )

1. Beijing Fangshan Karst cave and peak cluster landform

2. Hebei Province Chengde Danxia landform

3. Zhangshiyan landform in Hebei Province

4. Shanxi Province hukou Scenic spot

5. Liaoning Province Benxi Water Cave scenic spot

6. Jilin Province Changbai Mountain Vegetation vertical landscape and volcanic landform landscape

7 Heilongjiang Province Zhalong Nature Reserve

8. Zhejiang Province Fangyan Scenic spot

9. Fujian Province Guanzhai Mountain scenic spot

10. Fujian Province Taimu Mountain scenic spot

11. Jiangxi Province Wugong Mountain scenic spot

12. Shandong Province Changle ancient volcano group

13. Henan Province Yuntai Mountain scenic spot

14. Hunan Province Wanfo Mountain - Dong village Scenic spot

15. Sichuan Province Gongga Mountain scenic spot

16. Sichuan Province Ruoergai Wet land

17. Sichuan Province Buddha treasure , Bamboo Sea scenic spot in southern Sichuan

18. Sichuan Province Guangwu Mountain - Nuoshui River scenic spot

19. Sichuan Province calysan - Paltaishan

20. Guizhou Province Zhijin Cave scenic spot

21. Guizhou Province Xingyi Cone karst

22. Guizhou Province Pingtang Scenic spot

23. Tibet Autonomous Region Namco

24. Tibet Autonomous Region Gradanton - Source area of the Yangtze River

25. Tibet Autonomous Region Earth forest - Guge

26. Qinghai Province Qinghai Lake scenic spot

27. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Sayimu Lake scenic spot

China Natural and cultural heritage Preliminary list

(19 items) )

1. Shanxi Province Luya Mountain scenic spot

2. Shanxi Province Qikou scenic spot

3. Heilongjiang Province Khinka Nuur Scenic spot

4. Jiangsu Province Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing

5. Anhui Province Jiuhuashan scenic spot

6. Anhui Province Tianzhu Mountain Scenic spot

7. Fujian Province Qingyuan Mountain scenic spot

8. Jiangxi Province Jinggangshan Scenic spot

9. Jiangxi Province Gao Ling - Yaoli Scenic Spot

10. Shandong Province Jinan (in Shandong Province) Famous spring

11. Hunan Province Purple magpie realm - Meishan Dragon Palace Scenic spot

12. Hunan Province Yandi Mausoleum - Taoyuan Cave

13. Hunan Province Riet - Wulong Mountain scenic spot

14. Sichuan Province Jianmen Shu Road scenic spot

15. Sichuan Province Lugu Lake Scenic spot

16. Guizhou Province Huangguoshu scenic spot and Tunbao culture

17. Yunnan Province Pu 'er tea Wild tea forest and ancient tea garden

18. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Helan Mountain - Xixia Royal Mausoleum scenic spot

19. The Silk Road on the China Sea (Included in 2012 Preliminary list of World Cultural Heritage in China China's Maritime Silk Road has 9 cities in 11 provinces that have declared World Heritage sites: Nanjing , Yangzhou (in Jiangsu Province) , Quanzhou , Guangzhou , Ningbo , Beihai , Zhangzhou , Fuzhou (capital of Fujian Province) , Yantai and Gaoyou Lingtang Mosque , Puhardin Cemetery , Tomb of Zheng He , Ruins of the State Palace Office of South Vietnam Etc. 50 heritage sites)

The Preliminary World Heritage List covers the list of China's natural heritage, natural and cultural heritage projects

(20 items) )

1. Dongzhai Port Nature Reserve (12/02/1996, Natural Heritage)

2. Poyang Lake Nature Reserve (12/02/1996, Natural Heritage)

3. Shennongjia Nature Reserve (12/02/1996, Natural Heritage)

4. Chinese alligator nature reserve (12/02/1996, Natural Heritage)

5. Lijiang River scenic spot in Guilin (12/02/1996, Natural Heritage) 2014

6. Tiankeng seam scenic spot (29/11/2001, Natural Heritage)

7. Jinfo Mountain Scenic Spot (29/11/2001, Natural Heritage) In 2014

8. Wudalianchi Scenic Area (29/11/2001, Natural Heritage)

9. China Altai (29/01/2010, Natural Heritage) In 2015

10. Karakoram - Pamir (29/01/2010, Natural Heritage)

11. The Taklimakan Desert (29/01/2010, Natural Heritage)

12. Xizang Yarong River (29/11/2001, Double Heritage)

13. Yangtze Three Gorges scenic spot (29/11/2001, Double Heritage)

14. Dali Cangshan Erhai Lake Scenic Area (29/11/2001, Double Heritage)

15. Sea Altar scenic spot (29/11/2001, Double Heritage)

16. Maijishan scenic spot (29/11/2001, Double Heritage)

17. Nanxi River (29/11/2001, Double Heritage)

18. Yandang Mountains (29/11/2001, Double Heritage)

19. Huashan Scenic spot (29/11/2001, Double Heritage)

20. China The five Mountains - Mount Taishan Extension projects (including Southern mountain Hengshan , West Mountain Huashan , The northern mountain Hengshan , Songshan Mountain ) (07/04/2008, Double Heritage) ^[23]

