Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국, Republic of Korea), referred to as "South Korea", per capita GNI of 32,600 US dollars in 2022, ^[35] Located in East Asia Korean peninsula South, surrounded by the sea on three sides, bordering the west The Yellow Sea Southeast is Korean Strait To the east is Sea of Japan North across the 38th parallel Demilitarized zone with North Korea It's adjacent. The total area is about 103,329 square kilometers (45% of the area of the Korean Peninsula), universal Korean As of December 31, 2022, the registered population of South Korea is slightly more than 51.439 million. ^[34] The capital is Seoul . The country is divided into 1 municipality , 4 special municipalities (provinces), 6 tao , 6 Metropolitan city . ^[1] ^{[58] 57 -}

In 1910, the Korean Peninsula became Japan The colony regained its independence on 15 August 1945. August and September 1948, in 38th parallel The Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea were established on the Korean Peninsula. 1950 outbreak Korean War July 27, 1953 Korean armistice Agreement The two Koreas put an armistice. Since the 1960s, the South Korean government has implemented an "export-led" economic development strategy, creating what is known as "export-led" economic development. Miracle on the Han River "The period of rapid economic growth, and among the" The four Asian Tigers "One of them.

South Korea is a capitalism Developed country ^[21] , yes APEC , World Trade Organization and East Asia Summit Founding member, too OECD , G20 and The United Nations And other important international organizations. The year 1997 Asian financial crisis Later, South Korean economy Enter the period of medium-speed growth. 2022, South Korea Gross domestic product $1.66 trillion. Per capita national income Thirty-three thousand dollars. The economy grew by 2.6%. ^[1]

Economic development

These 20,000 people in South Korea changed the fate of the country 2021-09-25 08:55

In the 1950s and 1960s, South Korea's economy was one of the lowest in the world. Since the 1970s, Korea's GDP has witnessed remarkable rapid growth. With the development of export-oriented economy, South Korea has achieved rapid industrialization and scientific and technological progress, and the level of national education has also been greatly improved. ... details

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Chinese name: Republic of Korea
Foreign name: 대한민국 (Korean)
Republic of Korea (English)
Abbreviated form: Korea
continent: Asia
capital: Seoul ^[1]
Major city: Sejong , Jeju City , Suwabara , Busan , Daegu , Incheon , Gwangju , field , Ulsan Etc. ^[1]
National Day: The 15th of August ^[1] (Commemorating the liberation from Japanese colonial rule (1945) and the establishment of the Republic of Korea Government (1948))
National song: " Patriotic song "
Country code: KOR
Official language: Korean
currency: South Korean won (KRW, ₩)
Time zone: UTC+9
Political system: Presidential republic
National leader: Yin Xiyue ^[25] (President)
Population number: About 51.32 million ^[46]
Population density: 527.3 persons/km2 ^[20] (2020)

Major religion: Protestantism ^[2] , Buddhism , Catholicism
Land area: Approximately 103,290 km²
Water area ratio: 0.3%
Total GDP: $1.66 trillion ^[1] (2022)
Per capita GDP: $33,000 ^[1] (2022)
International telephone area code: 82
International domain name abbreviation: .kr
Road access: Keep to the right
Legal system: Civil law system and Common law system
National flag: Taegeukgi
The national flower: Hibiscus flower
National bird: magpie
Central bank: Bank of Korea
Large enterprise: Three Stars , LG , modern , Kia , Daewoo
Leading institution: Seoul National University , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Sungkyunkwan University Etc.
National symbol: Tangun , Arirang , hibiscus , Tai Chi Tiger
climate: Temperate monsoon climate and Subtropical monsoon climate
Geographical highest point: Hallasan

catalogue

Origin of country name

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The name of Korea comes from ancient times Korean peninsula The confederacy of tribes in the South." Sam Han "( Chen Han , Mahan , Benhan ), in China The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) , The Three Kingdoms In the era, the regime of the three Han was called "Korea" by the Central Plains, such as the Annals of The Three Kingdoms Wu Wan Xianbei Dongyi transmission "At the end of Huan and Spirit, Han was strong, but counties were too difficult to rule, and many people flowed into Korea." ^[3] This is the earliest record of the Korean Peninsula regime being called "Korea." Since then, many regimes on the Korean Peninsula have continued to use "Han" or "Samhan" as their nicknames, although they did not use "Han" as their state titles. By October 1897, Joseon Gojong Set up Korean Empire So that "South Korea" as the official name of the Korean Peninsula country on the stage of history. The year 1919 Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Established in China Shanghai Although the regime changed, the country still used the name "Korea". On August 15, 1948, the name of the country in the south of the Korean Peninsula was determined to be the Republic of Korea, or South Korea for short.

Historical evolution

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Subject article: History of Korean Peninsula , History of the Republic of Korea

In August 1910, Japan forced the Korean Empire to sign a treaty Japan-south Korea merger treaty Officially annexed the Korean Peninsula.

On April 11, 1919," Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Established in Shanghai, China. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in China, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea passed through Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Zhenjiang, Changsha, Guangzhou, Liuzhou, Qijiang and other places to arrive in 1940 Chongqing . The current Korean government considers 1919, when the provisional government was established in Shanghai, as the year of the founding of the Republic of Korea. ^[5]

In August 1945, Japan surrendered, and American and Soviet troops were stationed in the north and south of the peninsula.

The Republic of Korea was established on the southern half of the peninsula on August 15, 1948, Rhee Syngman As the first president.

The year 1960 Rhee Syngman Step down, August of the same year Yin Po-sun As president.

The year 1961 Park Chung-hee Staged a military coup and remained in power for a long time.

Park Chung-hee was assassinated in 1979, Chun Doo-hwan He staged a coup and became president in 1980.

In 1987, the Constitution of South Korea was amended to become president Direct election , the same year Roh Tae-woo Elected 13th President. thereafter Kim Young-sam , Kim Dae-jung , Roh Moo-hyun , Lee Myung-bak , Park Geun-hye , Moon Jae-in and Yin Xiyue He was elected President from the 14th to the 20th. ^[1]

In July 2021, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) approved the change of Korea's status at the 68th session of the Trade and Development Board, officially recognizing South Korea as a member state Developed country ^[4] . In December, the Government of the Republic of Korea will begin its accession to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) domestic procedures ^[23] .

On May 5, South Korea's National Intelligence Service (NIS) said that the NIS joined as a full member on behalf of South Korea North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence (CCDCOE) ^[26] .

On June 6, 2023, South Korea was elected as a new non-permanent member of the UN Security Council (2024-2025) ). ^[33]

On October 23, 2023, the South Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy said that a total of 46 contracts and memorandums of understanding (Mous) were signed at the Korea-Saudi Arabia Investment Forum. ^[37]

On December 1, 2023, the 33rd General Assembly of the International Maritime Organization held A new election of members in London, United Kingdom, and South Korea was elected as a Category A member. ^[42]

On December 28, 2023, the South Korean government announced the conclusion of a free trade agreement (FTA) between South Korea and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). ^[44]

On January 18, 2024, South Korea's North Jeolla Province was officially renamed "North Jeolla Special Autonomous Province". ^[49]

In February 2024, the 30th plenary session of the Standing Committee of the 14th Supreme People's Assembly of the DPRK unanimously adopted the executive order of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly of the DPRK on the repeal of the Law on North-South Economic Cooperation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Law on the Mount Kumgang International Tourism Special Zone and its implementation Regulations, and the Agreement related to North-South Economic Cooperation. ^[53] On May 3rd, South Korea's Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy has announced that the country has officially joined the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA). ^[61]

In 2025, South Korea will serve as the East member of APEC The Taoist Lord. ^[38]

On December 28, 2023, the South Korean government announced the conclusion of a free trade agreement (FTA) between South Korea and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). ^[45]

Geographical environment

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Regional location

South Korea is located in the south of the Korean Peninsula in East Asia, surrounded by the sea on three sides, bordering the Yellow Sea on the west, the Korean Strait on the southeast, the Sea of Japan on the east, and the DPRK across the 38th Parallel Demilitarized Zone on the north. The total area is about 103,329 square kilometers (45% of the area of the Korean Peninsula).

landform

Map description of Korea

South Korea is located in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula in the northeast of the Asian continent. It is surrounded by the sea on three sides, east, south and west. ^[1]

Mountains account for about two-thirds of the area of the Korean Peninsula, and the terrain is diverse, with low mountains, hills and plains interspersed. Low mountains and hills are mainly distributed in the central and eastern parts of the country, mostly below 500 meters above sea level. Taibai Mountains It runs through the east coast, forming the backbone of the southern topography of the peninsula; Several parallel mountain ranges extend out to the Yellow Sea side to form a low mountain hilly area, including the Taebaek Mountain Range, the Gyeongsang Mountain Range, Little White Mountains Etc., where Seoraksan Mountains such as Mount Wutai are famous for their beautiful scenery. The highest peak of the Little White Mountains runs from northeast to southwest Jirisan It is 1,915 meters above sea level. Hallasan locate Jeju Island At 1,950 meters above sea level, it is the highest mountain in South Korea. It is said in ancient times that there were gods living on Mount Halla, so in the past, Mount Halla was called Yingju Mountain, and the same Kumgang Mountain Mount Jiri is known as the three sacred mountains.

The plain is mainly distributed in the south and west, and the elevation is mostly below 200 meters. Along the Yellow Sea lies the Han River Plain, Hunan plain Wait for the plain, The South China Sea Along the coast are Gimhae Plain, Jeonnam Plain and other small plains.

Climatic characteristics

Map of Republic of Korea

South Korea is a temperate monsoon climate, the average annual temperature of 13℃ ~ 14℃, the average annual precipitation of about 1300 ~ 1500 mm. ^[1]

South Korea has four distinct seasons, short spring and autumn; Summer is hot and humid; Winter is cold and dry with occasional snow. Boreal genus Temperate monsoon climate Southern genus Subtropical climate It has remarkable maritime characteristics. Winters are long and cold, summers are hot and humid, and spring and autumn are quite short.

