The Airbus A340 is a model built by Airbus of Europe Manufactured four-engine long-range dual aisle Wide-body aircraft . The basic design is similar to double hair An Airbus A330 But there are two more engines, a total of four. The A340 was originally designed to operate on long range routes Boeing 747 Competing, the A340 carries fewer passengers and is suitable for long-haul routes with less passenger traffic. But its later goal is to work with Boeing 777 Aircraft compete in the long-range and ultra-long-range aircraft market.

Chinese name: An Airbus A340
Foreign name: Airbus A340
producer: Airbus Industries
Generic type: Four-engine long-range medium-body civil carrier aircraft
Development time: In April 1987

Down time: November 10, 2011
engine: CFM56-5C, Trent-556
Passenger capacity: 440 people (Type 600)
Maiden flight: April 1, 1992
Put into operation: February 2, 1993

catalogue

Development course

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Make a plan

Airbus A340 picture appreciation (22 photos)

In April 1987 Airbus Industries It was decided that the A330 and A340 models would be carried out simultaneously as one program. The concept is a basic airframe with the same airframe cross-section, with four engines as the power unit, which can be offered in six different configurations covering from 250 to 475 seats Regional route To ultra-long range routes, improve the versatility between different routes. Twin-engine A330 on regional route Double haul flight The four-engine A340 offers a wide range of functions on long and ultra-long range routes, while the long-haul routes offer the most profitable and low operating costs.

R&d stage

Development of the A340 began in 1988, using advanced materials, systems and technologies avionics make Airbus We maintain a leading position in technology and innovation. These two models are also retained The Airbus A300 / A310 Fuselage section design of series models. Learn from An Airbus A320 Advanced avionics. When the A340 was designed, it was developed alongside the twin-engined A330. The A330 and A340 have a lot in common, 85% of the components can be used with each other, using a similar fuselage structure, but different lengths, the cockpit, wings, tail, landing gear and various systems are the same, which can reduce development costs. The A330 and A340 cost $2.5 billion (1986 dollars) to develop.

The A340 was originally planned to be powered by a Super Fan engine developed by IAE (International Aero Engines). IAE later stopped the development, Airbus The A340 was converted to the CFM56-5C engine.

Maiden flight

In 1991, after the first flight of the A340, engineers discovered a potentially important flaw: the wings were not strong enough to bend and wobble with outboard engines at high speeds.

Put into use

According to the first flight problem, the developers specified a new solution, the solution is to add a tortoise-shaped bulge structure under the wing to improve the airflow near the engine hanger. The modified A340 entered service in 1993.

Stop production

In January 2006, Airbus announced the development of an Enhanced version of the A340, the A340E (Enhanced). On account of Boeing 777 The advent of the long-range model, coupled with rising fuel prices, makes the twin-engine A340 an advantage in terms of operating costs and economics over the four-engine A340, which is more reliable than the Boeing 777 Engine performance Increasing, has no obvious superiority. Due to the extremely low failure rate of the new engines (which can be seen from the ETOPS certification of twin-engine aircraft), coupled with higher power output, unless it is a very large aircraft, for example The Airbus A380 or Boeing 747 Otherwise, a four-engine engine doesn't seem necessary. Airlines are starting to lean toward the Boeing 777. Sales of the A340 were dismal.

Boeing 777 Sales are good, while orders for the A340 are declining year by year. In 2005, Boeing had 154 orders for the 777, but Airbus had sold only 15 of its A340. Airbus claims that the A340E's fuel consumption will be improved over the earlier A340 to compete more effectively with the Boeing 777.

On 10 November 2011, Airbus announced in its third quarter report that the A340 would be discontinued and its successor would be the A350. The A340 has received 379 orders from 48 customers, including 246 A340-200/300s, 34 A340-500s and 97 A340-600s. The four-engine A340 covers the 240-359-seat market, of which the A340-600 is the longest in the Airbus aircraft family. In China, a total of 19 A340s are in service with China Eastern Airlines, Air China and HNA. Right at Boeing 777-300ER The aircraft received a market value of $26 billion, setting a record for the largest single order in Boeing's history. Airbus China announced in its official microblog on November 14, 2011 that it would stop manufacturing the A340 long-range passenger jet and delay the first delivery of the A350 passenger jet by six months. ^[1]

Technical characteristics

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Avionics system

An Airbus A340

The A340 cockpit is a two-man development from the A320 Advanced cockpit, with side bar control and six color multi-function displays on the main dashboard, all performance data is displayed digitally. Except fitted with Flight management system And electron Flight instrument In addition to the system, the aircraft center of gravity management system was added. The Airbus A-340 is equipped with fully digital telex control Flight control system (fly-by-wire), the core technology of the cockpit was pioneered by Airbus Teletype control system . Its digital electronic flight control improves maneuverability and stability while reducing the driver's workload. The A340's side-grip stick - which replaces the traditional centre-mounted joystick that has been used on commercial airliners for decades - provides appropriate control inputs to the fly-by-wire control system, creating an open, uncluttered cockpit environment for the flight crew. ^[2] Use The cathode ray tube A glass cockpit with a screen; Models -500 and -600 are used Liquid crystal display (LCD).

