Global city

World cities in the modern sense are global Economic system The center or world Urban network Organizational nodes in the system. Economic globalization , Political multipolarization , Social informatization and Cultural diversity It is a fundamental feature of the 21st century. The interweaving and mutual promotion of these four "transformations" has accelerated the formation of a global network, and the world has become a huge cyberspace . The Internet age is an era of integration. The process and nature of integration is modern Market resources Including people flow, logistics, capital flow, Technology flow and Information flow Adequate circulation and reasonable configuration in the global network. In this process of factor transfer and allocation, a new pattern of world politics and economy has been established and formed. In fact, the pattern is a kind of configuration and combination. In today's world, the pattern is more manifested as the comprehensive comparison and configuration of real forces and resource elements between countries, regions and cities. In particular, the city as the carrier, formed in the global network Resource element Flow and configuration of a node. These nodes are grouped into one according to factors such as rank, energy, and closeness multipolarization Multi-level world urban network system. Among them, on global politics Economy and culture The main node city with control and influence is the world city.

The German poet Goethe in the late 18th century Roman And Paris is called the world city. Scotland Humans ecologist P· Geddes In 1915, the large cities that were developing in some Western countries were called world cities, referring to those cities that accounted for a large proportion of the world's commercial activities. 1966, United Kingdom geographer , planner Peter Hall ( Peter Hall World cities are defined as those world-class cities that have had a global economic, political and cultural impact on the whole world or most countries. Since the 1980s, as a special City type More and more scholars pay attention to the world city.

In 1986, Friedman graduated from the New International Division of labor The characteristics of world cities are summarized as: major financial centers; Multinational headquarters (including regional headquarters); International organization; Commercial service The rapid growth of the sector; Important manufacturing centers; Major transportation hubs and Population size . According to American economist Sasson Producer service industry To identify the world city, the world city is defined as: developed financial and business service centers.

World city is the high-end form of international city, yes City internationalization The high-end mark of the level refers to the city with world influence, gathering the headquarters and talents of the world's high-end enterprises, and being the convening place of international activities, the city of international conferences, and the world Tourist destination .

Controlling and influencing global politics, economy and culture are the two core functions of world cities. The control of the world city is mainly manifested in the global Strategic resources The occupation, use, benefits and redistribution of strategic industries and strategic channels. Only for these problems have handle Power, initiative, can play a decisive role in the city can be called a world city.

Strategic resources It refers to the important conditions closely related to the operation, development and growth of a country and a city and the key elements that can bring huge returns, which can be hard resources, energy, capital, etc., or soft policies, talents, information, etc.

Strategic industries include strategic pillar industries and emerging sectors of strategic importance . Strategic pillar industries are first of all strong Competitive advantage It has a significant contribution to economic development and is directly related to the economy Social development Overall and national security, to drive economic and social progress and improvement Comprehensive national strength Have importance Promoting effect . Comparatively speaking, strategic emerging industries are more represented as having Market demand It has the characteristics of low resource and energy consumption, large driving coefficient, many employment opportunities and good comprehensive benefits, including new energy, new materials, life science, biomedicine , Energy saving and environmental protection , Information network , space, Ocean exploitation , Geological exploration And other industries.

A strategic channel is a strategic channel Location advantage On the basis of modern and three-dimensional comprehensive transportation systems such as ports, aviation, highways and railways, the construction of global-oriented resource factor circulation and industrial gradient transfer channels involves the whole world Political security And economic development Secular nature Overall and critical issues.

Control is" Hard power "Influence is" Soft power ". Hard power is the control and expansion of a country's economic, military and resource elements, while soft power is a country's culture, system and environment ideology Attraction and persuasiveness. Hard and soft power complement each other. Hard power is the foundation of soft power, and soft power is the extension of hard power. If a country can make its position attractive in the eyes of others, or if a country strengthens international institutions that encourage other countries to define their interests in ways that seek coexistence, then it does not need to expand those traditional economic powers or Military strength ( Joseph Nye :" Hard power and soft power (1999).

In essence, the world city is the global strategic resources, strategic industries and strategic channels Control center It is a multicultural center for the integration and exchange of world civilizations, and it is also a unity of hard and soft power of the city.

Three characteristics

The basic characteristics of the world city can be summarized in three aspects: first, it has a strong economic strength. Mainly manifested as Economic aggregate Large, Per capita GDP The degree is high to Modern industrial system As the core post-industrialization Economic structure Obviously, the concentration of international headquarters is strong; Second, it has a huge international high-end resource flow and transactions. In a sense, the world city is a knowledge-based society innovation 2.0 form Flow space The flow process. The flow and transaction of such international high-end resources are mainly manifested in the concentration of high-end talents, the level of information technology, Scientific and technological innovation ability International financial competitiveness and a modern, three-dimensional integrated transportation system; Third, global influence. Influence is the external manifestation of soft power and the dominant force leading the trend of The Times. The influence of world cities is not only the power of culture and public opinion, but also the power of organization and system. The main performance is urban synthesis Innovation system , International communication The Ability, Cultural soft power And global Governance structure .

