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Republic of Tunisia

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The Republic of Tunisia ( The Republic of Tunisia, la Republique Tunisienne ^[10] ), short for Tunis, the capital city of Tunis. locate Africa North end, west and Algeria Neighbors, southeast and Libya Border, north, east Mediterranean , separate Tunis strait with Italy Look at each other. It has a total area of 162,000 square kilometers and a coastline of 1,300 kilometers. It has a Mediterranean climate in the north and a tropical desert climate in the south. The country is divided into 24 provinces, with 264 administrative regions and 350 cities. As of 2023, Tunisia has a total population of 12.24 million ^[24] More than 90% are Arabs. Arabic For Mandarin, universal French . Islam For the state religion, mainly Sunnite . ^[1]

At the beginning of the 9th century BC, Phoenicians Founded the city of Carthage on the coast of what is now the Gulf of Tunis, it later developed into a slave power. 146 BC, became Roman Empire Part of the province of Africa. In the 5th and 6th centuries, it was occupied by Vandals and then Byzantines. In 703, Tunisia was conquered by Arab Muslims. In the 13th century, the Hafsi dynasty established a powerful Tunisian state. In 1574, it became Turkey Ottoman Empire A province of... In 1881, it became France Protect the territory. On 20 March 1956, France recognized Tunisian independence. On July 25, 1957, the Tunisian Constituent Assembly passed a resolution to depose the king and declare the Republic of Tunisia, with Bourguiba as its first president. ^[1]

Tunisia both Africa , Arabia and Mediterranean Triple attribute, with ancient civilization and Mediterranean culture . The economy attaches equal importance to industry, agriculture and services. The industry is dominated by phosphate mining, processing and textiles. Olive oil It is the main agricultural product that earns foreign exchange from exports. Tourism is relatively developed and plays an important role in the economy. Tunisia's political situation and society are generally stable, the law is sound, the society is inclusive and open, attaches importance to education, and the human resources with higher education are rich. 2022, Tunisia Gross domestic product That's $46.28 billion. ‎ ^[18]

Chinese name: Republic of Tunisia ^[1]
Foreign name: The Republic of Tunisia ^[1]
Abbreviated form: Tunisia, Tunisia
continent: Africa
capital: The city of Tunis ^[1]
Major city: Susse , Bizerte , Kairouan , Nabeul , Djerba Island, etc ^[1]
National Day: March 20, 1956 ^[1]
National song: Guardian of the Motherland
Country code: TUN
Official language: Arabic ^[1]
currency: The Tunisian dinar ^[1]
Time zone: UTC+1
Political system: republicanism

National leader: Keith Said ^[2] (President) , Ahmed Khachani ^[17] (Prime Minister)
Population number: 12.24 million ^[24] (2023)
Population density: 76.8 persons/km2 ^[6] (Year 2021)
Major nationality: Arab , The Berbers ^[1]
Major religion: Islam ^[1] (Sunni)
Land area: 162000 km² ^[1]
Water area ratio: 5%
Total GDP: $51.28 billion ^[24] (2023)
Per capita GDP: $4,190 ^[24] (2023)
International telephone area code: 216
International domain name abbreviation: .tn
Road access: Drive on the right
Leading institution: University of Manar, Tunisia , Manuba University Etc. ^[18]

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

In the early 9th century BC, the Phoenicians established the city of Carthage along the Gulf of Tunis, which later developed into a slave power.

In 146 BC, Tunisia became part of the African Province of the Roman Empire.

In the 5th and 6th centuries, Tunisia was occupied by the Vandals and then the Byzantines.

In 703, Tunisia was conquered by Arab Muslims.

In the 13th century, the Hafsi dynasty established a powerful Tunisian state.

In 1574, Tunisia became a province of the Turkish Ottoman Empire.

In 1881, Tunisia became a French protectorate.

On 20 March 1956, France recognized Tunisian independence.

On July 25, 1957, the Tunisian Constituent Assembly passed a resolution to depose the king and declare the Republic of Tunisia, with Bourguiba as its first president.

In 1975, with the approval of Parliament, Bourguiba became president for life.

On November 7, 1987, Prime Minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali launched a bloodless coup and deposed Bourguiba as president.

At the end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011, Tunisia suffered large-scale riots and political turmoil.

After protests on January 14, 2011 forced Ben Ali to leave Tunisia for exile in Saudi Arabia, Tunisia entered a political transition period that lasted until the end of 2014.

2014 was the year of elections that ended Tunisia's political transition. On 26 October, Tunisia held its first post-Arab Spring parliamentary elections. There were about 5.2 million legitimate voters nationwide, and the final turnout was 69 percent. Voters elected 217 members of the National Assembly from 13,000 candidates to replace the existing constituent Assembly. On October 30, Tunisia's Supreme Independent Electoral Commission announced the results of the parliamentary election, and the secular party Nidaa Tounes won 85 out of 217 seats, becoming the largest party. The Islamist Ennahdha party won 69 seats.

In a presidential election at the end of 2014, Beji Caid Essebsi, the nearly 88-year-old head of the Tunisian Voice Party, was elected president, defeating former President Moncef Marzouki.

In February 2015, a new Tunisian government was formed, with Suede as Prime Minister.

In August 2016, the Tunisian government reshuffled, Yusuf Shahad Youssef Chahed is Prime Minister.

In May 2018, Tunisia held its first post-revolution municipal elections to elect new municipal councils. ^[8]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Tunisia's place in Africa

Tunisia is located at the northern tip of Africa, across the sea from Italy, bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast. Facing the Mediterranean Sea to the east and north, the coastline is 1,300 kilometers long. It has an area of 162,155 square kilometers. ^[8]

Tunisia

landform

Topographic map of Tunisia

Tunisia has a difficult terrain. The north is mountainous, and the central and western regions are lowlands and platforms; The northeast is a coastal plain, and the south is a desert. peak The Cheanaibi Mountains It is 1544 meters above sea level.

climate

The northern part of Tunisia has a subtropical Mediterranean climate with mild and rainy winters and hot and dry summers. The south is a tropical continental desert climate, often from the Sahara desert to blow the dry hot monsoon, hot summer, the highest temperature of more than 50℃. August is the hottest month with an average daily temperature of 21~33℃. January is the coldest month with an average daily temperature of 6-14 ° C. Annual rainfall: 1000 mm in the north, 200 mm in the south. ^[8]

Natural resources

Tunisia has few natural resources. The main resources are phosphate, oil, natural gas, iron, aluminum, zinc and so on. Phosphate reserves of 100 million tons, ranking 17th in the world; In the past three years (2017 to 2019), the annual production of phosphate was 4.5 million tons, 3 million tons and 3.8 million tons, respectively.

As of January 1, 2018, the proven reserves of crude oil were 425 million barrels (about 100 million tons), ranking 48th in the world, with a reserver-production ratio of 22.1%; Annual output of 2.4 million tons; Production is 53,000 barrels a day, with an average annual growth rate of -11.8%.

As of January 1, 2018, the proven reserves of natural gas were 65.13 billion cubic meters, ranking 58th in the world. Proven iron ore reserves are 25 million tons. (Source: USGS Mineral Summary, February 2019; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018, June 2018; CIA website) ^[8]

Water resources

Tunisia has underdeveloped water systems. Largest river The Majerda River It covers an area of 24,000 square kilometers. ^[8]

Administrative division

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EDITOR

Subdivisions of Tunisia

Tunisia is divided into 24 departments, with 264 administrative districts and 350 municipalities. The main cities of the country are: Sfax, Sousse, Gafsa, Gabes, Bizerte, Monastir, Nabeul and Kairouan. ^[8]

Situation in 24 provinces
province	E2002	Area (k㎡)	Provincial capital	CE2003
Kraft Kef	281900	4965	Kraft Kef
Mahdia	376400	2966	Mahdia
Monastir, Monastir	429100	1019	Monastir, Monastir
Kasserine	424800	8066	Kasserine
Kairouan	571000	6712	Kairouan	117700
Ariana	382600	1558	Ariana	217100 (Tunisia)
It's Beja	320200	3558	It's Beja
Bizerte	527600	3685	Bizerte	113400
Ben Arous	467200	761	Ben Arous
Jendouba	430100	3102	Jendouba
Medenine	432000	8588	Medenine
Manouba Manouba	327000	(Elyanai)	Manouba Manouba
Nabeul. Nabeul	649900	2788	Nabeul. Nabeul
Gabes Gabes	337700	7175	Gabes Gabes	110200
Gafsa Gafsa	333400	8990	Gafsa Gafsa
Kebili. Kebili	144200	22084	Kebili. Kebili
Sfax Sfax	832500	7545	Sfax Sfax	270700
Sidi Bouzid	404100	6994	Sidi Bouzid
Siriana Siliana	258100	4631	Siriana Siliana
Sousse	510000	2621	Sousse	155900
Tetawin Tataouine	150500	38889	Tetawin Tataouine
Tozeur Tozeur	98500	4719	Tozeur Tozeur
Tunis	933700	346	Tunis	699700 (1,660,300)
Zegwan Zaghouan	157300	2768	Zegwan Zaghouan
Tunisia	9779800	163610	Tunis

Major city

The city of Tunis

Tunis is the political, financial, cultural center and transportation hub of Tunisia, located on the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, west of Tunis Lake and adjacent to Tunis Gulf. The city has a long history dating back to the Carthaginian period and has been the capital of Tunisia since the Hafsi dynasty in the 13th century. The city of Tunis is actually a region consisting of the four provinces of Tunis, Ariana, Ben Arous and Manouba, with a total population of about 2.6 million. Tunis is a scenic coastal city with 20 kilometers of beaches that attract millions of foreign tourists every year. The city consists of two parts, the old and the new. ^[9]

Sfax

The second largest city of Tunisia, Sfax is a port city in eastern Tunisia on the western shore of the Gulf of Garth in the Mediterranean Sea. Sfax was founded in the 9th century and has been a famous trading port since ancient times. It is now an export port for agricultural products and mineral products, mainly exporting apatite and olive oil. There are large phosphate fertilizer plants and oil pressing, textile and other industries. Carpet weaving, leather processing and other handicrafts are flourishing. The largest fishing port in the country. The offshore field of Achtarte, 80 km to the east, is one of Tunisia's main oil fields. The city faces the sea to the east, olive groves to the north, west and south, and the Kerkena Islands across the sea, which are covered with olive trees. ^[8]

Susse

Sousse is Tunisia's third largest city, located in the Mediterranean Sea Hammamet Bay, known as the "garden port of the Mediterranean." An important distribution center and industrial center for agricultural and animal husbandry products in northeast China. There are large cotton textile factories and oil pressing, wool spinning, tanning, fish canning and other industries. Embroidery, lace, jewelry and other handicrafts are flourishing. The port mainly exports apatite and olive oil, followed by iron ore, leather and so on. ^[8]

National symbol

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EDITOR

flag

Flag of Tunisia

Flag of Tunisia Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 3:2. The flag is red, with a white circle in the center, its diameter is about half the width of the flag, and in the circle there is a red crescent and a red five-pointed star. The history of the flag dates back to the Ottoman Empire, and the crescent and five-pointed star come from the symbol of the Ottoman Empire, which is now the symbol of the Republic of Tunisia, and also the symbol of the Islamic State.

National emblem

Emblem of Tunisia

Tunisia's coat of arms depicts a white ship sailing on the sea of time, which is to commemorate the first Phoenicians to set foot on this land, and it also reflects the long history of Tunisia's maritime trade. The black scale on the back left is the embodiment of justice and peace; A black lion wielding a silver sword on the red floor to the right suggests that Tunisia was once part of the Byzantine Empire. Above the coat of arms hangs the same crescent moon and red star as the national flag. A white sash floats over the coat of arms bearing the Tunisian motto "Order, freedom, justice" in Arabic script.