Structural design

The aircraft as a whole adopts a basic structure made of some composite materials. The A340's wings are computer-controlled, and the computer controls the aircraft according to the altitude and speed at which it is flying, as well as the load conditions Trailing edge flap To get the best airfoil. The auto-variable camber airfoil can improve the aerodynamic efficiency of the aircraft, reduce the drag, relieve the load on the wing and reduce the weight of the wing structure Winglet . The A340 has a lift to drag ratio 40% higher than the A300. The fuselage and tail fins are heavily used Aluminium lithium alloy And composite materials, the tail, each control surface, the rectifier sheath, the cabin floor are made of composite materials. A340 Main landing gear It is a four-wheeled trolley type, Nose landing gear It is two-wheeled. A two-wheel auxiliary landing gear device was added to the fuselage center line.

Cabin design

A340-500/600 Deluxe First Class^[3]

For the 295-380 seat class long-range and ultra-long-range aircraft market. The four-engine layout gives airlines the flexibility to open up long - and ultra-long - range routes. The A340 family, in combination with the A330 family, offers customers the highest degree of operational flexibility and economy. The A340 has a quieter cabin with greater passenger comfort, First class Passengers enjoy the layout of 4 seats per row, Business class The layout ensures that each passenger is seated either by the window or aisle Economy class Generally, the layout of eight seats per row is used to ensure that passengers are no more than one seat away from the aisle. In addition, the cargo hold is extended Airbus Passenger plane features, large space. The wide bottom compartment of the aircraft improves the efficiency of cargo operations. Customers of the A340-600 aircraft will also have the option to locate toilets, kitchens and crew rest facilities in the lower cabin. Save extra riding space in the main cabin. ^[3] Thanks to the spacious bottom cabin developed by Airbus, airlines can use new ways to increase the number of seats, improve in-flight service and offer innovative travel products.

Dynamic design

Virgin Atlantic A340-600

The A340 is powered by the CFM56 and PW4000 engines. Engine compression ratio Higher, increase the inlet and intake volume, improve engine thrust, reduce fuel consumption. The Airbus A340 family of aircraft uses technology to cut aircraft maintenance costs, reduce aircraft weight and reduce fuel costs. The aircraft's four-engine layout gives airlines the flexibility to plan long - and ultra-long - range routes to complement their existing aircraft family. The A340 is not a four-engine long-range aircraft Double haul flight (ETOPS), including the newest wide-body long-range aircraft at the time Boeing 767 Due to the need to be as close as possible to the emergency diversion airport in case of engine failure of one of the aircraft; four-engine Boeing 747 There are no similar problems. Airbus The A340 was designed as a four-engine aircraft in order to develop an aircraft that would not suffer ETOPS Limit the new generation of aircraft. In the 1990s, Airbus believed that four-engined aircraft, with a greater degree of safety, would be safer than twin-engined aircraft in the event of a single engine failure Boeing 777 More superior. Having four engines also insulates the A340 from extremely remote terrain such as oceans, mountains, deserts and polar regions, while twin-engine extended range flight (ETOPS) restrictions restrict the operation of twin-engine aircraft on long-range routes. Virgin Atlantic Its A340 fleet was advertised with the slogan "4 Engines 4 Long Haul". ^[4-5]

Main model

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There were only two versions of the Airbus A340, the A340-200 and the A340-300. The -200 has a shorter fuselage and lower passenger capacity than the -300, but it has a longer range. In 1997, Airbus Production of two elongated A340 variants, including the ultra-long range variant -500 and the high-capacity variant -600, both with newly designed larger wings, began in 2002. The A340-500 and A340-600 are among the longest-range passenger aircraft in service. The A340-300 enhanced aircraft also has these characteristics. In addition, the A340-300 enhanced aircraft benefits from reduced engine maintenance costs. The CFM56-5C/P engine has been improved Fuel efficiency While also meeting future noise and emission requirements. In January 2006, Airbus announced that it would develop the A340E(Enhanced). Airbus The A340E will have improved fuel consumption over the earlier A340 to compete more effectively with the Boeing 777.