The definition of a global city is subjective, but global cities generally have the following characteristics:

1, international, well-known (people usually say Paris, not Paris, France).

2) Active and influential in international affairs (e.g., New York City is United Nations Headquarters The location).

(3) A large population (at least 1 million people in the center of the metropolitan area and several million people in the entire urban area).

4. Important International airport (For example, Beijing Capital International Airport ), as International route The center of...

5. Advanced Traffic system For example expressway And/or large Public transport Network, providing a variety of transport modes ( Mass transit railway , Light rail transport , Regional railway , ferry or bus).

6. Asian cities to attract Foreign investment It also has relevant immigrant communities such as Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Seoul and Moscow. Western cities have international cultures and communities (e.g Chinatown , Little Italy Or other immigrant communities).

7. International financial institution , law firm, Company headquarters (especially conglomerates) and Stock exchange And plays a key role in the world economy. (For example, Beijing is The world's top 500 The city with the most headquarters).

8. Advanced Communication equipment Such as optical fiber, Wireless network Mobile phone services and other high-speed telecommunications lines facilitate cross-border cooperation. (For example, Taipei It's the first of its kind in the world Wireless city ).

9. Internationally renowned Cultural institution Such as museums and universities.

10, strong cultural atmosphere, such as film festivals, premieres, lively music or theater venues; Symphony orchestra Opera troupes, art galleries and street performers.

11. Powerful and influential media that looks at the world (e.g., BBC ," New York Times ", Xinhua News Agency and Reuters ).

12. Strong sports community, such as Sports facilities , local league teams, as well as hosting International sports Event ability and experience (e.g Olympic Games , Football World Cup Or Grand Slam tennis events).

13, in the near Haicheng In the city, having large and busy ports (such as Shanghai, Tokyo and New York) can be one of the characteristics.

Comprehensive characteristics

One is the global city Level of economic development And high quality.

Second, the industrial structure of global cities is becoming increasingly high-end.

Third, global cities have the power of global capital Control ability .

The fourth is the global city International economy Strong communication ability ^[2]

There are many factors to build a world city. The elements of a world city should include Multinational enterprise Headquarters base , International financial center Global industry center, global information center, Transportation hub .

Multinational enterprise Headquarters base It means that the world city is not only the headquarters of domestic enterprises, but also the headquarters of many multinational enterprises. And the global information hub is like Central processing unit All kinds of information and information in the world are centralized. Transportation hub refers to aviation, logistics, railway transit here, is a large transport transit node. Which means that you can easily access the rest of the world from this place.

World cities bear Global economy Command center, finance and specialization Service center , leading Industrial production And industrial innovation centers, products and innovations Technology market The function of...

GaWC's roster is dominated by specific criteria, so other cities with global significance may not be included. Here are some examples:

1. Large population, overall population and even metropolitan area population

2. Diverse population composition

3, according to different indicators: population, populated places, mobility and urbanization

(4) Significant financial reserves/expenditures: the GDP value of the city or region; Stock market: Index/market capitalization; Headquarters of multinational corporations; Financial service Supply, such as banking, accounting; Employment situation

5. According to life Prime number or Urban development

6. According to Living index According to: Personal wealth Such as the number of billionaires

7, remarkable transportation infrastructure: The airport has remarkable Passenger capacity (analyze) or Cargo carrying capacity ; Large and universal Public transport system ; Excellent railway use; The use of road cars; Important seaport

8, important scientific and technological performance/infrastructure: excellent The city skyline And a lot of advanced Scientific research institution

9, important facilities: educational facilities, such as universities (registration required), International student Go to school; Research facilities; Health facilities, such as hospitals, medical laboratories

10. Headquarters of large international organizations, such as the United Nations, the European Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organization Etc.

11. The city has UNESCO historical and cultural heritage

12, high-quality cultural facilities: famous museums and museums; A famous opera troupe; A famous symphony orchestra; Famous film centers and film festivals; The famous Theater Center; Venues for international sporting events, such as the Olympic Games

13. Tourism productivity : Visitors, economy, events, etc

2009, International" globalize And the World Cities Study Group divided 242 world cities into five levels and 12 segments. The top world cities are recognized as New York, London and Tokyo.

In addition to the three top cities, there are also top B world cities such as: Paris, Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Seoul, Los Angeles, Singapore.

World city in the world Urban system China and China are interrelated and interdependent. But because of the system of each world city, Cultural structure As well as the differences in the division of functions in the global economic pattern, the types of world cities also show diversity or difference.

In other words, the world's cities are not only stratified, but also have different connotations and functions at different levels. Some cities are comprehensive centers, such as New York, London, Tokyo and Paris. Some cities are financial centers, such as: Amsterdam , Hong Kong; Some cities are logistics information centers, such as Chicago, Milan , Frankfurt; Some cities are historical and cultural centers, such as: Madrid , Peking , Berlin .

points Capital absorbing type and Supply type

Countries, cities Industrial structure And cultural differences, resulting in the emergence of the world city classification, that is, the path of the formation of each world city is different.

The top three world cities are divided into: capital absorbing or capital management, the most typical are New York and London; Capital supply type or industrial center type, the most typical is Tokyo.