National anthem

" Guardian of the motherland "

The national flower

jasmine

The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine . Jasmine, also known as jasmine, is a general term for evergreen shrubs or vines of the genus Jasminum, originating in India and Pakistan, and has long been introduced into China and widely planted. Jasmine enjoys warm, moist and sunny environment. It has green leaves, white color and strong aroma. It is the most common fragrant potted flower. The most famous of the Jasminum species is Jasminum sambac, commonly known as Jasmine. Jasmine has good health and beauty properties and can be used in the diet. It symbolizes love and friendship.

population

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EDITOR

12 million (2022) ^[14] More than 90% are Arabs and the rest are Berber. ^[1] There are more than 30 overseas Chinese in Tunisia, most of whom live in the capital Tunis. The total number of Chinese institutions is about 200 to 300 people (depending on the situation of the project). ^[8]

political

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EDITOR

regime

Tunisia is a republic, Islam is the state religion, the president is directly elected for a five-year term; It has a unicameral system and the legislature is called the People's Congress. ^[1]

Political situation

In late 2010 and early 2011, the political situation changed dramatically. After 23 years in power, Ben Ali left Saudi Arabia on January 14, 2011. Speaker of the House Mebaza was appointed acting president, and Prime Minister Guernushi formed a government of national unity. In February, the Prime Minister of the transitional government, Guernoussi and several ministers resigned, and the former speaker of the House of representatives, Essebsi, became the new prime minister of the transitional government. In October, Tunisia held a constitutional assembly election, the Islamist party "Ennahda" won the election. In November, the Tunisian Constituent Assembly elected Ghaffar as the speaker of the Constituent Assembly, in December, elected Marzouki as the president, the new transitional government was announced, Jabali as the prime minister. In February 2013, the assassination of a secular opposition leader triggered sudden political unrest, and Jabali was forced to resign. In July, the assassination of a secular opposition lawmaker triggered another sudden political crisis, and the Constituent Assembly was temporarily suspended. In October, a national dialogue was initiated and Juma was selected as Prime Minister-designate. In January 2014, the Constituent Assembly voted to adopt a new constitution and a new transitional government was sworn in. In May, the electoral law was passed. In October, Tunisia held a parliamentary election, and the secular party "Tunisian Voice" took 85 of the 217 seats in the parliament, replacing the "Ennahda" as the largest party in the parliament. In December 2014, Essebsi was elected president. On July 25, 2019, President Essebsi died of illness at the age of 92. Speaker Abdel Nasser became acting president. On 17 October, after two rounds of voting, independent candidate Saeed was elected as the seventh president of Tunisia, and was sworn in on 23 October. ‎ Since July 2021, President Saeed has sacked the Prime Minister and suspended parliament. In October, he appointed Najera, a non-partisan academic, as prime minister. ‎ In December, Serbia announced that it would continue to freeze parliament indefinitely until legislative elections are held in December 2022. In March 2022, Sai announced the dissolution of Parliament after it held an online session in violation of the freeze decree. On July 25 ‎, a referendum was held to amend the constitution, changing the system of government from a semi-presidential and semi-parliamentary system to a presidential system. In September of the same year, Presidential Decree No. 55 was issued on the amendment of the 2014 Electoral Law, which stipulated that the election of candidates for legislative elections was changed from a party list system to an individual system. On December 17, 2022 and January 29, 2023, two rounds of voting were held for the legislative election. On March 13, 2023, the new parliament held its first plenary session and held a collective swearing-in ceremony. In August, he appointed a legal expert as his new prime minister.

In March 2015, June 2015, November 2015 and March 2016, four serious terrorist attacks occurred in Tunis, the capital city, Sousse, the most important tourist city, and Ben Gardin, the southern city, which brought a huge impact on Tunis economy and society. In November 2015, President Essebsi declared a three-month state of emergency, which has since been extended several times. In January 2018, demonstrations broke out in Tunisia over livelihood issues. In October, there was a suicide bombing in the capital. From the end of 2018 to the beginning of 2019, sudden public servants held strikes and demonstrations several times over the issue of salary increases. On June 27, 2019, two terrorist attacks took place in the center of the Tunisian capital. On March 6, 2020, a suicide attack took place near the U.S. Embassy in Tunisia. On September 6 of the same year, a terrorist attack targeting security personnel took place in the eastern city of Sous. Since 2021, there have been several demonstrations against livelihood issues or against the president's reform initiatives, and the security services have foiled a number of attempted terrorist attacks. ^[24]

constitution

On 1 June 1959, the Constituent Assembly adopted the first constitution of the Republic, which stipulated that Tunisia was a free, independent and sovereign state with a republican system of government. In October 1998, the Constitution and the Electoral Law were amended to lower the age of presidential candidates and expand the scope of candidates for election. The President is elected for a term of five years and may serve two consecutive terms. In May 2002, the first post-independence referendum was held to approve constitutional amendments. Remove the limit on the number of consecutive presidential terms and increase the age limit for presidential candidates to 75. On 4 March 2011, the interim government of Tunisia abolished the current constitution. In June 2013, the Tunisian Constituent Assembly completed the draft of a new constitution. ^[8]

In January 2014, the Constituent Assembly adopted a new constitution, establishing a republic with Islam as the state religion and a directly elected president for a five-year term. It has a unicameral system and the legislature is called the People's Congress. ‎ Since July 2021, President Saeed has frozen Parliament and started the process of revising the new constitution. On July 25, 2022 ‎, a referendum was held to amend the constitution, with a turnout of 30.5% and the new constitution passed with 94.6% of the vote. ‎ The new Constitution provides for the abrupt introduction of a presidential system under which the President, who exercises executive power with the assistance of the Government, is elected for a five-year term, renewable once; The parliament shall be bicameral, consisting of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces and regions; Delete the reference to Islam as the state religion. ^[1] ^[24]

congress

Originally unicameral, called the National Assembly. In 2002, the Constitution was amended to be bicameral, consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate. On 4 March 2011, the transitional government announced the dissolution of the Senate and the House of Representatives. In October 2014, a snap parliamentary election was held and a People's Congress was established to replace the previous transitional Constituent Assembly. The secular Tunisian Voice party won 85 out of 217 seats, replacing Ennahda as the largest party in parliament. In November 2014, Mohamed Nasser was elected President of the Congress of People's Deputies. In March 2016, the Call party imploded, more than 10 members of the Call Party defected, and Ennahda became the largest party in parliament. Parliamentary elections were held on 6 October 2019. Ennahda won 52 seats, making it the largest party in parliament. The Heart of Tunisia party came second with 38 seats. On 13 November, Ennahda leader Rachid Gnushi was elected speaker of Parliament. ‎ On 25 July 2021, President Saeed announced the suspension of Parliament. In December, he announced an indefinite freeze on parliamentary work. ‎ In March 2022, the parliament was dissolved after Speaker Guernushi called for an online meeting of some members of the parliament in violation of the parliamentary freeze Act. In September of the same year, Presidential Decree No. 55 was issued on the amendment of the Electoral Law of 2014, which stipulated that the legislative election system should be changed from proportional representation to single-member majority two-round voting, and the election system should be changed from party list to individual election. In February 2023, a new National Assembly was elected, with 154 members elected. In March, the National Assembly held its first plenary session and elected Ibrahim Budbala as its speaker. On April 3, 2024, the Supreme Independent Election Commission of Tunisia announced the final results of the election of the National Provincial Committees (the second House of Parliament), a total of 77 people were elected. ^[1] ^[24]

judiciary

The Tunisian judicial system is civil law and is in line with the French judicial system. The Supreme Judicial Council is the highest body of the Tunisian judicial system, exercising the functions of appointing, promoting, transferring and discipling judges. The President appoints judges on the advice of the committee. There are 1 Supreme Court, 10 courts of appeal, 24 courts of first instance, and 83 local tribunals. Each province has one court of first instance. Each court has several civil and criminal courts. There is no independent prosecutor's office and a prosecution office has been established within the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. In February 2022, President Said dissolved the Supreme Judicial Council and announced the establishment of an interim Supreme Judicial Council. In June, the sacking of 57 judges, including the General Prosecutor of the Republic, Akrami, triggered strong opposition from the judges' association and a mass strike. In August, the Tunisian Administrative Court issued a ruling suspending the implementation of the decree on the dismissal of judges. ^[14]

Political party

After the fall of Ben Ali's regime in January 2011, the transitional government announced the ban on the former ruling party, the Constitutional Democratic Alliance, and a large number of political parties emerged. At present, there are more than 200 legal political parties, mainly: the People's Movement Party, the Voice of the Republic Party, the Democratic Current Party, the Liberal Constitutional Party, the United Party of Democratic Patriots, and the Ennahda Movement. ^[19]

Main political parties in Tunisia
Party name	Party information
Popular Movement Party (MouvementduPeuple)	Prior to the abrupt political change, he was closely associated with the "Tunisian Nasserist Organization", which opposed the Ben Ali regime, and gained legal status after the abrupt political change in March 2011. The party is a nationalist, Nasserist party with the slogan "Freedom, Socialism, Unity". After the "July 25" incident, the party generally supported President Saeed's measures such as freezing parliament, supporting the implementation of the new constitution, and calling for a thorough reform of the old system. The party actively participated in the current legislative elections and won 12 parliamentary seats. After the formation of the new Parliament, the party formed the Sovereign Patriotic Front Group (15 seats).
Voice of the Republic (la Voix de la Republique)	The new political party was established in August 2022. The party's founder and chairman, Ali Hafso, is a Tunisian entrepreneur and former leader of the Voice Party, who served as Minister of Parliamentary Affairs in the Fahfah government. The party has 20 seats in the current parliament. In May 2023, the party joined with some independent MPS to form the Voice of the Republic Group (25 seats).
CourantDemocratique	Established in May 2013, it has attracted many democratic activists and developed rapidly. We advocate the realization of social justice, pay attention to the equal distribution of wealth, and strive to realize free education and medical care. In January 2023, the party elected Nabil Haji as its new general secretary. After the "July 25" incident, the party partly supported President Saeed's measures to freeze parliament and return to accountability, but refused to recognize the results of the referendum on constitutional amendment, boycotted legislative elections, and demanded a national dialogue and the formation of a national salvation government.
Liberal Constitutional Party (Liberal Constitutional Nel)	The party was founded in December 2013 by former Prime Minister Hamid Karoui under Ben Ali, formerly known as the Constitutional Movement, to attract supporters of the former Constitutional Alliance, adhere to Bourguiba, a far-right party. In August 2016, during his term as president of the Party, Abil Mushi adopted the party slogan "Stay Loyal, Fulfill the Mission" and changed the party's name to the Liberal Constitutional Party. After the "July 25" incident, the party supported President Saeed's measures to freeze the work of Parliament and accountability, and later, dissatisfied with Sai's suppression of party politics, it changed its support position, refused to recognize the results of the referendum on constitutional amendment, boycotted the legislative election, and demanded an early general election. In October 2023, the authorities arrested the party's president, Mohsi, on charges including causing chaos in Tunisia.
Parti unifie des patriotes democrates	The left-wing political party was founded in 1982, and its history can be traced back to the movement of left-wing patriotic Democrats that emerged in major universities in 1975. The party took the lead in the "Jasmine Revolution" to carry the banner against the Ben Ali regime, and later joined the left-wing party alliance - the Popular Front. In February 2013, the party's founder and general secretary Shukri Belaid was assassinated. Since then, the party has long worked to investigate the truth of the assassination. The party's current general secretary, Ziad Lakhdel, is a prominent leftist figure in Tunisia. After the July 25 incident, the party was divided into two factions, the Lakhderites (who opposed the July 25 incident) and the Lakhvists (who supported the July 25 incident).
MouvementEnnahdha	The Moderate Islamic Party was founded in June 1981 as the Islamic Tendency Movement. It was cracked down on by the authorities in the early 1990s. After the fall of Ben Ali's regime in 2011, the party gained legal status and quickly became the most influential political force in Tunisia. It advocates democracy based on Islamic values, emphasizes the Arab and Islamic attributes of Tunisia, and strives to realize the harmonious coexistence of Islam and democracy. The party opposed and resisted the political reform process led by President Saeed. In April 2023, the Tunisian authorities arrested former Speaker of Parliament and party chairman Guernushi on suspicion of conspiring against state security and sentenced him to prison. That same month, authorities closed the party headquarters and banned the party from holding meetings. In September, acting Party chairman Unisi and Shurawan Chairman Haruni were arrested.
Reference materials: ^[24]

government

In the early morning of August 2, 2023 local time, the Tunisian Presidential Palace announced in a statement that President Keyes Said appointed Ahmed Khatani as the new prime minister. The government consists of a Prime Minister, 24 ministers, and a Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The main members are:

Leading member of the Tunisian government
job	name
premier	Ahmed Khachani (Ahmed Hachani)
Minister of the Interior ‎	Kamal Feki
Secretary of defense	Emad Maimish (Imed Memmiche)
Minister of justice	Leila Jafal (Leila Jaffel)
Minister for Foreign Affairs, Immigration and Diaspora	Nabil Amar (Othman Jarandi)
Minister of Economy and Finance	Shhem Bugdiri (Siham Boughediri) ‎
Reference materials: ^[24]

On May 1, 2022, Tunisian President Mohamed Saeed announced the formation of a high-level committee to prepare for a new constitution. ^[7]

On March 13, 2023 local time, the new Tunisian parliament held its first session, the conference election Ibrahim Budarbala Speaker of Parliament in Tunisia. ^[12]

dignitaries

Pres. Keith Said . On October 14, 2019, the Supreme Independent Electoral Commission of Tunisia announced that independent candidate Keyes Said was elected as the new president of Tunisia. Tunisian President Keyes Said takes the oath of office at the parliament in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia, October 23, 2019. ^[3]

premier Ahmed Khachani (Ahmed Hachani). In the early morning of August 2, 2023 local time, the Tunisian Presidential Palace announced in a statement that President Keyes Said appointed Ahmed Khatani as the new prime minister. ^[17]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

In the sudden economy, industry, agriculture and service are equal emphasis. The industry is dominated by phosphate mining, processing and textiles. Olive oil is the main agricultural product to earn foreign exchange. Tourism is relatively developed and plays an important role in the national economy. In 1986, the Tunisian economy implemented the "structural adjustment plan" and transitioned from a planned economy to a market economy. In 1995, it signed an association agreement with the European Union. In 2008, it launched a free trade area with the EU. In the following years, Tunisia's economy developed steadily, with an average annual GDP growth of about 5%. France and Italy are Tunisia's first and second largest trading partners respectively. In 2012, it was granted priority partner status by the European Union.

