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National security means the state
Political power
,
sovereignty
, unity and
dominion
Integrity, people's welfare, economy and society
Sustainable development
And other vital interests of the state are relatively free from danger and from internal and external threats, as well as the ability to ensure a continuous state of security.
[1]
National security is the foundation of national rejuvenation, and a favorable external security environment is the basis for the prosperity and long-term stability of the Party and the country.
[11]
Under the overall national security concept theory system, national security is the sum of all nationals, all fields, all aspects and all levels of security in a country.
[9]
Contemporary national security includes 20 basic aspects:
Political security
,
Military security
,
Homeland security
,
Economic security
,
Financial security
,
Cultural security
,
Social security
,
Science and technology security
,
Food security
,
Ecological security
,
Resource security
,
Nuclear safety
Security of overseas interests,
Space security
,
Deep sea safety
,
Polar security
,
biosafety
,
Artificial intelligence security
,
Network security
Data security.
[2-4]
[14]
It is managed by the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China
National security work
. On January 24, 2014, in order to further improve the national security system and national security strategy to ensure national security,
CPC Central Committee
Decide to establish
National Security Council
.
The survey results of the National Two Sessions in 2022 were released, and "national security" ranked fifth.
[8]
- Chinese name
- National security
- Foreign name
- National Security
- idea
- nation Fundamental interest
- condition
- The country is in an objective state of no danger
Xi Jinping
At the first meeting of the National Security Commission of the CPC Central Committee, 11 types of national security were proposed: political security, homeland security, military security, economic security, cultural security, social security, scientific and technological security, information security, ecological security, resource security, and nuclear security.
[2]
National security is the basic interests of a country and an objective state in which a country is in no danger, that is, a state without external threats and encroachment or internal chaos and disease. Contemporary national security includes 10 basic contents: national security, territorial security, sovereign security, political security, military security, economic security, cultural security, scientific and technological security, ecological security, and information security. The most basic and core of these is national security.
In the January 2014 Study for National Security -- The Exploration Process and Some Problems of National Security Discipline, a map of the contemporary national security system was constructed after the elements of the contemporary national security system were expanded to twelve:
Map of the contemporary national security system
To make"
Science of national security
"A minimum prerequisite for true science is a rigorous examination of the concepts involved in the discipline
Logical analysis
According to the requirements of logical method, each concept is given an accurate and unambiguous strict definition. This task needs to be completed gradually through our long-term unremitting and arduous efforts.
Article 2 of the National Security Law of the People's Republic of China (2015) : "National security means the state
Political power
,
sovereignty
, unity and territorial integrity, the well-being of the people, sustainable economic and social development and other major interests of the State are relatively free from danger and free from internal and external threats, and the ability to guarantee a state of continuous security."
[5]
"National Security" explains the concept of "national security" as follows:
National security is the objective state of a country without danger, that is, the objective state of a country without external threats and encroachments and without internal chaos and disease.
This is the basic meaning of national security.
First of all, national security is an objective state in which a country is free from external threats and encroachments.
The so-called external threats and infringements can be roughly divided into two categories: external natural threats and infringements and external social threats and infringements. However, since national security is a social phenomenon, the external threats and infringements of a country mainly refer to the threats and infringements of a country caused by other social beings outside a country. From the perspective of threats and aggressors, such external threats and aggressors include: (1) threats from other countries;
(2) Threats from other non-state external social organizations and individuals, such as threats and violations against a country by some international or regional organizations;
(3) Threats and violations caused by domestic forces outside the country, such as the activities of domestic rebel groups abroad to threaten and violate the country.
Secondly, national security is the objective state of a country without internal chaos and disease
The forces that threaten the survival of a nation come not only from the outside of a nation, but also often from within. Civil disorder, turmoil, riots, riots and other forms of illness directly endanger the survival of the nation and cause national insecurity. National security must therefore include the requirement of the absence of internal disorder and disease. Simply the absence of external threats and encroachments does not make a country secure.
Third, the state is secure only when there are no internal or external hazards at the same time, and therefore only the unity of these two aspects is a unique attribute of national security.
Neither "absence of external threats" nor "absence of internal chaos" is a unique attribute of national security, and thus cannot completely distinguish national security from national insecurity. To define national security from either of these two aspects alone is one-sided and ineffective. However, if these two aspects are combined and stated as "neither external threats and encroachments, nor internal disorder and disease," then this distinguishes national security from national insecurity, and thus captures the unique attributes of national security, thus forming a true and effective definition: "National security is an objective state in which the country is free from external threats and encroachments, as well as internal disorder and disease."