Drainage distribution

The longest rivers in Korea are Nakdong River and Han River It is the two main rivers in the southern part of the peninsula. The Nakdong River is 525 kilometers long and flows into the East Sea. The Han River, 514 kilometers long and flowing into the Yellow Sea, is an important water system in the central region. Other rivers include: Jinjiang River, Seomjingang Imjin River, etc. South Korea has few lakes and the largest natural lake is located Jeju Island Hallasan parietal Baeklukdam At an altitude of 1850 meters, the lake diameter is about 300 meters, the circumference is 1 kilometer, and the depth is about 6 meters. The largest man-made lake is Soyang Lake, located in Gangwon Province Chuncheon 13 kilometers northeast of the city, built in 1973, with an area of 69.3 million square meters. In addition, there are some smaller lakes, such as Chuaqiao Lake, Mu Jin Lake and so on.

Natural resources

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South Korea has few mineral resources, and more than 280 kinds of minerals have been discovered, of which more than 50 kinds have economic value. There are valuable minerals such as iron, anthracite, lead, zinc, tungsten, etc., but the reserves are not large. Natural resources Lack, the main industrial raw materials are dependent on imports. ^[1]

Administrative division

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Administrative division

Subject article: Subdivisions of South Korea

Subdivisions of South Korea

South Korea is divided into one special city: Seoul Special City; Four special autonomous cities (provinces) : Sejong Special Autonomous City, Jeju Special Autonomous Province, Gangwon Special Autonomous Province ^[55] , North Jeolla Special Autonomous Province ^[56] ; Six provinces: Gyeonggi Province, North Chungcheong Province, South Chungcheong Province, South Jeolla Province, North Gyeongsang Province, and South Gyeongsang Province; Six metropolitan cities: Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Ulsan. ^[1]

territory	name	Korean	The capital	population	area	Secondary administrative district
Gangwon	Gangwon Special Autonomous Province	강원도	Chuncheon	1544843	16536	7 cities and 11 counties
The capital city and its environs	Seoul Special City	서울특별시	Centre court	9814049	606	Zone 25
	Incheon Metropolitan City	인천광역시	Namdong district, Incheon	2953883	958	8 districts, 2 counties
	Gyeonggi-do	경기도	Suwon	12975716	10136	27 cities, 4 counties and 13 districts
Chungcheong	North Chungcheong Province	충청북도	Cheongju	1595772	7433	3 cities, 8 counties, 2 districts
	South Chungcheong Province	충청남도	Hongseong	2122220	8590	6 cities and 9 counties
	Sejong Special Autonomous City	세종특별자치시	Jig hole	300332	465.23	There is no
	Daejeon Metropolitan Area	대전광역시	Centre court	1494878	540	Zone 5
Khanh Sang	North Gyeongsang Province	경상북도	Andong City	2681090	19021	10 cities, 13 counties, 2 districts
	South Gyeongsang Province	경상남도	Changwon	3377483	10518	10 cities, 10 counties, 2 districts
	Daegu Metropolitan City	대구광역시	Centre court	2469617	886	7 districts, 1 county
	Ulsan	울산광역시	South District	1159594	1056	4 districts 1 county
	Busan Metropolitan City	부산광역시	Lien Ti District	3455611	886	15 districts, 1 county
Jeolla	North Jeolla Special Autonomous Province	전라북도	Jeonju	1844639	8047	6 cities, 8 counties, 2 districts
	South Jeolla Province	전라남도	Muanshire	1887991	11956	5 cities and 17 counties
	Gwangju Metropolitan City	광주광역시	west area	1460745	501	Zone 5
Jeju	Jeju Special Autonomous Province	제주특별자치도	Jeju City	663526	1846	Two cities ^[6]

capital

Subject article: Seoul

Seoul, with a population of about 9.41 million and an area of 605 square kilometers, has an average annual temperature of 11.6 ° C. ^[1] ^[40]

National symbol

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flag

Flag of the Republic of Korea

Taegeukgi He was sent to Japan in August 1882 Park Young-hyo and Kim Ok-kyun Listen to the Qing envoy Ma Jianzhong The suggestion, first painted on a ship, was officially adopted by Ri Hee in 1883 as the flag of Ri's Korea. On March 25, 1949, the Review Committee of the Ministry of Culture and Education of the Republic of Korea determined it as Flag of the Republic of Korea When he made a clear explanation: the horizontal and vertical ratio of the Taiji flag is 3:2, the white ground represents the land, the Taiji two instruments in the middle, and the four black hexagram at the four corners. Tai Chi's circle represents the people, and inside the circle there are two curved fish-shaped instruments, red on the top and blue on the bottom, representing Yang and Yin respectively, symbolizing the universe. In the four trigrams, the Qian in the upper left corner is the three Yang lines representing heaven, spring, East and benevolence; The kun in the lower right corner is the three Yin lines representing the ground, summer, west and righteousness; The top right corner is two Yin lines with a Yang line representing water, autumn, south, Li; In the lower left corner, two Yang lines and a Yin line represent fire, winter, north and wisdom. The overall pattern means that everything is in eternal motion, balanced and coordinated on an infinite scale, symbolizing Eastern thought, philosophy and mystery. ^[7] ^[22]

National emblem

Emblem of the Republic of Korea

The National emblem was published on July 3, 1970.

In the center of the national emblem is a blooming flower Hibiscus flower . The white color of Hibiscus flower symbolizes peace and purity, and yellow symbolizes prosperity and prosperity. The center of the flower is replaced by a red and blue Yin and Yang picture, which is not only a traditional symbol of Korean culture, but also represents here State administration Harmony with the laws of nature. The hibiscus flowers are surrounded by a white ribbon with the country's name, the Republic of Korea, sewn into the ribbon.

National anthem

Korean National anthem It's a... Patriotic song ". Korea's first folk newspaper Independent journalism Several versions of the patriotic song lyrics were published in 1896, but the melody of the "patriotic song" was not yet determined. Later, during the Korean Empire, the melody of the patriotic song was designated as the military song and called the Patriotic Song of the Korean Empire. In 1902, the National Anthem of the Korean Empire was revised and used in important national celebrations. Before the founding of the Republic of Korea, the National anthem was based on Scotland Folk Song Auld Lang Syne (China calls it" Everlasting friendship ") to the melody. But the composer An Yitai (1905 ~ 1965) felt that it was not suitable to use the famous ballads of other countries as the national song of his own country, so in 1935, he re-created the national song, which was immediately adopted by the then Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Adopted. However, until the establishment of the Republic of Korea in 1945, the "Auld Lang Syne" version of the national anthem remained the dominant one.

The national flower

South Korea's national flower - Hibiscus flower

Hibiscus flower It's Korean. The national flower . In the blooming season, hibiscus The branches will give birth to many buds, and when one flower falls, the other buds will continue to open, and the spring is full of bloom and bright spring. Therefore, Koreans also call it" Infinity flower ".

Population nationality

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Korea is a mono-nation state Yellow race East Asian type, accounting for 96.25% of the country's total population. ^[2]

On June 6, 2022, statistics released by the Ministry of Administrative Security of South Korea showed that as of the end of May 2022, the registered population of Seoul City of South Korea was 9,496,887 million. After falling below the 10 million population mark in 2016, South Korea has fallen below 9.5 million for the first time in six years, leaving no cities with a population of 10 million.

South Korea's second largest city - Busan (23 photos)

As of December 31, 2022, the registered population of South Korea was slightly more than 51.439 million, down 0.39% year-on-year; There are 23.71 million households in the country. Among them, about 41% are single-person households, with a number of more than 9.724 million; Single-person households and two-person households accounted for 65.2% of the total. South Korea's male and female populations fell to about 25.637 million and 25.802 million, respectively, with those aged 50 to 59 accounting for the largest proportion at 16.7 percent. People aged 65 and above account for 18%. ^[1] ^[34]

On August 30, 2023, according to data released by the National Statistical Office of Korea, the number of newborns in the second quarter of 2023 in South Korea was 56,087, down 6.8% from the same period last year, hitting the lowest level since 2009. The number of babies born in South Korea has fallen for 91 consecutive months. ^[36]

As of December 2023, the total population of South Korea was 51,325,329, a decrease of 113,709 from the same period last year. Among them, the number of people aged 65 or older increased by five percent year-on-year to 9,730,411, while those aged 0-17, classified as children, decreased by three percent to 7,077,206 . ^[46] According to Yonhap, citing Statistics Korea, South Korea's total fertility rate has fallen from 0.78 in 2022 The year 2023 0.72. ^[59]

On January 3, 2024, statistics released by the Ministry of Administrative and Security of South Korea showed that in terms of household registration population, the total number of births in 2023 in South Korea was 235,039, hitting a new low in the past year. ^[47]

On January 31, 2024, according to the data released by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea and the National Statistical Office, the population of children aged 0 to 17 in 2023 decreased by 23% compared with 2014, to 7,077,206. Over the same period, children's share of the population fell from 18 per cent to 13.8 per cent. According to the National Statistical Office, the total fertility rate in the third quarter of last year was 0.7, down 0.1 from the same period last year Descend. ^[50]

On May 6, 2024, the "2024 Population Report" released by the Korean Peninsula Future Population Research Institute on the 6th showed that due to the impact of low fertility rate, South Korea's labor force population will be reduced by about 10 million in 20 years, and the number of deaths will be five times that of births in 2060.

According to the report, when the entire population is ranked in order of age, the median age in the middle will rise from 45.5 years in 2023 to 50.3 years in 2031, which means that half of the Korean people will be over 50 years old. The number of people aged 15 to 64 in the labor force will fall from 36.57 million in 2023 to 27.17 million in 2044, a decline of 9.4 million. The number of children of primary school age (7 years old) will fall from about 430,000 in 2023 to 220,000 in 2033.

According to the report, the number of deaths in Korea in 2060 will reach 746,000, which is 4.8 times that of the newly born population (156,000). South Korea's total population will shrink from 51.71 million in 2023 to 39.69 million in 2065. ^[62]

political

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constitution

Subject article: Constitution of the Republic of Korea

In 1948, South Korea promulgated its first constitution and was founded on constitutional principles. In the decades since its founding, South Korea has revised its constitution nine times.

The current constitution was adopted by referendum in October 1987 and entered into force on 25 February 1988. According to the Constitution, the president has the power as head of state, head of government and commander-in-Chief of the armed forces for a five-year term without the possibility of re-election. ^[1]

Congress

South Korean National Assembly The legislature. Its main functions include: scrutiny of bills; Deliberating state budgets and final accounts; To monitor the work of the government; Ratifying foreign treaties and agreeing to declare war or peace, impeaching the president and key government officials, and vetoing emergency presidential orders. It has a unicameral system, with 300 members serving four-year terms. The 21st National Assembly will be elected in April 2020. The National Assembly has one speaker and two vice chairmen, who are elected by a vote of members. The current speaker is Kim Jin-pyo, and vice Chairmen Chung Woo-taek and Kim Young-joo. ^[1]

judiciary

The judicial organs are the Supreme Court, the High Court, the District Court, and the Family Court. The chief justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President and must be approved by the National Assembly for a six-year term. Ahn Cheol-sang is the acting chief justice. In addition, the Constitutional Court is headed by Yoo Nam-seok.