During the sudden political transition, economic growth is slow, high unemployment, high deficit, high inflation symptoms are obvious, tourism, phosphate and other pillar industries have been greatly impacted. Recently, the Tunisian government has formulated a development plan for 2023-2025, which aims to attract investment, create jobs, control the trade deficit and boost economic growth.

Key economic data for 2023:

‎‎ Gross Domestic Product: $51.28 billion. ‎

‎ Gross domestic product per capita: $4,190. ‎

‎ Economic growth rate: 0.4% ‎

‎ Currency name: Dinar. ‎

‎‎ Exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈3.15 dinars. ‎

‎ Inflation rate: 9.4%. ‎

‎ Unemployment rate: 16.4%. ‎ ^[24]

Tunisia's public debt will reach 82% of GDP in 2021. ‎ ^[8]

The Tunisian government attaches great importance to the coordinated development of industry and agriculture, and the privatization and structural reforms accelerated in recent years have achieved remarkable results, especially the new technology and new process development plan implemented in the industrial field has attracted a large number of world-class industrial giants to invest in Tunisia, so that its auto parts, aerospace, electronics and textile and garment industries have achieved considerable development. Gradually becoming a Euro-Mediterranean export (manufacturing) platform. ^[8]

industry

Tunisia's industries are dominated by phosphate, manufacturing, textiles and pharmaceuticals, with 6,600 export-oriented enterprises and more than 3,000 products sold to 159 countries. ^[8]

Phosphate rock and chemical products

Tunisia is poor in mineral resources, single varieties, the main mineral resources for phosphate ore and its products. The main export products are phosphoric acid, trisuperphosphate and diammonium phosphate. Tunisia has become the world's second largest producer and exporter of superphosphate, the fourth largest producer and third largest exporter of diammonium phosphate, and the fifth largest producer and fourth largest exporter of phosphoric acid. In the past three years, the average annual output of phosphate has been 3.6 million tons, 20% higher than the average of 3 million tons from 2011 to 2016, but at the same time, affected by strikes, demonstrations and the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, phosphate production has many unstable factors. The main producers are the state-owned Tunis Chemical Group (GCT) and the Gafsa Phosphate Mines Company (CPG). ^[8]

Industrial manufacturing industry

The pillar industries are mechanical and electrical products and textiles, accounting for about 20% of GDP.

(1) Mechanical and electrical products. Tunisia's mechanical and electronic manufacturing industry is its most important industrial pillar, currently a total of about 1020 enterprises, of which 298 are wholly foreign-owned, 443 are joint ventures, foreign investors are mainly from the European Union. Among the well-known enterprises are Alcatel, Benetton, British Gas, Philip, Siemens, General Motors, General Electric, Thompson and so on. The industry employs 136,000 people. 25% of new jobs created annually in Tunisia's industrial sector are in the mechanical and electronics sector. Industry exports account for about 37.5% of Tunisia's total industrial exports, accounting for the first place in the industry. The main products are wire, cable, auto parts and so on.

(2) Textile industry. The main products of the textile industry are garments and fabrics. Tunisia has a total of 1,789 textile and garment enterprises (according to the size of more than 10 employees), of which 1,503 are pure export enterprises. Textile enterprises accounted for 33% of manufacturing enterprises; By the end of 2014, the number of foreign-funded or joint venture enterprises was 1,113; Textile and garment enterprises employed 175,000 people. The sector's exports rank second in Tunisia's industrial manufacturing sector. The main markets for the Tunisian textile industry are France, Italy, Belgium and Germany, and Tunisia is the second and fifth largest supplier of textile products to France and the European Union, respectively. There are more than 100 international famous brands such as Adidas, Benetton, Diesel, Big Star, Levi's, Nike and Valentino. Brands such as Benetton and Diesel have been in Tunisia for 30 years.

The main export is clothing, the main market is the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy and France; The main imports are cloth and textile raw materials, and the main suppliers are from Italy, France, Turkey, China, Germany and Belgium. ^[8]

agriculture

The country has an area of 9 million hectares of arable land, of which 5 million hectares have been cultivated, 7% of which is irrigated land, about 345,000 hectares. Due to salinization, desertification and other factors, about 20,000 hectares of arable land are lost every year. By 2015, we were self-sufficient in food production and had a surplus for export. In the first half of 2022, the trade deficit in foodstuffs doubled to 1.559 billion dinars.

Tunisia is one of the main producers of olive oil, olive oil production accounts for 4-9% of the world's total olive oil production, is Tunisia's main export of foreign exchange earning agricultural products. China has 80 million olive trees, covering 1.8 million hectares. According to official data, about 210,000 tons of olive oil are expected to be produced during the 2023/2024 olive picking season. ^[24] The main agricultural and sideline products include olives, olive oil, tomatoes, cactus fruit, dates and so on. According to the 2015 report of the Tunisian Foreign Investment Promotion Agency, Tunisia is the world's largest date palm exporter, the tenth largest tomato producer, and the second largest exporter of organic agricultural products in Africa. ^[8] ^[11]

Citrus cultivation is one of the pillars of the Tunisian fruit industry. In the past five years, Tunisia's citrus exports have averaged around 22,000 tons, earning an average of more than $10 million a year, accounting for 6-8% of its agricultural export earnings. The largest export market for Tunisian citrus is France, accounting for about 90 percent of its total exports. The Cap Bon region in the northeast is the largest producer of citrus, accounting for about 75% of the total production.

In the year 2016-2017 (October 1, 2016 to August 7, 2017), Tunisia's date palm export revenue increased from the previous year, a total of 103,000 tons of dates were exported, and the income reached 530 million dinars. In terms of export objects, North African countries in the Maghreb region were the main exporters of Tunisian date palms, with exports reaching 26,700 tons. France and Italy ranked second and third with 7,600 tons and 7,100 tons, respectively, with a large number of dates exported to Spain, Germany, Malaysia and some sub-Saharan African countries.

The average annual output of Tunisian tomatoes is 1.2 million tons, mainly for domestic consumption, and the export volume is only about 20,000 tons, including the Netherlands, Germany, France, Russia, Canada, Singapore and so on. ^[8]

There are 290,000 hectares of natural and artificial pastures in Tunisia. ^[11]

Finance and finance

Since 2011, the symptoms of sudden high deficit, high inflation are obvious, and foreign exchange reserves are short. By 2023, public debt will be 127 billion dinars, or about 80% of GDP. ^[24]

Banking institution

The Central Bank of Tunisia (BCT) is the national bank. Primary responsibilities include the issuance and maintenance of currency stability, and the maintenance of stable, efficient and secure payment systems; Regulating credit institutions; To ensure the stability and security of the financial system and the state's foreign exchange management.

There are 23 banks in Tunisia, including 7 state-owned banks, which are small and medium-sized Enterprise Bank, Bank of Tunisia, Bank of Housing, National Agricultural Bank, Bank of Tunisia, Bank of Tunisia Enterprise and Bank of Zitouna. 14 foreign and joint venture banks, They are Arab Bank Group, Arab Bank Tunis, Bank of Morocco, Bank of Tunisia, Bank of Kuwait Tunis, Bank of Emirates Tunis, Bank of Libya Tunis, Bank of Saudi Arabia Tunis, Citibank, Bank of Qatar Tunis, Union of Industrial and Commercial Banks, Union of International Banks, Bank of Albaraka, Bank of Weifa International; There are two private banks, namely the Bank of Oman and the Arab International Bank of Tunisia.

The People's Bank of China has set up a working group in Tunisia, and no commercial bank has set up an institution in Tunisia. Major local correspondent banks that have cooperated more with BANK of China include BIAT, UIB, ATTIJARIBANK and AMEN BANK. ^[8]

Securities market

Despite its long history, the Tunisian stock market, which was founded in 1969, has long played a limited role in financing due to the dominant role of the state and banks in financing. In 1986, total stock market capitalization was only 1 percent of GDP.

In 1988, the first reform of the Tunisian financial market was carried out in order to make it better serve the financing of the economy. The government enacted the Financial Market Restructuring Law in November 1994.

The Financial Market Restructuring Act separated the regulatory and regulatory functions of financial markets, creating a Financial Markets Committee (CMF) and a Central Distribution Center (STICODEVAM). The Financial Markets Commission is responsible for financial market supervision, rule-making and investment protection in the field of securities, and the establishment of the new Tunisian Stock Exchange (BVMT). The Central Distribution Center (STICODEVAM) is responsible for the storage of securities and the settlement of exchange trades and exchange Market Guarantee funds (FGM). By the end of 1994, the Tunisian stock market had undergone a crucial transformation.

The Tunisian Stock Exchange BVMT is the only stock exchange with a total of 81 listed companies at the end of 2019. The exchange uses two indices, TUNINDEX and BVMT, to measure the performance of the market in terms of return rates. ^[8]

Foreign exchange control

General foreign enterprises must hold the approval of the Ministry of Commerce, after the Tunisian Central Bank approval can open foreign exchange and dinar accounts in the Tunisian commercial Bank.

The profits of foreign investors (including business, production profits and capital income) and the income from equity investment in foreign exchange may be freely remitted. The following cases can be freely transferred: funds under the current account that meet the requirements of the law; Income from physical transfer and foreign exchange capital transfer imported with foreign exchange, including the value-added part.

Tunisia's relevant laws stipulate that export-oriented enterprises can be exempted from income tax for 10 years, the 11th year will start to pay 10% tax, free from value-added tax and customs duties, and the remittance of profits after tax is not restricted, and bank fees vary according to the remittance bank. The profits remitted by non-export-oriented foreign-invested enterprises after tax payment shall be subject to the supervision of banks. The enterprise must prove that the capital of its investment is in foreign currency, which, upon approval, can be exchanged for foreign currency through the Central Bank of Tunisia.

Foreign currency equivalent of 20,000 Tunisian dinars or more must be declared to Tunisian customs when entering, leaving or transiting through the country.

Non-resident passengers who need to carry the equivalent of 5,000 to 30,000 Tunisian foreign currency at the time of departure must declare it to Tunisian customs at the time of departure. If the value of the foreign currency exceeds 30,000 DI, it should be remitted through licensed banks and financial institutions.

The amount of foreign currency carried by non-resident passengers shall be declared to the Customs at the time of entry and shall be valid for a single period of 3 months. ^[8]

Credit card use

Credit cards are widely used in Tunisia, and the main credit cards issued in Tunisia are CIB, VISA and CM. VISA cards issued by China can be used in some local places, such as large hotels and supermarkets. ^[8]

currency

The local currency of Tunisia is the Dinar, which is in the system of thousands, with 1 Tunisian dinar equal to 1,000 millim. Since 1994, the Tunisian dinar has been convertible under recurring items. Some Tunisian banks support direct conversion of RMB to Tunisian dinar. ^[8]

tourism

Tourism plays an important role in the national economy and is the largest source of foreign exchange in Tunisia. Some 800 hotels in the country have 230,000 beds, ranking among the highest in Africa and the Arab world. The number of people directly or indirectly engaged in the tourism industry reached 350,000, accounting for about 3.6% of the country's population, solving 12% of the labor force employment problem. Tourist facilities are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal zone, there are five major tourist centers, Suss "Kondavi" center is the largest tourist base in the country. The city of Tunis, Suss, Monastir, Cape Bung and the island of Djerba are famous tourist areas. Affected by the political upheaval, four terrorist attacks occurred in 2015 and 2016, causing a large number of casualties of foreign tourists and severely impacting the tourism industry. Tourism rebounded in 2017, receiving 6.7 million foreign tourists, a year-on-year increase of 23%. After the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, the sudden tourism industry was greatly affected, and then gradually recovered. Tourism revenue in the first quarter of 2024 amounted to 1.225 billion dinars. ^[24]

foreign trade

Tunisia has pursued a policy of trade liberalization, so far free imports account for 85% of total imports and free exports account for 95% of total exports. In 2022, Tunisia exported $18 billion and imported $22.5 billion. ^[1] ^[14]

Tunisia's foreign trade in recent years is as follows (unit: USD 100 million)
	The year 2018	2019	The year 2020	The year 2021	2022	2023
exit	154	150	143.18	168	180	197
entrance	210	203.7	183.04	212	225	254
balance	- 56	53.7	39.86	- 44	- 45	- 54
Reference materials: ^[24]

Tunisia's main exports are clothing, machinery and electronic products, hydrocarbon fuels and petroleum, phosphates and their products, animal and vegetable oils and olive oil; The main imports are hydrocarbon fuels and petroleum, machinery and equipment, electronic equipment, automobiles and cotton. Tunisia's machinery and electronics industry exports have increased significantly, mainly including electronic components, wires, circuit boards and so on. At present, the export of this category has surpassed the textile and garment industry, becoming Tunisia's largest export industry.

