The Western Han Dynasty (202 BC) ^{[216
]} - 8 years ^[173-174] ), yes Chinese history successor Qin Dynasty Then came the Central Dynasty, Emperor Hangao Liu Bang It was built by 11 generations and 12 emperors ^{[2
]} It lasted 210 years ^{[184
]} Historically known as the "Former Han Dynasty", there are also" Xijing "Said. ^{[1
]}

Liu Bang and Xiang Yu developed their respective military forces in the anti-Qin struggle. After the death of Qin, through The dispute between Chu and Han , Liu Bang defeat Xiang Yu And eventually established the Western Han Dynasty, ^{[3
]} The first capital was Luoyang, and then Chang 'an ^{[176
]} ^{[225
]} . The early Han Dynasty absorbed the lessons of the Qin Dynasty and carried them out Light taxation , Rest and recuperate The national policy, ^{[5
]} The second emperor Wenjing advised the class of agriculture and mulberry, reduced the rent, weakened the power of the princes, the social economy quickly recovered, agriculture, handicraft industry and commerce were unprecedented prosperity, and the national household registration increased, history said The governance of Wen Jing . ^{[6
]} Emperor Wu of Han After the succession, the implementation Mercy order , China Dynasty , Prefectural official , Salt iron official camp Such as strengthening the centralization, and Only respect Confucianism Unity of thought. ^{[3
]} External development North Korea A surname Vietnam , Xizyu Green onion Ridge North up Yinshan, laid Han Dynasty Basic range, pie Zhang Qian Be sent on a diplomatic mission The western regions And open up communication between Eurasia Silk Road , start Han Wu flourishing age . Emperor Zhao of Han After taking the throne, Huo Guang assisted the government Retire the army and raise the people to restore the national strength of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Xuan of Han Period, setting Western Region Capital Protection Office Officially will The western regions Put on the map. ^[8-10] Internal rectification of official management, light corvee, the national strength of the greatest, history said Zhao Xuan Zhongxing . ^[183] Emperor Yuan of Han After taking the throne, the imperial power fell, Relatives on the side of one's family with eunuch With the rise of power, the Western Han Dynasty began to decline. Eight years, Wang Mang Abolish the crown Prince Ruzi Ying and establish Xin Dynasty The Western Han Dynasty fell. ^{[4
]}

The Han inherited the Qin system Implemented by the central government Three princes and nine ministers Local implementation County system , ^{[201
]} And then... Imperial historian system , ^[7] While now Cattle ploughing and ironware It is universally popular. Western Han Dynasty Moratsu The cultural integration of the people The Han nationality Officially formed, ^{[186-187
]} The Chinese are equated with the Han. ^{[188
]} It is also the golden age of China, the peak of China's cultural development, the all-round development of society, economy and culture, and brilliant achievements in the fields of literature, history, art and science and technology. ^{[189
]} with Silk Road With increasingly frequent foreign exchanges, it became a powerful country in the world at that time. ^{[185
]}

Chinese name: The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.)
Foreign name: The Han Dynasty
alias: The early Han Dynasty , Tianhan
Time frame: From 202 to 8 BC
emperor: Liu Bang, Liu Che, Liu Xun, etc
metropolitan: Chang 'an (Initial capital Luoyang months, Yueyang 1 year) ^{[176
]} ^[190]

Major city: Luoyang , Pengcheng , Linzi , Handan Etc.
species: Refined words
currency: Wuzhu coin
Population number: 63 million (the first two years of the Yuan) people ^[79]
Major nationality: The Han nationality
inaugurator: Liu Bang
Famous person: Zhuo Wenjun, Su Wu, Zhang Qian Etc.

catalogue

▪Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China
▪The western regions
▪Southwest plania
▪Mitsukoshi
▪A surname
11diplomacy
▪East Asia
▪South Asia
▪Southeast Asia
▪Central and West Asia
12society
13Imperial lineage
▪Posthumous emperor
▪Reigning emperor

Title of a kingdom

broadcast

EDITOR

Xiang Yu Liu Bang was given the title of "forty-one counties in Bashu and Han" to govern the county Hanzhong Known as the "King of Han" ^{12 - [13]} After declaring himself emperor, he took the name of the kingdom as the title and the capital city Chang 'an locate Liu Xiu built The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) capital Luoyang West, so called" The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) ", and Liu Bang The house of Han built before Liu Xiu built the house of Han, so it is also called" The early Han Dynasty ". ^{[14
]}

There are also codenames for Western Han or Pre-Han Xijing Let me tell you. Chang 'an, capital of the Western Han Dynasty, Luoyang, capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was relatively geographically located in one west and one east, so Chang 'an was called "West Capital" and Luoyang was called "Tokyo". The two capitals were the political centers of the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty respectively, and the Western Han Dynasty was called "Xijing" and the Eastern Han was called "Tokyo". "Later Han book · Queen's discipline" : The rest of nothing seen, then the department of this discipline, to inherit the west Beijing Waqi Yunyou. Wang Xianqian " Set solution Citing Huidong Cloud: "That follows the former Han Dynasty" biography of Qi "also." Fan Ye Said "Xijing", Qing people Huidong It is said to be "Former Han Dynasty", which indicates that "Xijing" is "former Han Dynasty", that is, "Western Han Dynasty". ^{[14
]}

history

broadcast

EDITOR

The dispute between Chu and Han

At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu took advantage of the great chaos in the world. Top beam The descendants of the king of Chu were renamed King Huai (later changed to King Huai) Emperor Yi of Chu ) ^{[15 to 16]} And each sent troops to fight against violent Qin. Liu Bang was the first to invade Guanzhong in December 207 BC ^[17] , Prince Ying of Qin Liu Bang surrendered and invaded Xianyang, the capital of Qin. Xiang Yu failed to realize "the first to enter the customs is king" ^[13] The agreement, back up the army ^[18] . Since then, Xiang Yu gradually seized power, and established the Western Chu, enfeuding vassals, set up King Huai of Chu As Emperor Yi of Chu, self-styled" The overlord of Western Chu " ^[16] . A total of 18 vassals, ^[19] Liu Bang was enthroned in Ba, Shu, and Han, and Liu Bang's kingdom was enthroned Title of a kingdom As Han. ^[12]

In August 206 BC, in Emperor Yi of Chu for Xiang Yu Murdered by, Liu Bang Sail east. Bye A surname For the general, publicly denouncing Xiang Yu, opened The dispute between Chu and Han The prologue. Although repeated setbacks in the early stage, but know people and good duties, reuse Han Xin, Zhang Liang , Xiao He Such talent, in the end Gaixia Campaign In the middle, Liu Bang won the victory, Xiang Yu committed suicide to the Wujiang River, and the Western Chu was destroyed. ^[20] ^{[21
]}

Establishment in Western Han Dynasty

Liu Bang, the founding Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (painted by Qing people)

In February 202 BC, Liu Bang March in great force flashing North of the king of Chu A surname King of Huainan imbu The King of Liang Peng Yue The king of Hengshan Wu Rui King of Zhao Zhang Ao , the King of Swallow Zang Chai When the princes jointly wrote, asking Liu Bang to declare himself emperor, ^[22] Liu Bang agreed only after several conciliations. ^[13] ^[22] On the third day of February Liu Bang was in the north of the Si River Dingtao (Now Heze city, Shandong Province Dingtao District He proclaimed himself emperor and the founding title was Han. ^{[23
]}

Liu Bang At first the capital was Luoyang, Lou Jing To Liu Bang analyzed the advantages of making the capital Guanzhong, ^{[24 to 25]} So that Liu Bang has a fixed capital Chang 'an But it was opposed by the ministers. ^[26] ^[175] ^{[176
]} Liu Bangwen Zhang Liang In the support of Zhang Liang entered the Guanzhong, because Xianyang Palace War destroyed, so first in Qin state Former capital Yueyang County Staying temporarily, ^[190] At the same time, Yang Chengyan, the capital of the Qin dynasty, built a new town in Chang 'an Township, east of Xianyang Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty In February of the seventh year (200 BC), it began to take shape and officially moved to Chang 'an.

Rest and recuperate

After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty," Rest and recuperate " ^{[27
]} The state policy. Rest and recuperation policy since Liu Bang At first, through generations of rulers, it was carried out for 60 or 70 years. The achievement of "domestic wealth and national strength enrichment". Ban Khao Once said: "Hanxing, sweep away the caustic, Rest with the people ; As for filial piety, coupled with frugality; Filial piety, filial piety and filial piety. Between fifty and sixty years, as for changing customs and customs, Li people mellow. ^[28] "

After Liu Bang declared himself emperor, he took" County system ", Shire and county and enfeoffment Coexisting, in the central implementation and Qin Dynasty Same three metric system, local practice The system of enfeoffment . ^[29] Imperial enfeoffment principality And kingdoms, in which the principality only enjoyed the revenue within the fiefdom but had no military or administrative power and was subject to the jurisdiction of the counties, while the kingdom had independent political and military power. Internally, we should build water conservancy projects and reduce taxes to create conditions for the resumption of agricultural development. Externally, he was friendly to the Huns and maintained peace in the border area. The policy of the early Han Dynasty had a remarkable effect on the recovery of the economy, but it also led to some disadvantages, such as the domestic light corvee policy, which made some local powerful forces grow larger and formed land annexation. Externally, the Huns attack edge day frequency.

Liu Bang was of great merit in his later years Princes of different names Got jealous. Han Xin was eventually tricked by Xiao He and executed by Empress Lu. ^{30 - [31]} Subsequently, Peng Yue, Yingbu and other dissimilar princes were also removed one after another, and replaced by Liu princes. Liu Bang Zeng Li White horse alliance "If the Liu family is not the king, the whole world will attack him." ^[32] In 195 BC, Liu Bang died from injuries sustained while fighting the Inbu rebellion.

Encyclopedia x Mixed knowledge: Illustrating the parallel system of counties

The governance of Wen Jing

Emperor Wen of Han

After Liu Bang died, Queen Lu Rose to power, ascended to the throne 汉惠帝因受到吕后的刺激抑郁而终，汉惠帝死后，吕太后连立前后少帝为傀儡，并渐渐削弱刘氏，并封诸吕为王，掌握朝政长达十五年。 ^{[191
]}

After the death of Queen Lu, the minister was dissatisfied with Lu's interference in government, Taiwei Zhou Bo Prime Minister Chen Ping Scheming to seize the military power of the Lyu family. ^[33] Close embrace Liu Heng Succession to the throne is for Emperor Wen of Han . ^[34] After Liu Heng ascended the throne, he reduced the amount of labor and advocated leniency Emperor Jing of Han After Liu Qi ascended the throne, the two emperors Wenjing advocated governing without doing anything, recuperating, advocating agriculture-based, and further implementing" Light taxation "," Ban the law "The policy, so that production has been restored and developed, during this period the national strength significantly increased, history said." The governance of Wen Jing ". ^[35]

In July 167 BC, Emperor Wen issued an edict to "eliminate the rent and tax of the fields". In June 156 BC, Emperor Jing "let the field half rent", that is, thirty taxes one, and became the custom of the Han Dynasty. During this period, the government also reduced the local corvee and guards, stopped the county and state tribute, and opened the mountains and grasslands to the public pauper Farming; And issued a law to help the widows and orphans. The implementation of these measures has reduced the burden on farmers. In the world of Wenjing, "refugees are returned, household accounts are also interest", food prices are also greatly reduced, "valley to stone tens of money". ^{[192
]}

During the period of Wen Jing, Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing called" Govern without doing anything In the recovery of the economy at the same time, "punish the evil of the Qin Dynasty, the Lun discussion of affairs in leniency", the implementation of the "law of the province banned" policy, the abolition of some harsh laws, such as the wife and children sitting together, the physical punishment of broken limbs, and so on, and reduce flogging In order to alleviate class contradictions and internal contradictions of the ruling class. Therefore, many officials are lenient in prison, and do not ask for fine and harsh, so that there are "punishment is lighter than it is sometimes few offenders", "hundreds of prison, several punishment measures". This is in stark contrast to the tragic scene of "tens of millions of prison years" in the Qin Dynasty. Wenjing period Rest with the people The policy played a certain role in restoring and developing production, thereby further consolidating autocratic rule. ^{[36
]}

In addition, Wen and Jing attached importance to production, took the lead in the field, practiced strict economy, tightened expenses, abolished torture, and relaxed penalties, thus the social economy developed rapidly and the social order became increasingly stable. National wealth is increasing day by day. ^{[192
]} Wen Jing, "Taicang has not eaten millet, there is a rotten money." ^[37] . to Emperor Wu of Han When he took the throne, the country's finances reached a new level. "All the granaries are full, while the surplus of the Treasury, the capital's money, is enormous, has been rotting and cannot be verified, and the millet of Taicang, which is caused by Chen Chen, is overflowing and accumulated outside, until it is rotten and cannot be eaten." ^[38] After the governance of Wenjing, the Western Han Dynasty prospered and fought back on a large scale Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China Laid a solid foundation. ^{[21
]}

Encyclopedia x mixed knowledge: Illustrated the governance of textual scenery

Emperor Jing of Han In office Cut off a kingdom , eruption The Seven Kingdoms Rebellion , appoint Zhou Yafu pacify ^[39] . After the Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, Hanting tried to strip the princes of their power and strengthen the centralization. ^{[192
]} In Wenjing period, the Western Han Dynasty still adopted the policy of making peace with the Xiongnu, but the Xiongnu still violated the border repeatedly, and the border troubles became increasingly severe.