The prosecutor's Office consists of the Supreme Prosecutor's Office, the High Prosecutor's Office, and the local prosecutor's office, which are subordinate to the Ministry of Justice. The Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office is the highest prosecutor's office, and the chief prosecutor is appointed by the president without the consent of the National Assembly. Incumbent Prosecutor General Lee Won-䄷. ^[51]

government

There are 18 ministries, 5 departments and 18 offices, with the President serving as head of government and the Prime Minister assisting the president ^[60] . Key members of the current Cabinet are: Deputy Prime Minister for Economy and Finance and Minister of Strategy and Finance Choi Sang-mok, Deputy Prime Minister for Social Affairs and Minister of Education Lee Ju-ho, Minister of Science, Technology and Information and Communication Lee Jong-ho, Minister of Foreign Affairs Cho Tae-yeol, Minister of Unification Kim Young-ho, Minister of Justice (Former Justice Minister Han Dong-hoon resigned on December 21, 2023), Minister of Defense Shin Won-sik, Minister of Public Administration and Security Lee Sang-min, Culture and Sports Tourism Minister Ryu In-chon, Agriculture, Livestock and Food Minister Song Mi-ryeong, Trade, Industry and Energy Minister Undergun, Health and Welfare Minister Cho Kyu-hong, Environment Minister Han Hwa-jin, Employment and Labor Minister Lee Jung-sik, Gender Equality and Family Minister vacant (former Gender Equality and Family Minister Kim Hyun-sook resigned on February 20, 2024), Land, Infrastructure and Transport Minister Park Sang-woo, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Minister Kang Tuheng, Minister of small and medium-sized venture enterprises Wu 姈 Shu. ^[51] ^[63]

Political party

National Power Party: Formerly the Democratic and Liberal Party founded in 1990, it was renamed the New Korea Party in 1995, and was renamed the Grand National Party in 1997 when the New Korea Party merged with the Democratic Party of Korea. In February 2012, it was renamed the Saenuri Party, and in December 2016, some of its lawmakers left the party. In February 2017, it was renamed the Liberty Korea Party, in February 2020, it was renamed the Future United Party, and in September of the same year, it was renamed the People Power Party. In March 2022, the party's candidate Yin Xiyue won the general election.

Minjoo Party: Formerly known as the National Assembly for New Politics led by Kim Dae-jung. The party became the ruling party in 1997 when Kim Dae-jung was elected president. In 2003, it split into the Uri Party and the Democratic Party, merged into the United Democratic Party in February 2008, and changed its name to the Democratic Party in July 2008. In December 2011, the Democratic Party merged with the Citizens United Party and the Federation of Korean Trade Unions to form the Democratic United Party. It was renamed the Democratic Party in May 2013. In March 2014, he joined forces with Ahn Cheol-soo to form the New Politics Alliance for Democracy Party. In December 2015, it was renamed Minjoo Party. ^[1]

dignitaries

Yin Xiyue : The President. Born in 1960, he graduated from the Department of Law at Seoul National University. He has worked in the prosecution system for a long time. He became the prosecutor general in 2019 and resigned in 2021. On March 10, 2022, he was elected the 20th President of South Korea. He took office on May 10 for a non-renewable five-year term. ^[27] ^[60]

Successive presidents

name	Term of office
Rhee Syngman	From 1948 to 1960
Yin Po-sun	From 1960 to 1962 ^[41]
Park Chung-hee	From 1962 to 1979
Choi Gyu-ha	From 1979 to 1980
Chun Doo-hwan	From 1980 to 1988
Roh Tae-woo	From 1988 to 1993
Kim Young-sam	From 1993 to 1998
Kim Dae-jung	From 1998 to 2003
Roh Moo-hyun	From 2003 to 2008
Lee Myung-bak	From 2008 to 2013
Park Geun-hye (F)	2013 to 2017
Moon Jae-in	2017 to 2022
Yin Xiyue	2022年~ ^[25]

Presidential residence

Cheong Wa Dae, the official residence of South Korea's president

Presidential residences of South Korea Cheong Wa Dae Located at No. 1, Sejong-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul. It was originally the palace of the Goryeo Dynasty. When the Joseon Dynasty established its capital in Seoul in 1426, it used it as the rear garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace and built several buildings, including Yongmudang, Gyeongnongjae, and Drill Hall, and opened a piece of farmland owned by the king. After the Japanese invasion in 1927, they destroyed all the buildings except Oeungak and built the official residence of the governor of Joseon. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, it became the official residence of the military governor. At the time of the establishment of the Republic of Korea in August 1948, it became the presidential residence and was renamed Gyeongmudae. It was overthrown on 19 April 1960 Rhee Syngman After taking power, Yoon was elected president and occupied Gyeongmudae. Soon, because Yin Pu Shan avoided the word "wu" and in order to correspond with the White House in the United States, the group of buildings with white walls and Blue tiles was named the Blue House, so there are also people who call it the "Blue House". The main building of Cheong Wa Dae is the presidential residence, with the presidential office, reception hall, conference room and living room, and the auxiliary building has the secretariat office, the police security office and the welcome building.

South Korea's third largest city - Incheon (27 photos)

On March 20, 2022, Yoon announced that he would move the presidential office out of the Blue House and into the Ministry of National Defense building in Yongsan, Seoul. Yoon s spokesman Bae Hyun-jin said at a press conference on April 24 that the plan to transform the Foreign minister s residence in Hannam-dong, Seoul into the president s official residence has been finalized after considering various factors such as security, security costs and construction period. ^[28]

economy

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General situation

In the 1960s, South Korea's economy began to take off. Since the 1970s, it has continued to grow rapidly, with per capita GNP rising from $87 in 1962 to $10,548 in 1996, creating the "Miracle on the Han River". In 1996, he joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and in the same year became a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the Korean economy entered a period of medium-speed growth.

The industry is dominated by manufacturing and service industries, and the output of shipbuilding, automobiles, electronics, steel, textile and other industries has entered the world's top 10. Large conglomerates play a very important role in the Korean economy. At present, the major conglomerates include Samsung, Hyundai Motor, SK and LG.

In 2008, affected by the international financial crisis, South Korea's economy declined significantly. The ROK government quickly adopted a series of policies, including large-scale fiscal stimulus, the financial market recovered, the real economy stabilized and rebounded, and business and consumer confidence continued to increase, becoming the first country among the members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to come out of the bottom.

Key economic data for 2022 are as follows:

Gross domestic product	$1.66 trillion.
Per capita national income	Thirty-three thousand dollars.
Economic growth rate	2.6%.
Currency name	South Korean won.
Exchange rate	One dollar is about 1,332 won (floating exchange rate system). ^[1]

In July 2021, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) officially recognized South Korea as a developed country by adopting the status change proposal at the 68th session of the Trade and Development Board. ^[4]

Iron and steel industry

The steel industry has contributed greatly to Korea's economic growth over the past half century. In the late 1960s, as South Korea's economic policy shifted from import substitution of consumer goods to the development of heavy chemical industry, the steel industry became one of the six strategic industries in South Korea. In 1973, with the completion of the first phase of the modern PoSCO Steel project, the Korean steel industry entered a new stage of growth. In the 1970s, under the support of the government, the annual growth rate of South Korea's steel industry reached 21.9%, and South Korea also entered the ranks of the world's steel powers.

Electronics industry

In the 1970s, South Korean companies began to gradually replace the dominant position of foreign companies, but they still rely on foreign technology, and their products are mainly exported to the United States and Japan. In the 1980s, South Korean electronics companies began to launch their own branded products through independent innovation. In 1992, South Korean companies controlled 12.1% of the world's memory-chip market. Samsung Electronics became the world's fifth largest DRAM producer and led the world in the production of 1-megabit and 4-megabit DRAM. In 1998, South Korea already controlled a third of the world DRAM market, far more than American companies. In 1995, South Korea's electronics exports reached $43.6 billion, accounting for 35% of the country's total exports. In 2006, electronics became the largest export of South Korea, with exports reaching 115.7 billion yuan. Since the 21st century, South Korea's electronics industry has accelerated the pace of internationalization, and has invested in the construction of plants in Europe, the United States and East Asia. South Korea's home appliance sector already produces more overseas than it does at home. The electronics industry in Korea is mainly located in the Seoul metropolitan area, Gumi Electronics Industrial Complex, and Busan. Has become the world's electronics industry power. Mobile phones from Samsung and LG, digital TVS, Plasma television Liquid crystal display and other products are world famous products

Automobile industry

South Korea's auto industry officially began to produce imported auto parts and semi-finished product assembly in the early 1960s, and is a rising star in the world's auto manufacturing industry. In 1962, South Korea enacted the Automobile Industry Protection Law and the Five-Year Plan for the Cultivation of the automobile industry, vigorously protecting and cultivating the automobile industry as a juvenile industry. In Korea, automobile companies such as Shinguk, Shinjin, Asia, and Hyundai have emerged. These Korean companies are generally built in joint ventures with European and American auto companies, mainly through CKD (Completely Knock Down) assembly of imported auto parts and semi-finished products.