In the Study for National Security -- The Exploration Process of National Security Discipline and Research on Some Problems, published by Jilin University Press in January 2014, the author of the original study of National Security expanded the elements of contemporary national security into 12 aspects, and revised the original "territorial security" to "national security". Thus, the elements of the contemporary national security system are successively national security, national security, resource security, economic security, social security, sovereign security, political security, military security, cultural security, scientific and technological security, ecological security, and information security.
National security
At present, there are too many difficulties to be solved in national security research, but many people do not know where is the key link to solve these difficulties, let alone master the basic methods and means needed to break through this key link. Of course, some people have found the key to understanding the many dilemmas of national security research. in
China Institute for International Strategy
In the notice of the first Forum on "Non-traditional Security - The World and China" jointly issued by the three organizations in 2007, we found this point, because in the "main topics" set for the meeting in the annex to the notice, the first aspect is "through the analysis of the research status of the basic concept of non-traditional security at home and abroad, we put forward the expression of China's basic concept of non-traditional security. The definition of connotation and extension ", the first listed under it is "the definition of security, national security and traditional security". This shows that the experts who drafted and approved the circular have realized that the clear concept has become a key link that national security research and even national security practice have encountered and cannot be bypassed, and that other issues cannot be truly and especially scientifically solved without solving this problem.
Of course, this issue also shows that the concept of the field of national security, especially the definition of the concept, in the past and at present is a problem with many problems. In fact, from the concept of "state," to the concept of "security," to the concept of"
National interest
"Concept" and "national security", and so on, are indeed concepts that have not been scientifically defined in current national security research, and the lack of such scientific definitions is due to the fact that relevant researchers have not mastered the logical method of definition, and thus have no ability to make relevant definitions logically rigorous, thus losing the basic scientific nature. Here, we do not want to talk about the basic concepts of "state", "security" and "national security" first, but want to take a look at the current definition of the concept of "national security strategy" and what kind of logical problems exist in these definitions.
According to the above analysis, such a definition also suffers from the same problem: "The so-called national security strategy refers to the overall concept of a country's comprehensive use of political, economic, military, cultural and other resources to cope with core challenges and threats and safeguard national security interests and values under specific historical conditions."
From the above two examples we can also see that the use of"
Genus plus species difference
"Method of definition. But we find that not only do they differ in their "differential" statements (one very succinctly describes as a differential "the integration and development of all aspects of a country's power for the achievement of national security objectives"), the other is more complex and has a longer differential statement: "A country integrates political, economic, military, cultural and other resources under specific historical conditions to address core challenges and threats,
Safeguard national security
Interests and values "), and they look for different concepts, one is "overall planning and guidance", the other is "overall conception". This shows that people's understanding of the "national security strategy" is different. If the difference in the understanding of "species" mainly reflects the difference in the understanding of the concept of "national security", then the difference in the understanding of the concept of "genus" reflects the lack of agreement on the concept of "strategy". For this reason, we may as well take an earlier example to illustrate this point.
In 2002 by
China Friendship Publishing Company
In the National Security Theory, there is such a passage: "The national security strategy is about the macro planning of maintaining national security. Generally speaking, it refers to the art and science of organizing and applying the country's political, diplomatic, economic and other integrated forces to achieve national goals, while organizing and applying the country's armed forces in peacetime or wartime. [3] (P.34) It is clear that there are two definitions of "national security strategy" at the same time, one more concise and the other more complex. The concise definition is: "National security strategy is about the macro planning of safeguarding national security"; The complex definition can be summarized as follows: "National security strategy refers to the art and science of organizing and applying the country's political, diplomatic, economic and other comprehensive forces to achieve national goals, while organizing and applying the country's armed forces in peacetime or wartime." For these two definitions, we can raise the question: (1) the two definitions of "genus" is different, one is "macro planning", the other is "science and art", which is obviously a statement of the concept of "strategy", then there is a problem: Is strategy "planning" or "science and art", or is it both "planning" and "science" or "art"? (2) "peacetime or war" is a "superfluity" because there is no other time in the world than peacetime or war, and therefore "peacetime or war" has no limiting effect on the "national security strategy" that the "kind" requires. However, it is worth affirming that if we follow the more concise statement in the previous part, we can form a better definition: "National security strategy is about the macro planning of safeguarding national security."
