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The Persian Gulf, yes
Arabian Sea
A bay jutting northwest into the Asian continent, located in
Iranian plateau
and
Arabian Peninsula
Between, northwest up
Shatt al-Arab
Estuary, southeast to
The Strait of Hormuz
It is more than 970 kilometers long, 56-338 kilometers wide and covers an area of 241,000 square kilometers. The average water depth is about 40 meters, and the maximum depth is 104 meters.
The Arabs call this region the Arabian Gulf, but the geography of Asia is international
Open waters
Naming rules have given Arabic names to a huge sea area (
Arabian Sea
It's actually a big bay), hence the adoption
Persia
(Iran's ancient name) named the bay, better identification, distinction, memory.
- Chinese name
- The Persian Gulf
- Foreign name
-
Persian Gulf
(English)
The equipment is equipped with the equipment (in Arabic)
- Foreign name
- Lao Chang, Chang Chang, Chang Chang, Chang Chang (in Farsi)
- Geographical position
- Indian marginal sea
- Area product
- 241000 km²
- Subordinate region
- The Middle East
Persia is the ancient name for Iran and the Persian Gulf is shared by a group of surrounding countries. The first century geographer Strabo first used the Persian Gulf to call this place, and the Arabs called this region the Arabian Gulf. Why does modern international geography use the name Persian Gulf?
Some Asian sea areas are named after a country or an ethnic group, which is an international geographical indication (not a sovereign name of a country) : The Sea of Japan, the East China Sea (not equal to the East China Sea), the Philippine Sea (with the territorial waters of many coastal countries and most of the international high seas), the South China Sea (not equal to the South China Sea), the Gulf of Thailand, the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea (around many Asian and African countries), the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf (Persia is Iran and the Persian Gulf is shared by a group of surrounding countries).
In accordance with the international rules of offshore nomenclature in Asian geography, a large sea area has been named after an Arab name.
Arabian Sea
Therefore, the bay was named after Persia (the ancient name of Iran) to better identify, distinguish, and remember.
Similar: The Andaman Islands belong to India and a huge sea area has been named after India.
The Indian Ocean
Therefore, contemporary international geography and Google Maps have adopted the name Burma Sea as a successor to the old British name
Andaman Sea
.
From the sixth century BC, five great power systems ruled the Persian Gulf. The ancient history of the Gulf is murky, but generally speaking, two major groups dominated the region: first Iran from the sixth century BC to the seventh century AD, and then the Arabs. The exact date of the ancient Iranian and Arab rule in the Gulf region, and the exact extent of their rule in the entire Gulf region is not known, but they ruled at different times and in different places on both sides of the Gulf.
[1]
In modern times, one can discern three major international systems in the Gulf. After capturing the city of Hormuz in 1515, the Portuguese ruled the Gulf for nearly a hundred years. In 1622, the city of Hormuz was recaptured by Britain and Iraq, followed by rivalry between Britain and the Netherlands and between Britain and France. All this was before the British came to dominate the most important Gulf system of modern times.
[1]
As early as 1960, the British with the London East India Company into the Gulf region, the opening of the first trading factory in the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas, led to the first British agreement with the country then known as the "pirate shore", which marked the beginning of the British hegemonic system. Then, through a carefully planned series of treaties, it further consolidated the system, thereby establishing the supremacy of British power in the Gulf.
[1]
Iraq's independence is a gradual process, not an event that happens all at once at any given moment. The Iraqi nationalist uprising of 1920 marked the beginning of a political change that led to the signing of a series of treaties in 1922, 1926, 1927 and 1930, and finally to Iraq's admission to the League of Nations in 1932. Iran is a more formidable challenge to British control. Although Britain exercised considerable control over the Iranian government, Iran never lost its independence. Even before the rise of the Reza Kingdom and the new Pahlavi dynasty in 1925, Iranian nationalism had rejected Lord Curzen's treaty of direct rule over Iran, and with the rise of the Reza Kingdom, Iran presented itself as a challenge to British hegemony in many ways.