In the 1970s, South Korea began to implement the "automobile localization policy." In the third five-year economic development plan of South Korea, the automobile industry became one of the national strategic industries of Park Chung-hee to develop the "heavy chemical industry". In 1974, Hyundai developed the Pony, the first model in Korea. In 1976, the Pony sedan began mass production and was exported to South America, and the trucks produced by Kia and GM Koryo were exported to the Middle East, creating a first for Korean cars to be exported overseas. In the years that followed, the Korean auto industry quickly improved its product quality and became the second country in Asia, after Japan, to have its own auto industry. By the late 1980s, South Korea had developed into one of the world's major automobile producers. In 1987, South Korea began liberalizing its domestic car market. In 1995, South Korea's automobile production reached 2.4 million units and exports exceeded the 1 million mark, becoming the world's fifth largest automobile producer

Shipbuilding industry

South Korea is the world's shipbuilding powerhouse. As early as 1962, South Korea enacted the Shipbuilding Industry Incentive Act to encourage the development of the shipbuilding industry. During the second Five-Year economic development plan, South Korea's shipbuilding industry mainly began to build export vessels and enter the international market, laying a preliminary foundation for later take-off, but the scale of development is not large. In the 1970s, heavy industry became the focus of South Korea's third five-year economic plan. Shipbuilding, along with machinery, chemicals and other industries, has been developed as strategic industries. In 1973, Ulsan Shipyard was built, which became the symbol of the take-off of the Korean shipbuilding industry. During this period, construction of Okpo Shipyard (now Daewoo Shipbuilding & Industrial Corporation Okpo Shipyard) and Koryo Shipyard (now Samsung Heavy Industries Geoje Shipyard) began. Korea Shipyard also added a new 150,000-ton dock. During the Fourth Five-Year Plan, the Korean shipbuilding industry was further developed. In 1981, Korea s shipbuilding capacity rose to 4 million tons and its output reached 1.072 million tons, ranking second in the world after Japan in terms of capacity and output, and the level of equipment self-sufficiency also increased rapidly.

During the fifth Five-Year economic development Plan, the international ship market deteriorated seriously, and the scale of the Korean shipbuilding industry did not expand much, but the product level, production efficiency, and material self-sufficiency rate were greatly improved. During the sixth Five-Year Plan, the international shipbuilding market improved and the Korean shipbuilding industry entered a new period of improvement. In 1994, the government lifted capacity restrictions on Korean shipyards. Korean shipbuilders are expanding to improve their international competitiveness. In 1997, the Asian financial crisis led to the collapse of some Korean shipbuilders. After the crisis, Korea's shipbuilding orders reached 11.84 million tons in 1999, surpassing those of Japan for the first time. South Korea is a world leader in oil tankers, container ships, liquefied natural gas (LNG), floating production and storage tankers, high-speed and very large ships, and luxury cruise ships. Among them, Hyundai Heavy Industries, Samsung Heavy Industries, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering and STX Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering are the world's top four shipyards.

Manufacturing industry

South Korea's manufacturing output in 2018 was about 440.9 billion US dollars, ranking fifth in the world. ^[8]

As the leading industry of the Korean economy, the Korean manufacturing industry experienced the structural transformation and upgrading of the labor-intensive industry from 1962 to 1971, the capital-intensive heavy chemical industry from 1972 to 1981, and the technology-intensive industry and knowledge-intensive industry from 1982 to 1991. South Korea has strong international competitiveness in manufacturing industries such as steel, shipbuilding, automobiles, semiconductors and digital products, most of which have their own brands, and its position in the international industrial chain is constantly improving.

The steel industry has contributed greatly to Korea's economic growth over the past half century. Korea is the world's largest steel consumer. From the late 1980s until the 1997 Asian financial crisis, South Korea's steel industry mainly produced low value-added products such as bar shapes, rebar, and wire rods. After entering the 21st century, South Korean steel enterprises are committed to the development of new technologies, Marine steel plate, automotive steel plate and other high value-added products growth accelerated, low value-added products began to appear negative growth, South Korea's main steel producers are Posco Steel, Hyundai Steel, Dongguk Steel, among which PoSCO Steel is one of the world's largest steel enterprises. It is also the world's most competitive steelmaker.

South Korea is the world's shipbuilding power, and for a long time was also the world's largest shipbuilding country. Among the top 10 shipyards in the world, South Korea occupies seven places, taking the top six, among which Hyundai Heavy Industries, Samsung Heavy Industries, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Co., LTD., and STX Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering are the world's top four shipyards. South Korea has a significant advantage in building high value-added vessels. Liquefied natural gas carrier is the strength of modern heavy industry; Samsung Heavy Industries is the world leader in Marine exploration vessels, with a 60% share of the global market. Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd. is the world's leading producer of large oil tankers, accounting for about 10 percent of the world's large oil tankers. In May 2007, Korea built its first Aegis destroyer, the King Sejong Destroyer, making Korea the fifth country in the world to have Aegis destroyers after the United States, Japan, Spain, and Norway.

Car manufacturing is another pillar industry in South Korea. In 2014, South Korea produced 4.52 million vehicles, accounting for 5% of the world's total automobile production. South Korea has been the world's fifth largest automobile producer for 10 consecutive years since 2005. Hyundai-kia Motor Group is South Korea's largest and the world's third largest automobile manufacturer. Korean cars are a rising star in the global auto industry. It took only 38 years for Hyundai Motor to sell 50 million units worldwide from the launch of its first car in 1975, while it took more than 50 years for Toyota to reach the same mark. The auto parts industry is also large in Korea. In 2012, South Korea's three major tire manufacturers Hankook Tire, Kumho Tire and Nexans Tire ranked 8th, 11th and 23rd respectively in the global tire Top 75 rankings.

South Korea is the world leader in electronic products, with memory, flat display devices such as liquid crystal displays and plasma displays, and mobile phones leading the world market. World-renowned Korean electronics manufacturers are Three Stars , LG , SK Samsung is the world's largest information technology company.

Service industry

In 2017, South Korea's service industry output value ranked fourth in Asia, ranking 13th in the world after China, Japan and India, with a total value of about 808.9 billion US dollars, accounting for about 54% of South Korea's GDP. ^[9-10]

agriculture

The existing arable land covers an area of 1.528 million hectares, mainly distributed in the western and southern plains and hilly areas. Agriculture accounts for about 4.2% of the population. Agricultural output (including fisheries and forestry) accounts for 1.8% of GDP. ^[1]

tourism

South Korea's tourism industry is relatively developed. In recent years, the South Korean government has identified tourism as a strategic industry, actively encouraged and developed tourism, and attracted foreign tourists by promoting the "Korean wave" culture, simplifying entry procedures in hot tourist areas, improving the domestic tourism market, improving domestic tourism hardware facilities, and enhancing relevant service levels. According to South Korean statistics, more than 17 million foreign tourists visited South Korea in 2019, a record high. In 2022, 3.198 million foreign tourists visited South Korea. ^[1]

Banking industry

Differences among South Korean economic zones - NASA2016 Night Earth Photo

South Korea's financial industry consists of South Korea's Central bank Bank of Korea And the Bank of Korea financial institutions. The Bank of Korea as the central bank is responsible for the implementation of Korea Monetary policy And issue Korean currency Korean won . In addition to the Bank of Korea, South Korea has several policy banks such as the Development Bank, small and medium Enterprise Bank, fisheries Association Bank and so on. South Korea's major national commercial banks include Hana Bank , National Bank, Woori Bank , Shinhan Bank Let's wait. Shinhan Bank, founded in 1897, is the first commercial bank in Korean history, while Kookmin Bank is the largest bank in Korea.

Korea Exchange KRX ) is a South Korean stock exchange headquartered in South Korea Busan Metropolitan city . Formed in 2005 by the merger of the former Korea Stock Exchange (KSE), Korea Futures Exchange (KOFEX) and Korea Growth Enterprise Market (KOSDAQ), its main index is Korea's Kospi Index . Securities on the Korea Exchange futures And other derivatives trading volume is the world's largest. In 2010, the trading volume of derivatives contracts on the Korea Exchange was 3.752 billion lots, accounting for 16.8% of the world's trading volume. According to the World Federation of Exchanges statistics in 2008, the turnover and turnover rate of KOSDAQ, Korea's growth enterprise market, was second only to that of the United States NASDAQ The total market value of its listed companies ranks fourth in the world.

Finance and finance

South Korea's fiscal revenue and expenditure in 2022: fiscal revenue is about 617.8 trillion won and fiscal expenditure is about 682.4 trillion won. As of the end of December 2022, South Korea's foreign exchange reserves stood at about $423.16 billion. ^[1]

foreign trade

In 2022, China's foreign trade will total $1.42 trillion, with a trade deficit of $47.23 billion. Among them, the export was 683.95 billion US dollars, an increase of 6.1% over the previous year; Imports reached US $731.18 billion, up 18.9% over the previous year. It has economic and trade relations with more than 180 countries and regions in the world, and China, the United States and Vietnam are the top three trading partners of South Korea.

The main imported products are crude oil, semiconductors, natural gas, petroleum products, semiconductor parts, steel plates, coal, communication equipment, cables and so on. The main export products are automobiles and parts, semiconductors, wired and wireless communication equipment, ships, petroleum products, flat panel liquid crystal displays, personal computers, film and television equipment, etc. ^[1]

Foreign capital

In the 1960s and 1970s, foreign direct investment accounted for only a small portion of capital inflows, and since the 1980s South Korea has gradually relaxed restrictions on foreign investment. After the 1997 financial crisis, South Korea stepped up efforts to attract foreign investment. ^[1]

Economic organization

The Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI) was officially established in July 1948. It is the largest private economic organization in Korea, with 55,000 official member companies and 71 branches in Korea. The main function is: to investigate the situation of enterprises, and to put forward policy opinions and suggestions to the government. As a civil organization, it conducts statistical surveys on domestic production and prices; Organize and lead technical training and technical exchange activities of member enterprises; To be responsible for the exchange and cooperation with foreign economic organizations; Responsible for issuing certificates of origin, etc. In August 1992, the Korea-China Private Economic Council was established with a representative office in Beijing. Chairman Chey Tae-won.

Korea International Trade Association (KITA) : Founded in 1946. There are 86,000 member companies. The main functions are: to study Korea's trade policy and put forward opinions and suggestions to the government; We provide various trade consulting and information services to member enterprises, promote trade cooperation with countries around the world, and train trade professionals on behalf of them. We have assisted the Chinese side in holding trade exhibitions in South Korea for many times, organized Korean enterprises to visit China, sent purchasing missions, and set up an international affairs branch in Beijing. The growth has a Zilie.

National Federation of Businessmen (FKI) : Founded in 1961. It consists of 67 organizations in various industries including manufacturing, trade, finance, and construction, 431 representative Korean conglomerates, and four honorary members. Its main functions are: to put forward policy opinions and suggestions to the government on behalf of large enterprises; To assist member enterprises to strengthen their contacts with international economic organizations and foreign enterprises; To study the theory and method of exchange management; To investigate domestic and foreign economic trends; Strengthen contact with all sectors of society, organize member enterprises to carry out various public welfare undertakings. It has a China Committee, and the FKI China Forum was established in May 2003. President Ryoo Jin.