A340-200

Airbus A340-200 A range of 7,450 nautical miles (13,000 km) in a three-class cabin layout with 261 passengers; With 239 seats, it has a range of 8,000 nautical miles (14,800 km). The -200 is shorter than the A340-300, with four CFM56-5C engines. The A340-200 first flew on 1 April 1992 and deliveries to Germany began on 2 February 1993 The Lufthansa Airlines Put into operation.

A340-300

Lufthansa's Airbus A340-300

Airbus A340-300 With a total of 595 passengers in a single cabin layout, the range can exceed 6,708 nautical miles (12,400 km). This was the original version of the -300, which made its first flight on October 25, 1991, and was delivered to Soviet Civil Aviation and Delta Air Lines in March 1993. Four CFM56-5C engines, similar to those used in the -200.

The A340-300 is often nicknamed the 5APU by fellow airmen (due to the small thrust and size of the single CFM56-5C engine). So it's called an APU. 4 engines +1 APU=5APU) Note: The APU has very little thrust, just like a home fan. In fact, the A340-300 has only one APU. Because of the engine thrust problem, its climb rate is not satisfactory.

The A340-313X is the higher gross weight version of the A340, first delivered in April 1996 Singapore Airlines . The A340-313E has a maximum take-off weight (MTOW) of 271 to 275 tonnes, a capacity of 295 passengers and a range of 7,100 to 7,300 nautical miles (13,100 to 13,500 km) with four thrusts of 151 thousand each Newton The CFM56-5C4s engine. The A340-313E was first delivered in 2003 Swiss international Air .

A340-400

The A340-400 extended range variant was abandoned shortly after development. The A340-400 program used many modern technologies, such as fly-by-wire maneuvers and multi-function cockpit displays, which reduced the weight of the aircraft due to the use of advanced wings, high-efficiency engines and a large number of composite materials, resulting in a significant reduction in fuel consumption per seat kilometer and direct cost per seat. but Airbus These techniques were later applied to the -500.

A340-500

Etihad Airways Airbus A340-500

Airbus A340-500 Compared with the A340-300, it has the following differences:

1, fuselage lengthened 3.3 meters, larger wing area, smaller vertical control surface, larger horizontal control surface;

2, greatly increased fuel carrying capacity (nearly 50% more than the -300);

3, the bottom of the fuselage and the vertical control surface of the -500/-600 is equipped with a camera, allowing the pilot to control the aircraft easily when taxiing.

South African Airways Airbus A340-600

The A340-500 began its first commercial flight with the longest range of any commercial passenger aircraft. KC-10 aerial tanker The longest endurance aircraft in history), until early 2006 Boeing 777-200LR Replaced by Worldliner. Four Trent 556 engines with a thrust of 236 kN each were used. The A340-500 can fly over 8,650 nautical miles (16,000 km) while carrying 313 passengers. Open up non-stop routes that extend further from the destination. Singapore Airlines uses this model to operate non-stop flights to and from New Jersey Newark The 18-hour journey between Singapore and Singapore is the longest non-stop commercial route in the world, as airlines reduce passenger and cargo capacity and add extra fuel. The A340-500 is said to be able to fly non-stop from London to Perth, Australia. The A340-500 first flew on 11 February 2002 and was delivered on 3 December 2002 Emirates .

The A340-500hGW (High Gross Weight) is a variant with a range of 9,000 nautical miles (16,700 km) and a maximum take-off weight of 380 metric tons, making it the longest range model in the A340 family and capable of flying to Oceania from London. The -500HGW will use a strengthened -600HGW airframe and increase its fuel carrying capacity.

A340-600

Airbus A340-600 The fuselage is longer than the -300 by more than 10 meters, and the A340-600 is the longest fuselage of any civil airliner in history Boeing 747-400 Four meters longer than that Airbus The new very large remote Wide-body aircraft The A380 is 2.3 meters long, so the A340-600 has the nickname "French stick." Four Trent 556 engines with a thrust of 249 kN were used, and there was also a set of four wheels in the center of the fuselage Main landing gear To withstand the increased maximum takeoff weight (MTOW). The first seven A340-600s delivered had overweight wings, but the new aircraft were corrected and these overweight wings were later sold at a lower price Cathay Pacific Airways and Iberia (Iberia).