Han Wu flourishing age

Liu Che, Emperor Wu of Han

After the death of Emperor Jing of Han, Liu Che Take the throne, that is Emperor Wu of Han . During the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, he issued the order of promoting benevolence internally to weaken the power of the vassal Kings. And salt and iron and the right to coin back to the central government. Dispatch to other countries Wei Qing and Huo Qubing Fight back against the Huns and drive the Huns to Mobei The beginning of the western region, open up Silk Road ; ^[40] However, the foreign wars also consumed a lot of national power, and heavy labor and harsh punishment led to the civil revolt in the later period. Due to the high cost, they created "all losses" and "leveling" officials to compete with the people for profits. Emperor Wudi adopted it Dong Zhongshu Of the proposal," Dethrone all schools of thought and honor Confucianism alone Confucianism gradually became the orthodoxy of China's authoritarian society.

Emperor Wu of Han Period, war, annexation Wiman Korea , Recover South Vietnam , Surrender Southwest plania , Expedition Dayuan Opened up the north Yinshan Mountain , Xizyu Green onion Ridge , Nambaw coxtoe , East Union North Korea The vast territory laid down Han Dynasty The scope of ^[41] .

During the reign of Emperor Wudi, the Western Han Dynasty became strong and prosperous ^[42] Therefore, there is "the greatest merit Emperor Qin and Emperor Han Said, Emperor Wudi has made achievements in politics, economy, culture, military and other aspects, so historians fully recognized and praised it. ^{[43
]} Han dynasty historians Ban Khao In... History of the Han Dynasty He was praised in the book: "Heirs follow the flood, and there are three generations of wind." Such as Emperor Wudi's heroic talent and strategy, do not change the text, the scenery of the humble and thrifty, to the people, although "poetry", "book" said how to add. ^[44] Qing people Zhao Yi In the book it says: "Emperor Wu drives far away... The history of the male only general strategy, solid also ". Mao Zedong He also admired Emperor Wudi very much and called him "brilliant and bold and pioneering. Liu Bang In his later years, he knew the evils of extravagance, militarism and martial arts, and he committed his SINS, which was the heyday of the world." ^[193] It was promulgated by Emperor Wudi in his later years The Gangtai crime has been taught Self-reflection on the fault, restart the early Han recuperation, light corvee, resulting in stability of the state Zhao Xuan Zhongxing Laid the foundation. ^{[21
]}

Zhao Xuan Zhongxing

Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, Liu was ill

After Liu Che, Emperor Zhao of Han , Emperor Xuan of Han During the term of office, the Western Han Dynasty enjoyed economic prosperity, political stability, cultural prosperity, scientific and technological development, vast territory, and four foreign clothes, which were collectively called today Zhao Xuan Zhongxing . ^[45]

During the reign of Emperor Xuan, the Western regions broke away one after another Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China Annexed to the Western Han Dynasty, the exchanges between the Central Plains and the Western regions became increasingly frequent. The first 61 years defeated Sichaung Later commissioned General Zhao Chongguo Establish farm camps, strengthen border defense, and make Qiang people Bow down. In 60 BC, the Huns expelled the king Sage Shan More than ten thousand people surrendered ^[46] Zheng Ji big break car division, shock the western regions, Emperor Xuan of Han Wulei City (now Xinjiang Luntai northeast), officially established Western Region Capital Protection Office Guardianship of the cities of the Western regions, general affairs of the Western regions, security Silk Road The security and smooth flow of the Western regions officially incorporated into the territory of China. ^[9] Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China The evil is singling out In 51 BC he appeared before Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty Sweet Spring Palace ^[47] To conquer the Huns and solve the border problem for the northern Han ^[8] ^[48] It is said that the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty reached its peak Xiao Xuan Zhongxing ^[49] .

Encyclopedia x mixed knowledge: Illustrated Zhao Xuan Zhongxing

Sunset in the west

December 49 BC, Emperor Xuan of Han After the death of the crown prince Liu Shi Emperor Yuan of Han During the reign of Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty Confucianism . 36 BC, the Huns Zhi Zhishanyu be Old soup beheaded A surname "Those who commit a strong crime will be punished even if they are far away!" The forte of The Times, ^[50] So far, the only Huns who have fought against the Han have been destroyed, Han-hungarian War Come to an end. For the first 33 years, The evil is singling out Entering the court to seek relatives, the Yuan emperor of Han to concubines Wang Qi Make peace with him. ^[51] In the late reign of Emperor Yuan of Han, due to Land annexation prevail centralization The decline and the deepening of class contradictions caused the Western Han Dynasty to turn from prosperity to decline.

The Western Han Dynasty

In the late Western Han Dynasty, politics became increasingly corrupt, land annexation became a trend, and society was in turmoil. Faced with this situation, many people proposed ways to solve the crisis to the court. Emperor Ai of Han When, Dassima Teacher's pill In view of the phenomenon that the number of rich officials and people at that time was huge, and the poor and weak were more and more trapped, it was proposed to restrict the number of nobles and rich men and women slaves. Prime minister (in feudal China) Aperture light A commonplace He Wu Put forward detailed measures: from the vassal king to the official people, the possession of land should not exceed 30 hectares; The number of vassals and maidservants in possession shall not exceed 200, the number of princes and princesses shall not exceed 100, and the number of vassals and officials and common people shall not exceed 30. Rich merchants and magnates may not hold official positions or own land; If the number of farmland and maidservants exceeds the above limits, no one shall be paid an official; An official servant who is over 50 years old may be exempted from being a subaltern. ^[52] Since most of the powerful landlords and aristocratic bureaucrats had already exceeded the maximum limit at that time, they were unwilling to give up their own interests, so this proposal was shelved as soon as it was put forward and became a dead letter. Pertinent proposals were not implemented, and absurd and superstitious theories spread. During the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, Gan Zhong of Qi proclaimed that the Han Dynasty would come to an end and should be changed ^[53] Ganzhong died in prison on the charge of false ghosts and gods. Gan Zhong's disciple Xia Heliang also put forward the theory that the Han calendar should decline, and he said to Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty: Emperor Cheng did not deserve the mandate of heaven, so he died. It is a warning from Heaven to the world that Your Majesty has been ill for a long time and has suffered many disasters. In order to prolong life, bear children and prevent floods, the year name should be changed.

Wang Mang succeeded the Han Dynasty

Wang Mang, Emperor Jianxing of the new Dynasty

Trapped inside and out Emperor Ai of Han At the yellow door Li Xun Lieutenant of the division undimming Encouraged by others, he took this practice as a straw to save his life and announced that he was ordered again, the main content of which included: change Jianping After more than a month, Emperor Ai's condition did not improve, but found that Xia Heliang and Li Xun, Xie Guang and others colluded in an attempt to retire the prime minister, the imperial history, with Li Xun, Xie Guang to assist the government, and then control the regime, Xia Heliang was put to death in prison, Li Xun, Xie Guang were also exiled to Bian County.

At this time, Liu Huangtong had lost his prestige in society, including some bureaucrats and landlords. Come from a long family Wang Mang It was in this context that the rapid rise, Wang Mang The number of people who did not accept the new Noda and wrote letters to praise his merits reached 48,700, and local officials continued to offer sacrifices to Wang Mang Auspicious sign To create public opinion for the Han Dynasty. Wang Mang, under the support of the landlord bureaucracy, was led by" An Han Kung "To" False Emperor Finally, in December 8, he became emperor and changed his name to" new The Western Han Dynasty collapsed.

Encyclopedia x mixed knowledge: Illustrated Wang Mang usurped Han

territory

broadcast

EDITOR

Territorial scope

During the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, the martial arts were prosperous and expanded the territory on a large scale. Yuanshuo Two years (127 BC), sent Wei Qing Northern attack Huns recover Henan land , install Shuofan , Gowongun ^[54] ; Genkari Two years (121 BC), General Han Huo Qubing Out of long right hit out live Hexi Corridor Of the Huns tribe ^[55] Set up accordingly Wuwei County , Jiuquan County ^[56] , and then separated Zhangye County , Dunhuang county ^[57] ; Yuan Ding Six years (111 BC), it was destroyed South Vietnam Advance and occupy Hainan Island It is located in Namhae, Changoh, Ullim, Hepo, Gyeo, Gujin, Ilnam, Joo, and Daner ^[58] , and flat Southwest plania Zangke Zangwei, Wudu, Yuex巂, Shenli and Wenshan ^[59] ; It was pacified the same year Dong Ou , Minyue County And moved its people to the Jianghuai River ^[60] ; Yuan Feng Two years (109 BC), annexation State of Yunnan buy Yizhou County ^[61] And push the southwest border to Yunnan (Province) Ailao Mountain and Gaoligong Mountain ; In the third year of the Yuan Feng (108 BC), it died Weissner Korea Set le waves, Lintun, Xuanhu, Zhenpan four counties ^[62] ; Early days Three years (102 BC), he also sent light and Lu Xun Xu Ziwei build The Outer Great Wall the Kuirochet and Jujensee ^[63-64] And pushed the northern frontiers of the Western Han Dynasty to Gobi Desert Since then, the basic pattern of Han Dynasty has been laid. Here we are Emperor Xuan of Han God Lord two years (60 BC), again in Wulei Cheng (This) Luntai county ) set up Western Region Capital Protection Office Officially set up officials, garrisons, and implement government decrees in the Western regions, and began to control the Western regions. ^[65]

The maximum territory of the Western Han Dynasty was in the east and Korea, in the south, according to Cochin, in the west, and in the north, reaching the desert, with a width of 9,302 miles from east to west and a length of 13,368 miles from north to south. It was a vast and powerful country in the world at that time. ^{[194
]}

Administrative division

First level district: County state

Map of Western Han Dynasty (13 photos)

In the early Han Dynasty, there were 13 counties and 7 states. By the time of Emperor Ping of Han, there were 103 counties, 1314 counties, 32 prefectures and 241 counties principality . ^[66] ^{[194
]} Sir Originally called State chief He was renamed Emperor Jing Chief official in feudal China .

Secondary administrative District: County (Marquis, city, Dao)

The city was a food town granted by the Empress Dowager and princess. Dao is located in Minority nationality The county level of the district. In two years, there were 1,587 county-level administrative districts such as counties, kingdoms, towns and roads. Counties with more than 10,000 households are called magistrates, and counties with fewer than 10,000 households are called chiefs.

The Department (also known as the Department of History) : Since the fifth year of the Yuan Feng (106 BC), 13 more departments were set up above the county, and each department governed several counties (countries). However, at this time, the ministry was a supervision area, not a real administrative region.

political

broadcast

EDITOR

Huang Lao thought

Liu Bang and the founders of the country were of low origin, and thus formed in the early Han Dynasty A general dressed in cloth The situation. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period The previous era when the hereditary aristocracy dominated politics was largely over. The rulers of the Han Dynasty learned the historical lessons of the short death of the Qin Dynasty, and changed the eagerness and harshness of the Qin Dynasty to the wide and slow practice of the early Han Dynasty Huang Lao thought The implementation of the policy of "quiet and no action" and "rest with the people", and on this basis achieved economic development and social stability. The governance of Wen Jing ". ^{[21
]}

Three princes and nine ministers

See also: Three princes and nine ministers

The Han inherited the Qin system "Set up a prime minister, change the name of the Prime Minister in 11 years, Green Ribbon", arrived 汉惠帝 , Queen Lu The period is divided into the left and right prime ministers, Emperor Wen of Han Two years "restore a prime minister", "palm cheng Tianzi assistant Wanji". ^{[67
]} Its powers are as broad as that Chen Ping Said: "The prime minister, the son of heaven to regulate Yin and Yang, along the four times, the next to nurture all things appropriate, outside the town of the four Yi princes, the people, so that the officials have their duties." ^{[68
]} The specific powers of the prime minister are divided into five aspects: the right to choose officials, the right to supervise officials and have a certain power to enforce laws, the right to take examinations and lessons, the right to lead court discussions and report matters, and the right to seal and criticize. ^[69]

In addition to the prime minister system, the first lieutenant and the imperial historian doctor are respectively in charge of military affairs, government affairs and supervision, and are collectively referred to as the "Prime Minister". Sankung ". Under the "Three princes", there were "three princes" in charge of the state's military administration and court affairs. A surname ". Local administrative organs, except those following the Qin Dynasty The system of prefectures and counties In addition, the early Han Dynasty was also divided Vassal king , formed County state A staggered situation. The county government system was inherited from the Qin Dynasty, and the official positions of the state were modeled after those of the central government. ^{[201
]} Grass-roots organizations below the county level are still townships and towns. This restored a system of governance from the central to the local level.

Emperor Wu of Han In order to strengthen the imperial power and weaken the prime minister's power, the internal Dynasty gradually weakened the prime minister's power, and strengthened the imperial power and established its own control over the central government by frequently changing the prime minister and killing the prime minister in detail. The inner court After the establishment of the above purpose, it played an indispensable role in the foreign wars during the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han. However, as a system, the internal Dynasty itself was not perfect and mature. The inner Court had great dependence on the imperial power, and could not exist as an independent authority without the leadership of the emperor. At the same time, the prime minister was not allowed to interfere with the affairs of the inner Court, which also made the inner court an independent unit within the regime relative to the outer court. In short, from the point of view of centralization, the establishment of the inner Dynasty strengthened the emperor's control over the government and made the autocratic system reach a new height. As a result, the foreign court headed by the prime minister gradually degraded into a major policy implementation agency.