Intangible cultural heritage

Oral and intangible/intangible heritage of humanity (including transnational) (43 items)

1. Kunqu opera (2001)

2. Chinese guqin art (2003)

3. Mongolian chieftain folk songs (2005 Joint declaration with Mongolia)

4. Xinjiang Uygur muqam art (2007)

5. Chinese sericulture silk weaving technique (2009)

6. Fujian nanyin (2009)

7. Nanjing brocade (2009)

8. Anhui rice paper (2009)

9. Dong nationality song in Guizhou (2009)

10. Cantonese opera (2009)

11." Gesar Epic (2009)

12. Zhejiang Longquan celadon (2009)

13. Qinghai Regong art (2009)

14. Tibetan opera (2009)

15. Xinjiang " Manas (2009)

16. The Mongolian Khumai (2009)

17. Gansu flowers (2009)

18. Xi 'an Drum Music (2009)

19. Korean farm music and dance (2009)

20. Chinese calligraphy (2009)

21. Chinese seal cutting (2009)

22. Chinese paper-cut (2009)

23. China Block printing (2009)

24. China Traditional wooden structure building skills (2009)

25. China Dragon Boat Festival (2009)

26. Mazu believes in custom (2009)

27. The year of the Qiang Dynasty (List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Protection, 2009)

28. Li nationality traditional spinning, dyeing and embroidery skills (List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Protection, 2009)

29. Chinese traditional wooden arch bridge construction skills (List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Protection, 2009)

30. Beijing Opera (2010)

31. Traditional Chinese acupuncture (2010)

32. Oh, Mesighep (List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Protection, 2010)

33. China Movable type printing (List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Protection, 2010)

34. Chinese watertight compartments Fu boat manufacturing skills (List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Protection, 2010)

35. Chinese shadow play (2011)

36. Hezhen Imakan rap (List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Protection, 2011)

37. Fujian Puppet show Successor Talent Development Program (Roster of Good Practices, 2012)

38. China Calculation with an abacus (2013)

39. Twenty-four solar terms (2016)

40. China Tibetan medicine bath method (2018)

41. shadowboxing (2020)

42. Queen ship (2020 Joint declaration with Malaysia)

43. Chinese traditional tea-making skills and related customs (2022) ^[27]

Legacy of memory (10 items)

1. Traditional Music Recording Archives (1997, Library of Chinese National Academy of Arts )

2. Qing Dynasty Cabinet Archives on the activities of Western missionaries in China in the 17th century (1999, The first Historical Archives of China )

3. Qing Dynasty Da Jin Bao (2003, The first Historical Archives of China )

4. Ancient Books and Documents of Naxi Dongba (2005, Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences Dongba Cultural Research Institute)

5. Chinese Qing Dynasty" Pattern mine Architectural Drawing Archives (2007, National Library of China, etc )

6." Compendium of Materia Medica (2010,1593 Jinling Edition)

7." Huangdi's Inner Classic (2010,1339, Hu's Gurin Shutang printing)

8. Overseas Chinese Approval Files - Overseas Chinese Yinxin (2013, Archives Bureau of Guangdong Province with Fujian provincial Archives Administration )

9. Official Archives of China's Yuan Dynasty Tibet (2013, Archives of Tibet Autonomous Region )

10. Nanjing Massacre Archives (2015, Central archives , The Second Historical Archives of China , Liaoning provincial Archives , Jilin Provincial Archives, Shanghai municipal Archives , Nanjing archives and The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders )

Convention law

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EDITOR

" Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage "

In 1965, the United States initiated an initiative to unite culture and nature for conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature A similar proposal was made in 1968 and in 1972 Sweden capital Stockholm submit United Nations Conference on the Human Environment Discuss. UNESCO At its seventeenth session, held in Paris from 17 October to 21 November 1972, the General Assembly took note Cultural heritage and Natural heritage The increasing threat of destruction is caused, on the one hand, by ageing decay and, at the same time, by changing social and economic conditions that exacerbate the situation, resulting in damage or destruction that is more difficult to deal with. On November 16, 1972, The United Nations In Paris, France, UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage ".

" Charter of Florence "

" Suzhou Declaration on International Cooperation in the Conservation and Development of Historic Cities "

" Urban and rural Planning Law of the People's Republic of China "

" Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics "

" People's Republic of China Regulations on the Protection of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities, Towns and Villages

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