The EU is Tunisia's main trading partner, among which France, Italy and Germany are Tunisia's top three export markets, and Italy, France and China are Tunisia's top three sources of imports. The main export products are electronic machinery, textiles, etc., and the import products are mainly energy, mechanical and electrical equipment, automobiles, cotton, agriculture and food processing products. Among Arab countries, Saudi Arabia is Tunisia's largest trading partner, followed by the United Arab Emirates.

The EU is Tunisia's most important trading partner, and the two sides signed a free trade area agreement in 2008, giving Tunisian products to enjoy zero tariffs and no quotas for export to the EU. In addition, Tunisia has reciprocal agreements with the Maghreb countries and Arab countries, and bilateral agreements on free trade zones with Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Iraq and Libya. Tunisia's manufacturing products, agricultural products and handicrafts enjoy tax reductions and exemptions in the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries, while Tunisia has also signed preferential market access agreements with African countries such as Guinea and Senegal. ^[8]

Sino-tunisian trade

China and Tunisia signed a Memorandum of Understanding on jointly building the Belt and Road in July 2018. Since then, the two sides have carried out fruitful cooperation under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. At present, nearly 30 Chinese enterprises are engaged in trade, assistance, project contracting and investment cooperation in Tunisia, and some Chinese enterprises are actively following up and negotiating construction projects of railways, roads, Bridges, industrial parks and renewable energy in Tunisia. Under the frameworks of China-Africa Cooperation Forum, China-Arab States Cooperation Forum and Belt and Road cooperation, bilateral economic, trade and investment cooperation enjoys broad prospects.

According to Chinese Customs statistics, the main categories of Chinese exports to Tunisia include: power equipment and accessories; Steel casting products; Plastics and their products; Scientific instrument components; Car, bicycle and tractor accessories; Steel; Cotton products; Synthetic and man-made fibers; Organic chemical products; Rubber and its products. The main categories of Chinese imports from Tunisia include: fertilizers; Electronic mechanical products; Plastics and their products; Copper and its products; Other products; Grease, oil and wax; Salt, sulphur, soil and cement; Mechanical equipment. ^[8]

Foreign investment

Tunisia began to attract foreign investment in 1973, and foreign direct investment increased rapidly after the 1990s. Due to Tunisia's political and security situation is very worrying, the social security situation is severe, labor disputes have risen sharply and other reasons, some foreign investors have a wait-and-see attitude towards investment in Tunisia. In the first half of 2016, Tunisia was affected by the security situation and became less attractive for foreign investment. After the new government came to power in August 2016, it was committed to attracting foreign investment, and held the 2020 International Investment Conference in November, launched a series of policies and measures to encourage foreign investment to enter the Tunisian market, and the Tunisian market gradually received the attention of foreign capital. In 2017, as the security situation gradually stabilized, the service market rebounded, and foreign investors returned to the Tunisian market under the influence of the open investment policy promoted by the Tunisian government. ^[8]

Foreign direct investment in Tunisia mainly comes from the European Union, the United States and Arab countries. France is the number one source of investment. ‎ In 2023, it will attract foreign direct investment of 2.523 billion dinars, ‎ mainly in the fields of industry, energy and service industry. ^[1] ^[24]

There are more than 20 resident Chinese enterprises (including representative offices) in Tunisia, including Huawei, ZTE, Inspur, Nuctech, Zhejiang Dahua, petrochina International, Sinohydro, China Construction, Dalian International, CRRC, China Railway Construction International, China Railway 21 Bureau, China Soil Group, Donghua Technology, Wengfu, etc. Due to the free trade agreement signed between Tunisia and the European Union, Chinese enterprises are currently facing more and more fierce competition in contracting projects. ^[8]

Foreign aid

Due to its geographical location and long-standing external relations, Tunisia has long received assistance from foreign countries and international financial institutions.

According to the aid agreement signed between the United States and Tunisia, the United States will provide Tunisia with an average of $180 million per year between 2016 and 2019, mainly for security and economic development. From 2019 to 2024, the United States plans to provide Tunisia with a total of 1 billion dinars in aid.

Between 2011 and 2017, the UK provided Tunisia with £32 million in funding for regional security, economic development, governance, media and human rights.

Since the political change in Tunisia in 2011, Agde France's development assistance to Tunisia has focused on coordinated regional development and youth employment. It has provided a total of 2.5 billion euros in development assistance.

Germany, through the German Reconstruction Bank, has provided Tunisia with more than 1 billion euros in financial support for more than 50 projects in support of Tunisia's political transition, job creation, water utilization, new energy development and other areas.

According to incomplete statistics, the support provided to Tunisia by other countries and international institutions during the COVID-19 epidemic includes: Italy provided 50 million euros in aid loans, the World Bank provided 35 million dollars in loans, the International Monetary Fund provided 743 million dollars in loans, the European Union provided 310 million euros in aid and 600 million euros in macro-financial assistance, and the United States provided 25.6 million dollars in emergency assistance. Germany has provided 350 million euros in financial support to the Tunisian government, 140 million euros in special loans to small and medium-sized enterprises, 279 million U.S. dollars in loans from Islamic banks, and 10 tons of anti-epidemic protection supplies from Qatar. ^[8]

culture

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EDITOR

Language

Arabic is the national language and French is spoken. ^[8]

religion

Most people follow Islam (the state religion), mainly Sunni; A small number of people are Catholic and Jewish. Most residents of Tunisia are Muslims, although they do not eat pork and food containing pork and lard, but some Tunisians do not prohibit alcohol in some public places or at home, and bars are often seen in some foreign-related hotels. No interruptions during prayer. During Ramadan, non-Muslims should avoid eating and drinking in public places. ^[8]

custom

Tunisians pay attention to politeness, pay attention to etiquette, civilized behavior, decent speech, warm hospitality, sincere people, important occasions are wearing formal clothes. When we meet, we generally shake hands, hug and kiss between acquaintances (kiss on both sides of the cheek, first right and then left). Business talks should be agreed in advance, on time; After a simple greeting, then enter the topic; You can prepare small gifts to give after the meeting. Guests can arrive within 5 to 10 minutes after the appointed time. You should bring gifts such as flowers (except chrysanthemums) or crafts to the dinner, and avoid asking each other sensitive questions such as income and age. ^[8]

Tunisia is an Islamic country and the majority of its residents are Muslims. Muslims do not eat pork and food containing pork and lard. During the month of Ramadan, non-Muslims should avoid eating, drinking and smoking in public places. It is possible to shake hands when greeting Muslims, but some women with deeper traditional views do not shake hands with men. Do not take pictures without permission. Do not disturb Muslims when they are praying.

taboo

Islam has a great influence on Tunisian life, fasting pork, taboo talking about the word "pig", visit masjid Do not wear backless clothes, shorts and high heels, etc., should respect the local religious customs. Most Tunisian women live in seclusion and wear the veil. Mohammedans are supposed to pray once a day at noon, afternoon, dusk and night. Every Friday afternoon, but also to the mosque held a collective "main hemp worship." During worship, they regard the months of the Islamic solar year 1, 7, 11, and December as "God-carrying months." During these four months, all strenuous activity is prohibited.

Tunisians are very hospitable, but direct mention of business before dinner is taboo. It is taboo to pass things or food with the left hand, thinking that the left hand always does dirty and cheap work, which is unclean, and the right hand is the clean and noble hand. Therefore, the right hand is polite when waiting for guests to pass items, and the left hand is very impolite and even insulting.

Taboo others inquire, ask their salary, think that it is impolite to do so.

Tunisians love gifts, but they frown on the practice of giving gifts for the first time they meet, seeing it as an attempt to bribe.

Do not use wine as a gift. Taboo number "13", that "13" is unlucky and a symbol of bad luck.

Tunisians, especially shop attendants, are particularly reluctant to hear comments such as what they are selling is "too expensive".

Tunisians do not like red stewed dishes with juice in their cooking methods; It doesn't work well with undercooked food.

etiquette

Social etiquette

When Tunisians meet foreign friends for the first time, they usually greet them by shaking hands and addressing them as Mr., Mrs., Ms. And miss. If you meet a foreign friend who is familiar with you, you should not only warmly shake hands, but also warmly embrace to show friendship, and kiss each other on the cheek three times, greeting words after words, calling each other brothers and friends. Meet the elderly or the status, the status of foreign guests, always stand respectfully, the right hand clench a fist, raised high, shake back and forth, call each other uncle, aunt or your excellency, use honorific greetings. If a guest offers his or her hand in gratitude, Tunisians will extend it and shake hands warmly.

Tunisian women generally do not take the initiative to meet foreign guests, if in a specific environment, a specific time and foreign guests encounter, they mostly nod and smile, bow to the way to welcome and respect the guests. With the progress of The Times and the opening of society, those young women who are more open-minded in Tunisia often take the initiative to greet male guests in social interaction activities, and take the initiative to extend their hands to shake hands with those men. Tunisia is the only Islamic country in the world where women are allowed to initiate divorce proceedings.

Traditional etiquette

There are some traditional and unique manners of hospitality that are still popular in all regions of Tunisia. In many parts of the south, it is popular to welcome guests by splashing water. Whenever guests visit, especially the first time to visit the guests, a family of men, women and children surrounded the guests to the river, stream, lake or pond, guests wash their face, gargle, the host personally with their hands to pour water on the guests' faces, and sometimes wet the guests' clothes, in order to show the guests welcome and respect. The guest should look very happy, or even better, ecstatic, and show repeated gratitude to the host family. In the place where the Spermead people live, guests visit, welcome into the hall, greet each other, the master then took out a white and a black two small snakes, into the guest's pocket, the white snake said welcome, the black snake said friendly. The guest should not show any fear or boredom, should fully understand the host's kindness, and happily express thanks, otherwise it may make the host unhappy or angry. In the southern desert oasis area, the guest is welcomed into the door, and after guiding the guest to a seat, the host holds out a fresh Camel milk The guest and host take turns to take the bowl and drink a few mouthfuls, and then invite people to drink 3 cups of sweetened strong tea, and then have a warm and friendly conversation, which is the highest hospitality etiquette in the local.

Dining etiquette

Tunisians are very hospitable and often serve dates, barbecues and traditional dishes National dish "Koskos" entertained guests. When hosting important foreign guests, the host often serves one or more roast whole sheep. Tunisians treat people very practical, the more guests eat, the more happy the host will be, indicating that the food they prepare is very suitable for the taste of the guests. During the meal, they have the habit of talking while eating, and the habit of washing their hands after meals, and then drinking tea and chatting. When a guest is a guest in a Tunisian home, the guest should not intentionally or unintentionally praise a certain item, nor stare at a certain thing, otherwise once the host finds it, it will be sent on the spot, and the guest does not accept it, the host will be very angry. According to Islamic rules, Tunisians avoid pork, but also taboo alcohol, many people do not smoke. ^[4]

Business etiquette

When visiting Tunisia in winter, wear a conservative style suit. Visits to government agencies and large companies must be made by appointment Arabic Or a card in French and English is best. Most Tunisian businessmen speak French or Italian. Sales posture should be low. Most business meetings take place in a few large hotels, and sometimes Tunisians invite clients to their homes for meals. ^[4]

Etiquette in public places

When meeting friends on the street, do not stand in the middle of the road to obstruct the passage of pedestrians or vehicles; Address to ask the way to use the tone of request, afterwards to the other party sincere thanks; When others ask for directions, they should be enthusiastic to point out, if they do not know, they should apologize; Pay attention to the conscious maintenance of environmental hygiene, do not spit, do not litter the peel; When crossing the road, use the crosswalk line, yield to motor vehicles and pedestrians, and pay attention to the traffic rules.

diet

Tunisian staple food is pasta, bread, flatbread and rice Well liked. The local taste is light, if there are guests at home to visit the general Roast Whole Lamb Welcome guests. Roast the whole sheep is made by filling the whole sheep with rice, almonds, pine nuts, raisins, olives, diced meat, etc. on the charcoal fire, with unique exotic characteristics. In addition, there are many local specialties, such as the Tunisian national dish Gusgusse, Mixed fish stew , Butter and ham cake , Crock mutton , Fried egg triangle And so is a rare good taste. Tunisians usually have some olives after the meal, Date palm , watermelon, banana, peach Wait for fruit and some dessert. Tunisians are not good at drinking, and local drinks are mostly fruit juice, coffee and so on.