Official selection system

See also: Recommendatory system , conscript

In the early Han Dynasty, there were two main sources of officials: one was the selection of officials at all levels according to the rank of military merit, and the other was the selection of officials from Lang, that is, the subordinate of Lang, Lang, Lang, and so on. The duties of the Lang were to guard the palace and serve as the emperor's attendants, and if, after a period of time, there was a shortage of central or local officials, they could be selected from among the Lang officials. By the time of Emperor Wudi, the military landlords had fallen. Lang Many come from "Ren Zi" or "money selection", it is difficult to select real talents.

Therefore, after Emperor Wudi ascended the throne, in order to expand the rule base, in addition to the above system, a new system of selecting officials was enacted:

Recommendatory system . Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty had already chosen "virtuous" and "filial piety", but it did not form a formal system. During the reign of Emperor Wudi, it began to be expressly stipulated that all prime ministers, lihou, Shi, shou, were equally promoted, and were appointed to official positions after assessment. It soon introduced proportional elections based on the size of the population and abolished restrictions on assets. In this way, the investigation system is gradually improved. ^{[217
]}
conscript Those who had a certain ability but refused to become an official were summoned by Emperor Wudi, indeed talented, and granted official positions. At the same time, there is also a system of "letters on the bus", where the officials of the world write on the matter, if there is a good candidate, that is, according to their strengths, they are awarded official posts.
Students with excellent results in the examination may also be admitted to the official post. It was adopted by Emperor Wudi in 124 BC Gong Sunhong Suggestion, set Doctor of the Five Classics Disciples, the annual examination, where can pass once above, can make up the official lack of literature, and get A grade and Lang official. Through these measures, Emperor Wudi selected a number of talented people, thus further strengthening the ruling organization.

Han Law nine chapters

Imperial historian system

In order to strengthen the control of local officials, Emperor Wudi divided the country into 13 supervision areas in 106 BC. State department ". Each prefecture had a governor to monitor the region. The emperor travels to the county every autumn to" Six questions ". The first is to supervise the "strong Zong Haoright", and the other five are to supervise the prefectures, lieutenants and ministers of the kingdom. Wherever the local officials do not give edicts, mistreat the people, investigate injustice, and their sons are lawless. Or colluded with the powerful, after hearing the report, the emperor was directly submitted for punishment. This has a clear effect on restraining local powerful forces and strengthening the central government's control over local officials. ^{[203
]}

Military affairs

broadcast

EDITOR

centre

To consolidate their rule, the Western Han established PI Qin Dynasty More complete armed forces. The early Western Han Dynasty was implemented Conscription system With two soldiers to guard the capital. One for the South. Guard Miyagi. Go Military lieutenant To lead; The other is the Northern Army, defending the capital, returning lieutenant Lead. The two have 20,000 men each. During Emperor Wudi's reign, the number was reduced to 10,000 each. The soldiers were rotated every year, which was not conducive to defending the capital. Emperor Wu of Han During the period, the army was strengthened and professional soldiers were set up to serve as attendants Lifeguard , add Towered boat (Navy) and other services. The strengthening of the army gave the central authority a stronger pillar. At the same time, it has strengthened the forces of external and internal repression. ^{[203
]}

Qimen Army and Feather Forest Lancer

There were three divisions of the servants: the Shimen, the forest, and the orphans. The Shimen Army was established in 138 BC by Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty. It was composed of the Liangjia sons who could mount and fire in six counties, such as Longxi and Beidi. There were about one thousand men in total Kwang Loc Hoon In charge. Because he often served Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty and looked forward to the temple gate, it was named "Period Gate". Yu Lin riding was formed in the first year of Taichu (104 BC) by selecting six counties, about 700 people, also belonging to Guanglu Xun. Yulin riding was originally called Jianzhang camp riding, because of the guard Jianzhang Palace named. After the name was changed to "riding in the forest", take "such as the disease of the feather, such as the forest" meaning. The orphans of the forest are the children of the war dead, so named because they were raised in the forest government office to teach war shooting. ^{[203
]} ^{[217
]}

Eighth officer

The Praetorian Guard was established in the sixth year of Yuan Ding (111 BC), with a total of eight units, each with about 700 soldiers, led by eight lieutenants, so called" Eighth officer ". The eighth lieutenant is a garrison, a tun, an infantryman, a Yue, a long water, a Hu, a shot, and a tiger. The soldiers of the eighth lieutenant are recruited and are professional soldiers, which is the beginning of the recruitment system in ancient China. This army later developed into the main military force of the Western Han Dynasty. ^{[217
]}

place

At the local level, there was a trained reserve called the County Army, which was divided into officers (infantry) and knights (cavalry) according to the specific conditions of the region, and these reserves were controlled by the county magistrate and the county lieutenant. Both the standing and reserve armies were staffed by "regular soldiers" recruited from the county state. ^{[203
]}

economy

broadcast

EDITOR

agriculture

Popularization of cattle cultivation

In the early Han Dynasty, in order to restore the economic and agricultural production needs, the Western Han government ordered the prohibition of cattle killing and cattle stealing, and once set up farms in the northern border to raise horses. This initiative made the majority of farmers pay more attention to raising livestock, cattle farming, but also supplemented by horse farming further widespread, gradually prevailing in the Yellow River basin. But in Jiangnan area due to late development and iron smelting industry is not developed, still in place Fire plows water The state of... ^{[177
]}

Iron farm tools promotion

The production and use of iron farm tools is more extensive, in the period of Emperor Wudi of Han, iron smelting industry was monopolized by the state, and the promotion of iron tools was more rapid. Not only was iron widely used in the Central Plains, but it was also extended to the border minority areas, and the types of iron farm tools also increased. In iron plows alone, there are iron jaws, sharp wings, tongue trapezoidal plows, and large plows. ^{[177
]} With the construction of a large number of water conservancy projects, farming techniques have been significantly improved. Especially in Shandong Anqiu, Henan Zhongmu and Shaanxi Xi 'an, Xianyang and other places have found iron ploughshares. mouldboard The invention of the plow was a major development in the reform of the plow. Without ploughing, it can not break the soil, loosen the soil, and raise the ridge for mu. ^[218]

Build water conservancy projects

Compared with the Warring States period, there was a new development of water conservancy in the Western Han Dynasty. The most prominent is the construction of some large water conservancy projects in the Yellow River and Guanzhong. In the early Han Dynasty, the Yellow River broke its banks many times. In 132 BC, the Yellow River again Bottle gourd fruit (southwest of today's Puyang, Henan Province) broke, flooding disaster, throughout 16 counties. In 109 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han recruited tens of thousands of migrant workers for cultivation. After this control, the Yellow River did not suffer a major disaster in 80 years. Controlling the Yellow River is a large scale water conservancy project in the Western Han Dynasty. ^{[204
]}

Several large irrigation canals were dug in Guanzhong during Emperor Wudi's reign. In 129 BC, in order to transfer grain transported by the Kanto West, in A surname Under the leadership of the government, tens of thousands of migrant workers were recruited to dig canals parallel to the Wei River. The canal is on the south bank of the Wei River and flows into the Yellow River in the east, more than one hundred kilometers long. After the completion, not only will the transport time of this section be reduced by half, but also benefit more than ten thousand hectares of land along both sides of the canal. At the same time, again repair Longshou Canal . This canal is from Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Chengtou village to irrigate Shaanxi Pucheng, Dali area fields. The channel goes through Shangyan Mountain. Here the soil is loose, the canal bank is easy to collapse, can not use the general construction method. So invented the "well canal method", so that the Longshou canal from the underground through the seven miles wide Shangyan Mountain. This is the first underground canal in the history of China. 111 BC, in Zhengguo Canal Six small auxiliary canals were built upstream, he said Six auxiliary canals . ^{[178
]} 95 BC, from Zhongshankou (northwest of Jingyang, Shaanxi) Jinghe to Yueyang (Yueyang Town, Lintong, Shaanxi), this is the White Canal. The whole canal is nearly 200 miles long, more than 4,500 hectares of irrigated farmland, and the soil in the water can fertilize the field. In addition, it was drawn under the eastern Mount Tai The Wenshui River (in Shandong Province) Irrigate farmland, in Gansu province to divert Yellow River irrigation field, in Anhui province Huai River Irrigation, etc. ^{[205
]}

Tillage technique

With the development of agricultural production, agricultural farming techniques have also improved. In the last years of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, Sogu Duwei Zhao Guo Summed up the experience of drought fighting in northwest China and promoted the" Yoda process ". The so-called "replacement field method" is to divide each mu of land into six parts - three ridges (ridge platform) and three 甽 (furrow), and the ridges 甽 change positions every year to recuperate the land capacity. The way to do this is to plant the seed 甽 a foot wide and a foot deep and a foot wide in 甽 rows. Plant the seed in 甽. After emergence, remove the weeds along the ridge and turn the soil to cultivate the seedling roots. By summer, the ridge is complete and the root is deep. In the next year, the positions of 甽 and ridge were changed, and the planting was as follows. ^{[177
]}

Zhao Guo Also invented 耧车 . 耧车 is a seed drill that can sow three rows at the same time, which greatly improves the sowing efficiency. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty ordered the popularization of this new farm tool throughout the country. An iron columbine was found in the village site of Sandaohao in Liaoyang in the late Western Han Dynasty, and the three-legged columbine picture on the mural of Wang Mang's tomb in Zaoyuan Village, Pinglu, Shanxi Province, proves that 耧车 sowing technology was widely used at that time. ^{[177
]}

to Emperor Cheng of Han A surname Of Universal Victory And summed up a new farming method -" Block system ". Is a horticultural farming technology, the land is divided into many districts, concentrated use of water and fertilizer, intensive cultivation, improve the yield per unit area. ^{[177
]} Due to the development of agricultural production, the area of cultivated land also continued to expand, by the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the cultivated land area has reached more than 8270500 hectares, the population of more than 60 million, more than twice as much as the Qin Dynasty. ^{[179
]}

Agricultural product processing

Before the Han Dynasty, it mainly relied on artificial spring rice or other grains. During Emperor Wudi's reign, it was already in use Animal power overdraw Stone mill . In addition, the treadle of the "arbitrage-treadle" utilizes hydraulic power Water-powered trip-hammer Water-powered treadmills and windmills for sifting grain also appeared in the Western Han Dynasty. Huan Tan "The New Treatise" said in talking about grain processing: "And later generations Jiaqiao, because of the long force to use the body heavy to practice treadle, and profit ten times the spring, and re-established organs, with donkeys, win, cattle, horses and water to spring, the profit is a hundred times." A large stone mill with copper funnel pulled by animal power was unearthed in the mausoleum of King Zhongshan in Mancheng, Hebei Province. Historians have long believed that fan valley is used windmill It didn't appear until the Northern Song Dynasty. Two models of windmills were unearthed in the Han tombs of Luoyang and Jiyuan in Henan Province, thus advancing the history of windmills to the Western Han Dynasty. ^{[177
]}

Grain output

Regarding grain output per unit area in the Western Han Dynasty, Chaulco (a surname) Once said: "One hundred mu of harvest, but a hundred stones." At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, each mu was about 0.2882 mu. ^{[180
]} Each stone is about 0.2 city stone today. According to this figure, at the beginning of the Han Dynasty, each mu of land could produce about six tons and nine liters of millet or wheat. "Huainan Zi · Master art training" also mentioned: "a person 躔 Lei and farming, but ten mu, in the middle of the year, the end of the year, but four mu stone." "Huainan Zi" was written in the time of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, began to line large mu, whenever the current 0.6916 mu, the harvest of four stones, equivalent to the current system of about per mu or a stone a fight five liters. ^{[181
]} But this is probably high yield land. ^{[182
]}

Handicraft industry

Iron metallurgy

Han dynasty weapons

In the Han Dynasty, there were many iron-smelting workshops on a large scale. After the 1950s, many iron smelting sites of the Han Dynasty were found in Henan, Shandong, Beijing, Jiangsu and other places, among which the largest sites were Tieshenggou Village in Gongxian County of Henan Province and Beiguan Tiafangzhuang in Nanyang. It can be seen from the site that the smelting process of the Western Han Dynasty was concentrated and well-equipped. An iron tool unearthed in Tieshenggou village, Gongxian County, Henan province, has been tested to have very good spherical graphite, with obvious graphite core and radioactive structure, which is equivalent to the current national standard of ductile iron A grade graphite. At the same time found a fried steel furnace. The emergence of stir-frying steel, a new advanced technology with high efficiency, indicates that the iron smelting technology in the Western Han Dynasty has reached a higher stage of development, and has epoch-making significance in the history of iron and steel smelting. ^{[206
]}

During the Warring States period, the iron smelting industry can generally only smelt farm tools and a few hand tools, and forge weapons is relatively small. In the Western Han Dynasty, not only could iron long swords, spears, and broadswords with ringheads be produced, but also utensils and miscellaneous tools were widely used in iron, such as lamps, POTS, furnaces, and scissors, which have been found in the sites of the middle Western Han Dynasty. ^[219]

Silk industry

Hanfu - plain yarn zen clothes

In the Western Han Dynasty, the silk weaving industry of Hanfu was developed, and the textile technology was also greatly improved. At that time, Chang 'an and Linzi were the centers of the national silk weaving industry. Chang 'an has east and west weaving room, Linzi and Chen Liuxiang ( Now Henan Suixian county ) In other places, large-scale government-run workshops were set up, often employing thousands of weavers. In the cities where the silk industry is developed, there are workshops run by wealthy merchants. Peasant families mainly spun linen, cambric, and silks for their own use and tax payment, and sometimes sold a small portion of textiles. ^{[207
]}

Hanfu dress -- Qu Train

There are many kinds of silk fabrics, and official workshops mainly produce more expensive brocade, embroidery and yarn. In 1972, the cultural relics unearthed from the Han tomb of Mawangdui, Changsha, there are well-preserved silk, yarn, silk, brocade, cotton, embroidery, linen and other silk fabrics, these silk fabrics, using weaving, embroidery, printing and other techniques to make a variety of animal, moire, rolled grass and diamond patterns, reflecting the Western Han Dynasty Hanfu textile technology has reached a very high level. ^{[207
]} Images of a single spindle spinning wheel have been found in silk paintings and stone statues of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Yinqi Mountain, Linyi, Shandong Province. In particular, the stone relief unearthed in Honglou, Tongshan, Jiangsu Province in 1956 is engraved with images of several figures in weaving, spinning and silk mixing operations, showing a vivid scene of textile Hanfu production.