[1]
The Gulf's international system "diversified" in the late 1970s. Mainly due to
World War II
Later developments accelerated the process of liberation from British control and influence, resulting in a system of eight independent sovereign states. Iran's nationalisation of the Anglo-Iranian Oil companies in 1951 was the first signal. The British government holds most of the shares of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and exerts a wide and far-reaching influence on Iran's domestic and foreign policies through it. Although Iran failed to fully nationalize its oil industry in the early 1950s, it was finally nationalized in 1973, when a consortium of British, American, Dutch, and French oil companies replaced the British and Iranian oil companies. By this time, the National Iranian Oil Company had emerged as the most powerful state oil company in the entire Gulf region. The Iraqis also nationalized their oil industry at this time, and Iraq was finally completely freed from British control, a process that was arduous, as evidenced by its leaders' persistent struggle from 1946 until 1955 to amend the "Unequal Treaties" of 1930. In 1955, when the United Kingdom recognized the Turkey-Iraq Treaty (which led to
Baghdad Treaty Organization
The treaty with Britain was finally annulled. However, in Iraq's view, the process of freeing itself from British control took place in 1958
Iraq War
And only after Iraq withdrew from the Baghdad Treaty Organization.
[1]
However, it was not until 1971 that the Gulf States' pluralistic system became fully evident. At that time, Britain withdrew most of its troops from the Gulf and ended its long-standing "special relationship" with the Gulf chiefs. Kuwait, on the shores of Shanghai Bay, achieved full independence in 1961. In 1968, when Britain made the historic announcement of its decision to withdraw its forces from the area "east of Suez" (including the Persian Gulf) by the end of 1971, the emirate in the Lower Gulf was still under British control. When the Conservative government came to power in 1970, it considered the possibility of revising Labour's decision, but failed to do so in the face of unanimous Arab and Iranian opposition. Unlike the experience of other Gulf states, the independence of the Emirate of Araba was actually granted by the British in the face of several Emirates' initial reluctance to accept the British decision to withdraw.
[1]
However, the transfer of power from Britain to the Arab Emirates was complicated by two fundamental issues: first, Iran's continued insistence on its claim to the Bahraini Islands; Second, the British wanted to put together a new Arab federation from seven emirates on the Trussier coast, plus nine emirates from Qatar and Bahrain. Although the British succeeded in persuading the Emirates to agree to form a federation on 30 March 1968, the transfer of power was not completed until 1971, and even then the new federation did not include Qatar, Bahrain, and Cape Khaimah. Cape Khaimah later joined the Federation, while Qatar and Bahrain did not, declaring full independence and later joining the United Nations and the Arab League. Through the mediation of a United Nations mission, Iran renounced its claim to sovereignty over Bahrain and was the first to recognize its independence in 1971. Nevertheless, British remnants continued to remain in the Lower Gulf, particularly in Oman, where British military personnel had supported the Sultan against the rebels of Dhofar, and where the British maintained a military presence on the island of Masira, off the coast of Oman.
[1]
In short, the independence of the countries around the Persian Gulf from foreign control should be seen as a process of "pluralism" rather than "decolonization." First, although Saudi Arabia and Iran have at different times complained about the foreign oil concession system, they have never been subject to British rule. Although Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil producers have since stepped up
Iran's petroleum industry
The path to nationalization, but it never saw American oil interests as an instrument of foreign political control, as Iran did with British interests. Second, British control of the Gulf and other countries of the Arabian Peninsula was different from British colonial rule in India. Britain's status in Iraq has changed from that of a trusteeship to that of a country enjoying only special treaty relations. Britain has long had a different type of "special relationship" with the emirate of Trouser and the sultanates of Muscat and Oman. More importantly, British control was limited to directing the emirate's external relations and did not interfere with their domestic political and cultural institutions or local practices. Even in the Aden colony and the East and West Asia territories, which were manipulated by the British to varying degrees in foreign affairs, the traditional political, social, and economic order of the region was preserved, and Islamic law, which was in accordance with local customs, still dominated.
[1]
The Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf Basin covers 3.18 million square kilometers.
The temperature in the Persian Gulf is higher, around 20 ° C all year round, and can reach more than 32 ° C in summer. The northwest wind is strong, blowing sand from the desert areas into the bay, and the sea water is cloudy. There are dust storms and haze in summer and squalls and tornadoes in autumn.