Capital absorption type is International finance and High-end service industry The regional or world center, also known as the financial center type world city. New York, a pioneer of the modern world city, proposed its strategy to build a world city in the 1970s at a time of declining manufacturing, Economic crisis Therefore, it chose a strategy that tilted toward international finance and high-end services, rather than the world center of multinational corporations. This type of world city is too dependent on the outside economy due to the lack of a broad industrial base. The capital supply world city gathers a large number of manufacturing and industrial consulting multinational company headquarters from all over the world, in addition to the function of the international financial center, but also the world industry center. Tokyo proposes to strengthen the world Urban function The strategy was in the mid-1980s and was in the "fourth. National comprehensive development plan "(1987) and" Tokyo Prefecture It was proposed in the Second Long Term Plan (1986), seven or eight years after New York.

Because Japan is a big manufacturing country, Tokyo is different from New York, gathering a large number of manufacturing and industrial consulting multinational company headquarters from all over the world, in addition to the function of an international financial center, but also the center of the world industry, with a strong production-oriented service industry.

In Western eyes, London, New York, Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo are traditionally considered to be "Five World Class Cities" . At the same time, they are also seen as capitalism The symbol of... Of course, different people will have different standards, it depends on everyone Cultural background Values and experience. In some Developed country Its suburban origins, coupled with manufacturing trends Developing country The continuous migration of the city led to a marked decline.

Extraordinary world-class urban architecture that can bring a little bit of success to the city, Moscow , Shanghai , Sydney , Mexico City and Toronto Is a strong proof. These cities have revealed their size and influence.

There are different understandings and understandings on the determination of the extension boundary of the world city. It includes the narrow understanding and the broad understanding as well as the extension and development of the broad understanding.

In the context of globalization, the theoretical basis of the approach to interpreting the world urban network system through global modern services can be traced back to Sassen's (1991,1995,2000) research on place and production in the global economy. Sassen (1995) argues that more attention should be paid to the processes by which these services are produced. The current situation of the location selection decision of service companies shows that in the context of globalization, it seems to be a new kind Central tendency Is emerging. Modern service companies are using their global network to provide services to any customer they may have. Therefore, in the analysis of the world's urban network system, the first thing we should pay attention to is the location decision of these companies. In other words, Concrete analysis The centralization of modern services in specific locations is the basis for a concrete interpretation of the framework of the world urban network.

Although the location (location) selection of such service companies has a centralized tendency, in order to provide services on a global scale, they still set up subsidiaries and branches all over the world, thus forming a global network. Each subsidiary and division in the network represents the specific distribution of its services around the world, which is the result of its location (location) decision being implemented on a global scale. From this perspective, world cities can be seen as a multitude of service companies implementing their global location decisions polymerization Results. The "company tower" composed of various subsidiaries and branches under it is the node in the network. Information, knowledge, ideas, people, and instructions related to the city flow through these nodes.

This is different. From the perspective of spatial flow of world cities, some scholars have emphasized the importance of global connection and made a broad understanding of world cities. They argue that while globalization is an uneven process, there is evidence that every city is the world Urban system They exist as global providers and markets for goods and services, and as hubs for the flow of capital and ideas. The fact that a city has fewer capital services does not mean that it lacks global connections. Therefore, world cities should be conceived on a global scale in the context of globalization (B.Erudder, P.J. Taylor, F.Willox and G.Atlano, 2003).

According to this broad understanding, many small cities can be included in the world city, especially some with unique Mixed property The capital services function of cities with more extensive global connections. As Brown et al. (2002) argue Miami It plays a specialized role in the world city network system: it is not a major world city, but it acts Central America And a key role as a gateway to the global economy.

The World Urban Research Group (GaWC), composed of scholars from the Department of Geography at Longhborough University in the UK, formally defined the world urban network system as a network of interlocking units in their research on world urban networks (Taylor, 2001). An interlinked network has three levels: the network level, which refers to the connections of cities in the global economy; Section level, refers to the city; The secondary level refers to the modern services provided by service companies. It is at this level that the world city network system comes into being.

In the world city network system, the degree of connection determines the status and functions of different cities. Cities with weak connections will form regional status and functions in their regions; Cities that are more connected develop global status and functions beyond their region. For example in the earlier Related research Through the analysis of the spatial distribution of European cities in the context of globalization (Taylor and Hoyler,2000), it is found that British cities are more sensitive to globalization Reaction mode It's similar, except for London. As one of the most closely connected cities in the world's urban network system, London has the characteristics of being different from other British cities, which is manifested as "non-British" (in fact, "non-British"). de-Europeanization ") status and function.

Ranked according to the degree of connectivity of cities, the entire world urban network system is a" pyramid "Shape. A large number of cities at the bottom of the network system only have regional Functions; A considerable number of cities in the middle level of the network system have regional functions; The few cities at the top of the network have global functions.

Historical experience tells us that the world city is a kind of advanced form gradually evolved on the basis of urbanization and urban development. Therefore, the study of the development of world cities must first be placed in the historical process of urbanization, so that it has the continuity of historical evolution. For world cities Road to development To explore, we must study its internal dynamic mechanism and external Environmental condition On its impact. On this issue, there are different views and research ideas.