In the Western Han Dynasty, there were not only spinning tools, but also weaving machines. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, oblique weaving machines were widely used in the northern and southern regions, and treadle-hoist looms were widely used in rural areas. At the same time, there is a machine for weaving jacquard fabric - jacquard machine, jacquard technology has reached a very high level. Han brocade is the representative of Han Dynasty fabric level, is a colorful fabric. After chemical analysis of silk fabrics, it is known that rubitin and indigo are used as dyes, which can be dyed green, red and other colors. This is a step up from the dyeing process in the Warring States period. ^[219]

Technological level

The development of handicraft industry in the Western Han Dynasty also showed the level of handicraft.

Han Dynasty bronzes

In 1968, a large number of exquisite artifacts were excavated in the tomb of Liu Sheng and his wife, King Jing of Zhongshan, Western Han Dynasty, in Mancheng, Hebei. For example, the unearthed "Changxin Palace lamp" is made into an image of a palace lady holding the lamp in her hands, which is very vivid and has a more exquisite design. It can be disassembled, the lamp plate can be turned, the lampshade can be opened and closed, and the brightness and Angle of the light can be adjusted at will. The head of the maid can be disassembled, the body is empty, and the right arm is connected with the flue; The smoke from the wax torch through the flue is contained in the body to keep the room clean. There are also two complete sets of "Golden jade clothing" in the tomb, which is made of more than 2,000 pieces of jade and silk woven by gold, and its production process is very exquisite.

In the official handicraft workshops of the Western Han Dynasty, the main producers were slave workers and convicts, the laborers in the private workshops were mainly slaves, and only the producers of the cottage industry were "editors and the people".

The five baht of the Western Han Dynasty

Bronze mirror

A golden robe of jade

Western Han Dynasty bronzes

The long letter palace lamp

Western Han chicken heart

Lacquerware industry

The lacquerware industry also developed greatly in the Western Han Dynasty. in Shu County (present Chengdu) and Guanghan and other places set up workers to supervise the production of lacquerware. At that time, the upper house used lacquer, and a large number of lacquer ware was unearthed in the Han Dynasty tomb of Mawangdui in Changsha. There are many kinds of lacquerware, such as ear cups, plates, POTS, boxes, POTS, spoons, pillows, bars, screens, etc. Most of the colors are bright, shiny, delicate and beautiful, especially the painting on the lacquer, the skills are higher, the painting is unrestrained and vivid, bold and powerful, and the lines are clean and fluent. ^{[207
]}

commerce

"King of Traffic"

In the early Han Dynasty, although merchants were forbidden to ride in silk clothes and serve as officials, the unification of the country, the recovery and development of the economy, and the relaxation of the ban on mountain ze created conditions for the prosperity of commerce. At that time, the rich merchants and magnates "travel around the world" ^[72] He was very active and even richer than the Son of Heaven, the "king of Communications", forming an influential force ^[73] .

In the Western Han Dynasty, there was a wide range of commercial operations. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, dozens of commodities such as grain, salt, oil, sauce, fruit, vegetables, cattle, horses, sheep, cloth, silk, leather and aquatic products were displayed in the market.

Recovery of coinage rights

Wuzhu coin

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the county was free to make money. This caused confusion in the currency system and hindered the normal exchange of commodities. On the other hand, some aristocratic bureaucrats and wealthy merchants manipulated the power of coinage, becoming richer than the Son of Heaven and threatening the central government. Wu and Chu dynasties The Seven Kingdoms Rebellion Coinage provided important financial support. In 113 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han issued an order prohibiting the county from minting money, and sent the privately minted coins from all over the country to the capital to be destroyed, restoring the power of coins to the central government. A special coinage institution was established, that is, the three officers of Shuiheng Duwei, Zhong Guan, copper and skill were responsible for minting Wuzhu money. This newly cast Wuzhu money (also known as Shanglin money or Three official coin As heavy as its text, the quality of money was high, easy to circulate, and became the only legal currency at that time. ^{[208
]}

Salt and iron official camp and delivery level

In the early Han Dynasty, the salt and iron was operated by private companies, and the government only set up official taxes. Emperor Wudi adopted large merchants Kongonly and The East Guo Xianyang It is suggested that the important industrial and commercial departments such as iron smelting, salt cooking and wine making, which are monopolized by the private sector, should be absorbed into the monopoly operation of the state, and salt and iron monopoly offices should be set up in the areas where salt and iron are produced throughout the country, and major local salt and iron merchants should be appointed as salt and iron officials to manage the affairs of salt cooking, iron making and salt and iron trading. Where iron is not produced, small iron officers are set up to melt scrap iron for use as farm implements or utensils. After the salt and iron official camp, private cast iron and salt cooking are strictly prohibited. Since the establishment of the Salt and Iron government, the Han government has greatly increased its revenue. However, the administration of salt and iron officials are mostly salt and iron merchants, poor management, often low quality products, expensive prices, poor people can not afford to buy. ^{[209
]}

Emperor Wudi of Han carried out the policy of equalizing the supply of salt and iron at the same time ^{[74
]} . In 110 BC, Emperor Wu of Han adopted the suggestion of Sang Hongyang and implemented the policy of equalization in the whole country. Originally, the various departments of the Han government often snapped up materials, causing prices to rise, and the local tribute to the central government was difficult to exchange, "or not reimbursed its expenses." And rich businessmen hoard and manipulate prices. Therefore, the order of agriculture unified the establishment of transport officials in the county state, responsible for the management, dispatch, collection of rental property collected from the county state, and responsible for transportation to all parts of the capital. He was also placed in the capital by the order of the great peasants, in charge of all the materials and goods transported to the capital by the government throughout the country, except for the use of the emperor's relatives, as official capital to operate official business. "Sell the expensive, buy the cheap." ^[75] Adjust prices and gain profits. After the implementation of the salt and iron official camp and the policy of leveling all inputs, "the people do not benefit from Fu, and the world uses Rao". ^{[209
]}

calculate and Inform sb. 's superiors

In order to combat the economic power of wealthy merchants and loan sharks and increase the government's financial revenue, Emperor Wudi promulgated the law in 119 BC calculate and Inform sb. 's superiors The command. ^[76-77]

The solution is to collect property taxes from big businessmen and loan sharks. It was stipulated that a merchant's property should be taxed on every two thousand dollars (once calculated at one hundred and twenty dollars), and a handicrafts' property should be taxed on every four thousand dollars; Those who have 轺车, instead of the three old men and the northern knights, are taxed once on each car, and twice on the merchant's car; If the ship is more than 50 feet, the tax is levied on each ship. Conceal or self-reported false, encourage the informed disclosure, called "reporting." If the disclosure is true, all the property of the accused shall be confiscated, and the accused shall be punished to guard the border for one year, and the informant shall be rewarded with half of the confiscated property. This line, all over the competing claims. in Yang Ke When supervisors report matters, the wind of reporting matters spreads throughout the country. ^[76]

The implementation of the above measures limited and suppressed the economic power of the rich merchants, the powerful and the nobles, increased the financial revenue of the Western Han government, temporarily solved the difficulties caused by war and extravagance, and strengthened the economic power of the central government. But it has a considerable negative impact on commodity economy. ^[76-77]

Salt iron industrial Palace of the western Han Dynasty commercial city and transportation

city

Chang 'an Map of Han Dynasty

The largest city in the Western Han Dynasty was the capital Chang 'an . According to archaeological excavations, the length around Chang 'an City is more than 22,600 meters, which is more than 60 miles long in the Han Dynasty, more than three times the ancient city of Rome. There are three gates on each side of the city wall, which can accommodate four carts. Streets criss-cross the city, there are eight streets (vertical street) nine (cross street) said. The streets are three side by side, connected with the three doorways of the city gate, of which the central avenue is particularly broad and is the "chizhu road" dedicated to the emperor. The central and southern parts of the city are almost all palace areas, accounting for two-thirds of the city. The East and West Nine City in the northwest corner of the city is a commercial activity area. ^{[210
]} Chang 'an is bustling with commerce. Within nine markets, shops of all sizes are gathered to sell goods from all over the world. Similar stores are concentrated in one place, becoming many cities, such as wine market, bull market, horse market, sheep market and so on. These have been confirmed by archaeological excavations. The East and West nine cities are not only commercial areas, but also hand industrial areas, such as the city there are official handicraft workshops. The northern part of the city is residential, accounting for about one-tenth of the city. According to records, Chang 'an had a population of 240,000 at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. ^{[221
]} In addition to Chang 'an, Luoyang , Linzi , Handan , nanyang (Nanyang), Chengdu They were all famous metropolises at that time. ^[220] Luoyang has convenient land and water transportation. Linzi silk weaving industry developed, densely populated, is the center of Qilu. Handan is a commercial center north of the Yellow River. Wan is the main north-south traffic road, iron smelting industry is very developed. Chengdu's handicraft industry, especially Shu brocade, is famous throughout the country. The cities of the Western Han Dynasty not only spread throughout the Central Plains, but also developed greatly in the southern regions. Such as Gangnung (Jiangling, Hubei), wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu), Panyu (a county in Henan Province) (Guangzhou), etc., either as a capital city, or as an important city for foreign trade. ^{[221
]}

taxes

The taxation system of the Western Han Dynasty included Farm rent , Population tax and Watch Fu Three items. Field rent is a tax levied on land. Since the early Han Dynasty, the fifteen taxes, ten taxes, thirty taxes and temporary exemption laws have been implemented. Population tax is divided according to age Computational fu and Mouth money Two kinds of tax, calculate the tax, 15 to 56 years old men and women, each pay 120 money per year, called a calculation. The tax is a child tax, which is paid 20 dollars per child per year between the ages of 7 and 14. Kengfu is a kind of servitude tax. The Western Han Dynasty stipulated that between the ages of 23 and 56, in addition to two years of military service, each man served one month a year in the county, known as" Even more ", do not serve, pay 2000, called" practice "; Each man was to spend three days a year, and those who did not serve were to be paid 300, which the government hired with money. overwatch ". It's a way to pay for servitude. In the early Western Han Dynasty, although the system followed the Qin system, the degree of punishment was much higher Qin Dynasty A great relief. ^{[203
]}

Household registration

After Liu Bang entered the Guanzhong, Xiao He Taxes are levied according to Qin's library household registration. After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, this measure was extended to the whole country. All the peasants who had fled were ordered to return to their hometowns, a national population registration was carried out, and, according to the Qin system, township, prefecture, Tigerand Wujie organizations were established below the county level. The village has three old people; Lay Li is, palm hundred; He is the Lord of 10 houses; The Lord of five houses. Established a thorough household registration system, known as" The editors and the people are in harmony ". It is used to supervise the payment of taxes, urge the dispatch of corvee, and maintain local security. ^{[203
]}

population

At the end of the Qin Dynasty, due to the long-term war, the population of the Western Han Dynasty was about 13 million ^[78] After the rest of the early Han Dynasty, light corvee, to the Han Emperor Wudi Yuanguang first year (134 BC), the national population of about 36 million, the late Han Emperor due to heavy corvee led to a decline in registered accounts, as for the history of the "account halved" is due to the burden of tax evasion caused by the population registration is not real. ^{[11
]}

In his later years, Emperor Wudi issued an edict to renew the state policy of disarming the army and supporting the people in the early Han Dynasty, which was followed by his successors Huo Guang and Liu Xun, and the population reached 50 million in the late 49 BC. ^[78] To the first two years (2 years) of the Yuan Dynasty of the Han Dynasty, the registered population reached 59594978 people, 8270536 hectares of land reclamation, the most in the Han Dynasty. ^[79] ^{[179
]} Scholars consider that the population of the end of the Western Han Dynasty should be 63 million, taking into account the uncounted households and the foreigners who moved to the Han Dynasty. ^{[21
]} ^[80]

culture

broadcast

EDITOR

literature

Han Fu

Fu is a new literary genre in the Western Han Dynasty, when the general literati loved to write Fu. The popular style Fu in the early Han Dynasty began The songs of Chu A novel that has developed verse Mainly for lyric expression. Representative works are Jia Yi 's Ode to Qu Yuan ", "Ode to the Peng Bird" and Meimei 's seven-engine ", etc. By the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, a kind of showy prose fu gradually prevailed, with the main content of praising the splendor of the court and rendering the prosperity of the empire. The middle and late period of the home is very much, to Sima Xiangru 's Zi Xu Fu "," Shanglin Fu "And Yang Xiong's" Ode to Changyang "and" Ode to Changyang" Feather Hunting Ode "And other representative works. The content of Han Fu is empty, the words are gorgeous, and the form is rigid, so the literary value is not great, but it has a certain influence on the later generations in the art form and technique. ^{[213
]}