The A340-600 was designed to match the earlier Boeing 747 Competing, the A340-600 can fly over 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km) in a Class 3 cabin with 380 passengers (Class 2 :419), compared to the Trent 500 Turbofan engine Powered by a total of 20 compartments (more than the A340-300), the A340 ultra-long aircraft has a passenger capacity similar to that of the Boeing 747, but the cargo pallet in the bottom compartment has twice the capacity of the 747. The average journey and seat cost is lower than that of a Boeing 747. The A340-600 is the Boeing equivalent Boeing 777-300ER .

Airbus A340-600 The "Higher Gross Weight" model was designated A340-600HGW. It has a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 380 metric tons and a range of 7,900 nautical miles (14,600 km). The -600HGW achieves this performance due to enhanced construction, increased fuel capacity, the replacement of the original Trent 556 with Trent 560 engines, each providing an additional 4,000 pounds of thrust, and new manufacturing techniques such as Laser beam welding . The first A340-600HGW first flew on 18 November 2005 and was delivered in late 2006 Qatar Airways .

Airbus Earlier, a warning had been issued that some A340-600 aircraft were too heavy due to improper design of the central front, which could pose a threat to flight safety. Airbus Indicate that the cause of excess weight may be First class Bit installed with heavy furniture and Entertainment system Causing the aircraft to tilt down when flying, which is not only not aerodynamic principles, and may bring danger to passengers and crew, but also when the aircraft is flying again, the front low and then high will increase the wing resistance, which affects the fuel consumption. Airbus' solution is to reduce the load by five tonnes in the front cargo hold of the aircraft. ^[6-9]

Performance specification

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Machine type	A340-200	A340-300	A340-500/-500HGW	A340-600/-600HGW
Number of pilots	2
seating	240 (Level 3)	295 (Level 3)	313 (Level 3)	380 (Level 3)
Length	59.39 m (194 '10 ")	63.60 meters (208 ft 8 in)	67.90 m (222 ft 9 in)	75.30 m (247 feet)
wingspan	60.30 meters (197 '10 ")		63.45 meters (208 ft. 2 ")
Wing sweep Angle	30 °		31.1 °
Altitude	16.70 m (54 '9 ")	16.85 m (55 '3 ")	17.10 m (56 '1 ")	17.30 m (56 '9 ")
Width of engine room	5.28 m (17 ft 3 1/2 in)
Wheel base	23.24 m (76 '3 ")	25.60 m (84 ft.)	27.59 m (90 '6 ")	32.89 m (107 '11 ")
Typical empty weight	129,000 kg (284,396 pounds)	129,275 kilograms (295,503 pounds)	170,400 kilograms (375,668 pounds)	177,000 kg (390,218 pounds)
Maximum take-off weight	275,000 kg (606,300 pounds)	276,500 kilograms (609,600 pounds)	372,000/380,000 kg (820,100/837,800 pounds)	368,000/380,000 kg (811,300/837,800 pounds)
Cruising speed	0.82 mach ( Mach ) (484 nautical miles), 896km/h, 557mph Mi. ) (at cruising altitude of 35,000 feet)		0.83 mach ( Mach ) (490 nautical miles), 907km/h, 564mph Mi. ) (at cruising altitude of 35,000 feet)
Length of runway required for take-off (in MTOW Hour)	2,990 meters (9,810 ft.)	3,000 m (9,840 ft.)	3,050 meters (10,000 feet)	3,100 m (10,170 feet)
Full load distance	14,800 km (8,000 nautical miles)	13,700 km (7,400 nautical miles)	16,020/16,700 km (8,650/9,000 nautical miles)	14,900/15,900 km (7,750/7,900 nautical miles)
Maximum fuel capacity	155,040 liters (40,957 gallons)	140,640 liters (37,153 gallons)	214,810/222,000 liters (56,750/58,646 gallons)	195,881/204,500 liters (51,746/54,023 gal)
Freight load	18 LD3s/6 pallets	30 LD3s/10 pallets	32 LD3s/11 pallet	42 LD3s/14 pallets
Practical ceiling	11,887 m (39,000 ft)
Engine (x4)	CFM56-5C2 (138.78 kN) CFM56-5C3 (144.57 kN) CFM56-5C4 (151.25 kN)	CFM56-5C2 (138.78 kN) CFM56-5C3 (144.57 kN) CFM56-5C4 (151.25 kN) CFM56-5C4P (149.9 kN)	Rolls-Royce Trent 553/556 (236/249 kN)	Rolls-Royce Trent 556/560 (249/260 kN)

Landing at the South Pole

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Landing at the South Pole

On November 2, 2021, an Airbus A340 took off from Cape Town, South Africa, and landed at the South Pole after a roughly five-hour flight. This is also the first Airbus A340 aircraft in human history to land on the Antarctic continent. ^[14]