A kind of representativeness The view is to link world urban development with Urban competitiveness Together, the improvement of urban competitiveness is regarded as the internal driving force to promote the development of cities in the world, and the road of "urban accumulation" is emphasized. About 12 years ago, Harver observed the impact of globalization, intercity The impact of competition and the development prospects of some competitive cities. He believes that it is precisely because inter-city competition and urban management have greatly expanded various new urban development space in developed countries, which has led to a series of Science park Modern center, World Trade Center, culture Recreation center A surname post-modern Size of facility Shopping center The generation of etc. (David Harver, 2000).

Deas and Giordano emphasize that the root cause of a city's competitiveness is "the initial inventory of assets represented in each geographically significant unit." As a result of this theory, companies continue to increase their asset strength. Krugman from macroeconomy This paper expounds the concept of urban competitiveness. He believes that the success of cities is the accumulation of savings at the local level (Boddy 1999). Under the guidance of this concept, its practice is often to re-create the city as a new type of city rich in knowledge and with different cultural flows by using the local resources possessed by the city.

Another representative point of view is to link the development of world cities with the improvement of the degree of internationalization, and emphasize the road of "urban mobility". In this view, "a city's International competitiveness It is completely different from its concept as an international city "(Kresl, 1995). That is, a city without a relationship Network system In other cities connected, it may also have strong competitiveness. Just as a city does not have a strong Competitive ability It will also be connected to the international network system. Kresl (1995) explained why a city can greatly improve its competitiveness and international competitiveness without increasing its internationalization degree. These scholars stressed that the reason why World cities should be prominent External connection With mobility, because the world city is a node in the global economy, its strategic importance in the global economy is determined by it connectivity To embody. From this point of view, a city can only find its place in the worldwide flow.

In my opinion, the former view more or less represents the development path of the early world city, and more reflects the traditional world city in the industrialization period Development mode ; The latter view reflects more the development path of modern world cities and reflects the new development mode of world cities that conforms to the requirements of globalization and informatization. Of course, to the world city can not be separated from the improvement of urban competitiveness, especially for the later development of the city, the improvement of urban competitiveness is the basis for its progress towards the world city. Even so, latecomer cities should also see the new changes brought by globalization and informatization, enhance their urban competitiveness through urban mobility and establishing extensive connections with the world, give full play to their latecomer advantages, and find a new way of world urban development.

In the process of urban development in the world, in addition to its internal motive mechanism or mechanism of action, the influence of external environmental conditions is also an important factor that cannot be ignored. To some extent, the change of external environmental conditions will directly affect or lead to a city moving towards a world city routing .

Finally, the path of world urban development must be studied not only in terms of the rise of cities, but also in terms of their decline. Tokyo was once regarded as a world city on a par with New York and London. although Economic activity It is still huge, but in terms of its rank among global cities, it is declining. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and study Tokyo, a declining world city, and draw lessons from it.

Europe and America The country's human geography community divides the world's cities into four levels, based on a comprehensive consideration of population, GDP, Urban area , sphere of influence and politics Cultural economy Status. In addition to the four levels, there are several cities in between. ^[3]

In 1998, Jon Beaver stock The first attempt was made by Richard G. Smith and Peter J. Taylor Data definition , categorize and rank cities around the world while they were in England University of Louvre Work together. Germany Free University of Berlin Academic researcher Ronald Daus further focused his research on non-European cities, mainly in the Southern hemisphere. Beaverstock, Smith, and Taylor co-founded the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC).

In 1999, GaWC attempted to define and classify world-class cities. The list of World class cities is outlined in the GaWC Survey Journal No. 5 ([2][3]), with the International company's "Advanced Producer services Supplies such as accounting, advertising, finance and law rank cities. The GaWC roster recognizes three levels of world-class cities and several sub-levels, in descending order: Alpha (with four sub-levels: Alpha++, Alpha+, Alpha and Alpha -) and Beta (with three sub-levels: Beta +, Beta and Beta -), Gamma (with three sub-levels: Gamma +, Gamma and Gamma -), and "highly self-sufficient" and "self-sufficient", meaning that these cities are able to provide a sufficient level of service without being significantly dependent on other global cities. ^[3]

According to the 2016 GaWC City Roster ^[4-5] , World Premium, one, two, Third-tier city As well as highly self-sufficient and self-contained cities, a total of 361 cities made the list, graded as follows:

Premier Cities (Alpha++) 2: United Kingdom London , United States New York

First tier strong city (Alpha+) 7: China Hong Kong , France Paris , China Peking , Japan Tokyo , The United Arab Emirates Dubai Singapore, China Shanghai

Tier 1 Middle Market (Alpha) 19: Australia Sydney , Brazil Sao Paulo, Italy Milan , United States Chicago , Mexico Mexico City , India Bombay , Russia Moscow , the German Frankfurt , Spain Madrid , Poland Warsaw , S.Africa Johannesburg, Canada Toronto , Korean Seoul , Turkey Istanbul , Malaysia Kuala Lumpur , Indonesia Jakarta , the Dutch Amsterdam , Belgium Brussels , United States Los Angeles