Central Association of Small and Medium Enterprises (KBIZ) : Founded in 1962. It was formed by an industry association of small and medium-sized enterprises and changed to its current name in 2006, with more than 500 registered member companies. The main functions are: to safeguard the interests of small and medium-sized enterprises, and to put forward policy suggestions to the government on behalf of small and medium-sized enterprises; Guide the development of small and medium-sized enterprises through affiliated industry organizations, carry out research on the operation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and provide various information and consultation to member enterprises; To manage foreign labor affairs in South Korea. Chairman Kim Ki-moon. ^[51]

culture

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EDITOR

Korean literature and art are all derived from Chinese culture. Koreans are known for their love of music and dance. Korean modern music can be roughly divided into "folk music" and "folk music". Western music "Two kinds. Folk music can be divided into two kinds: "elegant music" and "folk music". Korean dance is colorful, centered on folk dance and palace dance. Korean drama originated in ancient China and mainly includes five categories, such as mask, puppet show, folk art, singing opera and drama. The mask is also called" masquerade It is a symbol of Korean culture and occupies an extremely important position in traditional Korean dramas.

Language

Subject article: Korean

Korean is spoken in South Korea. ^[1]

Korean alphabet

Korea borrowed Chinese characters as writing instruments until the 19th century. The 15th century Lee's Korea King Sejong ordered the completion of the book Discipline the people and correct their pronunciation ", modeled after the appearance of Chinese characters to create a new Phonetic writing adage . Hangul did not become an official script for several centuries, as the Chinese language was still used by officials and nobles of the upper classes of the Korean upper class and official book texts. Hangul is known for its use among North Koreans who have no formal education Yangban Boycott. Until the early 20th century Korea was annexed by Japan Later, proverbs gradually became the main writing instrument. After World War II, Division of Korea After that, Korean characters were abolished for a time (national language purification movement), but they were restored due to the inconvenience caused by pinyin characters Chinese character basic education To distinguish the different meanings of homophone words.

It is about 10 percent of Korean languages Korean About 69% of native words are Chinese umlauts, another 10% are English umlauts, and the rest are umlauts of other languages. The Korean language is basically the same as the Korean language, but it is slightly different in pronunciation and loanwords, as well as in the use of some grammar and words, especially in pronunciation and loanwords. Due to political reasons, the Korean Peninsula has been divided between the North and the South for a long time after the civil War, which has made the South Beijing language University different, mainly in terms of accent and diction.

religion

About 50% of South Korea's population believes in it Christianity , Buddhism And other religions. ^[1]

costume

Korean long Drum dance

hanbok It's a traditional Korean costume. In modern times, it has been replaced by western clothes, which are generally only worn on festivals and special days. The traditional clothes for women are short blouses and wide skirts, which look very loose. Men to pants, short jacket, vest, waistcoat show a unique style. White is the basic color, according to the season, identity, the selection of materials and colors are different. In special ceremonies such as marriage, ordinary people also wear gorgeous clothes and jewelry.

diet

Korean cuisine

Korean food is characterized by kimchi culture, which is inseparable from three meals a day pickles . Traditional Korean dishes such as yakiniku, kimchi and nongmyeon have become world famous.

Korea has a variety of diets, and rice has been the staple food since ancient times because it was an agricultural society in the past. The Korean diet consists of a variety of vegetables, meat, and fish. Kimchi (fermented spicy cabbage), Hoisin sauce Various fermented preserved foods such as salted seafood and bean paste (fermented soybeans) are known for their nutritional value and special taste.

Korean diet consists of a daily diet that is repeated every day, food that must be served during a lifetime ceremony, food that is served during a prayer for a good year and a good fishing season, food that is served during a tribal festival to pray for the safety of the tribe, and food that is served in memory of the deceased. At the same time, it also uses the food at that time to make seasonal food according to the different seasons.

Festivals

Festivals	introduce
Spring Festival	The first day of the first lunar month.
New Year's Day	January 1st.
Independence Day	On March 1st.
Buddha's birthday	The eighth day of the fourth month in the lunar calendar.
Chungchong Day	June 6th.
Constitutional Day	July 17th.
Liberation Day	August 15 commemorates the liberation from Japanese colonial rule (1945) and the founding of the Republic of Korea (1948).
Mid-Autumn Festival	The fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month.
Hari Raya	October 3, according to legend, the founding day of medieval Korea.
Hanbok Festival	On October 9, it was established to commemorate the promulgation of the "Xun People Zhengyin".
Christmas	December 25th. ^[1]

(Note: Spring Festival has been celebrated since the Silla era. Later, when Japan came to rule the Korean Peninsula, the festival was strictly forbidden. It was not until 1985 that "Spring Festival" appeared again under the name of "Folk Day". In 1999, South Korea officially resumed the "Spring Festival". ^[19] )

Military affairs

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EDITOR

The official name of the South Korean Armed Forces Republic of Korea National Army ".

In 2012, South Korea's total military strength was 690,000, including 560,000 army, 67,000 navy, and 63,000 air force. The reserve is 3.04 million. There are about 28,000 Americans in South Korea garrison . The command system of the army is divided into two systems, peacetime and wartime. In peacetime, the South Korean president is the supreme commander, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is responsible to the president. In war with United States Forces Korea Fighting side by side, US and South Korean forces are under the command of the US-ROK Combined Forces Command. After the armistice was signed on May 16, 1953, Korean War In the end, the two Koreas were divided across the 38th parallel, and South Korea was immediately rebuilt with the help of the United States, and its economy achieved high development after the 1980s. In the face of the North Korean military threat, South Korea has also invested huge resources in developing its military.

The main mission of South Korea's military force is homeland defense and especially defense against military threats from North Korea, but Humanitarian assistance And disaster relief is also one of its tasks. He took an active part in United Nations affairs and sent a group of engineers to participate in 1993 Somalia UN peacekeeping missions, in addition, Africa, East Timor , Iraq and Afghanistan Other places have also sent troops to carry out UN peacekeeping missions.

On December 5, 2017, the European Union added South Korea to its blacklist of tax havens. ^[11]

Introduce compulsory military service. The Army and Marine Corps serve 18 months, the Air Force 21 months, and the Navy 20 months. The president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. South Korea implements compulsory military service and has a total strength of 555,000, including 420,000 army, 70,000 navy and 65,000 air force. Reserve 3.1 million. The 2023 defense budget is about 57 trillion won, up 4.4 percent from the previous year. ^[1]

traffic

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EDITOR

South Korea's land, sea and air transportation are relatively developed. Railways and expressways have been built throughout the country. ^[1]

railway

Korea High-speed Rail - KTX Haemu

The total length of Korean railways is about 4,073.9 km. In March 2004, the Seoul-Busan high-speed railway opened, with a total length of 412 km and a maximum speed of 300 km/h. ^[1]

highroad

The total length of roads in South Korea is about 11,300 kilometers, of which 4,767 kilometers are expressways. More than 23 million cars are registered. ^[1]

Water transport

South Korea is dominated by shipping. Major ports include Busan, Pohang, Incheon, Gunsan, Mokpo, Jeju, and Yeosu. ^[1]

Air freight

Korea has 21 domestic routes and 350 international routes (210 of which are operated by foreign airlines). On the basis of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China According to the June 2022 update, there are 8 international airports in South Korea: Incheon International Airport , Gimpo International Airport , Jeju International Airport , Gimhae International Airport , Cheongju International Airport , Daegu International Airport , Xiangyang International Airport , Muan International Airport ^[1] .

society

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EDITOR

Science and technology

In the middle of the 20th century, due to the Japanese occupation and the Korean War, South Korea's science and technology was almost blank. In the 1960s, South Korea began to advocate "science and technology to build a country", and in 1966, South Korea established the first comprehensive scientific research institution, Korea Institute of Science and Technology. Through the cultivation and support of domestic science and technology, in the 1980s, South Korea realized the leap from technology introduction to technological innovation. In 1997, the Asian financial crisis hit the Korean economy. The Kim Dae-jung administration made the development of high-tech information industry a national strategy to cope with the crisis. In 2003, South Korea began to implement the "second science and technology country" strategy. In 2006, Korea ranked first in the world in the IMD Science and Technology competitiveness rankings, sixth in technology competitiveness, and seventh in science competitiveness in the semiconductor, mobile phone, LCD, Internet penetration, and shipbuilding industries. in Bloomberg News In the Global Innovation Rankings 2015 and the Global Innovation Index 2015 jointly released by the World Intellectual Property Organization, Cornell University and INSI Business School, South Korea ranked first and 11th respectively.

In the 1990s, South Korea began to become the world leader in semiconductor memory technology, and semiconductor began to develop into one of the most competitive and leading industries in South Korea. In 1994, 1996 and 2001, Korea was the first in the world to develop 256M, 1G and 4G DRAM. In the fourth quarter of 2014, South Korea's share of the world semiconductor DRAM market exceeded 70%, reaching a record high. South Korea's Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix are the world's two largest DRAM producers. In 2015, Samsung Electronics developed a 256GB V-Nand semiconductor for the first time in the world.

The development of network communication technology represented by broadband is one of the national strategies of South Korea. South Korea has the world's fastest Internet speed and the highest broadband penetration rate. Fortune reported in 2011 that South Korea's Internet speed in 2010 was 14Mbps, about seven times the global average (1.9Mbps), while Delaware (7.1Mbps), the fastest among the 50 states in the United States, was only half the level of South Korea, proving that South Korea is the leader in the network hardware environment. South Korea is the first OECD country to reach 100% wireless broadband penetration. In June 2013, less than two years before the commercial use of 4G networks, a new generation of LTE-A networks began commercial use in South Korea, bringing the Korean mobile network into the 4.5G era. On May 12, 2013, Samsung Electronics announced that it had taken the lead in developing a mobile transmission network based on 5G core technology, so that South Korea also took the lead in 5G technology. In 2013, the South Korean government announced the implementation of the "Jiga Korea" strategy. The strategy aims to bring the wireless broadband transmission speed of Korea to more than 1 gigabyte per second by 2020.