The daily diet of Tunisians is mainly healthy Mediterranean food. It was used by Tunisians a long time ago Durum wheat Wheat, coarse grain Wheat flour And olive oil to cook food. A typical Tunisian restaurant will first serve olive food while guests look at the menu smoked Harissa chili sauce, is a kind of Red pepper and Curry paste A seasoned chili sauce used to dip bread. The first dish is often Chorba made with spices Squid soup , or Tunisian cuisine everywhere.

Tunisian specialties include: brick eggs, oat flour, Mechouia, wine (e.g Magon , California wine , Plum cordial And SidiSaad, Black Pearl, Kotiac), "COUSCOUS" (COUSCOUS), olives, dates, Bleecker. ^[5]

Events

Sheep fight Tunisia's most popular folk entertainment, which has been around for more than 1,000 years. Today, Tunisians use the competition to boost tourism and attract foreign visitors. In 1975, the National Federation of Sheep Fighting was established in Tunisia, which formulated a set of competition rules to formalize the activity.

Sahara Festival The Douz International Sahara Festival takes place every December Sahara Desert Held on the edge of the town of Douz, the opening ceremony is full of characteristics, wearing Armor The strong man, the horizontal gun immediately in front of the open road, 100 camels formed a queue followed, the last is dressed National costume A procession of women and children performing a folk dance. After the opening ceremony, unique Camel race , Camel fighting And other wonderful performances began one after another, and gradually pushed the party to a climax. At night people sit around bonfire Beside, while watching Arabic dance While enjoying the taste of roast lamb.

technology

Tunisian handicrafts are popular with foreign tourists for their exquisite craftsmanship, the combination of Arab and Mediterranean styles, and are the name card of Tunisia's tourism. However, in the past ten years, the industry has faced more and more serious survival difficulties, and some varieties have even been passed on by no one, and have faced the danger of loss. The main reasons for this dilemma are: the product sales channel is not smooth, and the main rely on the sporadic purchase of sudden tourists; Counterfeit and smuggled products flooded the market, seriously impacting the regular market products; The lack of government measures and means to protect and encourage investment has discouraged young people from engaging in handicraft manufacturing.

The Tunisian handicrafts industry has 350,000 employees, 523 enterprises and 72 formal handicrafts stores. ^[8]

Festivals

Tunisia's legal holidays are January 1 New Year's Day, January 14 revolution and Youth Day, March 20 Independence Day, April 9 Martyrs' Day, May 1 Labor Day, July 25 Republic Day, August 13 Women and Family Day, October 15 retreat Day, the above holidays are 1 day off. In addition, there are four religious holidays in Tunisia: the Islamic New Year, the birthday of Muhammad (one day each), Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha (two days each), the most important local holidays. ^[8]

Military affairs

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EDITOR

The National Army was established in 1956, and the Navy and Air Force in 1959. The President is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Since 1975, the system of compulsory military service has been implemented, and the period of service is one year. The total force is about 50,000. The army of 31,000 people, including 3 mechanized infantry brigades, 1 Saharan brigade, 1 special forces group and 8 regiments, has 405 tanks and armored vehicles of various types, 482 guns, 156 missiles (tools). The navy has 5,000 personnel and 40 ships of various types. The Air Force has 4,500 personnel, more than 70 military aircraft of various types and 80 helicopters. There are about 40,000 national Guard troops. The military equipment mainly comes from France, the United States and Italy. ^[1]

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

Tunisia's domestic road network is relatively developed, which can cover the whole country. There are 360 kilometers of expressways and 12,700 kilometers of paved roads, including 3,938 kilometers of national roads, 5,117 kilometers of provincial roads and 2,453 kilometers of local roads. Tunisia is connected to neighboring countries such as Libya and Algeria by common roads. Land transport currently accounts for 50% of Tunisia's freight and 90% of its passenger traffic. ^[8]

Tunisia's highways and national roads connect major cities and tourist attractions, with road signs in Arabic and French. Keep to the right. Local people drive fast, such as self-driving out, should abide by the local traffic rules, careful driving. ^[9]

railway

Tunisian rail transport is operated by the Tunisian National Railway Company (SNCFT), which is only responsible for the transport of passengers and goods in the country, and cannot connect to other countries. There are 23 railway lines, with a total length of 2,165 kilometers (of which 1,686 kilometers are narrow-gauge railways with a gauge of 1 meter, and the rest are railway with a gauge of 1.44 meters), 246 passenger trains and 70 freight trains. The maximum speed is 130 km/h on the meter rail and 140 km/h on the standard rail. It can transport 11 million tons of cargo and 38.8 million passengers annually. The capital is equipped with trams, lines through the city's many attractions, travel is more convenient, the fare is also very low. ^[8]

Air freight

All of Tunisia There are two national airlines, mainly Tunis Air. It is accessible to about 44 cities at home and abroad. It carries about 14 million passengers a year. There are nine international airports in the country: Tunis Carthage International Airport, Gilbadina International Airport, Monasticanes International Airport, Djerbazartzis International Airport, Sfaxtina International Airport, Duselle Nefta International Airport, Tabaka 11.7 International Airport, Gabes Marmata International Airport and Gafsa Qasr International Airport. ^[1] ^[16]

Tunisia has an average of more than 2,000 flights a week to more than 50 foreign cities in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and other regions, with an annual passenger capacity of 13.55 million. There are no direct flights from China to Tunisia. General routes are Air France via Paris, Emirates via Dubai, Qatar Airways via Doha, or Turkish Airlines via Istanbul. ^[8]

Water transport

Tunisia has 30 ports, of which 8 are large commercial ports (including an oil transshipment port) : Bizerta, Hardis, Goulet, Sousse, Sfax, Gabes, Djergis and Sheja oil ports, carrying more than 10,000 vessels, and the main passenger ports can be connected to various countries around the Mediterranean. It is currently planning the expansion of Port Hardyis and the Anfida deepwater Port project. ^[8]

society

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EDITOR

education

Tunisia The basic compulsory free education system (up to the age of 16) has been implemented, and from the 1989/1990 school year, the previous six years of primary school and three years of junior high school have been combined into nine years of basic education. Nearly a quarter of the country's population attends schools at all levels. The primary school enrolment rate is 99 per cent and the university enrolment rate is 31.7 per cent. The illiteracy rate was 18.8 percent in 2014, down 4.5 percent from 10 years earlier. In 2005, there were 5,821 primary and secondary schools with 2.267 million students. There are 178 colleges and universities with 366,000 students, including 16 universities: Zaydun University (Islamic institution of higher Learning), Tunis University, Tunis Manar University, Carthage University, Manouba University, Central University, Sfax University of the South and so on. ^[21]

medium

The main newspapers are: Baath, Hurriyet and La Stampa. Major weekly magazines include Reality.

Tunisia African News Agency (AgenceTunisAfriquePresse) : Tunisian News agency, founded in January 1961, is the national news agency. There are more than 550 journalists and editors. There are permanent correspondents in Paris, Bonn, New York, Brussels, Algiers, Rabat, Cairo, Kuwait, Dakar and other places.

The Tunisian Radio and Television Administration, established in 1990, is state-owned and manages the national radio and television work, including the Office of the President, the General Office, the General Television Bureau and the General Broadcasting Bureau. The Tunisian National Radio was first broadcast in 1936 and now has three national channels broadcasting abroad and one national channel broadcasting in Avin 24 hours a day; One is an international channel, broadcasting 18 hours a day in French, German, Italian, English and Spanish; There is also a youth channel, which was launched in November 1995. There are also five local stations. Tunisian National Television began broadcasting on 1 June 1966, and is now divided into one (Arabic) and two (French) stations, as well as Tunis 7 and Tunis Youth. Direct broadcast of Italian national television and French commercial television. In 1991, a cable television station began to broadcast French cable television programs. ^[20]

Medical treatment

Tunisia's medical and health services have developed well, and a national medical and health service network has been basically established. Tunisia's national health service network is relatively complete, and the level of health care is among the best in Africa and Arab countries. There are public and private hospitals, as well as a large number of private clinics. Public hospitals generally charge 15 dinars (about 50 yuan) per consultation, private clinics charge a higher fee, usually 50 dinars, patients with a doctor's prescription to the pharmacy to buy drugs. About 42% to 45% of Tunisian medicines are domestic, and the rest are imported, most of them from European countries.

The Tunisian national health system has 118,700 medical personnel and workers of all types (2017), of which 28,700 are nurses. There is an average of one doctor for every 768 people (2017), one dentist for every 3,270 people (2015), one pharmacist for every 4,373 people (2016) and one nurse for every 330 people. Medical facilities are divided into public hospitals, private hospitals and individual clinics, mainly public hospitals, a total of 176, with 17,269 beds, private hospitals have 1,800 beds, and 1050 health stations. In 2017, there were 2,333 public medical establishments, 8,237 private medical establishments and 2,037 pharmacies.

The medical security system is divided into compulsory base system and non-compulsory supplementary system. Under the compulsory basis system, Tunisians are required to pay health insurance to the National Health Insurance Fund at 6.75 per cent of their salary (4 per cent for the employer and 2.75 per cent for the employee) and to retirees at 4 per cent of their pension. The non-mandatory supplementary system mainly covers the cost of medical services not covered by the compulsory base system and the part of the cost that needs to be taken care of. In Tunisia, 74 per cent of the population is covered by health insurance and 8 per cent have a free medical certificate. ^[8]

Tunisia has no high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, the infection rate of AIDS is less than 0.1%, common diseases are: hepatitis, upper respiratory tract infection, heart disease, hypertension, kidney stones, gallstones, rheumatism, ringworm of hands and feet, cataracts and so on. ^[9]

Public security

The 2011 Tunisian uprising The Jasmine Revolution From 2015 to 2016, the capital city of Tunis, the most important tourist city of Sous and the southern city of Bengaldan have four serious terrorist attacks, which have brought a huge impact on Tunis economy and society. In November 2015, President Essebsi declared a three-month state of emergency, which has since been extended several times. Since 2016, the security situation in Tunisia has improved on the whole, but sporadic terrorist attacks still occur. From 2018 to 2020, small-scale terrorist attacks occurred in the center of Tunis, the city of Souss and the border area between Tunisia and Algeria, causing casualties of military, police and civilians. The number of sudden major criminal crimes is small, but the number of general public security cases has increased in recent years.

Chinese citizens in Tunisia should pay attention to the recent security situation in Tunisia, pay attention to the website of the Foreign Ministry's Consular Service and the relevant security alerts of the Chinese Embassy in Tunisia, and make reasonable arrangements for their travel. Travel to the western border and southern desert areas with extra caution.

Please try to choose a regular travel agency, please choose a hotel with better security conditions after arriving. Keep travel documents properly and keep copies, avoid carrying large amounts of cash or valuables, and keep documents, cash and valuables as separate as possible. Try to ignore strangers when they chat you up. Be aware of your surroundings when taking pictures or using your phone.

Please avoid going to crowded places or going out alone at night. When taking public transport, please avoid sitting alone in empty carriages or getting off or waiting at remote bus stops, and pay attention to preventing pickpocketing in crowded carriages. Please take a regular taxi.

In case of an accident, call the police as soon as possible and contact the embassy. ^[9]

communication

Since April 2016, Tunisia's three major telecom operators have officially launched 4G technology. In recent years, the number of landline subscribers in Tunisia has grown to more than 2.95 million and the number of mobile phone subscribers to more than 14.86 million. Since 2010, there has been a certain development of the Tunisian e-commerce transaction website, with an annual increase of 4%. At present, the total number of online transactions is about 300,000 a year. The relevant government departments are considering the enactment of relevant laws to regulate e-commerce activities in Tunisia, encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to participate in e-commerce business, and improve the trust of ordinary consumers in e-commerce.