A ray of Weak market (Alpha-) 21: Ireland Dublin , Australia Melbourne , Washington, USA , India New Delhi , Thailand Bangkok , the Swiss Zurich , Austria Vienna , China Taipei , Argentina Buenos Aires , the Swedish Stockholm , United States San Francisco , Guangzhou, China, The Philippines Manila , Colombia Santa Fe Bogota , United States Miami , Luxembourg Luxembourg City, Saudi Arabia Riyadh , Chile Santiago , Spain Barcelona , Israel Tel Aviv , Portugal Lisbon

Second tier strong market (Beta+) 24: Czech Republic Bragg , Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City , United States Boston , the Danish Copenhagen , the German Dusseldorf , Greece Athens , the German Munich , United States Atlanta , Romania Bucharest , Finland Helsinki , Hungary Budapest , Ukraine Kyiv , the German Hamburg , India Bangalore , Italy Roman , the Norwegian Oslo , United States Dallas , Egypt Cairo , United States Houston , Peru Lima , Nigeria Lagos , Venezuela Caracas , NZ Auckland , South Africa Cape Town

Second tier Middle Market (Beta) 19: Qatar Doha , Pakistan Karachi , Cyprus Nicosia , the Swiss Geneva , Uruguay Montevideo , the German Berlin , Canada Montreal , United Arab Emirates ABU Dhabi , Morocco Casablanca , United States Philadelphia , Canada Vancouver , China Shenzhen , Bulgaria Sophia , Australia Perth , Vietnam Hanoi (capital of Vietnam) , Lebanon Beirut , Australia Brisbane , Slovakia Bratislava , Bahrain Manama

Second tier weak market (Beta-) 38: Mauritius Port Louis , United States Minneapolis Chennai, India, Germany Stuttgart , the Dominican Republic Santo Domingo , Brazil Rio de Janeiro , Kuwait Kuwait City Chengdu, China, Panama Panama City , United States Denver , Pakistan Lahore , Saudi Arabia Jeddah , Tunisia Tunis , Ecuador Quito , Serbia Belgrade Seattle, United States, United Kingdom Manchester , Guatemala Guatemala City , France Lyon , Costa Rica SAN Jose Tianjin, China, Canada Calgary , Jordan Amman , Puerto Rico SAN Juan , El Salvador SAN Salvador , Belgium Antwerp , Croatia Zagreb , India Calcutta , Estonia Tallinn , United States St. Louis , United States Monterey , India Hyderabad , United Kingdom Edinburgh , United States San Diego , the German Cologne , the Dutch Rotterdam , Bangladesh Dacca , Pakistan Islamabad

Tier 3 strong cities (Gamma+) 24: Ecuador Guayaquil , Cleveland, USA, Latvia Riga , Azerbaijan Baku , Australia Adelaide , Republic of Lithuania Vilnius , United Kingdom Birmingham , United Kingdom Glasgow , China Nanjing , Hangzhou, China, Sri Lanka Colombo , Portugal Porto , China Qingdao , Spain Valencia , United States Detroit , Oman Muscat , Japan Osaka , Slovenia Ljubljana , Uganda Kampala , Cayman Islands Georgetown, Nicaragua Managua , South Africa Durban , United States SAN Jose , Russia St. Petersburg

Third tier (Gamma) 28: the United States Phoenix ( Phoenix ), Honduras Tegucigalpa , United States Austin , India Pune , Mexico Guadalajara , China Dalian , Georgia Tbilisi , Tanzania Dar es Salaam , China Chongqing , Ankara, Turkey, Zambia Lusaka , India Ahmedabad , United States Cincinnati , Paraguay Asuncion , Zimbabwe Harare , Sweden Gothenburg , China Xiamen (in Fujian Province) , Iraq Mosul , United States Kansas City , Ghana Accra , Belarus Minsk , United States Tampa , Italy Durin, Angola Luanda , Cote d 'Ivoire Abidjan , Albania Tirana , the Swiss Lausanne , United Kingdom Leeds

Third tier weak market (Gamma-) 32: China Taichung , United States Charlotte , United States Baltimore , United States Raleigh , United Kingdom Belfast , the German Leipzig , Colombia Medellin , China Wuhan (capital of Hubei Province) , Cameroon Douala , Mozambique Maputo , Macedonia Skopje Gaborone, Botswana, United Kingdom Bristol , Orlando, USA, Senegal Dakar Suzhou, China, Sweden Malmo , Canada Edmonton , China Changsha , France Strasbourg , Spain Bilbao , Italy Bologna , United States Columbus , New Zealand Wellington , the German Nuremberg , Myanmar Rangoon , China Xi 'an , Poland Wroclaw , France Marseille , the German Dresden , China Shenyang (in Liaoning Province) , United States Pittsburgh