South Korea is a rising star in the world of nuclear energy. In 2007, South Korea became the third country in the world to develop its own third-generation nuclear power technology. South Korea's nuclear power has maintained a high operating efficiency, leading the world in nuclear power plant capacity factor, average power loss rate, unplanned shutdown rate and other indicators. At the end of 2009, South Korea defeated the United States, France and other old nuclear power exporters in the world, and successfully won the construction contract of four light water nuclear reactor nuclear power plants worth 20 billion US dollars in the United Arab Emirates, becoming the sixth nuclear power plant exporter in the world. In addition, South Korea is also working to develop nuclear fusion power technology that is more energy than nuclear fission, and near zero pollution. In 1995, South Korea invested 309 billion won (2.5 billion yuan) to build KSTAR, the world's first fully superconducting fusion device that uses a new type of superconducting magnet material to generate a magnetic field. On November 8, 2010, KSTAR successfully achieved the H-mode in the plasma confinement state for the first time. This is the first time in the world to achieve H mode with a superconducting thermonuclear experimental device, which plays a very important role in the progress of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project.

Network communication

As early as Kim Dae-jung During the Korean government, the development of information technology represented by broadband was promoted as a national strategy. Since 1999, South Korea has regularly proposed policies to develop broadband. South Korea is already one of the world's developed network communication countries, the world's fastest Internet speed, broadband penetration rate first in the world. The United States wealth According to a 2011 report, South Korea's Internet speed was 14Mbps per second in 2010, about seven times the global average of 1.9Mbps, and the fastest among the 50 U.S. states Delaware (7.1Mbps) is also only half the level of South Korea, demonstrating South Korea's leading position in the network hardware environment.

South Korea is the first OECD country to reach 100% wireless broadband penetration. June 2013, at distance 4G The Internet is less than two years old. New generation LTE-A The network began to be commercially available in Korea, making Korea Mobile network Enter the 4.5G era. On May 12, 2013, Samsung Electronics Announced that it has pioneered the development of a foundation 5G The mobile transmission network, the core technology, has also given South Korea a head start in 5G technology. In 2013, the South Korean government announced the implementation of the "Jiga Korea" strategy. The strategy aims to bring the wireless broadband transmission speed of Korea to more than 1 gigabyte per second by 2020.

The South Korean government has been working on government digitization. Following the government version 1.0 (providing information only) and version 2.0 (limiting disclosure and participation), the Park Geun-hye administration has set a goal of achieving the government version 3.0. The government version 3.0 aims to provide differentiated one-to-many administrative services to the public through mobile technology and big data, and further enhance social democracy. Park Geun-hye It is pointed out that the government 3.0 era not only means the disclosure of government information, but also means the comprehensive transformation of government work from the past state-centered work mode to the people-oriented work concept.

Space industry

The Korea Aerospace Research Institute is the main institution engaged in space research in South Korea. On August 11, 1992, Korea's first scientific experiment satellite, Hanksong-1, entered a sun-synchronous orbit, becoming the 22nd member of the World Space Club. Since 1992, Korea has successfully developed eight in a row Artificial satellite . Out of prevention Korean peninsula The United States, South Korea's ally, has long sought to prevent South Korea from developing its own missile and rocket technology due to arms race concerns. So South Korea is working with Russia to develop space technology. In April 2008, Russia successfully launched South Korea's first astronaut Lee So-yeon Deliver to International Space Station . In January 2013, after two failures, South Korea and Russia jointly developed The Naro launch vehicle The successful launch of a scientific satellite into orbit will make Korea the 10th country in the world capable of launching a satellite.

South Korea's first homegrown supersonic fighter jet "Jekong" F-5E/F ) due to Korean Air The first flight was successful on September 9, 1982. Since entering the 21st century, South Korea's aviation industry has also developed by leaps and bounds. In July 2009, South Korea developed its first domestic transport helicopter. Surion ". In 2011, the first "unmanned intelligent aircraft" was developed. In May of that year, Korean aerospace industry Based on T-50 supersonic trainer The light attack aircraft FA-50 made its maiden flight successfully. The export of the T-50 supersonic trainer to Indonesia also makes South Korea the sixth country in the world to export supersonic aircraft.

Robot

Due to the shortage of human resources in South Korea, the development of robots is very important in South Korea. The South Korean government plans to make South Korea one of the world's top three robot powers by 2018. In 2010, South Korea announced the" Service robot industry development strategy Service robots are listed as the focus of development, and the South Korean government also plans to make the penetration rate of robots in South Korea reach one household by 2020. Under the strong support of the South Korean government, robot pilots, robot prison guards, robot teachers and so on have been launched in South Korea.

The number of industrial robots in South Korea ranks third in the world. As of 2013, the number of manufacturing robots in South Korea has ranked fourth in the world. Korea has already mastered the world's leading core technologies in nanoscale handling robot systems and high-density innovative manufacturing robots. 2013, South Korea Chonnam National University The Bacterial Robotics Institute has developed the world's first nanobot (" Doctor in the body ") that can cure cancer Colorectal cancer , Breast cancer Stomach cancer and Liver cancer Diagnosis and treatment of other highly prevalent cancers. South Korea's Hyundai robot, Ropreda robot, Dongbu Robot, Doustar robot and Alpa robot are the five most influential robot manufacturers in South Korea, of which modern robot in South Korea's market share of more than 50%.

biotechnology

As early as 1983, South Korea promulgated and implemented the landmark" Biotechnology Promotion Act ". In the past few decades, Korea has introduced and launched the National Research Laboratory (NAL) Program (1999), the 21st Century Frontier Research and Development Program (2000), the Bio-Star Program (2003), the Promotion of Biological Industry, New Drug Research and Development, and the Development of New drugs. Programs and projects supporting the development of biotechnology, such as the Organ Engineering and Biochip Development Project (2003). According to statistics, the Korean government's investment in biotechnology has increased by more than 20 percent every year since 1994, and accumulated investment reached 4.3 trillion won in 2005.

Biopharmaceutical is the most important component of South Korea's biotechnology sector, and about 60% of biotechnology companies in South Korea are biopharmaceutical companies. In 2003, Factive was acquired United States Food and Drug Administration It became the first new drug in South Korea to receive international recognition. Since then, with many new drugs successfully developed and put into production, South Korea has a number of independent intellectual property rights of biological drugs. Korean fermentation technology is the most internationally competitive field of Korean biotechnology, involving amino acids, enzyme preparations, antibiotics and other industries. Among them, amino acid products account for 20% of the global market. The year 2005 Seoul National University Researchers have successfully extracted a treatment from spicy cabbage pickles Avian influenza And other chicken diseases of Bacillus fermentans. To reduce the dependence on oil imports, South Korea is very important biodiesel The development of... In October 2004, South Korea revised the law Petroleum and Petroleum Alternative Fuels Business Act And formulated the quality standard of biodiesel. South Korea has stricter biofuel and fuel efficiency regulations. In terms of biological products, South Korea's independent research and development of biological products has gradually changed from the initial functional food to biomedical and biological diagnosis and treatment products, with a number of independent research and development of world brands. Seoul National University successfully cloned the world s first cloned dogs in 2005 and 2007 Snappy And two endangered wolves.

On December 29, 2021, data released by the Korea Pharmaceutical Bioengineering Association and the biopharmaceutical industry showed that South Korea's biopharmaceutical companies exported a total of 32 technologies in 2021, with a cumulative contract size of 13.2 trillion won (about 70.84 billion yuan), setting a new record. ^[24]

Display technology

2023 On March 30, the National Assembly of South Korea held a plenary session to pass the "special tax control law". According to the bill, display technology is legally listed as a national strategic technology . ^[31]

education

The six-year compulsory primary school education was introduced in 1953, and the three-year compulsory junior middle school education was popularized in 1993. Higher education institutions are 80% private. The education budget for 2023 is about 96.3 trillion won, up 14.4 percent from the previous year. ^[1]

There are more than 20,000 schools (public and private) in China. Famous universities include Seoul National University, Yonsei University, and Korea University. ^[1] In addition, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Pohang University of Technology and Sungkyunkwan University It also enjoys a high reputation in the world. ^{12 - [15]}

Social security

South Korea has enacted a series of social security laws since 1960. in Chun Doo-hwan During his administration (1980-1988)," Welfare state The concept was formally proposed. With other Developed country Compared with South Korea, the social security system started late and needs to be further improved, but the time used to establish the welfare state in South Korea is very short. South Korea's social security system includes social insurance, public relief and social welfare services.

Social welfare services mainly include social welfare for the elderly, children, women and the disabled. The government plans to build welfare facilities for the elderly and reduce public fees for those over 65 who do not have a pension. Child benefit for orphans and children under the age of 18 guardian For children who are unable to support them, there are mainly child counseling centers, infant and child facilities, and career counseling facilities. Women's welfare welfare and education are provided to women mainly through women's welfare facilities such as women's counseling centers, mother and child protection facilities, women's career counseling facilities, and women's halls. In accordance with the three laws guaranteeing the welfare of persons with disabilities, namely, the Welfare Law for Persons with Disabilities, the Employment Promotion Law for Persons with Disabilities, and the Special Education Promotion Law, the Korean Government provides welfare for persons with disabilities through the establishment of welfare facilities and special schools for persons with disabilities, and facilitates the employment of persons with disabilities.