Tunisia has a complete range of postal services, the main types of mail, remittance, payment fees, postal savings, online payment and other services. In 2018, the company sent and received more than 88 million ordinary mails and 240,000 postal parcels, handled more than 1.7 million online payments, and had nearly 4 million depositors. The country has 1,028 post offices, 62 sorting centers, 36 express delivery points and 29 postal parcel business halls. ^[8]

Tunisian mobile phones use GSM, WCDMA, FDD-LTE standard, from China to bring the above standard mobile phones need to open international roaming service, you can also buy a local SIM card to recharge after use, moderate phone charges, can use 4G network. Long-term residents can apply to install ADSL network. Wireless Internet access is generally available in high-end hotel rooms. Tunisia uses European standard power plug, it is recommended to bring your own power adapter plug. The voltage is 220V. ^[9]

electricity

Tunisia has sufficient electricity to basically meet the needs of domestic industry and agriculture. There are 18 power stations in the country, mainly thermal power stations, combined cycle power stations and gas turbine power stations. By the end of 2018, Tunisia had a total installed capacity of 50,76MW and an annual electricity generation of 19,209GWh. The national electrification rate is 99.5 per cent and the rural area is 99.5 per cent. ^[8]

Social security

Since the 1970s, Tunisia has implemented a social welfare policy of price subsidies for basic foodstuffs. After the 1990s, the government began to narrow the scope of subsidies, reduce the cost of subsidies, and raise the price of basic foodstuffs in stages, while taking measures to protect the purchasing power of poor households and low-wage earners. Tunisia has a high social health insurance coverage; Foreign residents, non-residents and tourists are not covered by the medical insurance system (except where there is an agreement between the two countries). Foreigners can take out medical insurance with Tunisian commercial insurance companies. ^[9]

The Tunisian social insurance premium is 24.32% of an individual's salary, of which 15.5% is paid by enterprises and 8.32% by individuals. ^[8]

payroll

As of 1 May 2019, the minimum wage in Tunisia (SMIG) has been increased to: the minimum wage for an occupation working 48 hours per week has been increased to 403.104 Tunisian dinars per month / 1.984 Tunisian dinars per hour; The minimum wage for all occupations working 40 hours was raised to 343.892 dinars per month / 1.938 Tunisian dinars per hour. Social insurance premium: Social insurance premium is 24.32% of individual salary, of which 15.5% is borne by enterprises and 8.32% by individuals. ^[8]

Labour force

Tunisia has high unemployment. In the fourth quarter of 2019, the unemployment rate in Tunisia was 14.9%, of which 12.1% for men and 21.7% for women; The unemployment rate for highly educated people is 27.8 per cent, 15.7 per cent for men and 38.1 per cent for women.

In order to improve the employment situation, the Tunisian government has introduced policies to encourage entrepreneurship and employment, including increasing practical skills training, building a talent platform for employers, and providing funding and technical support for young entrepreneurs. Tunisia has a well-educated, highly skilled workforce with low wages. There are 210 public vocational training institutions and 134 private training institutions, covering 336 specialties and training 93,000 trainees. ^[8]

diplomacy

broadcast

EDITOR

Foreign policy

Tunisia pursues a moderate, pragmatic and balanced foreign policy. China's diplomacy serves economic development and elevates its international standing, and is committed to pluralistic diplomacy. We will focus on developing relations with the European Union, especially France, strengthen economic cooperation with Arab countries, support the building of the Maghreb Union and the Mediterranean Union, and at the same time strive to improve relations with Asian countries, especially China, Japan and the ROK. Currently, Tunisia has established diplomatic relations with 144 countries in the world. ^[1] ^[24]

Attitude towards major international issues

With regard to the international situation: Tunisia believes that the political and economic situation in the world today presents new opportunities and challenges for all countries. Regional conflicts, hunger, poverty and other problems still exist, and the negative impact of the international financial crisis has not been completely eliminated. The international community should make joint efforts and shoulder responsibilities to promote sustainable development and the formation of the values of cooperation, tolerance, solidarity and mutual assistance, and promote the common development of all countries in the world.

On the reform of the Security Council: Tunisia supports the reform of United Nations organs, including the Security Council, to improve its efficiency. The reform should be comprehensive and long-term, focusing on development issues and the representation of developing countries. The reform should be carried out in stages and steps, and the reform should not lead to division of the member states. Tunisia upholds the common position of the African Union and supports the reasonable representation of the Arab League in the Security Council.

On the question of the Middle East: Tunisia supports the Palestinian people in their struggle to regain their legitimate rights and establish an independent State. We call on influential countries in the world and all parties to the Middle East issue to make joint efforts to restart the peace process and end the suffering of the Palestinian people at an early date. Tunisia agrees with Palestine to achieve internal reconciliation and supports Palestine's efforts to join the United Nations. Tunisia expresses its deep concern over the initiative announced by the United States Government to resolve the Palestinian issue. He stressed that relevant UN resolutions should be respected and the historical status of East Jerusalem should not be shaken.

With regard to the instability in the Arab countries: Tunisia believes that the instability in some Arab countries is the result of problems that have accumulated over the years. Over the past two decades and more, Afghanistan has failed to advance its social and economic development in accordance with the changing situation, and some social groups and regions have been neglected and conflicts have intensified, leading to turbulence. It is hoped that the situation in Arab countries will be stabilized as soon as possible and a new generation of leaders will emerge. West Asia and North Africa need to change, and the relationship between governments, regimes and people in all countries needs to be adjusted. ^[1]

External relations

Relations with China

China and Tunisia enjoy traditional friendship. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties in January 1964, the friendly relations between the two countries have developed in a long-term, healthy and stable manner with constant political exchanges.

China and Tunisia have maintained exchanges and cooperation in such fields as economy, trade, military affairs, political parties, culture, education, health, news and agriculture. In 2023, the total trade volume between China and Tunisia was 2.27 billion US dollars, up 7.12% year-on-year. Among them, China's exports were 2.024 billion US dollars, up 8.59% year on year, and imports were 245 million US dollars, down 3.65% year on year. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the Chinese government, provincial and municipal governments, non-governmental organizations and enterprises have actively provided the Tunisian side with batches of medical supplies, including masks, protective suits, eye masks, medical gloves, testing reagents and COVID-19 vaccines, and shared experience with the Tunisian side through video conferences of health experts. Tunisia attaches great importance to COVID-19 vaccine cooperation with China and procured COVID-19 vaccines from Sinovac. China has provided Tunisia with several batches of COVID-19 vaccines. ^[25] On April 19, 2024, a reception celebrating the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Tunisia was held in Beijing. ^[23] In May 2024, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tunisia established a strategic partnership. ^[26]

Relations with France

Tunisia has a deep relationship with France and close economic cooperation. France ranks first in Tunisia's foreign trade and foreign investment, and is also the main source of tourists for Tunisia's tourism industry. Tunisia is the largest per capita recipient of French foreign aid, with France providing about 100 million euros in aid loans to Tunisia every year. France is one of the main sources of military equipment for Tunisia, training nearly 100 mid-level officers for Tunisia every year, and the two countries regularly hold joint military exercises. In January 2014, French President Francois Hollande went to Tunisia to attend the promulgation ceremony of the new constitution. In the same month, Tunisian Foreign Minister Hamidi visited France. In April, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius visited Tunisia. In the same month, Tunisian Prime Minister Juma visited France. In September, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls and Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius attended the "International Conference on Economic Support and Investment" in Tunisia. In March 2015, President Hollande attended an anti-terrorism march in Tunisia. In April, President Beji Essebsi paid a state visit to France. In November, after the terrorist attacks in Paris, President Essebsi went to France to meet with President Hollande and strongly condemned the terrorist attacks. In January 2016, Prime Minister Suide visited France. In February 2016, the President of the French National Assembly visited Tunisia; In July, President Essebsi sent a message of condolences to French President Francois Hollande over the terrorist attack in Nice, France. In October, Prime Minister Shahaid visited France. In November, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls attended the International Conference on Economic Support and Investment in Tunisia. In April 2017, French Prime Minister Bernard Cazeneuve and Defense Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian visited Tunisia one after another. In June, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian visited Tunisia. In December, President Essebsi visited France. In January 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron visited Tunisia. In October, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian visited Tunisia. In November, President Essebsi went to France to attend the 100th anniversary of the end of the First World War. In February 2019, Prime Minister Shahaid visited France. In November, Prime Minister Shahaid, as the Special Envoy of President Saeed, went to France to attend the Paris International Peace Forum and met with French President Emmanuel Macron and Prime Minister Philippe respectively. In March and June 2020, President Said had two phone conversations with French President Emmanuel Macron. In June, President Said paid a working visit to France. In December, Prime Minister Meshi paid a working visit to France. ‎ In March 2021, President Saeed had a telephone conversation with French President Emmanuel Macron. In April, Foreign Minister Jerandi had a telephone conversation with French Foreign Minister Jean-Yvonne Le Drian. In May, President Said was invited to France to attend the African Economies Financing Summit, during which he met with French President Emmanuel Macron. ‎‎ In June, French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Castey visited Tunisia. In October, President Said had a phone conversation with French President Emmanuel Macron. In November, Prime Minister Najera attended the Fourth Paris Peace Forum in France, where she met with French President Emmanuel Macron. ‎ In January 2022, President Saeed had a telephone conversation with French President Emmanuel Macron. In February, President Saeed met with French President Emmanuel Macron on the sidelines of the sixth EU-AU Summit in Brussels. In the same month, Prime Minister Najera attended the "One Ocean" Summit in France. In March, Foreign Minister Jerandi paid a working visit to France. In April, French President's Special envoy Kepe visited Tunisia. In May, President Said spoke with French President Emmanuel Macron to congratulate him on his re-election. In August, President Said had a phone conversation with French President Emmanuel Macron. In November, French President Emmanuel Macron attended the 18th summit of the Organization of La Francophonie in Tunisia. In May 2023, Tunisian Foreign Minister Amar visited France. In June, President Said spoke by phone with French President Emmanuel Macron. In February 2024, Prime Minister Hasani visited France. ^[1] ^[24]

Relations with the United States

Tunisia and the United States have close relations. The United States attaches more importance to Tunisia's role in the stability of the Maghreb region. In January 2014, US Deputy Secretary of State William Burns visited Tunisia. In the same month, US Secretary of State John Kerry visited Tunisia. In April, Tunisian Prime Minister Juma visited the United States. In May, Ghaffar, President of the Tunisian Constituent Assembly, visited the United States. In the same month, Tunisia and the United States held the 28th meeting of the Joint Military Commission. In August, Tunisian President Marzouki went to the US to attend the first US-Africa Summit. In May 2015, President Essebsi paid an official visit to the United States. In November, US Secretary of State John Kerry visited Tunisia. In September 2016, Tunisian President Beji Essebsi attended the second US-Africa Trade Forum in New York, the United States. In March 2017, Foreign Minister Zhu Hainawi visited the United States. In July, Prime Minister Shahaid visited the United States; In November, US Deputy Secretary of State Sullivan visited Tunisia. In July 2018, Foreign Minister Zhu Henawi visited the United States. In May 2019, Tunisian Defense Minister Jebedi visited the United States. In July, Foreign Minister Zhu Hainawi visited the United States and co-chaired the third Tunisian Strategic Dialogue with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. In July 2020, Tunisian Foreign Minister Rai had a phone conversation with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. In August, President Saeed had a phone conversation with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. In September, President Saeed met with the visiting commander of the US Africa Command, General Townsend. In the same month, US Secretary of Defense Esper visited Tunisia. ‎ In January 2021, President Saeed sent a congratulatory letter to new US President Joe Biden. In May, President Saeed spoke by telephone with Vice President Harris of the United States. In June, Prime Minister Mehihi held a video meeting with U.S. UnderSecretary of State Sherman. In July, President Saeed had a telephone conversation with U.S. Secretary of State Blinken. In the same month, President Saeed had a telephone conversation with the US National Security Advisor Sullivan. On September 9‎, Foreign Minister Jerandi met with US Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Victoria Nuland in New York. In November, President Saeed spoke by telephone with U.S. Secretary of State Blinken. ‎ In March 2022, US Under Secretary of State Zeya visited Tunisia. In August, a US congressional delegation visited Tunisia. In December, President Saeed traveled to the United States to attend the second U.S.-Africa Summit. In March 2023, Leaf, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, visited Tunisia. ^[1] ^[24]