The problems existing in the definition of the concept of "national security strategy" not only affect the accuracy and scientificity of the theoretical research of national security strategy, but also inevitably affect the scientificity and rationality of the formulation and implementation of national security strategy. In this case, it is a basic work of important theoretical and practical significance to discuss the logical problems in the existing definition of "national security strategy" and to prepare logically for the accurate definition of this concept. Our analysis above, though limited to negative criticism rather than positive construction, is a necessary procedure to arrive at a logical definition of a "national security strategy."
Of course, in the field of national security theory and practice, there are many other concepts, even the most basic concepts, and there are various problems in understanding and definition. This point can be said to be consistent with the current status of the entire social science in our country. However, we should not turn a blind eye to such problems, or tolerate or even allow the existence of such problems, just because such problems are widespread in the whole field of social science. Here, we do not have the responsibility to conduct a comprehensive logical critique and clearing of conceptual problems existing in other disciplines of social science, but we have the responsibility to also put forward requirements for logical critique and clearing of conceptual problems existing in national security theory, and we can even start from a few basic concepts to do this work. We can't do it overnight, but we have to start from the ground up.
In its original sense, a national security strategy is a "strategy about national security," but the concept has been defined with many different restrictions. For example, "The national security strategy refers to the overall planning and guidance for the realization of national security objectives through the comprehensive use and development of all aspects of a country's power." This definition adds the qualifier "the comprehensive use and development of all aspects of a country's forces" to the national security strategy, but is not the national security strategy of any country or any organization at any time "the comprehensive use and development of all aspects of a country's forces"? Obviously, there are times (e.g
Ancient times
), some countries (e.g
Pre-qin period
the
Vassal state
Its national security strategy can hardly be described as a "comprehensive use of all forces", but may be only or mainly the use of military force. In fact, the so-called "comprehensive use of various forces" of the national security strategy is only a modern manifestation of the national security strategy, and is a relatively ideal form of expression, rather than all forms of the national security strategy, so this definition excludes many imperfect and inappropriate national security strategies from the national security strategy. This clearly makes the logical mistake of being too narrow in definition.
There are many more concepts in the field of national security studies and even actual work that need to be logically and critically cleaned up. For example, we often talk about "traditional security" and "non-traditional security", which are two concepts that are difficult to establish. For example, when people define the concept of "security", they mostly regard it as both an objective state and a subjective feeling, which is not only philosophically problematic, but also logically untenable. If we make a list of concepts that need to be carefully cleaned up from the perspective of national security theoretical research, we can divide them into the following three levels.
It's a concept in the basic theory of national security. These concepts including "national", "interest", "security", "safety", "security", "security", "national interest", "national security","
State secret
", "National security", "National security"
National security concept
", "National security strategy", "National security guarantee", "national security guarantee mechanism", "national security guarantee system", etc.
On the surface, these concepts are clear, but if you dig deeper, none of them have reached consensus in the field of national security studies. For example, whether the "state" in national security studies is a universal state or a specific "nation state", people have different understandings about this, and even some people consciously or unconsciously limit the state to a "sovereign state" when talking about national security issues. For example, the concept of "security", whether it refers to an objective state, or at the same time refers to both objective states and subjective feelings, people have different views on this, which will inevitably affect what concept people choose as a "genus" when defining it. In addition, there are some concepts on security issues that we often see now linked to "traditional" and "non-traditional". In addition to "traditional" and "non-traditional" security, there are "traditional" and "non-traditional" security.
Traditional security concept
"And" non-traditional security concepts ", "traditional security elements" and "non-traditional security elements", "traditional security threats" and "traditional security threats".
Non-traditional security threat
"、"
Traditional security threats
"And" non-traditional security threat factors ", etc., not only may they be confused when people use them, but the so-called "traditional security" and "non-traditional security" are inherently untenable concepts in the Chinese system. In fact, "security", as an objective state, does not in itself distinguish between "traditional" and "non-traditional". What can be distinguished as "traditional" and "non-traditional" can be "security concepts", or "elements of security", or even "threats to security" and "factors of security threats", but it is definitely not "security". Only through rigorous analysis and criticism of logic and analysis of "logic" and "empirical" with strict scientific methods can we finally form a comparative scientific understanding and a conceptual system and definition of comparative science.