Physical education

South Korea hosted 1988 Seoul Olympics It was held together with Japan in 2002 Korea-japan World Cup Busan hosted the Asian Games the same year, and Incheon hosted the Games in 2014 The 17th Asian Games ^[16] , Gwangju Hosting the 2015 Summer Universiade, Pyeongchang 于2018年举办冬季奥运会，是继美国、德国、法国、意大利、俄罗斯、日本之后，第七个举办奥运会、冬奥会、世界杯三大赛的国家。

当地时间2022年11月12日，韩国获得2027年世界大学生运动会举办权 ^[30] 。

媒体

新闻出版业发达。共有新闻机构230多家，从业人员4万多人。报社120多家，杂志种类繁多。《朝鲜日报》（1920年3月创刊）、《中央日报》（1965年9月创刊）、《东亚日报》（1920年4月创刊）是三大全国性日报。

通讯社：联合通讯社，1980年由合同通讯社和东洋通讯社合并而成，1999年兼并内外通讯社。该通讯社在北京、华盛顿、纽约、洛杉矶、东京、巴黎、伦敦、曼谷、莫斯科等地设有分社，同40多家外国通讯社签有新闻交换协定或合作协议。

主要广播公司有：

韩国广播公司（KBS）：1927年开始试播，自1953年开始对外广播。政府控股广播公司，拥有全国性广播网，目前用韩、英、汉、法、日等11种语言播音。电视台成立于1961年12月。自1996年7月起开通多频道卫星电视节目，主要以数字信号播放。

文化广播公司（MBC）：1961年12月开办，拥有全国性广播网。电视台成立于1969年8月，在各大城市有卫星转播站。

首尔广播公司（SBS）：1991年12月开播。 ^[1]

防疫

2021年1月11日，韩国总统文在寅在致辞中说，政府将确保所有人按顺序免费接种新冠疫苗，他还保证疫苗接种工作将于2月份开始。文在寅向那些因为房价飙升而陷入困境的人道歉，并承诺将采取各种措施增加新房供应。 ^[17]

2022年4月18日起，韩国全面解除公众聚集场所营业限时以及私人聚会、活动和集会限员等保持社交距离措施。但是政府仍将维持佩戴口罩义务，将在观察解除保持社交距离措施两周内的疫情形势后再研究是否取消室外佩戴口罩义务。

2022年10月1日0时起，韩国解除入境人员在入境24小时内接受核酸检测的义务。 ^[29]

外交

播报

编辑

外交政策

二次大战后，韩国长期以对美外交为主。20世纪70年代初开始推行门户开放政策。1988年卢泰愚政府上台后，大力推行“北方外交”，发展与社会主义国家关系。其后历届政府均推行积极外交政策，近年来基本形成了以韩美同盟为基轴、加强美、中、日、俄四大国外交、积极参与地区与国际事务的多层次、全方位外交格局。

韩国与192个国家建立了外交关系，驻外外交机构167个。 ^[63]

2023年5月29日，韩国和纽埃决定自即日起相互承认并建立外交关系。 ^[32]

2023年11月22日，韩国当选联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会成员国，至2027年将参与入遗审查等活动。韩国1997至2003年、2005至2009年、2013至2017年已三次当选世遗委员会成员国，此次是第四次当选。 ^[39]

2024年2月14日，韩国同古巴建立外交关系，双方在美国纽约互换相关文书。 ^[54]

韩朝关系

朝鲜战争停战后，朝鲜半岛长期处于政治对立、军事对峙、经济隔绝状态。1990年9月至1991年12月，韩朝先后举行5次总理会谈，签署《南北和解、互不侵犯及交流合作协议书》，发表《朝鲜半岛无核化共同宣言》，韩朝关系有所改善。此后受金日成逝世及朝鲜半岛核等问题影响，韩朝关系趋冷。

1998至2008年，韩国金大中和卢武铉两任政府分别奉行对朝“阳光政策”及“和平与繁荣政策”，推进南北和解合作。2000年6月和2007年10月，金大中、卢武铉分别访朝，同金正日举行首脑会晤，发表《南北共同宣言》和《南北关系发展与和平繁荣宣言》。其间韩朝举行多次官方会谈和一系列民间交流活动，签署多项合作协议。

2008年至2016年李明博、朴槿惠任韩国总统期间，南北关系时有起伏。2014年2月双方举行高级别会谈和离散亲属会面。2015年8月和10月，双方先后举行高级别磋商和离散亲属会面。2016年2月韩方关闭开城工业园。

2018年韩朝关系取得积极进展。1月，双方重启板门店热线、西海军事热线，举行高级别会谈。2月，朝方派高级别代表团赴韩出席平昌冬奥会开、闭幕式。文在寅总统特使访朝，金正恩委员长会见。4月，文在寅总统同金正恩委员长在板门店举行首次会晤，发表《板门店宣言》。5月双方再次会晤。9月，文在寅总统访朝，双方第三次会晤，签署《9月平壤共同宣言》。

2019年6月，文在寅总统陪同美国总统特朗普访问韩朝非军事区，在板门店同金正恩委员长再次会面。8月，文在寅总统发表“光复节”讲话，呼吁推进南北对话与和解合作。11月，文在寅总统邀请金正恩委员长参加韩国—东盟特别峰会，朝方拒绝。

2020年3月，文在寅总统同金正恩委员长就抗击新冠肺炎疫情互致信函。

2020年5月，韩“脱北者”团体在军分线附近向朝大量空飘传单，朝反应强烈。6月，金正恩委员长主持召开朝党中央军事委员会会议，决定搁置对韩军事行动计划，韩朝紧张关系有所缓和。

2020年9月，文在寅总统同金正恩委员长就疫情、台风、暴风雨等灾害互致慰问函电。10月，金正恩委员长在朝建党75周年阅兵式讲话中表示，期待朝韩再次早日握手。

2021年1月，金正恩委员长在朝党八大上发表讲话表示，北南关系能否改善取决于南方态度。文在寅总统在新年记者会上表示，愿随时同金正恩委员长会面。7月，朝韩同时宣布，即日起恢复所有通讯联络线路。

2022年4月，文在寅总统即将离任之际，朝韩领导人互致亲笔信。5月，尹锡悦总统发表就职演讲，表示将为和平解决朝鲜半岛核问题打开对话之门。8月，尹锡悦总统出席光复节77周年纪念仪式并发表讲话，提出对朝政策路线图“大胆构想”。朝劳动党中央委员会副部长金与正发表谈话予以驳斥。此后，韩朝关系持续紧张。

2023年12月，金正恩委员长在朝鲜劳动党八届九中全会扩大会议上表示，北南关系不再是同宗同族关系，而是已固化为两个敌对国家之间的关系、处于战争状态的两个交战国之间的关系。 ^[51]

2024年1月10日，朝中社报道，朝鲜劳动党总书记、国务委员长金正恩日前视察该国重要军工厂时表示，韩国是朝鲜的“主要敌人”，并强调对韩关系的重中之重是强化国防自卫力量和核战争遏制力。 ^[48]

对外关系

与中国的关系

中韩自1992年8月24日建交以来，两国友好合作关系在各个领域都取得快速发展。政治上，两国领导人经常互访或在国际多边活动中会晤，增进了相互理解和信任，推动了两国关系发展。经济上，两国互利合作不断深化，互为重要贸易伙伴，在文化、教育、科技等领域的交流与合作日益活跃。两国在地区及国际事务中保持密切协调与合作。 ^[18]

一、政治关系及高层互访

建交以来，两国政治关系进展顺利。1998年韩国总统金大中访华，双方宣布建立面向21世纪的中韩合作伙伴关系。2003年韩国总统卢武铉访华，双方宣布建立中韩全面合作伙伴关系。2008年5月韩国总统李明博访华，双方宣布建立中韩战略合作伙伴关系。2014年7月习近平主席访韩，双方宣布中韩努力成为实现共同发展的伙伴、致力地区和平的伙伴、携手振兴亚洲的伙伴、促进世界繁荣的伙伴。2017年12月，韩国总统文在寅访华，双方就推动中韩关系改善发展、加强在朝鲜半岛等国际地区问题上的沟通合作深入交换意见，达成许多重要共识。 ^[18]

2014年7月，习近平主席对韩国进行国事访问。

2014年11月，朴槿惠总统来华出席APEC领导人会议。

2015年6月，全国人大常委会委员长张德江访韩。

2015年9月，朴槿惠总统来华出席中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年纪念活动。

2015年10月，李克强总理赴韩出席第六次中日韩领导人会议并对韩国进行正式访问。

2016年6月，韩国国务总理黄教安访华并出席第十届夏季达沃斯论坛。

2016年9月，朴槿惠总统来华出席二十国集团领导人杭州峰会。

2017年5月，韩国新任总统文在寅特使李海瓒访华。

2017年7月，习近平主席在德国柏林同文在寅总统举行首次会晤。

2017年11月，习近平主席在越南岘港出席亚太经合组织（APEC）第二十五次领导人非正式会议期间会见文在寅总统。

2017年11月，李克强总理在菲律宾马尼拉出席东亚合作领导人系列会议期间会见文在寅总统。

2017年12月，文在寅总统对华进行国事访问。

2018年2月，中共中央政治局常委韩正、国务院副总理刘延东作为习近平主席特别代表分别出席平昌冬奥会开、闭幕。

2018年3月，习近平主席特别代表、中共中央政治局委员、中央外办主任杨洁篪同志应韩国政府邀请访韩。

2018年5月，李克强总理在日本东京出席中日韩领导人会议期间会见韩国总统文在寅。

In August and September 2018, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with ROK Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha on the sidelines of the ASEAN Regional Forum Foreign Ministers' Meeting and the UN General Assembly.

2018年11月，习近平主席和 Moon Jae-in The president met on the sidelines of the 26th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting.

Economic cooperation and trade relations

Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, bilateral economic and trade cooperation has developed steadily, healthily and rapidly.

China is the ROK's largest trading partner, largest export market and largest source of imports, and ROK is China's third largest trading partner.

According to Chinese statistics, China-ROK trade volume reached 362.29 billion U.S. dollars in 2022, up 0.1 percent year on year. Among them, China's imports amounted to 199.67 billion US dollars, down by 6.5 percent year-on-year. Exports reached 162.62 billion US dollars, up 9.5% year on year.

By the end of June 2022, South Korea's actual investment in China amounted to US $93.08 billion and China's actual investment in South Korea amounted to US $6.6 billion. The ROK is the second largest source of foreign investment for China, and China is the second largest investment destination for the ROK.

In May 2012, China and the ROK launched inter-governmental negotiations on a free trade agreement. In November 2014, the two sides announced the completion of substantive negotiations and the signing of a memorandum of understanding. In June 2015, the two sides officially signed the agreement, and the agreement officially entered into force on December 20 of the same year. During President Moon Jae-in's visit to China in December 2017, the two sides announced the launch of the second phase of negotiations on the agreement, and nine rounds have been held so far.

In July 2014, China and South Korea announced the establishment of the direct trading mechanism between RMB and won in South Korea and the establishment of RMB clearing arrangement in Seoul, South Korea, and chose the Bank of Communications of China in Seoul as the RMB clearing bank, and the clearing bank was launched in November of the same year. In March 2015, the Republic of Korea officially joined the AIIB. In June 2016, direct trading of the yuan against the Korean won was officially launched in China. In October 2017, the People's Bank of China and the Bank of Korea renewed the local currency swap agreement, extending the agreement for three years, with a scale of 360 billion yuan. In October 2020, the People's Bank of China and the Bank of Korea renewed the currency swap agreement, the validity period of the agreement was extended to 5 years, and the scale was expanded to 400 billion yuan.