35 High Sufficiency cities: Mexico Queretaro , Nigeria Abuja , Brazil Porto Alegre , United States Hartford , United States Milwaukee , Brazil Curitiba , China Jinan (in Shandong Province) , Colombia Karli , United Kingdom Liverpool Krakow, Poland, Mexico Tijuana , South Africa Pretoria , Mexico Puebla , United States Portland , Bolivia La Paz , Netherlands Utrecht , United States Sacramento , Saudi Arabia Dammam , United States Jacksonville , Cyprus Limassol , Malaysia Tan Son , France Lille , United States Indianapolis , United States SAN Antonio , United States Salt Lake City , United Kingdom Newcastle , Uzbekistan Tashkent , Armenia Yerevan (Erevan) , Denmark Aarhus , Namibia Windhoek , Cambodia Phnom Penh , Brazil Natal , the Polish Poznan , Southampton, UK, China Kaohsiung

Sufficiency 112 cities: Brazil Belo Horizonte , New Zealand Christchurch ( Christchurch ), Florence, Italy, USA Richmond , Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain, Spain Seville , Canada Ottawa , China Kunming , Moldova Chisinau , France Bordeaux , Canada Hamilton , Spain Malaga , Kenya Nairobi , the Polish Katowice , the Dutch The Hague , Mexico Juarez , Jamaica Kingston , China Fuzhou (capital of Fujian Province) , Türkiye Izmir , Mongolia Ulaanbaatar , Malaysia Penang , the German Hanover , United States Tulsa , Australia Canberra , Afghanistan Kabul , Indonesia Surabaya , India Allahabad , France Grenoble , Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo , Palestine (Israel) Jerusalem , Italy Genoa , Palo Alto, USA, Rwanda Kigali , Brazil Brasilia , Honduras SAN Pedro Sula , Malaysia Labuan , India Nagpur , China Macau , United States Las Vegas , Iceland Reykjavik , Mexico Aguascalientes , Gabon Libreville Harrisburg, USA, South Africa Port Elizabeth Taiyuan, China, Aberdeen, England, Brazil Recife , Brazil Campinas , the Swiss Basel , United States Memphis , Mexico Merida , United States Birmingham Cebu, Philippines, Bremen, Germany, France Lyon , China Changchun , France Toulouse Santa Cruz, USA Oklahoma City , Kyrgyzstan Bishkek , Turkey Bursa , China Hefei (Capital of Anhui Province) , Austria Linz New Orleans, USA Louisville , Spain Cordoba Liege, Belgium, Omaha, Germany Borussia Dortmund , Malawi Blantyre , Cardiff, England, China Ningbo , Israel Haifa , Mexico Mexicali , Montenegro Podgorica , Austria Graz , France Montpellier , Des Moines, Canada Quebec , India Nashik , Canada Halifax , the German Mannheim , China Zhengzhou , China Nanning , Bahamas Nassau Chihuahua, Mexico, France Nice , Rosario, Argentina, Madagascar Antananarivo , Chile Valparaiso , China Harbin , the Swiss Bern , Japan Nagoya , the Norwegian Bergen , the Polish Rhoades , United States Madison , Venezuela Valencia , Libya Tripoli , Providence, USA, China Urumqi , Canada Winnipeg , India Cochin , United Kingdom Leicester , Yemen Sana , Fukuoka, Japan , United States Honolulu (Honolulu), Democratic Republic of Congo Kinshasa , Togo Lome , Brazil El Salvador , Brazil Goiania , Aligarh, India, Kazakhstan Almaty

Chinese cities in the GaWC City List 2016 ^[4-5] :

Primary (Alpha-+ +) : None

Alpha+ : Hong Kong , Peking , Shanghai

Alpha: None

Alpha- : Taipei , Guangzhou

Strong second line (Beta+) : None

Second line middle (Beta) : Shenzhen

Second line weak (Beta-) : Chengdu, Tianjin

Three-wire strength (Gamma+) : Nanjing , Hangzhou, Qingdao

In the third line (Gamma) : Dalian , Xiamen, Chongqing ,

Three-wire weak (Gamma-) : Taichung , Wuhan (capital of Hubei Province) , Suzhou, Changsha , Xi 'an , Shenyang (in Liaoning Province)

High Sufficiency city: Jinan (in Shandong Province) , Kaohsiung

Sufficiency city (Sufficiency) : Kunming , Fuzhou (capital of Fujian Province) , Macau , Taiyuan , Changchun , Hefei (Capital of Anhui Province) , Ningbo , Zhengzhou , Nanning , Harbin , Urumqi

New York It is the largest metropolis and the largest commercial port in the United States, and it is not only the world's Economic center It is also one of the three largest financial centers in the world (the other two are London and Hong Kong). By the end of 2008, New York controlled 40% of the world's GDP, according to the financial daily Sincodias Financial funds It is the largest financial center in the world. New York Stock Exchange Owns the world's largest listed company Total market value The global market capitalization is $15 trillion. More than 2,800 companies are listed here. In 2010, the total value of property ownership in New York was $813 trillion. in Fortune 500 Of the companies, 56 are based in New York. New York is located New York Southeast of the Hudson Estuary, on the verge of Atlantic . It consists of five districts/counties: Manhattan Brooklyn/Kings County, Bronx, Queens And Staten Island, area 780 Square kilometer The urban area has a population of more than 7 million, and the greater New York City, including the suburbs, has a population of 18 million.