Yuefu poetry

Yuefu poetry It is a new style in the Western Han Dynasty. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty set up the official music organization, which was led by the assistant law Li Yannian He presided over the collection of folk songs and processed them into Yuefu songs, thus forming a literary form of Yuefu poetry. Due to it Folk song Based on it, the content is extensive and reflects all aspects of social life. As... Fifteen to join the army ", wrote a long-term service veteran, 80 years old when he returned to his hometown to see the death of his relatives, the destruction of the home scene, other such as" Battle City South "," Higashimonyuki "," Mulberry on the Road "And so on, from different angles exposed the disadvantages, there is a certain people and a strong breath of life. ^{[214
]}

prose

The prose of the Western Han Dynasty has a great influence on the style of writing, especially the political essays with vivid characters and profound reasoning. In order to Jia Yi 's Chen is not familiar with political affairs "," Policy of public security "," Treatise on the excessive Qin Dynasty ", Chaulco (a surname) 's On your millet sparse ", "Migrants' Real Border Thinning", Huan Kuan 's Theory of salt and iron As represented by... The highest achievement of prose in this period should be pushed Sima Qian " Shih Chi The content of the book, many biographies, the content is engraved, the image is vivid, the writing is beautiful, and the historical life is written alive. Shiji is not only a famous historical work, but also an excellent collection of essays. Lu Xun praised "Records of the Grand Historian" as "the last song of historians, the rhyme of Li SAO". ^{[214
]}

Folk song

The folk songs of the Han Dynasty have various types, including three, four, five and seven characters, which are vivid and flexible in form, among which five characters are the most common, which is the precursor of the five-character poems after the Eastern Han Dynasty. ^{[222
]}

philosophy

During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, there was the so-called "Confucianism, ink and Taoism", that is Confucianist , Mohist School , Taoists and legalists . However, after the collapse of the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty had the experience of recognizing the collapse of the Qin Dynasty, and first adopted the rule of law of Taoism The art of the old . Until Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, there was a great change in his thinking, that is," Dethrone all schools of thought and honor Confucianism alone It is the beginning of Confucianism's deep influence on Chinese culture. ^{[211
]}

Huang Lao thought

The early Han Dynasty learned the lessons of the peasant war at the end of the Qin Dynasty and adopted Huang Lao thought Guided" Govern without doing anything "Ruling policy. Huang Lao Theory is actually two schools of Taoism. "Yellow" refers to the "study of the Yellow Emperor" and "Lao" refers to the doctrine of Lao Tzu. The study of the Yellow Emperor is a school formed in the Warring States period. There are 5 kinds of books about the Yellow Emperor recorded in Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi, including four Classics of the Yellow Emperor, 6 Ming of the Yellow Emperor, 10 Junchen and Ministers of the Yellow Emperor, 58 Miscellaneous Yellow Emperor, and 22 Li Mu. However, since all the works of "Yellow Emperor's Study" have been lost, it is not clear whether "Yellow Emperor's study" has existed as an independent school in history. Since 1973, the silk manuscript "Mawangdui No. 3 Tomb" was discovered in Changsha. Ten main canons "," Jing Fa "," According to "," Michihara After precious literature such as ", the problem becomes clearer. It is certain that the above silk books belong to the "Yellow Emperor's study" works, and the Yellow Emperor's theory is a school of Taoism. The fundamental difference between it and Lao Zi's theory is that the Yellow Emperor's study not only preached, but also taught the Fa. In the early Han Dynasty, the combination of Huang and Lao became the political guiding ideology of the ruling class at that time. ^{[223
]}

The characteristics of Huang Lao's theory are as follows: on the premise of politically affirming the ruling order of the new feudal unified dynasty and acknowledging that the relationship between the king and the subject cannot be changed, he strongly advocates "ruling without doing anything" and believes that the rulers can ease social contradictions and stabilize the ruling order by doing less; on the contrary, the more promising the ruling class is, the more difficult the people will be to govern. Too many decrees of the ruler will lead to "more thieves", which is different from the political ideal of a small country and a few people advocated by Lao Tzu, and it is a political thought to maintain a unified feudal system. Under the guidance of this ideology, the rulers of the early Han Dynasty adopted the policy of "rest with the people" in order to meet the needs of restoring production and stabilizing the feudal order. Most of the prime ministers in the early Han Dynasty practiced "treating the yellow and the old" and "treating the old without doing anything". For example, after Xiao He's death, Cao Can took the position of minister, and all things were done according to the old rules, without change. A philistinarian who "speaks a profound language and desires a reputation" is rejected and not used; For "honourable elders", promotion is given to maintain political stability. So at that time, the common people sang: "Xiao He is the law, if he talks about painting one; Cao Can instead, do not lose. Carry its Qing Jing, people to a better. ^{[223
]}

The representative work of Huang Lao thought in the early Western Han Dynasty is Lu Jia 's neologism ". After summing up the lessons of the fall of Qin Dynasty, Lu Jia put forward the political proposition of inaction. He believed: "The way is greater than the inaction, the action is greater than respect." His ideal politics is: "The gentleman's rule is also, but if there is no matter, silence if silent, government if there is no official, pavilion if there is no people." The old and the young are not worried about the court. Those near have nothing to talk about, and those far away have nothing to listen to. There is no such thing as a night call. Dogs never bark at night, chickens never crow at night. The old people smell sweet in the hall, and Ding Nan works hard in the field." That is to say, the ruler should interfere less with the people, so that they can live and work in peace and contentment, so that contradictions can be alleviated. ^{[223
]}

The thought of "ruling without doing anything" in the early Han Dynasty promoted the consolidation of the ruling order of the Ding Dynasty and created conditions for the restoration of social production. However, with the gradual consolidation of the Han regime, new problems appeared. "Harmony" could not fundamentally eliminate the harassment of Xiongnu, and "enfeoffment" lurked the crisis of division. Therefore, during Emperor Wen's reign, Jia Yi wrote the book Policy of public security "Pointed out sharply:" can be a long breath this also." In this way, in the Wenjing period, Confucianism gradually raised its head, which provided favorable conditions for Emperor Wudi's exclusive respect for Confucianism. ^{[223
]}

Confucianism thought

In order to meet the needs of the rulers of the middle Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu not only advocated Confucianism, but also made Confucius' theory religious, systematized the theory of feudal autocratic system, and formed a complete ideological system. The Three Policies of Heaven and Man, which he wrote to Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, is the concrete explanation of this thought system, and the Spring and Autumn Fan is its representative work. ^{[223
]}

In order to maintain feudal rule, Dong Zhongshu put forward the theory of "harmony between heaven and man" and the theory of "harmony between heaven and man". He molded the "heaven" of nature into a personality god with a will, and said that everything on earth was a purposeful arrangement of God. All changes in nature and society, the rise and fall of nations, are the expression of the will of God. Providence and personnel are closely linked, heaven with auspicious disasters affect people, people's activities can also move the day. This provided a theoretical basis for the further spread of the superstitious thoughts of the two Han Dynasties. Dong Zhongshu also believed that heaven had set up a "monarch" with supreme power for human society, and the emperor on earth was the authority to reward and punish on behalf of heaven. He said: "The appointed king, the will of God is also given." The people obey the emperor, that is, obey the way of heaven, and anyone who opposes the emperor is against heaven, so as to demonstrate the sanctity of the imperial power and provide a theoretical basis for strengthening the imperial power. Dong Zhongshu, while advocating the divine right of Kings, also tried to pretend the power of heaven and limit the excessive cruelty of the emperor. He said that heaven does not create the people for the emperor, but establishes the emperor for the people, and if the emperor is good for the people, he can continue to do so, otherwise heaven will cut off his throne. This doctrine certainly served the feudal rulers, but it could also be used against imperial power. ^{[224
]}

Dong Zhongshu also vigorously promoted Confucius and Mencius' hierarchical concept of "the king, the minister, the father, the father, the son," and put forward the "three principles" and "five permanent" ethical norms. He said: "The three principles of the king's way can be sought from heaven", "three principles" and "five constants" are the arrangement of "heaven" and the will of heaven. The "three principles", together with the will of heaven, constitute the feudal regime, clan power, theocracy, husband power four ruling powers. This feudal patriarchal thought became the standard of feudal ethical relations and the spiritual shackles of the people.

Dong Zhongshu also put forward the "three qualities of sex" theory. He thought human nature was hierarchical; Saints are born good, villains are born evil, and human nature can be good and hateful. The best saints are born rulers; People can become good through "education"; Only the lowly are destined to be low and humble, and can only be oxen and horses and slaves forever. He used this theory of landlord class's human nature to demonstrate the rationality of feudal hierarchy and feudal rule. ^{[224
]}

From the above theory of Dong Zhongshu, we can see that its ideological core is from the standpoint of maintaining unified feudal centralization, deified autocratic imperial power, and tried to combine feudal power, theocracy, clan power and husband power to serve the landlord class, so it has long been believed by the feudal ruling class. ^{[224
]}

history

" Shih Chi U Sima Qian It is the first general history of China, and occupies a special position in Chinese history and literature, known as "the last song of historians, the Lisao without rhyme". Records of the Grand Historian Yellow Emperor All the way to Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, including 3000 years of history, especially in the Warring States, Qin and Han. It is divided into five parts: the book, the table, the book, the family, the biography: The 12 parts of the book, according to the year to record the emperor's affairs, the main line of the book; Table 10 records historical events by generation or year; 8 books, the ancient economy, cultural relics, systems, astronomy, geography and other special records and discussions; 30 stories, narrating the history and deeds of various local governments and vassals before the Qin Dynasty; The 70 books, which recorded the deeds of princes and nobles, down to hermits, lobbyists, famous doctors, assassins, prophets and actors. The book consists of 130 articles, more than 526,000 words, mainly biographies, supplemented by chronology and chronicle, with strict style and rich content, which is the first general history in ancient China and has opened a precedent for the compilation of official history in the following 2000 years. ^{[212
]}

bibliography

" Seven omissions A surname Liu Xin The earliest written in China bibliography A book, Emperor Cheng of Han When ordered a nationwide collection of books, by Liu Xiang Responsible for proofreading and sorting. Liu Xiang corrected the titles of various books, arranged the order, corrected and simplified the corrupted words, and then wrote the original; At the same time, write a narrative for each book (summary of the content, author's life and academic origins, etc.), which is included in the book. Liu Xiang gathered all the books together into a narrative face. Individual recording "Volume 20. But he died without finishing his work. Emperor Ai of Han The son of Liu Xiang Liu Xin Succeeded the school book cause, Liu Xin in" Individual recording On the basis of ", the summary is compiled into" Seven omissions ": collection strategy, six arts strategy, Zhuzi strategy, poetry and Fu strategy, book of war strategy, skill number strategy, strategy strategy. Among them, the summary of the book. Later on, Ban Khao Truncated "Seven Lures" and wrote "Han Shu" Records of art and literature ". Qi Lue is not only the beginning of Chinese bibliography and book taxonomy, but also a precious ancient academic history. ^{[213
]}

religion

In the Western Han Dynasty, religion was originally intended to strengthen monarchical power, but in necromancer Under the influence of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, the function of the religious Canon was to pursue one's own immortals. It was only through the continuous efforts of Confucian scholars, by changing the sacrificial places, rituals and main gods, that the state religion and politics were ethicalized and its secular function was restored in the late Western Han Dynasty. Since then, the state religion of the feudal dynasty has become a religious tool for the main purpose of maintaining the rule. ^[81]

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buddhism Into China.

science

broadcast

EDITOR

" Peri-leg longitude "," Nine chapters on Arithmetic "Is the oldest mathematical work in China. In addition, there are also very detailed astronomical records in China from the Western Han Dynasty, including the recognized first human encounter sunspot The records, in addition Acupuncture and moxibustion and papermaking It was probably invented during the Western Han Dynasty.

astronomy

Western Han Dynasty due to the development of agricultural production and divination The popularity of theology attaches great importance to the observation of the stars. Chang 'an built a very high observatory The astronomer observed the changes in the sky day and night and recorded them truthfully and timely, accumulating a large amount of information for astronomy. The Book of Han · Astronomy is about Meteor shower , Guest star A record of the bright mutation of stars sunspot Two records. One is the Yuan Emperor Yongguang first year (43 BC) in April recorded the sunspot situation is "the sun black, as large as a pellet"; Another time, in the first year of Heping (28 BC), Emperor Chengdi recorded the shape of sunspots as "yellow at sunrise, black gas as big as money, living in the center of the day." This is the world's oldest known record of sunspots, 900 years before Europe, Galileo The sunspot was first seen in 1610. ^{[195
]}