Relations with EU countries

The EU is Tunisia's largest trading partner and investor. Tunisia's trade with the EU accounts for 80% of its total foreign trade. In July 1995, Tunisia and the EU officially signed the "Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement" and launched the Tunisian European Free Trade Area in 2008, becoming the first country on the southern coast of the Mediterranean to sign an agreement and start the construction of a free trade area. In November 2012, it was granted priority status by the European Union. In January 2014, European Council President Herman Van Rompuy and Italian President of Parliament attended the promulgation ceremony of Tunisia's new constitution. In the same month, the President of the Tunisian Constituent Assembly, Jaafar, visited the European Parliament. In February, Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi visited Tunisia. In April, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier visited Tunisia. In June, Tunisian Prime Minister Juma visited Germany. In July, Luxembourg Minister of Foreign Affairs Asselborn and Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Margallo visited Tunisia. In April 2015, President of the European Council Donald Tusk visited Tunisia. The same month, German President Joachim Gauck paid a state visit to Tunisia. In May, Italian President Sergio Matrella visited Tunisia. In the same month, Premier Suide visited the EU headquarters; In November, President Essebsi visited Sweden and Prime Minister Suide visited Germany. In March, Premier Suide visited the Netherlands and Luxembourg. In December, President Essebsi visited Belgium and the EU headquarters. In the same month, the prime ministers of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg jointly visited Tunisia. In February 2017, President Essebsi visited Italy and Prime Minister Shahaid visited Germany. In March, German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited Tunisia. In April, Spanish Foreign Minister Dasttis, Finnish Foreign Minister Soini and Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Economic Affairs Ciarto visited Tunisia. In May, British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson visited Tunisia. In November, Portuguese Prime Minister Costa and Italian Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni visited Tunisia. In January 2018, Italian Foreign Minister Alfano visited Tunisia. In February, Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, Portuguese President of Parliament Jose Rodriguez and Luxembourg Foreign Minister Asselborn visited Tunisia. In April, Romanian Foreign Minister Melescanu visited Tunisia. In the same month, Prime Minister Shahaid visited Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg; In June, President Nasser visited Greece; Foreign Minister al-Juhenawi visited Italy; In October, Foreign Minister al-Juhenawi visited Germany. In the same month, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker visited Tunisia. In November, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte visited Tunisia. In January 2019, Foreign Minister Zhu Hainawi visited Spain. In the same month, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Economic Affairs of Hungary Szyjardo visited Tunisia. In February, President Essebsi visited Malta and Foreign Minister Johanawi visited Switzerland. In November, Shah visited Italy as the special envoy of President Saeed and met with Italian President Sergio Mattarella. In March 2020, President Said had telephone conversations with King Felipe VI of Spain and President Sergio Mattarella of Italy. In April, President Said had telephone conversations with German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Portuguese President Alessandra de Sousa and King Philippe of Belgium. In June, Greek Foreign Minister Dendias visited Tunisia. In August, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Di Maio visited Tunisia. ‎ In March 2021, Prime Minister Meshi had a phone conversation with new Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi. In the same month, Foreign Minister Jerandi paid a working visit to Italy. In April, Foreign Minister Jerandi paid a working visit to Spain. In the same month, Foreign Minister Jerandi had a telephone conversation with Belgian Foreign Minister Vermes. In May, President Said had a telephone conversation with German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier. In the same month, Prime Minister Meshi visited Portugal. In June, President Saeed visited Belgium and participated in the second Tunisian-EU Summit. In the same month, President Said visited Italy. In July, President Said had a telephone conversation with Italian President Sergio Mattarella. In September, President Saeed had a telephone conversation with German Chancellor Angela Merkel. In the same month, Greek Foreign Minister Dendias visited Tunisia. In December, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Commerce of Hungary Szyjardo visited Tunisia. In the same month, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Di Maio visited Tunisia. ‎ In February 2022, President Saeed met with Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez on the sidelines of the sixth EU-AU Summit in Brussels. In March, Italian Defense Minister Lorenzo visited Tunisia. In June, President Said had a telephone conversation with German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier. In November, Belgian Prime Minister Jean-Bertrand de Croeaux attended the 18th Summit of the Organization of La Francophonie in Tunisia. In January 2023, Italian Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Tajani visited Tunisia. In April, Tunisian Foreign Minister Amar visited Italy. In July, during his visit to Italy for the International Conference on Migration and Development, President Saeed met with Italian President Sergio Mattarella and agreed to hold talks with Prime Minister Meloni. In October, Italian Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Giorgio Tajani visited Tunisia. In January 2024, President Saeed met with Italian Prime Minister Meloni on the sidelines of the Italian-Africa Summit in Rome. ^[24]

On July 16, 2023 local time, Tunisian President Mohamed Said, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, Italian Prime Minister Meloni and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte jointly attended the signing ceremony of the Memorandum of Understanding on the comprehensive strategic partnership between Tunisia and the European Union. ^[15]

Relations with the Maghreb countries

Tunisia actively promotes the building of the Maghreb Union and attaches great importance to good-neighborliness and friendship in order to safeguard the security of its neighborhood. Tunisia has frequent high-level visits with other countries in the region, and a high-level mixed committee has been established. In January 2014, Tunisian Prime Minister Juma visited Algeria. In the same month, President Aziz of Mauritania attended the promulgation ceremony of the new constitution of Mauritania. In the same month, Algerian Prime Minister Salal visited Tunisia and co-chaired the high-level mixed Committee with his Tunisian counterpart Juma. In the same month, Tunisian Prime Minister Juma visited Morocco. In May, Tunisian Prime Minister Juma visited Algeria. In the same month, King Mohammed VI of Morocco visited Tunisia. In September, Algerian Prime Minister Salal and Moroccan Head of Government Bankiran attended the International Conference on Economic Support and Investment in Tunisia. In February 2015, President Essebsi paid an official visit to Algeria. In April, President Essebsi met with Prime Minister Sani of Libya's interim government. In May, Prime Minister Suide visited Algeria. In May 2016, Prime Minister Suide visited Libya; In October, Prime Minister Shahaid visited Algeria. In November, Algerian Prime Minister Salal attended the International Conference on Economic Support and Investment in Tunisia. In December, President Essebsi visited Algeria. In February 2017, Chairman Suwehri of the Supreme Council of State of the Libyan Government of National Unity visited Tunisia. In March, Foreign Minister Ahmed al-Juhenawi visited Algeria and Algerian Prime Minister Salal visited Tunisia. In June, Prime Minister Shahaid visited Morocco. In July, Secretary-General of the Arab Maghreb Union Barkoush visited Tunisia. In August, Prime Minister Sarraj of the Libyan National Unity Government visited Tunisia. In March 2018, Speaker of the Moroccan House of Representatives Marki visited Tunisia. In May, President Essebsi attended the International Conference on Libya held in France. Foreign Minister Al-Juhenawi attended the meeting of Foreign Ministers of Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt in Algeria to discuss the peace process in Libya. In the same month, Moroccan Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Burida visited Tunisia. In June, Foreign Minister al-Juhenawi visited Libya. In July, Foreign Minister Al-Juhenawi attended the 31st AU Summit in Mauritania. In November, President Essebsi attended the International Conference on Libya held in Italy. Prime Minister Shahaid visits Mauritania. In November 2019, Prime Minister Shahaid visited Algeria and met with Interim President Abdelaziz bin Salah on behalf of President Saeed. In May and December, Prime Minister Sarraj of the Libyan Government of National Unity visited Tunisia. In February 2020, President Saeed paid a state visit to Algeria. In March, President Said had telephone conversations with President Ghazwani of Mauritania and King Mohammed VI of Morocco. In April, President Saeed had a telephone conversation with Prime Minister of the Libyan Government of National Unity al-Sarraj. In May, President Said had telephone conversations with Algerian President Tebon and Mauritanian President Ghazwani respectively. In June, President Said had a telephone conversation with King Mohammed VI of Morocco, and in the same month, the Special Envoy of the King of Morocco and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Burida visited Tunisia. In July, Algerian President's Special Envoy and Foreign Minister Boukadoum visited Tunisia. In December, President Said had a phone conversation with Algerian President Abdelaziz Tebon. In February 2021, President Saeed spoke on the phone with Manfi, the newly elected chairman of Libya's Presidential Council. In July, President Said had telephone conversations with Mauritanian President Ghazwani and Algerian President Tebon respectively. In the same month, Algerian Foreign Minister Ramallah visited Tunisia as the Special envoy of the President, Moroccan Foreign Minister Burida visited Tunisia as the Special envoy of the King, and Vice Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council Rafi visited Tunisia. ‎ In February 2021, President Saeed had a telephone conversation with the newly elected chairman of Libya's Presidential Council, Ahmed Manfi. In the same month, Foreign Minister Jerandi had a telephone conversation with Algerian Foreign Minister Boukadoum. In March, President Saeed spoke by telephone with Prime Minister-designate of the Libyan Government of National Unity, Debaiba, to congratulate his government on passing the vote of confidence of the Libyan National Congress. In the same month, President Saeed visited Libya. In April, ‎ Algerian Foreign Minister Boukadoum visited Tunisia. In the same month, Foreign Minister Ahmed of Mauritania visited Tunisia. In the same month, Libyan Foreign Minister Ahmed Mangoush visited Tunisia. In May, Prime Minister Mehi visited Libya. In July, President Said had telephone conversations with President Ghazouwani of Mauritania and President Tebon of Algeria respectively. In the same month, Algerian Foreign Minister Ramallah visited Tunisia as the Special envoy of the President, Moroccan Foreign Minister Burida visited Tunisia as the Special envoy of the King, and Vice Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council Rafi visited Tunisia. In August, Algerian Foreign Minister Ramallah visited Tunisia. In September, Libyan Prime Minister Debaiba visited Tunisia. In October, President Said had a phone conversation with Algerian President Abdelaziz Tebon. In the same month, Prime Minister Najerah had a telephone conversation with Algerian Prime Minister Abdurrahman. In November, President Said had a phone conversation with Algerian President Abdelaziz Tebon. In the same month, Prime Minister Najera visited Algeria. In December, Algerian Prime Minister Abdurrahman visited Tunisia. In the same month, Algerian President Abdelaziz Tebon paid a state visit to Tunisia. ‎ In January 2022, President Mohamed Saeed had a telephone conversation with Mauritanian President Mohamed Ghazwani. In the same month, Foreign Minister Jerandi had a telephone conversation with Moroccan Foreign Minister Burida. In April, President Said had a phone conversation with Algerian President Abdelaziz Tebon. In May, President Said had a telephone conversation with Prime Minister Debaiba of the Libyan Government of National Unity. In June, Algerian Foreign Minister Ramallah visited Tunisia. In the same month, Libyan Foreign Minister Ahmed Mangoush visited Tunisia. In July, President Saeed paid a working visit to Algeria. In the same month, President Said had a telephone conversation with Algerian President Abdelaziz Tebon. In August, Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council Ahmed Manfi, Foreign Minister Ramallah of Algeria and Foreign Minister Marzouk of Mauritania attended the 8th Tokyo International Conference on African Development Summit held in Tunisia. In the same month, Morocco recalled its ambassador to Tunisia because the Tunisian side invited the leader of the "Western Sahara Party" Boutros-Ghali to attend the 8th Tokyo International Conference on African Development Summit, and the Tunisian side subsequently recalled its ambassador to Morocco. In November, Prime Minister Najera paid a working visit to Algeria. In the same month, Prime Minister Debaiba of the Libyan Government of National Unity visited Tunisia. In February 2023, President Said had a telephone conversation with Algerian President Tebon. In September, President Saeed sent a message of condolences to Manfi, chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council, on the Libyan hurricane disaster. In October, Tunisian Prime Minister Hasani visited Algeria. In the same month, Tunisian Parliament Speaker Abdel Boudbala visited Algeria. In January 2024, Mauritania's Special Envoy for President and Foreign Minister Marzouk visited the country. In February, the Special Envoy of the Algerian President and Foreign Minister Abdelaziz Attaf visited Tunisia. In March, on the sidelines of the 7th Summit of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum in Algiers, President Said held a trilateral meeting with Algerian President Abdelaziz Tebon and Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council Abdelaziz Manfi. ^[24]