Published in the journal
Journal of Jiangnan Social College
In the third issue of "Security" and its Related Concepts (2000), I have made a preliminary discussion on the concept of "security" in the term "national security". Later, I made a summary of the different understandings and debates on the concept of "security" in China in recent years, and wrote a paper titled "The Differences and Debates on whether security is subjective", which was published in the Journal of Jiangnan College of Social Sciences, 2006 (2), and made a further in-depth analysis of the concept of "security" from the perspective of semantics and logic. It also points out the source of some misunderstandings and errors on this issue. In our opinion, although in the linguistic sense, the subjective interpretation of "SECURITY" is fully valid, because the noun certainly has such a meaning, we must also pay attention to two points: first, this interpretation applies only to "SECURITY" and not to "security ", and there is a difference between the two words; Second, this interpretation is only an "interpretation" in the dictionary sense, rather than a "definition" in the scientific sense. This practice of substituting "interpretation" for "definition" is obviously wrong in both scientific research and logical methods, and is wrong not only in the environment where Chinese is the working language, but also in the scientific research where English is the working language.
Although the discussion of some basic concepts in the basic theory of national security has just begun, it is of great significance and must be continuously deepened, because this is the basic requirement and condition for national security research to become scientific. If this is not done, national security research will remain at the level of "experience" forever, rather than becoming science.
It's a concept in the subtheory of national security. The so-called branch theory of national security mainly refers to what is often said now
National economic security
Studies, national military security, national cultural security, national science and technology security, national information security, etc., also include different fields of national security studies divided from other perspectives, such as national security law, national security, international security, domestic security, and national security
Information science
National security and counterintelligence. In addition to applying some general concepts in the general theory of national security mentioned above, these different sub-disciplines or different professional fields also have their own disciplines or professional concepts with branch characteristics. For example, in the national military security science, it is necessary to involve a series of concepts with their professional characteristics, such as "military", "national defense", "military security", "national defense", "military intelligence", "military work", "military security guarantee" and so on. For another example, in the science of national security intelligence, it inevitably involves the concepts of "intelligence", "open intelligence", "secret intelligence", "intelligence collection", "intelligence transmission", "intelligence preparation", "intelligence personnel", "secret agents", "spies", "secret writing", "secret points", "secret retrieval", "infiltrating", "turning against", "kidnapping" and so on. These concepts are all involved in the field of national security research, and must be strictly defined and discussed in the corresponding branch disciplines or specialties of national security science or national security theory.
These are some of the new concepts that we've come up with in our national security research. The formation and development of any discipline is inevitably accompanied by the emergence of a series of new concepts, which is actually the result of the "conceptualization" of the corresponding object in the discipline theory. If the conceptualization of the real world is the premise of the formation and development of scientific theories, then the conceptualization of national security reality is the premise of the formation and development of national security theories and disciplines. The national security study is in
Cold war
Many of the concepts that have attracted more and more attention have gradually emerged after the end of the Cold War, and many new concepts will appear now and in the future, so it can be said that it is an emerging discipline that needs new concepts and is producing new concepts. It is in studying the basic problems of such a new discipline that we also put forward some new concepts, including "national security science", "national security science" and "national security information science", which must be solved as a discipline construction. It also includes some "degree of security", "degree of national security", "elements of national security", "original elements of national security", "prehistoric elements of national security", "associated elements of national security", "derivative elements of national security" and so on. For the theory and discipline of national security, the process of "conceptualization" has just begun, and the complex and changeable security reality and the continuous in-depth security research will inevitably promote more new concepts. In this regard, national security researchers need to have the courage and attitude of innovation and tolerance, and take the initiative to create more new concepts that can better grasp the history and reality, but also adopt a tolerant and promoting attitude to new terms proposed by domestic and foreign colleagues. Of course, the proposal and application of any new concept must stand the test of logic and practice, the first of which is the test of logic. This requires us to use logic as a tool to analyze the connotation and extension of these concepts and give logical and relatively scientific definitions.
First, establish the basic goal of the rise of the country and the nation.
Second, adopt an integrated approach.
Third, the new security concept includes sovereign security, comprehensive security and cooperative security. States enjoy sovereignty, including the right to independence,
Right of jurisdiction
,
Right of equality
The right to self-defense. National comprehensive security includes political, economic, social, information security and so on. Economic security is the core of comprehensive national security. Military security is the backbone of national security.