Mawangdui Silk manuscript unearthed from Han Tomb No. 3 Five stars It records the operation laws of the five planets during the Qin and Han Dynasties, which is the earliest existing star catalog in China. Emperor Wu Period Luo Hao Hong The time of Emperor Xuan Geng Shouchang Others have created the early Armillary globe It was used to observe the sky, indicating that astronomy in the Western Han Dynasty had reached a fairly high level. ^{[195
]}

calendar

The Western Han Dynasty made great achievements in the calendar. In the early Han Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty's" Zhuanxu calendar With October as the beginning of the year. To the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhuanxu Calendar appeared the phenomenon of "New Year dark moon see, string look full deficit", not accurate. So Emperor Wudi ordered Sima Qian , Luo Hao Hong , Deng Ping and Tang capital After the revision of the calendar, a new calendar was compiled in the first year (104 BC), which is known as the "New Calendar". Lunar calendar ", to The first month of the lunar year for The beginning of the year For the first time, 24 solar terms were programmed into the calendar and could be predicted Solar eclipse , correct syzygy Guiding agricultural time is a major reform in the history of the Chinese calendar. Emperor Cheng of Han A surname Liu Xin Also according to the Lunar calendar Made into Triad calendar ", stipulating that one year is

Day, a month for

Seven in 19 years Intercalary month . " Triad calendar "Is a relatively precise calendar. ^{[196
]}

Maths

" Peri-leg longitude It is one of the Ten Books of the Chinese Book of Calculation. The book was written about the middle of the Western politics, mainly explaining the time Canopic theory And the quarter calendar, in terms of mathematics, it uses complex fractional algorithms and open square methods and was the first to be utilized Pythagorean theorem It is also proposed that PI of "three days a week" is the earliest extant mathematical masterpiece in China. ^{[196
]}

" Nine chapters on Arithmetic It is the most important of the ten books of the Sutra. Its appearance marks the formation of a complete system of ancient Chinese mathematics and is a historical work of milestone significance. ^[199] The author is unknown. A famous mathematician in the early Western Han Dynasty Zhang Cang , Geng Shouchang It has been updated and deleted. The book consists of 9 chapters and 246 examples. Its content includes nine chapters, such as Fang Tian, millet, decline, Shaoguang, Shang Gong, equal-loss, insufficient-gain, equation, and stock hook, systematically summarizing the mathematical achievements of China from pre-Qin to Han Dynasty. Among them, negative number, fraction calculation, simultaneous first order equation solution are all mathematical achievements of world significance. These achievements are eight hundred years earlier than India and more than a thousand years earlier than Europe. This book was introduced to Korea and Japan in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and has been translated into English, Japanese, Russian and other languages. ^[200]

Through "nine chapters arithmetic" and "Zhoubi Suanjing" these two books, we can see that the middle and late Western Han Dynasty mathematics achievements have been very high. ^[198]

agronomy

Of Universal Victory He was a famous agronomist in the Western Han Dynasty Guanzhong plain Advocate wheat planting, get a good harvest. His eighteen Pansheng Chapters are collectively known as the Eighteen Pansheng Chapters. The Book of Universal Victory ". The book summarizes the experience of farmers in the Guanzhong area, the most prominent of which is Plot method (area pronunciation ou, that is, spot seeding method) and soaking method (a layer of dung shell glued to the seed as seed fertilizer). In addition, there are tilling method, wheat planting method, melon planting method, ear selection method, regulating the water temperature of the paddy field and so on. The development of agronomy since the Warring States period reflects the technical level of agricultural production at that time. ^{[196
]}

Medical science

In the Western Han Dynasty, medicine developed greatly and established a relatively complete medical system Traditional Chinese medicine The system. There were medical theories at the time Yin-yang and five elements But the explanation of physiological phenomena, pathological phenomena and treatment methods contains dialectical points of view. " Huangdi's Inner Classic "And" dysmenorrhea It is the representative work of Western Han medical theory. Huangdi's Internal Classic includes Plain question "" pivot "Two parts," Su Wen "explained the pathological phenomena and treatment principles," Ling Shu "described acupuncture. The Difficult Sutra is about meridians , viscera , Acupuncture manipulation and Prescription A monograph of... Famous doctor at that time sincere Medical skills are very fine, but also pay attention to the patient's situation and treatment process recorded, for China's earliest" Medical history "The founder. ^{[196
]}

Western Han Dynasty, cadaver anticorrosion It's very technical. According to the Biography of Liu Penzi in the Later Han Dynasty, the Red Eyebrows Army excavated the royal mausoleum in Chang 'an and found that the body of Empress Lu with a history of more than 200 years was "as good as living". Archeologists in Changsha in 1972 and 1975 Mawangdui The female body discovered and the male body found in Fenghuang Mountain in Gangneung have been preserved underground for more than 2,000 years, and the bodies are basically intact, which indicates that the embalming technology was quite advanced in the Western Han Dynasty. ^{[197
]}

papermaking

Paper making was invented in the Western Han Dynasty. In 1933, in Xinjiang Province, in 1976, in Gansu Province, Han Dynasty Feng village, in 1978, in Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province, the Western Han Dynasty linen paper was unearthed in the hoard. In 1986, the paper of the early Western Han Dynasty was unearthed in the FangMatan Han Tomb in Tianshui, Gansu Province, with maps, thin paper and smooth paper surface, indicating that papermaking technology had reached a considerable level at that time. The invention of paper is China's great contribution to human civilization.

ART

broadcast

EDITOR

painting

The starting point of art in the Western Han Dynasty was the level of art in the Warring States Period, life was the object of direct description, and realistic style began to develop gradually, which was also a new starting point for the development of ancient art. The role of art in understanding life, both in scope and method, entered a new stage with the development of art in Han Dynasty.

The multifaceted nature of the art themes of the Western Han Dynasty shows the nature of the encyclopedia of Western Han Dynasty art. The contents of social ideology such as literature, history, astronomy, geography and philosophy are all attempted to be expressed by artists in the form of modeling. Relative to the historical level of this era, the themes of Western Han art are widely from all aspects of social real life.

engrave

The art of carving in the Western Han Dynasty developed greatly, with stone carving being the most representative. The preserved group of stone carvings in front of the tomb of Huo Qubing in Xingping County, Shaanxi Province, is fascinating to all. There is a statue of "horse stepping on the Huns", which is carved to commemorate Huo Qubing's war achievements, with vivid shape and lifelike expression. The rest of the tiger, lying horse and many other stone carvings, the use of natural stone processing, are majestic, moving image. In addition, the stone in front of Gaoyi tomb in Ya 'an, Sichuan Province, warding off evil spirits (stone statues), imposing and vivid. ^{[214
]}

MUSICIANS

The music of the Western Han Dynasty also developed greatly. During the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, Li Yannian scored the nineteen chapters of "Han Jiao Si Song" and organized a large court band to sing Liu Bang's "The Wind Song" with a singing team of 120 people. Li Yannian also imitated Zhang Qian's "Mahatotol" song from the Western regions and made twenty-eight "New sounds", which was used in the army and called "transverse blowing song". The wooden serra, the yu and the twelve musical pipes unearthed from the Ruanhou Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, show that the noble families at that time had their own bands, and also show the development of Western Han music. After Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, instruments such as the pipa and the Konghou were introduced to the Middle Earth from the Western regions, enriching the music of the Han people. ^{[214
]}

Dance

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the prevailing Chu dance, and later the Bayu dance was also introduced into the Chang 'an official, when Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, the rest had to Li Xuan "good dazzle people offered to Han". The people of the Western Han Dynasty love dancing, and they generally sing and dance regardless of the folk cocktail party or sacrifice festival. In Jinan in 1969 Shadowless Mountain A plate of dance and music figures of the Western Han Dynasty was found, with dancing figures, playing figures, acrobatic shops and conducting figures. The figurines stand with arms folded and so on, the shape is true, vividly reflecting the scene of the song and dance performance at that time. ^{[215
]}

People in the Han Dynasty were good at expressing their feelings of joy, anger, sorrow and music through songs and dances. This is also a major reason for the popularity of songs and dances in the Han Dynasty, which is fully demonstrated by the images in the Han stone sculptures and Han figurines.

Instrumental ensemble and accompaniment do not exist independently, but play a very important role in folk music culture. In the grand scene composed of songs, dances and operas, instrumental performance plays an important role in better expressing the music and dances and setting off the atmosphere. The main Musical Instruments in pottery figurines and Han Dynasty stone sculptures are wind instruments, such as xun, pan flute, sheng, flute, etc. Stringed instruments, such as the harp, the instrument, and so on; Percussion instruments, such as Jian drum, 鼗 drum, Ju, festival and so on.

Angular counterpoint

Angular counterpoint It's wrestling. Juedi has a long history in China. After the first Emperor of Qin unified China, he banned the private possession of weapons and flourished as the Angle of unarmed fighting. In the Han Dynasty, there appeared a kind of competitive activity developed from Chiyou Opera in which two people performed in public, which had the basic characteristics of later wrestling and had a specific cultural connotation. In the Han Dynasty, the Jiaoyi event was very popular. According to reports, the Jiaoyi opera at that time was huge and sensational in the capital, and the people even ran hundreds of miles to watch and cheer.

nation

broadcast

EDITOR

Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty struck Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China , sign Dayuan Take two more, pass Southwest plania The East destroyed North Korea and later set up" Western Region Capital Protection Office Officially incorporating the Western Regions into the territory of China, it was from the Western Han Dynasty that the territory of China was laid down.

Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China

The Siege of White Den

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, rash For the first time, the Xiongnu were unified and the slavery regime was established. Rash ride Chu and Han fought The opportunity, east break A surname ^[82] , West Attack Yueshi ^[82] , sign jingle ^[82] , Denkwin The other part (about the area from present-day Mongolia to Siberia) was destroyed in the south A surname , Aries (about present-day southern Inner Mongolia) controlled vast areas of north, northeast and northwest China ^[82] With more than 300,000 cavalry ^[83] It is very powerful.

Diagram of the war between Emperor Wudi and Xiongnu

With the formation and development of slavery, the state institutions of Xiongnu became more and more perfect. The supreme leader was named Shan Yu ^[84] Under the single, left and right Tuji king (that is, left and right virtuous king), left and right Guli king, left and right generals, left and right big Duwei, etc., these big nobles are in charge of the army, more than ten thousand riding, less thousands riding. There are also officers of all ranks under the great nobility; Dealing with politics, there are the second minor king, minister, Fengdu Wei, when the household and so on. These positions were inherited by the nobility ^[85] . He divided the country into three parts. Zuo Tu King Rule the east, rule directly from the center alone, Right slaughter king Rule the west ^[86] .

The Xiongnu often invaded the Western Han frontier. In 201 BC, Holden was under siege Mayi , Han Wangxin He surrendered and attacked Jinyang (now Taiyuan) the following year. ^[87] Hearing the news, Liu Bang led three hundred thousand troops to fight, and was besieged in Pingcheng White Mountain (present-day southeast of Datong) ^[88] . Later use Chen Ping Meter, to single Yu 阏氏 Bribe your way out of this. It is known as the Siege of Pingcheng ^[89] .

"Harmony" and "real border"

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, because the economy was in urgent need of recovery and the regime had not yet been consolidated, the method of "harmony" was adopted, and the princess of the Han family was married to Shan Yu and goods such as silk, grain and wine were sent to him. however Peace policy And could not stop the Huns from plundering ^[90] . In the fourteenth year of Emperor Wen of Han (166 BC), Xiongnu Lao Shang Shan Yu led 140,000 cavalry to attack and kill the county officers of Beidi County (the county administration was near Guyuan), advanced to Yong (Fengxiang, Shaanxi) and Gan Quan (Chunhua, Shaanxi), and burned back to the Middle Palace ^[91] . Eight years later, the Xiongnu invaded the two counties of Yunzhong (Toketuo Banner, Inner Mongolia) and Shangxian (near Yuke Fort, South of Yulin, Shaanxi) by 30,000 riders each, and the alarm of Chang 'an City was repeated ^[92] .

During the period of Wen and Jing, although the policy of making peace with the Xiongnu was adopted, ^[93] However, in order to resist the invasion of the Huns, some precautions were also made. For example, Emperor Wen reformed the border guard rotation system, and immigrated "real border" by means of tax exemption, granting rank, and atonement. He also advocated horse breeding and prepared to fight back against the Huns.

Fight back against the Huns

Emperor Wudi of Han fought back against the Huns

After Emperor Wudi ascended the throne, the economic strength of the country was unprecedentedly strong, and the conditions were ripe to counter the Huns. ^[94] During the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han, the war against Xiongnu was mainly carried out from the second year of Yuanguang (133 BC) to the fourth year of Yuan Huni (119 BC), with more than ten battles fought successively, including three decisive battles.

The first battle took place in the second year of Yuanshuo (127 BC). In this year, Xiongnu invaded Shanggu and Yuyang (Miyun County, Beijing). ^[95] . Emperor Wudi sent General Wei Qing and General Li Xi out of the clouds to launch a surprise attack on the Huns in Hetao and its south, and King Bai Yang fled ^[96] . The Western Han Dynasty completely recovered Henan and removed the Xiongnu threat to Chang 'an. The Western Han Dynasty set up Shuofang County (Inner Mongolia Hangjin Banner) and Wuyuan County (Inner Mongolia Wuyuan ) ^[97] .

Huo went to the west

In 121 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han sent Huo Qubing out of Longxi, across the Yanzhi Mountain (Rougzhi Mountain to the southeast of Shandan County, Gansu Province) to the west, into the Xiongnu territory for more than a thousand miles, and fought with the short soldiers of the Xiongnu army, winning a great victory ^[98] . In the summer of the same year, Huo Qubing made his second expedition to the West, overstayed Yanze (Juyanhai, Inner Mongolia), attacked the Qilian Mountains, and destroyed the Xiongnu army, and the Xiongnu nobles in Hexi suffered heavy losses. ^[99] In the same year, the Huns were divided, and King Hunye led 40,000 men to surrender to Han ^[100] . After this battle, Han set up Wuwei, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Dunhuang four counties here, known in history as" Four counties west of the River " ^[101] . From then on, Hantong opened the road to the Western regions.