Relations with other Arab States

Tunisia adheres to the principles of mutual respect for state sovereignty, non-interference in internal affairs, good-neighborly friendship and settlement of differences among Arab states through negotiations, and develops friendly relations with all Arab states. Tunisia supports the just cause of the Palestinian people to recover the occupied territories and establish a state with Jerusalem as its capital, and the PLO Political Department is still based in Tunisia. Tunisia sympathizes with the suffering of the Iraqi people due to the sanctions and has provided part of its humanitarian assistance to Iraq. In March 2014, Prime Minister Juma visited the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait. In May, Tunisian Foreign Minister Hamidi attended the Doha Middle East Economic Vision Conference in Doha. In March 2015, President Essebsi attended the 26th Arab League Summit in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. In May, President Abbas of the Palestinian National Authority visited Tunisia. In September, Egyptian Prime Minister Maharab visited Tunisia. In October, President Essebsi visited Egypt and Jordan. In November, Prime Minister Suide visited Jordan and Qatar. In the same month, President Essebsi visited Saudi Arabia. In November 2016, the Emir of Qatar Tamim attended the International Conference on Economic Support and Investment in Tunisia. In January 2017, Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry visited Tunisia. In February, Yemeni Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Mahrafi visited Tunisia. In March, Prime Minister Shahaid visited Sudan and Foreign Minister Al-Juhenawi visited Algeria and Iraq. In May, President Essebsi attended the Arab-Islamic-American Summit in Saudi Arabia, and Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir visited Tunisia. In July, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas visited Tunisia. In November, Prime Minister Shahaid visited Egypt. In April 2018, President Essebsi attended the 29th Arab League Summit in Saudi Arabia. In May, Foreign Minister Al-Juhainawi and Finance Minister Sheikh Shagum led delegations to Saudi Arabia. In September, Foreign Minister Al-Juhenawi attended the ministerial meeting of the Council of the Arab League in Egypt. In November, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed visited Tunisia. In January 2019, Foreign Minister Al-Juhainawi visited Egypt and Kuwait as Special Envoy of President Essebsi. In the same month, President Essebsi's Personal Representative Adviser Shabi and President's Special Political Adviser Suide visited Jordan and Oman as special envoys. In February, President Essebsi attended the first Arab LeAgue-EU Summit in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. King Abdullah II of Jordan paid a state visit to Tunisia. In the same month, Kuwaiti Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister Hamad visited Tunisia. In March, the 30th meeting of the Heads of State Council of the League of Arab States was held in Tunis, attended by 13 Arab heads of state or government and Secretary General of the League Ahmed Aboul Gheit. In the same month, King Salman of Saudi Arabia paid a state visit to Tunisia. In the same month, Qatari Prime Minister and Interior Minister Abdullah Abdullah led a delegation to visit Tunisia. In May, President Essebsi attended an extraordinary summit of the Arab League in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. In September, Foreign Minister al-Juhenawi visited Jordan. In the same month, Iraqi Foreign Minister Hakim visited Tunisia. In November, the Special envoy of the President of Comoros Elias visited Tunisia. In February 2020, the Emir of Qatar Tamim paid a state visit to Tunisia. In the same month, President Saeed spoke by telephone with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. In March, President Said had telephone conversations with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and Jordanian King Abdullah II. In April, President Saeed spoke by phone with King Salman of Saudi Arabia, Crown Prince Mohammed of ABU Dhabi of the United Arab Emirates and Emir Tamim of Qatar. In the same month, Prime Minister Fahfah spoke by telephone with Palestinian Prime Minister Ashtiyeh. In May, President Said had a telephone conversation with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. In July, President Saeed met with visiting Saudi Foreign Minister Saud al-Faisal. In August, President Saeed sent a message of condolences to the Lebanese President over the bombing in Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. In September, President Saeed expressed his condolences over the death of Kuwaiti Emir al-Sabah. In November, President Saeed visited Qatar to meet with Qatari Emir Tamim. ‎ In February 2021, Foreign Minister Jerandi had telephone conversations with Kuwaiti Foreign Minister Sabah al-Sabah and Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry respectively. In March, ‎ President Saeed had a phone conversation with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. In the same month, Prime Minister Mehi spoke by telephone with Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz al-Saud. In April, President Saeed paid a state visit to Egypt. In the same month, Egyptian President's Special envoy and Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry visited Tunisia. ‎ In the same month, President Saeed had a telephone conversation with King Abdullah II of Jordan. In the same month, Prime Minister al-Mehi had a telephone conversation with Qatari Prime Minister and Minister of Interior Khalid. In the same month, Foreign Minister Jerandi spoke by telephone with Somali Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Awad. In May, ‎ President Saeed had a phone conversation with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. In the same month, Manfi, chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council, visited Tunisia. In the same month, ‎ Prime Minister al-Mehi visited Qatar. In July, President Saeed had telephone conversations with Emir Tamim of Qatar, Emir Nawaf of Kuwait, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi of Egypt, President Mahmoud Abbas of Palestine, Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council Ahmed Manfi, ‎ King Abdullah II of Jordan and Crown Prince Mohammed of ABU Dhabi of the United Arab Emirates. In the same month, Saudi Foreign Minister Saud al-Faisal visited Tunisia. In August, Special Envoy of the President of Egypt and Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry, Special envoy of the President of the United Arab Emirates and foreign Affairs adviser Khalid al-Karsh, Foreign Minister of Bahrain al-Zayani and Saudi Arabia's State Secretary for African Affairs Al-Katan visited Tunisia respectively. In the same month, President Saeed spoke by phone with King Salman of Saudi Arabia. ‎‎ In October, President Saeed had telephone conversations with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and Qatari Emir Tamim. In the same month, Prime Minister Najerah attended the first meeting of the Green Middle East Initiative in Saudi Arabia. In the same month, Prime Minister Najera had a phone conversation with Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed Madbouly. In the same month, ‎ Kuwaiti Minister of Foreign Affairs and State Minister for Cabinet Affairs Ahmed visited Tunisia. In December, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas visited Tunisia. ‎ In January 2022, Foreign Minister Jerandi had a phone conversation with his Saudi counterpart Saud al-Faisal. In March, Prime Minister Najera had a telephone conversation with Crown Prince Mohammed of ABU Dhabi of the United Arab Emirates. In the same month, Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz visited Tunisia. In May, President Saeed and his wife visited the UAE. Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed Madbouly paid a working visit to Tunisia. In June, President Saeed had a telephone conversation with his UAE counterpart Sheikh Mohammed. In the same month, President Saeed spoke by telephone with Kuwaiti Crown Prince Mohammed al-Mishal. In July, Foreign Minister Jerandi paid a working visit to Lebanon. In August, President Said had a telephone conversation with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. In October, President Said had a telephone conversation with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. In November, President Saeed attended the 31st Arab League Summit in Algeria. In February 2023, Khuraifi, Special Envoy of the Emir of Qatar and Assistant Foreign Minister for Regional Affairs, visited Tunisia. In the same month, Prime Minister Najerah visited the United Arab Emirates. In March, President Saeed spoke by telephone with the Emir of Qatar Tamim. In April, Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad visited Tunisia. In May, President Saeed went to Saudi Arabia to attend the 32nd Arab League Summit, during which he met with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. In July, Foreign Minister Amar visited Kuwait. In September, Foreign Minister Amar visited Saudi Arabia. In December, President Said called Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi to congratulate him on his re-election. In the same month, President Saeed went to Kuwait to mourn the death of Emir al-Nawaf. ^[24]

Relations with Syria

On April 12, 2023, Syria decided to reopen its embassy in Tunisia. ^[13]

Relations with Algeria

On February 13, 2024, local time, Algerian President Tebon announced that the country will start to establish a free trade area with five neighboring countries, including Tunisia, in 2024 . ^[22]

On June 7, 2024, the official Tunisian news agency reported that Tunisia and Algeria have decided to resume passenger rail services between the two countries. ^[27]

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Views of Tunisia

Main attraction

Tunisia is located in the northernmost part of the African continent, facing the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east, across the Tunisian Strait and the Italian island of Sicily, the main artery of east-west shipping in the Mediterranean Sea, the southeast and Libya, bordering Algeria to the west. With the triple attributes of Africa, Arabia and the Mediterranean, it has a long and splendid ancient and Mediterranean culture, and is one of the few countries in the world with a concentration of beaches, deserts, mountains and ancient civilizations. Tunisia's tourist facilities are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal zone, there are five major tourist centers, Suss "Kondawi" center is the country's largest tourist base. The city of Tunis, Suss, Monastir, Cape Bung and the island of Djerba are famous tourist areas.

Known as the "back garden of Europe", Tunisia is rich in tourism resources and cultural heritage: the charming Mediterranean Sea, the mysterious Sahara Desert, the ancient ruins of Carthage, making it one of the most popular tourist destinations for European tourists. ^[8]

The city of Tunis

Tunis is a scenic coastal city with 20 kilometers of beaches that attract millions of foreign tourists every year. The city consists of two parts, the old and the new. The Old city of MEDINA is a symbol of traditional Islamic urban architecture, retaining the traditional layout and architectural style of the city from various historical periods since the Arab conquest of North Africa in the 7th century, among which the Zaydun Mosque was built in 704 AD and rebuilt in 864. The old city is a collection of housing, handicraft and commercial functions, a total of 2,800 handicraft workshops (including wood, metal, jewelry, leather, textiles, food, flavor, etc.), 3,050 shops, 1,050 commercial service points, has been UNESCO World Heritage list.

Medina's traditional crafts and businesses are geared towards tourists. Medina's Arab market, which attracts thousands of foreign tourists, is alleyway by alleyway, each of which is a kind of craft house, producing specific goods and maintaining the traditional decentralized production of small workshops. There are bronze alley, gold and silver handwork alley, spice alley, Arabian hat alley, Arabic clothing alley, olive wood alley, carpet alley and so on. In every alley, piled on the floor and hung on the walls, all kinds of dazzling goods, a rich Arab market color. ^[9]

Sous

Souss is an important tourist city in Tunisia, 150 km from the capital Tunis. Sous has a long history, in the 9th century BC, the Phoenicians established a prosperous trading house "Hatumet" here, its commercial activities have been uninterrupted during the Carthage and Roman rule. By the time the Arabs entered North Africa, Souss was already an important city, serving as a coastal defense stronghold and a base for Muslim expeditions to Malta, Sardinia, Sicily, and southern Europe.

Sousse has a well-developed tourism industry, with both well-preserved ancient cities and unique seaside scenery, making it the second largest seaside resort base in Tunisia. All kinds of star-rated hotels and guesthouses built along the seashore are row upon row, with different styles and shapes. Every year a large number of foreign tourists come for sightseeing and vacation. Seuss attracts the second largest number of tourists in the country every year. The Old City of Medina is one of the main attractions of the city of Souss and has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The old town owes its fame to its old castle and Grand Mosque.

Located in the northern part of the city of Sousse, the Kontavi Tourist Center was built in the 1970s and covers an area of 307 hectares. The tourist center consists mainly of a number of luxury hotels, tourist villas and various other tourist facilities, with 15,000 beds. The centre has a harbour with more than 300 yachts. There is also a 70-hectare golf course. ^[9]

Bizerte

Bissette is located in northern Tunisia, on the Mediterranean Sea, and is connected to the city by a movable bridge across the waterway. The old harbor, sea walls and outdoor cafes are popular places. Walking through the city, you can see the fountain built in 1642, and the 17th century Ribaa Mosque and its square minarets. In the Old City, craftsmen weave, tap and paint along the narrow streets leading to the Grand Mosque.

To the north of the Great Mosque are the alleys with the Andalusian vaults and the Moorish houses. The 16th century Spanish fortress on the top of the hill is now an open-air theatre where the annual arts festival takes place and visitors can enjoy panoramic views of the city. The path beside the cliff attracts walkers. The depths of Cape Angela are good for fishing. Art Nouveau buildings such as City Hall, colorful gardens and aquatic clubs reflect the glory of the past. ^[9]

Hammamet

Hammamet is an important coastal tourist city in Tunisia, with a concentration of hotels. Next to Hammamet Bay, the city has an ancient castle built in the 15th century and a large modern tourist facility. Every summer, foreign tourists flock to the city, which is a good place to cool off. ^[9]

Kairouan

Kairouan is located in central Tunisia, 155 km from the capital Tunis. With a long history and typical Arab architecture, Kairouan was once the capital of the Islamic Agrabit dynasty and is now known as the fourth holiest place in Islam after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. After defeating the Byzantine army in three expeditions, the Arabs founded the city of Kairouan in AD 670, and built the famous city in five years beginning in 671 The Ogba Mosque . The name of the temple is derived from the name of the Islamic ruler of the time. It was the largest mosque in the Maghreb region at that time, integrating worship, preaching, teaching and scientific research. ^[9]

Djerba

Djerba Island is located in the eastern waters of the Tunisian Medin province, covering an area of more than 500 square kilometers. The maximum width and length of the island are 28 kilometers, and the beach around the island is 128 kilometers. The highest point of the island does not exceed 56 meters above sea level. The distance from land to the island is about 2 km. There are a large number of star-rated hotels on the island, which is the largest seaside resort base in Tunisia. ^[9]

The El Jem Colosseum

The Colosseum of El Jem was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979. It is a famous and brilliant building left by the ancient Roman Empire in Africa, one of the three surviving Roman arenas, and the second largest ancient Colosseum ruins in the world, after the Roman Colosseum.

Cultural site

As of 2014, Tunisia has eight World Heritage sites, of which seven are World cultural Heritage sites and one is World Natural Heritage.

Serial number	name	type	Selection time
1	Jem's Colosseum	World cultural heritage	The year 1979
2	The old city of Medina, Tunisia	World cultural heritage	The year 1979
3	The archaeological remains of Carthage	World cultural heritage	The year 1979
4	Ashkelle National Park	World natural Heritage	The year 1980
5	The Punic town of Kerquane and its burial ground	World cultural heritage	1985, 1986
6	Kairouan	World cultural heritage	The year 1988
7	The old city of Sousse, Medina	World cultural heritage	The year 1988
8	Douga	World cultural heritage	The year 1997

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