The Persian Gulf is located in the Tropic of Cancer high pressure zone, the climate is hot, the evaporation of sea water exceeds the injection amount, the water temperature can reach 30-33℃ in summer, and even up to 36℃ in the marginal zone, so the Persian Gulf is also the highest water temperature of the Gulf.
The Bay area has little precipitation and strong sunshine, and the east and west coasts are mostly subtropical arid deserts. The water temperature is very high, the water temperature in the northwest is 16-32 ° C, the southeast is 24-32 ° C, and the water temperature in the shallow sea is as high as 35.6 ° C in summer, becoming one of the hottest sea areas in the world. High temperature and dryness enhance the evaporation power of the sea surface, and the annual evaporation is more than 2000 mm, which greatly exceeds the sum of the annual precipitation (300 mm) and the amount injected by rivers. Therefore, the salinity of the sea water is higher, 37-38 in the southeast and 38-41 in the northwest, both of which are greater than the Arabian Sea east of the Strait of Hormuz, and the salinity of the sea areas on both sides of the Strait is different. It causes the Arabian Sea water to flow from the surface of the strait to the Persian Gulf, while the saltier waters in the Persian Gulf flow from the bottom of the strait into the Arabian Sea.
The Persian Gulf
In the northern part of the Gulf, due to the accumulation of large amounts of sediment brought by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and the slow rise of the Earth's crust, the water depth is gradually becoming shallower. The northern shore of the Gulf is advancing at a rate of 56 meters per year, and the Gulf is shrinking. High temperature and dryness enhance the evaporation power of the sea surface, and the annual evaporation is more than 2000 mm, which greatly exceeds the sum of the annual precipitation (300 mm) and the amount injected by rivers. Therefore, the salinity of the sea water is higher, 37-38 in the southeast and 38-41 in the northwest, both of which are greater than the Arabian Sea east of the Strait of Hormuz, and the salinity of the sea areas on both sides of the Strait is different. It causes the Arabian Sea water to flow from the surface of the strait to the Persian Gulf, while the saltier waters in the Persian Gulf flow from the bottom of the strait into the Arabian Sea.
The Persian Gulf seabed and surrounding land is the world's largest oil treasure house, accounting for about 53 to 58 percent of the world's oil reserves. Oil production accounts for about one-third of the world's total oil production. Oil output accounts for 60% of the world's total oil exports, mainly to the world's economically developed United States, Japan, some countries in Western Europe. Important ports along the coast and in the Gulf are: Abadan, Kharq Island, Bushehr, Basra, Fao, Kuwait port, ABU Dhabi, Dubai, etc.
Coastal countries are: Iran,
Iraq
,
Kuwait
,
Saudi Arabia
,
Bahrain
,
Qatar
,
United Arab Emirates
and
Oman
. The Gulf region is the world's largest oil producer and supplier, with proven oil reserves accounting for more than half of the world's total reserves and annual output accounting for one third of the world's total output. The oil is shipped around the world through the Strait of Hormuz. It is known as "oil treasure house" and "world oil valve". There are many islands in the bay, most of which are coral islands. The Gulf floor and coast are one of the largest oil reserves in the world. Most of the fresh water comes from the Shatt al-Arab and Karun rivers in the northwest. The salinity in northwest China (38-41‰) is still higher than that in Southeast Haikou (37-38‰) because evaporation exceeds injection.
The water temperature is 16-32 ° C in the northwest and 24-32 ° C in the southeast. Since ancient times, it has been an important maritime traffic route. Many coastal residents are engaged in navigation, commerce, fishing and pearling. After World War II, oil from the Arabian Peninsula and Iran was mainly transported through the Persian Gulf.
A shallow marginal sea of the Indian Ocean, covering 239,600 square kilometers. It is located between the Arabian Peninsula and southwestern Iran. The Persian Gulf is 990 km long and 55-340 km wide, stretching from the Shatt al-Arab River (the mouth of the Tigris and Euphrates) in the northwest to the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman in the southeast. Iran to the north and east, and Iran to the south
United Arab Emirates
and
Oman
To the west is
Saudi Arabia
and
Qatar
To the northwest is Kuwait and Iraq, and there is the island nation of Bahrain in the bay.