The decisive Battle of Mobei

In 119 BC, in order to completely defeat the Huns, Emperor Wudi of Han convened generals and decided to go deep into Mobei to counter the Huns ^[102] . In the same year, General Wei Qing and General Huo Qubing led 100,000 cavalry and marched in two directions, East and west ^[103] . In response to the Xiongnu's wrong judgment that the Han army could not make an expedition, the Western Han Dynasty adopted the tactics of attacking and pursuing. Wei Qing led the west road army, from Dingxiang, across the desert, north more than a thousand miles, to surround the Huns Shan Yu army. After a fierce battle, the Huns broke out of the encirclement with hundreds of horses and fled, and all their main forces were wiped out, and the Han army pursued Zhao Xincheng (Hangai Mountain in Mongolia). ^[104] . Huo Qubing's Eastern Route army marched from Daijun (around Yu County, Hebei Province), penetrated more than 2,000 li, crossed the desert, and defeated the Xiongnu Zuoxian King ^[105] . After this battle, the Xiongnu power was greatly weakened, unable to move south.

"Only in harmony with relatives"

Emperor Wudi of Han won a decisive victory in the war against the Huns, stopped their brutal plunder, protected the development of the feudal economy, further developed the northern border areas, and facilitated the communication between Han and the Western regions.

With the weakening of the Xiongnu military power, the struggle of the Xiongnu and other enslaved peoples against the Xiongnu became increasingly intense, and the Xiongnu ruling group imploded. During the reign of Emperor Zhaodi of Han, there were five separate events, followed by a split into North and south. In the third year of Manlu (51 BC), the Southern Xiongnu attacked the Han Dynasty ^[106] Zhi Zhishanyu of the Northern Huns was forced to move west and was later killed by the Western Han Dynasty ^[107] .

In the first year of Jingning (33 BC), Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty married Wang Yi (Wang Zhaojun), which ended the armed conflict between Han and Hungary for more than 100 years. For about half a century, peace reigned on the northern border. In the tombs of the late Han Dynasty in Baotou and other places, tiles with the characters "Shan Yu He Qin" were unearthed, which is a strong proof of the improvement of relations between Han and Hungary.

The western regions

Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Regions

Around the 2nd century BC, the Western Regions were divided into thirty-six states, each separate from the other ^[108] . In the Junggar grassland to the north of the Tianshan Mountains, there are Wusun, Qimi and other countries; The Tarim Basin, south of the Tianshan Mountains and north of the Kunlun Mountains, is further divided into southern and northern states.

The northern provinces have large countries such as Kuzi (Kuqa, Xinjiang), Shule, Yanqi (Yanqi, Xinjiang) and Che Shi (Turpan, Xinjiang) ^[109] . The southern provinces have Shache (Xinjiang Shache), Khotan (Xinjiang Hotan), Loulan (Xinjiang Lop Boxi) and other countries ^[110] . At the beginning of the 2nd century BC, Hun-slave Dun Shu Yu conquered the Western regions, set up officials and taxes, and took this as a stronghold ^[111] And attacked the Western Han Dynasty.

The Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital guard and began to rule.

In the third year of Jianyuan (138 BC), the Western Han Dynasty learned from the mouth of the Huns that the Dayue tribe, who originally lived in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, had been attacked by the Huns and was forced to move west ^[112-113] . In order to fight back against the Huns, Emperor Wudi amputated the right arm of the Huns, and recruited an envoy to Dayue ^[114] In order to unite with the moon to attack the Huns ^[112] . Zhang Qian enlisted for a distant mission. On the way, he was captured by the Huns and imprisoned for more than ten years ^[115] . Later, he took the opportunity to escape, across the onion Ridge, through Dayuan, Kangju, to Dayue's ^[116] . However, the big Moon has occupied the old land of Bactria and is unwilling to return to the east. Zhang Qian had no choice but to return east ^[116] . He once again broke through the detention of the Huns and returned to Chang 'an in the third year of Yuanshuo (126 BC) ^[117] . Although Zhang Qian's mission was not completed, he learned about the topography, products and customs of the Western regions along the way, laying the foundation for his second mission to the Western Regions. Zhang Qian was the first person to open up the road to the Western regions in the Western Han Dynasty.

In 119 BC, Han marched into Mobei, and Xiongnu retreated to the northwest, relying on the manpower and material resources of the countries south of the Altai Mountains to fight against Han ^[118] . Therefore, the question of completely cutting off the right arm of the Huns was put on the agenda ^[119-120] . In the same year, Emperor Wudi appointed Zhang Qian as a doctor and led more than 300 attendants, carrying a large number of gold coins, silk, cattle and sheep to the Western regions ^[121] . After Zhang Qian arrived in Wusun, although the original purpose was not achieved, Dayuan, Kangju, Yueshi, Bactria and other countries ^[122] . When Zhang Qian returned in the second year of the Yuan Ding Dynasty (115 BC), Wusun sent dozens of envoys to Chang 'an with Zhang Qian. Since then, the Han Dynasty has also sent emissaries to Parthia (Persia), Body poison (India), Amcai (between the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea), Tiozhi (Parthia Kingdom), Li Xuan (attached to the Roman city of Alexandria in Egypt), ^[123] The Chinese emissaries were also given a grand welcome by 20,000 people specially organized for the rest of the peace ^[124] . Since then, the Silk Road was officially opened.

Open the Southwest road

In the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (108 BC), Emperor Wudi ordered Zhao to lead the army to attack Loulan and Che Division, and set up a pavilion barrier in the area from Jiuquan to Yumen Pass as a post for supplying grain and grass and a guard post ^[125-126] . In the first year of Taichu (104 BC), Emperor Wudi sent Li Guangli to fight against Dayuan, and after defeating Dayuan, the traffic in the Western regions became more smooth ^[127] . The Western Han also set up military officers in Loulan, Quli (north of the Tarim River in Xinjiang), Luntai (east of Kuqa County in Xinjiang) and other places to manage the settlement, which was the first military and administrative organization set up by the Han in the Western regions ^[128-129] It created the conditions for the later establishment of the Western Regions.

In the second year of Shenju (60 BC), the Xiongnu civil unrest, the king of the day to the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu influence in the western regions is shrinking ^[130] . Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty appointed Zheng Ji as the protector of the Western Regions and ruled Wulai City (present Luntai County, Xinjiang). ^[131] . Du Hu was the highest official of the central Han Dynasty in the Western regions, from then on, the rule of the Western Han Dynasty in the Western regions was completely established ^[132] . The Han had the right to title Kings to the western regions, to issue official seals, to dispatch troops and to requisition grain. This shows that the Xinjiang region, which used to include the east and south of Lake Balkhash, has become part of China.

Since Zhang Qian passed through the Western regions, the economic and cultural relations between the Han people and the people of all ethnic groups in the Western regions have become increasingly close, and the advanced technologies from the Central Plains have been introduced into the Western regions continuously, such as the well channel method and the well piercing technology from the Central Plains have a wide influence on the Western Regions. Well channel method is very suitable for the sandy soil in the western region, and later popular in the northwest region, called Karez. In addition, silk goods, lacquerware and other exquisite hand-made products are marketed to the West in large quantities. The people of the Western regions also transferred their production experience and creativity, such as the methods of breeding and raising livestock, and the techniques of growing melons, fruits, vegetables and beans, to the mainland, enriching the economic and cultural life of the Han people.

Southwest plania

In the Western Han Dynasty, many ethnic minorities with different languages and customs lived in Yunnan, Guizhou and southwest Sichuan, which were collectively called "Southwest Yi" at that time. ^[133] . In Guizhou province, Yelang (Zunyi, Tongzi area of Guizhou) is the largest ^[134] . There are also dozens of tribes in eastern Yunnan, with Yunnan (around Kunming) being the largest ^[135] . From the north of Yunnan, to the Liangshan area of Sichuan Province, Qiongdu (near Xichang, Sichuan Province) is large ^[136] . They lived a settled life based on agriculture. ^[137] Further to the west, there are 巂, Kunming (Yunnan Dali area) and other tribes, they are mainly nomadic ^[138] . ^[139]

During the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, the contacts between the people of all ethnic groups in Southwest China and the mainland increased day by day. Emperor Wudi of Han had sent Tang Meng as a mediator to enter Yelang, after which Yelang and many nearby cities agreed to surrender to the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty set up Qianwei County (now Yibin, Sichuan Province) there. ^[140-141] Soon after, Emperor Wudi sent Sima Xiangru to the southwest to set up an official administration there. After Zhang Qian returned from the Western regions, Emperor Wudi of Han wanted to open the southwest to the body poison (India) The road, before and after many emissaries to explore the west of Kunming, and finally stopped because they could not move forward. ^[142] In 111 BC, after the Western Han Dynasty broke through South Vietnam, it was founded in the southwest of the Western Han Dynasty: 巂 County (southeast of present Xichang, Sichuan), Shenli County (south of present Ya 'an, Sichuan), Wenshan County (north of present Maowen County, Sichuan) and Wudu County (present Cheng County, Gansu). ^[143] . In 109 B.C., Emperor Wudi of Han sent troops to Yunnan and conquered the king of Yunnan, taking his land as Yizhou County (now Jinning, Yunnan) and giving him the seal of the King of Yunnan. ^[144] . This "seal of the Dian King" has been found in the tomb of the nobility of the Dian nationality in Jinning. After that, most of the southwest was placed under the direct control of the Western Han Dynasty.

Mitsukoshi

The First Emperor of Qin developed Lingnan, set up prefectures and counties, and further strengthened the contact between the people of Yue and Xia ^[145] . At the end of Qin Dynasty, Minyue chief Wuzhu and East Ou chief Yaozeng led their clans to participate in the anti-Qin war ^[146] . After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, Wuzhu was named King of Minyue and the capital was Dongye (Fuzhou, Fujian). ^[147] . In 192 BC, he was named King of East China Sea, capital of East Ou (now Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province), and named East Ou King ^[148] . In the South Vietnam area, Zhao Tuo, the former lieutenant of Nanhai County of Qin, took the opportunity of the fall of Qin to seize Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangjun, and declared himself King Wu of South Vietnam ^[149] . After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, the central government made Zhao Tuo King of South Vietnam ^[150] . During the reign of Empress Lu, the relations between the Han government and South Vietnam deteriorated, so Zhao Tuo declared himself Emperor Wudi of South Vietnam and "sent troops to attack Changsha Border Town". ^[151] . After Emperor Wen ascended the throne, Zhao Tuo deposed the emperor and proclaimed himself king ^[152] . In 138 BC, Min Yue sent troops to besiege East Ou, and the king of East Ou asked the central government of the Western Han Dynasty for internal migration, so he was moved to the area between Jianghuai and the Han people, and accepted the direct rule of the Western Han.

In 111 BC, Yu Shan, king of East Yue, declared himself Emperor Wu, and Emperor Wu sent Han Shuobeng, General of Henghai, to invade Minyue in four ways. Conquered the rebellion in the Minyue region ^[153] . Emperor Wudi also moved the Minyue people to the Jianghe and Huaihe areas ^[154] . In 113 BC, Emperor Wudi announced the entry of Zhao Xing, king of South Vietnam, and Empress Dowager Wang ^[155] . The King of South Vietnam and the Empress Dowager were also willing to "subordinate", but the Prime Minister Lu Jia objected, and raised an army to kill Zhao Xing, the Empress Dowager and the Han envoy, and made Jiande king ^[156-157] . In 112 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han sent Lubode, general of Fubo, and other troops to attack separately ^[158] . At the end of the year, Panyu (Guangzhou) was destroyed, Nanyue was destroyed, and the former land of Nanyue was divided into nine counties: Nanhai (now Guangzhou), Yulin (now Guiping County, Guangxi), Cangwu (now Wuzhou City, Guangxi), Hepu (now Hepu County, Guangdong), Zhuya (now Qiongshan County, Guangdong), Dan 'er (now Hainan), Cochin, Jiuzhen, and Rinan ^[158] . Since then, the connection between the southeast coastal areas and the mainland has become closer, especially the continuous southward migration of the people of the Central Plains and the migration of many Vietnamese to the mainland, which has promoted the economic and cultural development of the South and the further integration of the Summer and Vietnamese people.

A surname

Fu Yu, Su Shen

In the Western Han Dynasty, the main ethnic minorities in northeast China were Fuyu, Yusen, Yilou, Koguryeo, Wuhuan, Xianbei, Woju and so on.

Sushen is an ancient nationality, also known as "Xi Shen", "Ji Shen" and so on. From Yin Zhou to Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, there were frequent cultural and economic exchanges with the Central Plains. It belongs to the same ethnic group as Sushen. It is located in the north of Sushen, roughly east of Mudan River and south of Songhua River.

Fu Yu is an ancient ethnic group living in the Songhua River and Yitong River valley. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period, there were economic exchanges with the Central Plains. In the Western Han Dynasty, class divisions emerged, with armies, prisons, palaces and so on.