Third, relations in other areas

The departments of science and technology, culture, education, justice and many local governments of the two countries have established friendly exchanges and cooperation. China has consulates General in Busan, Gwangju and Jeju of the Republic of Korea, while the Republic of Korea has consulates General in Shanghai, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Shenyang, Chengdu, Xi 'an, Wuhan and Hong Kong of China, and a consular office in Dalian. Before the epidemic, there were about 60 scheduled passenger routes between major cities of the two countries, with nearly 1,200 flights per week. China Tianjin, Qingdao, Dalian, Yantai, Weihai and South Korea Incheon, Busan, Pyeongtaek and other places have regular passenger and cargo lines.

In 2023, 3.764,400 visits were made between China and the ROK, of which 1.293,600 were made by ROK nationals and 2.478,800 by Chinese mainland residents. There are 24 Confucius Institutes and four Confucius classrooms in South Korea.

Military exchanges between China and the ROK have been developing steadily, and the two countries have set up military attache's offices in each other's embassies. The Chinese and ROK militaries have maintained high-level exchanges and cooperation on ship visits, military students, disaster relief, anti-terrorism and UN peacekeeping operations.

The exchanges between the two countries have developed rapidly in literature, art, sports, education, health, radio, film and television, press and publication.

A total of 214 pairs of sister provinces and cities have been established. The friendship organizations of the two sides include the China-Korea Friendship Association, the Korea-China Friendship Association, the Korea-China Cultural Association, the 21st Century Korea-China Exchange Association, the Korea-China Friendship Association, and the Korea-China Cultural Friendship Association. ^[52]

4. Important bilateral agreements

China-rok Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations (1992)
Sino-korean Government Trade Agreement (1992)
Exchange of Letters between China and South Korea on the Mutual Establishment of Consulates General in Shanghai and Busan (1992)
Exchange of Letters between China and South Korea on the Establishment of the Consulate General of South Korea in Qingdao (1993)
Sino-korean Government Cultural Cooperation Agreement (1994)
Exchange of Letters between China and South Korea on the Retention of the Consulate General of the Republic of Korea in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1995)
South Korea Joint Communique (1998)
Agreement between China and South Korea on Simplifying Visa Procedures and Issuing Multiple Visas (1998)
Exchange of Letters between China and South Korea on the Establishment of the Consulate General of South Korea in Guangzhou (2000)
China-rok Fishery Agreement (2000)
Extradition Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea (2000)
Sino-korean Exchange of Letters on Upgrading the Consular Section of the Korean Embassy in China to Consulate General in Shenyang (2002)
China-south Korea Joint Statement (2003)
Sino-korean Treaty on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters (2003)
Exchange of Letters between China and South Korea on the Establishment of the Consulate General of South Korea in Chengdu (2004)
Exchange of Letters between China and South Korea on the Establishment of the Consular Office of the Chinese Embassy in Gwangju (2004)
South Korea Joint Communique (2005)
Exchange of Letters between China and South Korea on the Establishment of the Consulate General of the Republic of Korea in Xi 'an (2006)
China-south Korea Joint Statement (2008)
South Korea Joint Communique (2008)
Exchange of Letters between China and South Korea on the Establishment of a Consulate General in Wuhan (2009)
China-south Korea Joint Press Communique (2012)
Exchange of Letters between China and South Korea on the Establishment of a Chinese Consulate General in Jeju (2012)
China-rok Joint Statement for the Future (2013)
China-south Korea Joint Statement (2014)
China-rok Consular Agreement (2014)
" China-south Korea Free Trade Agreement (2015) ^[18]

Relations with the United States

South Korea and the United States established diplomatic relations in January 1949. In October 1953, South Korea and the United States signed the Mutual Defense Treaty, establishing a military alliance. At present, the United States has 28,500 troops in South Korea, and holds the wartime command of the South Korean army, and has security and defense obligations for South Korea. In June 2017, President Moon Jae-in visited the United States. In November, President Trump visited South Korea. In February 2018, US Vice President Mike Pence attended the opening ceremony of the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games, and US presidential adviser Ivanka Trump attended the closing ceremony of the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games. President Moon Jae-in visited the United States twice in May and September 2018. In November, President Moon Jae-in met with Vice President Pence on the sidelines of the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting. In April 2019, President Moon Jae-in visited the United States. In June, President Trump visited South Korea. In September, President Moon Jae-in went to the United States to attend the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly and met with President Trump. In January 2021, President Moon Jae-in called to congratulate Biden on his inauguration as U.S. president. In February 2021, President Moon Jae-in had a phone conversation with President Biden. In May, President Moon Jae-in visited the United States for talks with President Biden.

In March 2022, President-elect Yoon Siyue spoke on the phone with President Biden. In May, President Biden visited South Korea. In June, President Yoon attended the NATO Summit, held a bilateral meeting with President Biden, and held talks with the leaders of the United States, the United States and the United States. In August, Speaker of the US House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi visited South Korea. In September, President Yin Xiyue went to the United States to attend the United Nations General Assembly and had a brief conversation with President Biden. The same month, Vice President Harris visited South Korea. In November, President Yoon attended the series of East Asia Summits, held bilateral meetings with President Biden, and held talks with the leaders of the United States, the United States and the United States.

In April 2023, President Yoon Seok-yue paid a state visit to the United States. In August 2023, the leaders of South Korea, the United States and Japan held talks at Camp David. In November, President Yin Xiyue attended the 30th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, during which he held a trilateral meeting with leaders of the United States and Japan.

In March 2024, U.S. Secretary of State Blinken visited South Korea and attended the third Leaders' Democracy Summit.

In 2023, the ROK imports $71 billion from the US and exports $115.7 billion to the US, with a surplus of $44.7 billion. ^[63]

Relations with Japan

South Korea and Japan established diplomatic relations in 1965. The two countries have extensive exchanges and cooperation in various fields, but history and other issues are still factors that interfere with bilateral relations. In May 2017, a special envoy of President Moon Jae-in visited Japan. In July, President Moon Jae-in met with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in Hamburg, Germany. In February 2018, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe went to the ROK to attend the opening ceremony of the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games and President Moon Jae-in met with him. In May, President Moon Jae-in met with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the sidelines of the 7th China-Japan-ROK Leaders' Meeting in Japan. In July 2019, Japan strengthened export controls on three core semiconductor raw materials to South Korea. In August, Japan decided to remove South Korea from its "white list" of countries that enjoy preferential treatment in export management. In October, ROK Prime Minister Lee Nak-yon went to Japan to attend the enthronement ceremony of the new Emperor and met with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. In November, President Moon Jae-in met with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the sidelines of the East Asia Summits. In December, President Moon Jae-in met with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the sidelines of the eighth China-Japan-ROK Leaders' Meeting in China. In September 2020, President Moon Jae-in and new Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga spoke on the phone and exchanged letters.

In March 2022, President-elect Yoon Sek-yue had a phone conversation with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida. In July, ROK Foreign Minister Park Jin visited Japan, met with his Japanese counterpart Yoshimasa Hayashi and called on Prime Minister Fumio Kishida. In September, Prime Minister Han Duck-soo led a delegation to Japan, attended the state funeral of former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and met with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida. In October, President Yoon Seok-yue had a telephone conversation with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida. In November, President Yoon attended the East Asia Summits and held a bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida.

In March 2023, South Korean Foreign Minister Park Jin announced a plan to solve the problem of compensation for victims of forced labor. In March, President Yoon Seok-yue visited Japan and held talks with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida. In May, President Yoon Seok-yue received visiting Prime Minister Fumio Kishida. In July, the two sides met again on the sidelines of the NATO summit. In November, President Yin Xiyue attended the 30th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, during which he held a trilateral meeting with leaders of the United States and Japan.

In 2022, South Korea's imports from Japan amounted to $47.66 billion, and its exports to Japan amounted to $29.06 billion, with a deficit of $18.6 billion. ^[63]

Relations with Russia

Korea established diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Union in September 1990. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, South Korea maintained diplomatic relations with Russia. In July 2017, President Moon Jae-in met with President Putin in Hamburg, Germany. In September, President Moon Jae-in visited Russia and met with President Putin. In June 2018, President Moon Jae-in visited Russia and met with President Vladimir Putin. In November, President Moon Jae-in met with President Putin on the sidelines of the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting. In June 2019, South Korean Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha held talks with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov in Moscow. In September 2020, South Korean President Moon Jae-in and Russian President Vladimir Putin exchanged congratulatory messages on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries. In July-August 2022, South Korean Foreign Minister Park Jin met with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov on the sidelines of the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting and the East Asia Summit Foreign Ministers' Meeting. In March 2023, South Korea was listed as an unfriendly country by Russia for following the sanctions imposed by the United States and Europe. In July 2023, President Yin Xiyue visited Ukraine after attending the NATO Summit. In the same month, the foreign ministers of the Republic of Korea and Russia met on the sidelines of the foreign Ministers' meetings on East Asia Cooperation in Indonesia.

In 2022, South Korea's imports from Russia amounted to $13.4 billion and its exports to Russia amounted to $12.76 billion, with a deficit of $640 million. ^[1] ^[63]

Relations with Britain

On November 22, 2023 local time, South Korean President Yoon Seok-yung and British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak signed the Downing Street Accord at 10 Downing Street, elevating bilateral relations to a "global strategic partnership." ^[43]

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The main tourist destination in South Korea is Seoul Gyeongbokgung Palace , Deoksugung , Changgyeonggung , Changdeokgung , National Museum, National Gukak Academy, The Sejong Center for Performing Arts Hoam Art Museum, Namsan Tower, National Museum of Modern Art, Ganghado Folk Village, Panmunjom, Gyeongju, Jeju Island , Seoraksan Let's wait. Jeju Island, the largest island in South Korea, is a famous tourist destination, with waterfalls, beaches, baths, green trees and red flowers, and the highest mountain in South Korea, Mount Halla, which is 1,950 meters above sea level.

As of October 2011, South Korea had nine World cultural heritage Sum 1 World natural Heritage Among the Korean cultural properties inscribed on the World Heritage list are the Jongmyo Temple in Seoul (1995), Haeinsa (1995), Foguo Temple and Seokguram (1995), Suwon Hwaseong (1997), Changdeokgung (1997), Gyeongju Historical Site Area (2000), Gaochang, Heshun, Jianghwa Branch Stone Tomb Site (2000), Joseon royal Tombs Block 40 (2009), Andong River Hui Village. The Jeju volcano Island and lava Cave were listed in 2007 World Natural Heritage List .

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