The waters are shallow, rarely exceeding 90 meters, and only near the southeast exit and in some places deeper than 110 meters. The greatest depth occurs off the coast of Iran, while the wide shallow waters, with an average depth of less than 36 m, meet the Arabian coast. The inflow of fresh water into the Gulf is small, mainly from the Tigris, Euphrates and Karun rivers. Not much fresh water actually flows into the bay on the southwest side of the bay. This, combined with high water temperatures, leads to excessive evaporation of incoming fresh water and high salinity.
The economy of the Persian Gulf region is dominated by oil production. The Gulf and surrounding countries account for more than a quarter of the world's oil production and more than half of the world's reserves. The Gulf coastal states of Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain also developed large-scale commercial and fishing industries, but in the early 1990s, they lost their fishing capacity
Persian Gulf War
In mid-1991, Iraq caused a massive oil spill from offshore Wells in Kuwait, paralyzing the fishing industry.
The Persian Gulf is long and narrow, running from northwest to southeast. The coast of Iran, the southern section is mountainous, the coastline is flat, the coast is steep; The northern section is a long and narrow coastal plain with a meandering shoreline and a small bay. The Arabian Peninsula is a desert with salt marshes. The Strait of Hormuz at the southeast end is the throat of the bay, and there are many islands at the mouth of the bay, and the islands such as Qeshm, Great Tunb and small Tunb tightly choke the mouth of the bay, forming a natural barrier of the bay. Belong to
Subtropical climate
. The prevailing northwest wind is changeable throughout the year. Hot summer less rain, often wind dust haze, low visibility, storm in autumn, cloudy in winter. Annual precipitation: less than 125 mm on the Arabian side and 275 mm on the Iranian side. Surface water temperature: 24-32℃ in southeast, 16-32℃ in northwest. The salinity is 37-41‰, and the local waters in southwest China reach 50-70‰. The current has a counterclockwise circulation with a velocity of 3-4 knots at the mouth of the bay and 0.5-1.6 knots at other sea areas. Tidal range 1.5-3.5 m.
[2]
The Persian Gulf is rich in coral reefs and fishing; However, due to the gradual industrialization of neighboring countries, coupled with the occurrence of oil spills from oil tankers, and the continuous war in the neighboring region, environmental pollution has become increasingly serious.
The Mediterranean area along the Arabian Sea, including the Arabian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Qatchi, the Gulf of Suez, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Oman,
Dolphin
and
Finless dolphin
Is the most common
Marine mammal
In the waters today whales and orcas are rare.
The Persian Gulf is also home to more than 700 fish species, most of which are native to the Gulf region. More than 80% of coral reefs are related to, directly or indirectly dependent on, their survival.
渔业资源很丰富，盛产多种鱼类，珍珠和珍珠母的采集著称于世。
The Persian Gulf in West Asia is located between the Arabian Peninsula and the Iranian plateau, about 1040 kilometers long, 180-320 kilometers wide, an area of 240,000 square kilometers, with an average depth of 40 meters, is a vast inland sea. It is connected to the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the west and to the Arabian Sea to the east through its only outlet, the Strait of Hormuz. The Strait of Hormuz has an important strategic position because it guards the export of oil transported by sea from the Persian Gulf. Within 100 square kilometers of the Gulf and its surroundings, there is a huge oil belt, which contains more than half of the world's total oil reserves, and Saudi Arabia alone has 1/4 of the world's total oil reserves, which is called the "oil kingdom".
From the late 1960s to the early 1980s, 90 to 95 percent of the Gulf region's total oil exports passed through the Strait of Hormuz, with more than 300 oil tankers and other commercial vessels passing through the Strait daily at its peak. As a result, the Strait of Hormuz has become a strategic point that affects the rise and fall of many countries.
In order to reduce their dependence on the Strait of Hormuz and shorten voyages to Europe, Gulf countries began to build oil pipelines outward in the 1980s. Although the Strait of Hormuz is far less important than it once was, closing it would still have a major impact on world oil markets. Sixty percent of China's oil imports come from the Gulf, and almost all of them pass through the Strait of Hormuz.