Wuhuan, Xianbei

Wuhuan and Xianbei are branches of the Eastern Hu nationality. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Donghu was defeated by Xiongnu, and one of them retreated to Wuwan Mountain (northwest of Arukerqin Banner in Inner Mongolia) to protect itself, thus giving it the name Wuhuan. Wuhuan is still in the primitive social stage, mainly animal husbandry, with water and grass migration. During the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han, Huo Qubing defeated Xiongnu, and the Wuhuan people requested to be subordinate, so they moved to Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaodong and other counties outside the fortress. Xianbei is also a branch of Donghu. In the early Western Han Dynasty, after being defeated by the Xiongnu, he fled to Xianbei Mountain (between the Taoer River and the West Lamulun River in Inner Mongolia), hence the name. Xianbei is adjacent to Wuhuan, and its social customs, habits and language are similar to Wuhuan.

Gaogouli is an ancient ethnic group in northeast China. During Zhou and Qin dynasties, it was the "high Yi" in northeast China. It is located in Fuyu South, west of Yalu River. During Emperor Wudi's reign, Gaogouli was the county. In the later part of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhu Meng (or Yun Zouping), a man of Fu Yu, established the State of Gaogouli. Gaogouli people and Fuyu people similar customs, mainly engaged in agriculture, good wine, singing and dancing, and close contact with the Han. In the Western Han Dynasty, with the establishment and development of a unified multi-ethnic country, the Chinese nation with the Han as the main body was further formed. From the East China Sea in the east to Lake Balkhash in the west, from Lake Baikal in the north and to the South China Sea in the south, within such a vast territory, fraternal ethnic groups with the Han nationality as the main body live in friendship with each other. Through political, economic and cultural exchanges, various ethnic groups are increasingly integrated, and the unified multi-ethnic feudal state is in an era of consolidation and development.

diplomacy

broadcast

EDITOR

During the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions and opened up a link between the Eurasian continent Silk Road The silk trade between Europe and Asia took shape. The Han envoy has arrived Dayuan , A surname , Otsuki , Bactria , Rest in peace , Bodily toxin , Khotan , 扜 masked Various countries. The farthest reached is the city of Ploen, located in Egypt Alexander Harbor. The Western Han culture has a profound influence on East Asian and Southeast Asian countries. Vietnam, Korea, Japan and other neighboring countries have accepted the influence of Han culture. East Asian cultural circle Start to form. ^[71]

East Asia

North Korea

Korean peninsula

There have been frequent exchanges in economy and culture between China and North Korea since a long time ago. During the Warring States Period, the people of Yan and Qi moved to Korea in groups, bringing with them advanced production techniques and tools ^[159] . Early Western Han Dynasty, Yan people Wiman He led more than a thousand men into Korea ^[160] Later, he was appointed king of Korea and built the capital Wang Dangerous City ( Pyongyang ), ruled the northwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. ^[161] . In the autumn of the second year of Yuan Feng (100 years before), Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty sent a ship general Yang Bu Attack North Korea in two equal ways. North Korean leader Weiyou Canal Led the resistance, the Han army repeatedly defeated ^[162-163] . In the end, due to the internal division of the Korean upper echelon, Wei Yuku was killed, Weissner Korea Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty was established in its original territory Han Si Jun Rule. ^[164]

Japan

Western Han and East Asian Japan Have a friendly relationship. During the reign of Emperor Wudi, more than 30 Japanese countries sent envoys to interact with the Han Dynasty. This is the earliest record of diplomatic exchanges between China and Japan.

South Asia

India

In the Western Han Dynasty, India was called" Bodily toxin "Or" India ". China and India had economic ties as early as the 2nd century BC. Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions was in Bactria I've seen it shipped from a drug dealer to China Qiongbamboo Staff and Shu cloth ^[166] . Later, Zhang Qian's deputy also suffered from physical poisoning. Late Western Han Dynasty, India Buddhism Through the Western regions, it also spread to the mainland of China.

Sri Lanka

The South China Sea route during the Western Han Dynasty could also reach the Yellow Branch State (India Jianzhi Buluo) ^[169] , and of Have left the country (present-day Sri Lanka) ^[169] ,

Southeast Asia

In the Western Han Dynasty, he had friendly relations with Southeast Asian countries.

Vietnam

Since ancient times, China and Vietnam have been closely linked economically and culturally. At the end of the Warring States period, north Vietnam had Ou Luoguo . After the Qin unification, march South Vietnam And Ou Luo Guo ^[145] . During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Zhao Tuo Occupy the South Sea, Guilin and other counties called the king independent, destroyed Ouluo country And ruled through Ouluo's Luo Hou, Luo General, and Pu Zheng ^[149] . After the destruction of the Zhao regime by Emperor Wu of Han, it was set up in northern Vietnam coxtoe , Chikuna , Hinan Three counties, following the Zhao style of rule. ^[165]

Burma

Burma has been in contact with China since the 2nd century BCE or earlier, and can be reached from Sichuan via Yunnan. At that time, Chinese Shu cloth and Qiongzhu staff were transported to the body poison, Bactria and other countries by this road ^[167] . Simultaneously from Jiaozhou A sea route to Myanmar by boat along the coast has been opened, bringing the two countries closer together.

South China Sea route

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were channels from China to Southeast Asian countries, in addition to overland routes through Central Asia and Myanmar, there were sea routes, and the Western Han Dynasty officially opened up waterway traffic to the outside world. According to... Hanshu · Geography Records: The ship departed from Xuwen County, Hepu County (West of Xuwen County, Guangdong Province) ^[168] Travel five months to Duyuan (Malay Peninsula) ^[169] He sailed on for another four months, arriving in the country of Yup (along the coast of Burma). ^[169] And sail for twenty more days Chen Liguo ^[169] Then abandon the boat and walk for more than ten days The State of Fugandolu (near Bagan City, Myanmar) ^[169] . From here, we will sail by boat and finally arrive at the Yellow Branch Country (India Jianzhi Bura). ^[169] . Return from Huangzhi state Let's go. South first Have left the country (present-day Sri Lanka) ^[169] From then on the voyage continued, after eight months arrived halfway Pizon (Malay Peninsula) ^[169] . After passing Pitzon, he turned northeast and sailed home. The official overseas trade of the Western Han Dynasty began in the reign of Emperor Wudi. Private overseas trade already exists and is growing.

Central and West Asia

Silk Road

The ethnic groups in Xinjiang have long had close contacts with Central Asian countries. Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions made the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Central and West Asian countries increasingly frequent. Zhang Qian once arrived Dayuan (east of today's upper Syr River), Otsuki (Middle Amu Darya), A surname (lower Syr River and north) and other countries. Zhang Qian's deputy also arrived Bactria ( Afghanistan ), Rest in peace (Iran) and other countries ^[170] . Later, Emperor Wudi's emissaries arrived Aortsoi ( The Black Sea To the north), branch ( Syria ) and other countries. Central Asia, West Asia and other countries also sent envoys to visit and trade with the Western Han Dynasty. In order to meet the needs of the increasingly frequent communication and economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West, the Western Han government set up pavilions in the west to facilitate the transportation of ambassadors and business travelers. Since then, envoys and business trips from the Western Han Dynasty and other countries to the west of the Onion Mountain have been coming and going.

After Zhang Qian's trip to the Western regions, the communication between China and the West became more and more developed. Besides diplomatic activities, commercial trade became more and more frequent. In addition to sending Chinese silk to the West, the merchants of China Metallurgy iron Technology, iron, well and channel methods were also introduced to Dayuan, Benji and other countries. And through Dayuan and other countries, to the west to further Rome and other places. At the same time, the special products of Central Asia, West Asia and other places such as wool cloth, felt, sweat horse, pomegranate, grape, alfalfa, sesame and walnut plants have also been introduced into China. In addition, Central Asian pipa, Hu Jia, Hu horn, Hu flute and other Musical Instruments, music and dance were also introduced into China. The economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West have promoted the further development of society.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, there were two roads between the East and the West through Xinjiang: the South road started from Chang 'an, Jing Dunhuang , Shanshan (a country in Shanxi Province) (Shicheng Town, South of Luonuer, Xinjiang), Khotan , Shache (a county in Henan Province) Wait, the more Green onion Ridge (Pamir) Here Otsuki , Rest in peace Wait for the country. The north road passes through Dunhuang, Che Shi Qianwang Ting (near Turpan), Qiuci (a county in ancient China) , Shule And other places, over the onion ridge to Dayuan, Kang Ju, Eleccai. These two roads became the two main arteries of communication between China and the West at that time. At that time, China's silk products enjoyed a high reputation in the world at that time, and the goods exported through these two channels were mainly silk products, so it was also called "silk products". Silk Road ".

society

broadcast

EDITOR

The grain varieties of the Western Han Dynasty were mainly millet and wheat in the north, and a small amount of millet, beans, hemp, sorghum and japonica rice were also planted. Rice is still grown mainly in the south. After entering the Han Dynasty, the northern people had changed the habit of beans and millet as the main food in the Warring States, and millet and wheat as the staple food. ^{[178
]}

Imperial lineage

broadcast

EDITOR

Posthumous emperor

Posthumous emperor
Temple title	Posthumous title	name	lifetime	Once entitled	Encapsulation time	bloodline
-	-	Yoo 煓	271 BC - 197 BC	The Supreme Emperor	197 BC	Liu Bang The father of...
There is no	A surname	Liu Kang	? - The first 23 years	Ding Tao Gong king	The first 5 years	Father of Liu Xin

Reigning emperor

Reigning emperor
Temple title	Posthumous title	name	Time in place	Reign title	Time when the year number is used	bloodline
The first founder of a dynasty	High emperor	Liu Bang	202 BC - 195 BC	There is no	There is no	Yoo 煓 Mitsuko
-	孝惠皇帝	Liu Ying	195-188 BC	There is no	There is no	Liu Bang Second son
-	-	Liu Gong	188 BC. - 184 BC	There is no	There is no	Liu Ying Eldest son
-	-	Liu Hong	184 BC - 180 BC	There is no	There is no	Liu Ying fourko
A surname	孝文皇帝	Liu Heng	180 BC - 157 BC	(former Yuan)	First 179 - First 163	Liu Bang fourko
A surname	孝文皇帝	Liu Heng	180 BC - 157 BC	(later yuan)	163 -- 157 first	Liu Bang fourko
-	孝景皇帝	Liu Qi	157 BC - 141 BC	(former Yuan)	First 157 - First 150	Liu Heng Eldest son
				(Middle)	First 150 - First 144
				(later yuan)	First 144 - First 141
Sejong	孝武皇帝	Liu Che	141 BC - 87 BC	Kien Won	140 BC - 135 BC	Liu Qi toko
				Elementary light	134 BC - 129 BC
				Yuanshuo	128 BC - 123 BC
				Genkari	122 BC -- 117 BC
				Yuan Ding	116 BC -- 111 BC
				Yuan Feng	110 BC - 105 BC
				Early days	104 BC - 101 BC
				Tianhan	100 BC - 97 BC
				A surname	96 BC - 93 BC
				Seiwa	92 BC - 89 BC
				postin	88 BC. - 87 BC
-	孝昭皇帝	Liu Fuling	87 BC -- 74 BC	origin	86 BC - July 80 BC	Liu Che Rokko
				Yuan Feng	August 80 BC - 75 BC
				Wonbinh	74 BC. - 74 BC
-	-	Liu He	74 BC. - 74 BC (27 days in office)	There is no	There is no	Liu Xu Eldest son ( Liu Che Grandson)
A surname	孝宣皇帝	Liu Xun	74 BC - 49 BC	original	73 BC - 70 BC	Liu Jin Eldest son ( Liu Che Great-grandson)
				Earth knot	69 BC - 66 BC
				Yuen Kang	65 BC - 62 BC
				godlord	61 BC - 58 BC
				Five phoenixes	57 BC - 54 BC
				manna	53 B.C. - 50 years ago
				Yellow dragon	49 BC. - 49 BC
Gojong (after the temple number)	孝元皇帝	Liu Shi	49 BC - 33 BC	Hatsumoto	48 years ago. - 44 years ago	Liu Xun Eldest son
				Vinh Quang	43 BC - 39 BC
				Jian Zhao	38 BC - 34 BC
				Jing Ning	33 years ago. - 33 years ago
Tongzong (after the temple number)	孝成皇帝	Liu Ao	The first 33 years - the first seven years	start	32 years ago -- 29 years ago	Liu Shi Eldest son
				Ha Binh	The first 28 years - the first 25 years
				Yangshuo	The first 24 years - the first 21 years
				Hongjia County	The first 20 years - the first 17 years
				Everbeginning	The first 16 years. - The first 13 years
				Gennobu	The first 12 years - the first nine years
				Tuy Hoa	The first eight years - the first seven years
-	孝哀皇帝	Liu Xin	First 7 years - first 1 year	Jianping	The first 6 years - the first 3 years	Liu Kang Son of ( Liu Shi Grandson)
				Taichu Yuan will	June to August of the first 5 years
				Gentho	Previous 2 years - previous 1 year
Genzong (after the temple number)	孝平皇帝	Yoo 衎	1 BC - 6 AD	origin	From 1 to 5 AD	Liu Xing Son of (Yoo Seok-sun)
-	-	Liu Ying	6-8 November	odoku	6-8 November	Liu Xian Son of ( Liu Xun Great-great-grandson)
-	-	Liu Ying	6-8 November	Inception	November 8 - November 8	Liu Xian Son of ( Liu Xun Great-great-grandson)

Main reference materials for the table: ^[171-172]

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001