Service conditions in China

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On April 29, 1996, Civil Aviation Administration of China The aircraft's airworthiness certificate has been issued, paving the way for other domestic airlines to use the A340 large long-range widebody aircraft.

district	Airline company	quantity	Machine type	remark
Continental area	Air China	six	A340-300	All were decommissioned in July 2014
	China Eastern Airlines	five	A340-600	Use B-6053 Skyteam Alliance Coating, B-6055 is Expo one machine, All were retired in October 2015 ^[10]
	China Eastern Airlines	five	A340-600
	Hainan Airlines	three	A340-600	All leases were withdrawn in 2014
Hong Kong and Macao	Cathay Pacific Airways	eleven	A340-300	B-HXG is Oneworld Livery, all retired
Taiwan area	China Airlines	six	A340-300	All were retired in 2017 ^[11]

accident

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The following are accidents in which the A340 was damaged, but no one died:

1. Air France A340-211 (F-GNIA) : On January 20, 1994, an Air France A340-211 was damaged by fire during maintenance at Charles de Gaulle International Airport in France.

2. On November 5, 1997, a Virgin Atlantic A340-311 was forced to land at London's Heathrow Airport after its right engine wheel failed to drop properly. During descent, its left main wheel collapsed, causing damage to the airframe and runway. None of the 100 passengers on board were injured aeroplane Repaired 28 days later and returned to service.

3. On 29 August 1998, a Sabena A340-211 crashed into the right horizontal stabilizer wing while descending Brussels Airport.

4. July 24, 2001, Sri Lankan Airlines An A340-312 docked at Bandaranaike International Airport in Colombo, Sri Lanka, was destroyed by Tamil Tiger guerrillas, along with two A330s and a number of fighter jets.

5. On 9 April 2004, an Emirates A340-313X overshot the runway during takeoff at Johannesburg International Airport in South Africa. Neither pilot was familiar with the lighter version of the Airbus. During takeoff, the pilot tested to pull the rear joystick to raise the nose, but according to the airline's statement, "the nose did not rise for about six or seven seconds." The nose was finally raised, but the plane was still not completely off the ground, so the pilot selected the highest thrust (TOGA), and the plane successfully lifted off the ground after about two seconds. The airport said that when the aircraft exceeded the limit of runway 21R, part of the runway surface and a total of 25 runway indicators were damaged. In this case, the calculated take-off speed (Vr) was apparently too slow, causing Airbus fly-by-wire controllers to keep the plane on the ground to avoid the risk of overpulling the nose. It was also revealed that pilots had been given incorrect take-off guidance during simulation training, and Emirates' training department was condemned by Airbus.

6. Air France Flight 358: On August 2, 2005, an Air France A340-300 (F-GLZQ) skidded off runway 24L at Toronto Pearson International Airport during a thunderstorm and burst into flames; all 297 passengers and 12 crew members survived. The plane skidded off the runway and fell into a ravine next to a nearby highway. A total of 43 people were injured in the accident, some of the more serious injuries were due to the aircraft's emergency escape slide failed to operate normally, forced to jump from the ground nearly 8 meters high door to the ground to escape.

7. October 15, 2007, Sri Lankan Airlines An A340-300 en route to the Maldives was involved in a minor collision with a British Airways 747-400 en route to Singapore, breaking off the wing end of the Boeing 747-400.

8. November 9, 2007, Iberia An A340-642 passenger plane (EC-JOH) skidded off the runway at Quito International Airport in Ecuador. The plane was badly damaged and no one on board was injured.

9. On November 16, 2007, an A340-600 aircraft to be delivered to United Airlines veered off the runway at Toulouse Airport in France during a ground test and crashed into a noise barrier, severely damaging the fuselage and injuring 10 people, four seriously, including one on the ground. The A340-600 Airbus was testing its engines at the time.

10. On 20 March 2009, Emirates Flight 407 was flown from Melbourne, Australia to Dubai, United Arab Emirates, by an Airbus A340-541 (A6-ERG). When the passenger plane took off due to human error, the tail of the plane touched the runway five times, and almost hit the airport wall before taking off, fortunately, it was able to take off in time. Although no one was injured, the Australian Bureau of Investigation described the incident as the worst air accident in Australia's history.

11. June 9, 2009, Air China One hundred and seventy-three passengers and crew of an Airbus 340-300 crash-landed at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport on the same day due to a technical engine failure. Anna Zakharinkova, head of the Sheremetyevo Airport press center, said that at 21:07 Moscow time, the CA 968 passenger plane on the Milan-Shanghai flight was forced to land at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport due to a technical fault in one of its engines. ^{12 - [13]}

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