London Is Europe's largest city and largest economic center, one of the world's three major financial centers, located England Southeast of the plains, across The Thames It is 88 km from the Thames Estuary. The boroughs of London are divided into the City of London and 32 urban areas, with 12 urban areas outside London called Inner London and the other 20 urban areas called Outer London. The City of London, Inner London and Outer London constitute the City of Greater London. Greater London can be divided into the City of London, West London, East London, South London and the Port. The City of London Financial capital and Trade center West London is the location of the British Royal Palace, the Prime minister's residence, Parliament and government ministries, East London is an industrial area and workers' residential area, and the south area is industrial and commercial and residential Mixing zone Port finger Tower Bridge The area between the mouth of the Thames. The whole area of Greater London is 1580 square kilometers.

Paris is one of the most prosperous cities in the world. Located in the north of France, Seine West coast, from river mouth ( English Channel ) 375 km. The Seine River winds through the city, forming two central islands (St Louis and St Louis). The population of Paris is 15.78 million (as of January 1, 2009). The Paris economy was active in 2008, both in Paris and its region GDP That's $813.4 billion, more than a quarter of France's GDP. Paris textile, electrical appliances, automobiles, aircraft and other industries are very developed, fashion and cosmetics industry is world famous. Paris is home to many of the world's largest banks, large companies, large Trading post They are based in Paris and actively carry out international business, forming an international business network. Paris is also a "world conference city".

Tokyo is a modern international city located in Honshu Kanto Plain South end, 23 under its jurisdiction Special district , 27 municipalities, 5 towns, 8 villages, and Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands With a total area of 2,155 square kilometers and a population of about 12.29 million (as of February 2003), it is one of the most populous cities in the world. Tokyo has some of the world's most complex, dense and highly trafficized railways Transportation system and commuting Station group, for World economy One of the most prosperous and commercial cities. Tokyo Shibuya Shibuya Street is also one of the most heavily traffic-ridden areas in the world. Tokyo again Japanese economy With a capital of more than 5 billion yen, 90% of the companies are concentrated in Tokyo, the country's major banks or head offices or main branches are located in Tokyo, Tokyo is in the Chiyo ward and Tokyo Central area There are world-renowned Bank of Japan And active in the world Stock market the Tokyo Stock Exchange .

Hong Kong (Hong Kong), full name of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is busy Cosmopolitan city , Asia An important financial center.

Hong Kong is located in China South China , be located in Pearl River Estuary East side, near the south China Sea . by Hong Kong Island , Kowloon Peninsula , The New Territories (include Lantau island And more than 230 large and small islands). North septum Shenzhen River Adjacent to Shenzhen, Guangdong Province; Nishiyo Macau Across the sea, only about 60 kilometers apart.

Los Angeles near-vast Pacific On the east side, the coast of SAN Pedro Bay and Santa Monica Bay, backed by the wild SAN Gabriel Mountains, covers an area of more than 1,200 square kilometers. Los Angeles has become America Petrochemical industry The ocean Aerospace industry and Electronics industry The largest base. It is... American science and technology One of the main centers, with scientists and Engineering technician It ranks first in the United States and enjoys the title of "Technology City". The financial industry and commerce in Los Angeles also grew rapidly, with hundreds of banks having offices in Los Angeles, including many well-known international conglomerates such as Lockheed, Northrop, Rockwell Los Angeles has become a financial center second only to New York.

Chicago The third largest city in the United States, Great Lakes Regional maximum Industrial center It's American Traffic center Home of the skyscraper. locate Illinois The northeast, Lake Michigan The southwest end. [3]

Beijing is People's Republic of China The capital, municipality and National central city China's politics, culture, science and education, transportation and International exchange center , too Chinese economy Financial decision-making and management center. Beijing has seven World cultural heritage That is what the world has Cultural heritage The largest number of cities. Beijing has an important influence in the world and is one of the largest cities in the world.

Singapore (Singapore), the full name of the Republic of Singapore, formerly known as Singapore, Singapore or Sing Dao Otherwise known as Lion City , yes Southeast Asia An island nation, Political system Implement a parliamentary republic. Singapore is one of the major financial, service and shipping centers in Asia, the fourth largest after New York, London and Hong Kong International financial center . Industry is the leading force in Singapore's economic development Jurong Industrial Estate It is one of the earliest development zones in Asia. Singapore has a remarkable effect in greening and cleaning, so there are" Garden city "The good name.

Washington, D.C. (Washington D.C.), simply called Washington, United States The capital, close Virginia and Maryland Located in the northeastern part of the United States, Mid-atlantic region It was established as the capital city in 1790 United States Congress Direct jurisdiction of the special Administrative division Therefore, it is not part of any U.S. state. Washington is American Political center Therefore, the economic color is not strong, is the majority United States federal government Agencies and countries stationed in the United States embassy The location, too World Bank , The International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States Where the headquarters of international organizations are located, there are also a large number of museums and cultural historical sites.