The Persian Gulf region has a warm and shallow Marine environment in geological history, with abundant aquatic flora and fauna and a wide range of good storage structures, with the best conditions for the formation and storage of oil. The Persian Gulf region is not only rich in oil resources, but also has excellent exploitation conditions. The oil distribution is concentrated, and the average reserves of each oil field are more than 350 million tons, which is a super large oil field. And mostly distributed in the sea and land near the coast, so the pipeline transport distance is short, and the crude oil is convenient to transport. The underground pressure of the oil field is high, and the oil Wells are mostly flowing Wells, accounting for more than 80% of the total oil Wells, so its production cost is the lowest in the world. The Persian Gulf accounts for more than 60 percent of the world's oil exports, making it the world's largest oil-exporting region. Oil is flowing to places like Japan, Western Europe and the United States; The flood of petrodollars has transformed the once poor countries of the Gulf into the world's rich countries.
The Persian Gulf is a treasure trove of oil, but it has brought war and suffering as well as money to the region. The infiltration and competition of foreign forces, coupled with the contradictions in the Persian Gulf caused by various historical and practical reasons, have made the situation in the Persian Gulf unstable for a long time and erupted in wars on many occasions, which not only brought disaster to the local people, but also had a great impact on the international situation as a whole. The United States has always regarded the Persian Gulf as an important part of its global strategy and has actively penetrated into this region through various means. Supporting Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War, sending troops to the Gulf for Iraq's annexation of Kuwait, and then fighting the Iraq War were all aimed at safeguarding its strategic and economic interests in the Persian Gulf. The United States has largely controlled the Persian Gulf, the world's oil treasure.
World War I
In China, the British Army set up a military base here to counter the Turkish army in Iraq.
During World War II, the Gulf was a transit route for Allied military supplies to the Soviet Union.
The main military bases are: Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Khorramshahr naval bases in Iran; Basra Naval Air Base, Shuaiba Air Base and Umm Qasr Naval Base in Iraq; Zahran Air Base, Jubail and Daman naval bases in Saudi Arabia; Al-sibb Air Base in Oman; Cape Jufel naval Base in Bahrain. There is a huge oil belt in the Gulf that is of economic and strategic importance. Is the world's most important oil producing area, it is rich in oil resources, known as the "world oil depot", its oil reserves account for 2/3 of the world. Among them, Iraq's proven oil reserves in 1998 reached 112.5 billion barrels, second only to Saudi Arabia, ranking second in the world, natural gas reserves of about 3.1 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 2.4% of the world's total reserves. It has very important economic and strategic significance.
The Gulf and its surrounding areas have been important international routes since ancient times. Much of the Gulf's oil needed by the West must be shipped through the Strait of Hormuz, the Gulf's only sea route. If the strait is cut off, the economies of Western countries represented by the United States will be dealt a fatal blow. Therefore, the control of the west coast of the Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz through the Gulf of Oman to the Arabian Sea, this east-west maritime passage, has become an important strategic goal of the United States.
In May 1981, the Gulf States were formed
Gulf Cooperation Council
(The Gulf Cooperation Council), whose members include the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the Committee is to achieve coordination among the member States in all fields, strengthen contacts, exchanges and cooperation among the member States in all aspects, and promote the development of industry, agriculture and science and technology in the six countries.
On June 12, 2016, Iranian state media reported that China and Iran signed a new contract to cooperate on the construction of the Qeshm Oil Terminal in the southern Persian Gulf, worth 550 million US dollars, which will turn the Qeshm Island into an important hub for oil production and petroleum product storage in the Gulf region.
[3]
Persian Gulf War
For five and a half months, the peace efforts of the international community have come to nothing. At 2:30 a.m. on January 17, 1991, the first Tomahawk cruise missile launched from a U.S. warship in the Gulf exploded in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, finally opening the prelude to the Gulf War.
The Persian Gulf
On August 7, 1990, a U.S. warship patrolled the southern waters of the Persian Gulf, beginning a naval blockade of Iraq to block its oil exports and food imports.
On August 2, 1990, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting, condemning Iraq's acts of aggression and demanding that Iraq immediately and unconditionally withdraw its troops.
On August 7, 1990, a French destroyer sailed through Egypt's Suez Canal en route to the Gulf.
On August 5, 1990, Kuwait's Crown Prince and Prime Minister Saad Abdullah al-Sabah (left), Saudi Arabia's King Fahd (center) and Crown Prince Abdul Aziz confer on Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It was the crown prince's first public appearance since Iraq invaded Kuwait.