Fourth, we need to address the disconnect between economic development and national security.
Fifth, establish the concept of independent development and position the nation state under the condition of "globalization".
And with the introduction of national security, our country has a conceptual turning point, by
毛泽东时代
"War and Revolution" developed into"
Peace and development
". This makes China more developed in the international position and emphasizes economic strategy. The year 2001
General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee
Ensure information security,
Financial security
And food, oil and other strategic materials security. In order to
Hu Jintao
The Party Central Committee as the General Secretary, in accordance with the development of international and domestic forms in the new stage of the new century, and along the above-mentioned ideological path of national security development, clearly put forward the requirements for ensuring national political security, economic security, cultural security, information security and national defense security. This reflects the progressive expansion of the aspects of national security that our national leaders have embraced. It has also ensured the goal of preventing internal conflicts and developing the economy while protecting our country from foreign aggression. The year 2014
Xi Jinping
First put forward by the general secretary
Overall view of national security
It is necessary to strengthen the Party's centralized and unified leadership over national security work, correctly grasp the current national security situation, fully implement the overall national security concept, and strive to create a new situation in national security work in the new era, so as to provide a solid security guarantee for the realization of the "two centenary goals" and the realization of the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
12 - [13]
Obama
This is the first National Security Strategy report released by Obama 16 months after he took office. According to the report, Obama's new national security strategy sees the world as full of multiple threats and abandons the Bush administration's rhetoric of a "war on terror." The new National Security Strategy is also right
North Korea
and
Iran
Warned of the threat posed by the United States.
The Obama administration's new national security strategy seeks to move away from the unpopular unilateralism of the Bush administration, and Mr. Obama calls for expanding America's engagement beyond traditional Allies to rising powers like China and India. The report says the United States and China will work together on issues of mutual concern.
Obama has also made the U.S. economy part of his national security strategy. He believes that America's economic success is essential for the United States to maintain its influence abroad.
Obama's predecessor, George W. Bush, first spelled out America's role in the National Security Strategy in 2002
9/11
After that, it will adopt a "pre-emptive" military strike strategy. In his 2006 National Security Strategy, Bush reaffirmed America's commitment to preemption.
NetEase
Media reports: On May 6, 2014, the Center for International Strategic and Security Studies of the School of International Relations published a report entitled
National Security Blue Book: China's National Security Research Report (2014)
"Published in Beijing.
[6]
This is our first Blue book on national security
Social Sciences Academic Press
Publication and distribution.
China's National Security Research Report (2014) is the first blue book in the field of national security, which is jointly completed by experts in the field of national security research in China. The report reviews, assesses and analyzes China's national security situation in the past year, and puts forward countermeasures on the security challenges facing China.
[6]
The National Security Law of the People's Republic of China is a law enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China to safeguard national security, safeguard the regime of the people's democratic dictatorship and the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, protect the fundamental interests of the people, ensure the smooth progress of reform, opening up and socialist modernization, and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
[5]
On July 1, 2015, the 15th session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress adopted a new National Security Law.
[7]
The previous National Security Law, enacted in 1993, defined the functions and powers of the state security agencies
Spy
The work as the main content, has been difficult to meet the needs of comprehensive maintenance of national security in various fields, was abolished on November 1, 2014, most of its content into the new
Espionage act
.
[7]
The new National Security Law clarifies the tasks of national security in 11 fields, including political security, homeland security, military security, cultural security, and scientific and technological security, with 84 articles in 7 chapters, which came into effect on July 1, 2015.
On June 6, 2022, the Ministry of State Security promulgated the departmental regulations "Measures for Rewarding Citizens for Reporting Acts endangering national Security", which will come into effect on the date of promulgation. The measures, which consist of 5 chapters and 24 articles, comprehensively regulate the rewards for citizen tip-offs implemented by state security organs in accordance with the National Security Law of the People's Republic of China, the Anti-Espionage Law of the People's Republic of China and the rules for their implementation.
[10]
Central National Security Commission by
Xi Jinping
As president,
Li Keqiang
,
Zhang Dejiang
He shall be the vice Chairman and shall have several standing members and members under him. The State Security Commission of the CPC Central Committee, as the decision-making and coordination body of the CPC Central Committee on state security work, is responsible to the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, and coordinates major matters and important work concerning state security.
The survey results of the National Two Sessions in 2022 were released, and "national security" ranked fifth.
[8]