Brussels (French: Bruxelles; Dutch : Brussel) Yes Belgium The capital and largest city, too European Union The seat of the main administrative body, known as the capital of Europe, the EU North Atlantic Treaty Organization In addition, there are more than 200 international administrative centers and more than 1,000 official bodies have offices here every year a variety of international conferences are held again. It is located in the Brussels-Capital district of the city of Brussels.

Seoul (Seoul), the capital of South Korea. Formerly known as Seoul . On January 19, 2005, the Chinese name of Seoul was officially changed to "Seoul". Official name for Seoul Special City . Seoul is located in the Han River basin in the northwest of South Korea, Korean peninsula It is the political, economic, technological and cultural center of South Korea, with a population of more than 10 million. The South Korean Capital Area (also known as the Seoul Capital Area), with Seoul as the center, includes Incheon Metropolitan City and Gyeonggi-do Most of the region), population 23 million.

In Toronto, Canada The largest city, Ontario The provincial capital is located in Lake Ontario The northwestern shore of Southern Ontario. It is the largest city in Canada and has surpassed Chicago to become North America The fourth largest city. Toronto It is one of the most diverse cities in the world, with 49% of residents being immigrants from more than 100 nationalities from all over the world and more than 140 languages being spoken here North America Big city, thanks to this Crime rate With an extremely low and pleasant environment, Toronto has been ranked as one of the most livable cities in the world for many consecutive years habitable city Top ten.

Sydney (Sydney), RTHK said" Snow pear ", located in Australia southeast Coastal zone , yes New South Wales The capital of Australia, Oceania and The southern Hemisphere The largest city and port in the world, recognized as the ten most prosperous Cosmopolitan city One of them.

In Madrid, Spain Capital, the country's largest city, economy, center, Madrid The provincial capital. It's famous in Europe Famous historical city . The integrated economic center of Spain's Central Economic zone, transport, logistics, research and development, consumption and High-tech industry The center of...

Vienna (Wien), yes Austria It is also the capital of Austria and one of the nine Federal state One of Austria's largest cities and Political center , located in By the Danube .

Vienna is The United Nations One of the four official locations of the city, in addition to Vienna Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries , Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and International Atomic Energy Agency As well as the location of other international institutions. On November 30, 2011, Vienna was named the world's most livable city for its gorgeous architecture, parks and extensive cycling network. Innai Classical music The atmosphere is strong, attracting musicians from all over the world to gather here, with the reputation of "World music capital" and "music capital".

Moscow (Moscow), yes Russia The federal capital, Moscow Oblast The capital, the largest city in Russia and the center of economy, culture, finance, transportation and the largest comprehensive city.

So is Moscow. The Commonwealth of Independent States The largest commercial center, Russia The largest commercial and financial offices are located here. Is a world-famous ancient city, International metropolis . Moscow is the capital of Russia and even Eurasia On the extremely important Transportation hub . At the same time, Moscow is also an important industrial manufacturing center, Moscow is the national center of science and technology and culture, and many educational facilities. Is the world famous ancient city, one of the world's largest cities.

Shanghai （Shanghai），简称“沪”，中华人民共和国直辖市之一，国家中心城市，中国的经济、金融中心，繁荣的国际大都市，拥有中国大陆首个自贸区“ China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone ". Shanghai as China National industry The birthplace, is located Changjiang estuary East to the East Sea, across the sea from Japan A surname The islands face each other, facing the south Hangzhou Bay In the west, it is connected with Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, which together form China's largest economic zone with Shanghai as the leader." Yangtze River Delta economic circle ".

Shanghai is the main city in China Tourist city One of them. The main attractions are Shanghai Museum , Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall , Oriental Pearl radio and TV Tower , Shanghai The Bund Scenic spot, Shanghai Xintiandi recreation fallow Street, Lujiazui Financial and trade zones, etc. Peking and Shanghai 为现今中国大陆两座拥有 Developed country Level of international metropolis.

Berlin (Berlin) is the capital and largest city of Germany, with about 3.4 million inhabitants. Berlin is located in the northeast of Germany and is surrounded on all sides Brandenburg Surround, The Spree River And the Havel River flows through the city. Berlin is sixteen in Germany Federal state One, along with burger, Bremen It is one of only three city states in Germany.

Berlin successively became the capital of the following countries: Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1870), German Empire (1871-1918), Weimar Republic (1919-1933), Nazi Germany (1933-1945). In the 1920s, Berlin was the third largest city in the world borough . World War II Later, the city was divided; East Berlin Became the capital of East Germany, and West Berlin De facto become W.GERMANY In an enclave in East Germany, by Berlin Wall Surround. Until 1990 Reunification of Germany and Germany The city regained its status as the capital of all Germany and was home to 147 foreign countries embassy .

Buenos Aires is Argentina The capital of Argentina is not only the political center of Argentina, but also the economic, technological, cultural and transportation center. The city has more than 80,000 industrial enterprises, Gross industrial output value Two-thirds of the country, in National economy Occupies a pivotal position in... It is also the largest city, capital and port of Argentina.