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The Anti-Bakufu Sentiment is one of the most important movements in recent Japanese history
Historical event
.
Meiji Restoration
antecedent
Japan
The reformist center of the middle and lower samurai as the main body is more economically developed in the southwest
Satsuma
,
Choju
,
Tosa
,
wizen
The Four Swords. They gradually realized the crisis of the backward nation in their own country and put forward"
Honor the king and fight the barbarians
"The essence of the slogan is overthrow
Shogunate rule
.
- Chinese name
- Inverted curtain motion
- Foreign name
- Anti-Bakufu Sentiment
- Occurrence time
- From the late 1840s to the 1960s and 70s
- Occurrence country
- Japan
Encyclopedia x Mixed Knowledge: Illustrated Shogunate
in
The Tokugawa shogunate
At the end of the period, the samurai class was impoverished and without political power due to its holding of political power
machin
Class enrichment, and with it
Commodity money
Economic development took place within the Machi class
polarization
The political attitude of the Machi class, which already has a tendency to attach importance to economy and despise politics, has become extremely complicated and "ambiguous". They still seem to have left historians with the impression that "neither in action nor in theory did they challenge the legitimacy of the privileges of the samurai class." They seem happy to play second class
Political role
To be content with making money and family life."
[3]
Indeed, from
bakatsu
The overall performance of the Machi class shows that they do not take the initiative to launch political struggles aimed at overthrowing the power of the shogunate because they are in the ruled class and dissatisfied with the existing politics, but still believe that the "logic of capital" and the power of money can change everything, and are committed to making money. But at the same time, they did not actively maintain the existing feudal system because of their existing economic status, or "breathe and share the fate of the shogunate and vassals".
[4]
. At the end of the curtain appeared in front of major political issues such as "Zuo Curtain" and "respecting the king", "founding the country" and "resisting Yi", as holding a strong monetary capital
machin
Although the class is divided by geographical differences, rich and poor differences, and the time
Interest relationship
There is no complete agreement on such reasons, but it also shows a general political tendency.
For the class of Machi, the problem of "Zuomou" and "King" is the attitude to the rule of the curtain clan, and the key to the attitude to the rule of the curtain clan lies in the attitude to the status system of scholars, peasants and commerce. Yuanlu period 7 had
Hitosai ITO
,
Nishizuru Ihara
,
Nishikawa Ruomi
iso-representative
machin
Challenge the identity morality of the shogunate;
Insurance reform
Ishida Meiwa, a scholar of Gomachi, put forward the theory of equality among the four people, and the Osaka Haiddo School put forward the banner of equality, "Regardless of the high and low, the rich and the poor, all are regarded as peers". The political era (1803-1830), to
The three horses in the pavilion
,
Sima Jianghan
The people of Huamizu, etc., also showed strong thoughts of anti-feudal identity system, which reflected the clear position of the people on shogunate hierarchical identity system. This idea and spirit of anti-feudal identity system, here
bakatsu
It not only developed into the ideology of despising samurai, but also manifested in the actions of despising and even insulting samurai. For example, "Fujioka Ya Diary" describes many town people despise and insult samurai events, some samurai into the store to eat because of the small amount of food and ridicule, some because of buying clothes to ask for price and scorn, some because of the sound of gunfire and tremble
machin
There are people who were beaten half to death because of unreasonable violence against the town people, etc., indicating that "the widespread contempt for the governing class among the town people - the consciousness of samurai has become a characteristic of The Times at the end of the period."
[5]
.
It is true that the ideology of the Machi people despising the samurai is based on the impoverishment of the samurai economy, the weakness of the samurai force, the corruption of the samurai politics and the enhancement of the economic and cultural power of the Machi people, but its spiritual motivation undoubtedly comes from their resistance to the hierarchical status system. In keeping with this expansion of scornful samurai consciousness,
bakatsu
The resistance struggle of the Machi against the rule of the curtain Han also continues to rise and climax.
When talking about the problem of the Machi people's struggle against the curtain, one point needs to be explained first, that is, due to the development of commodity economy, the samurai Machi and the commercialization of farmers, and a large number of farmers flowing into the city, until the end of the shogunate.
machin
The composition of the class has changed greatly compared with the early stage, and even the original urban town people have also appeared rich and poor in the development process of more than 200 years
polarization
It created different classes within the Machi class. Therefore, in the so-called "city" such as "destroy", "change the world" (Japanese writing "world straight")
Ikki
Inverse of
Shogunate rule
In the struggle, due to the different interest relations at that time, the attitude of the rich upper Machin and the poor lower machin can not be completely consistent, and sometimes the upper machin has become the object of the lower machin. However, the contradictions between the upper and lower Machi, after all, belong to the contradictions within the Machi class, not
bakatsu
The principal contradiction of political society, therefore, there is no fundamental difference in their political attitude on the big principle question of "Zuozang" or "honor the king." That is to say, as the general political orientation of the Machi class, is to support the so-called"
Return to the throne
"Respect the king", and oppose the existing
Shogunate rule
. Of course, the common political goal does not necessarily mean the same form of struggle, plus
machin
The class has been excluded from political power for a long time and the consciousness of participating in politics is indifferent, so that the struggle of the Machinese against the shogunate rule is mostly launched around their own vital interests, and the forms of anti-shogunate struggle of the poor and rich classes are also quite different, that is, the poor and lower Machinese mainly through "destroying", "changing the world" and other so-called "cities
Ikki
"Form, resistance, attack, shake the rule of the shogunate; The wealthy upper class resisted, disintegrated, and destabilized the shogunate's rule mainly through economic power and means and "in the capacity of economic support".
[6]
Assist and support the "Revolutionary Army" to reverse the curtain.
bakatsu
The struggle of the Machi class against shogunate rule, in the"
Natural insurance reform
"When the climax was set off. For example, in the 13th year of Tenbao (1842), Harumachi people wrote a sharp criticism of the shogunate's politics, saying: "Various kinds of bribes, the popularity of powerful families, the more the better... (and the town) and his town business, can not be integrated, difficulties, resulting in the store yesterday set today to withdraw, moving everywhere rare set, home woman do not know what to do. ... This is too much! That's too much." It shows the Machi people's indignation and criticism to the shogunate ruler's corrupt behavior and his bad administration. Another example is Edo at that time, everywhere posted the criticism and satire of the shogunate's "falling head" (doggerel), biting satire and criticism of the shogunate's frugality policy. This reflects
machin
Class pair
Shogunate rule
The spirit of resistance. However, the shogunate rule directly caused a powerful blow, it should be said that the following layer Machi and
Urban poor
For the main body launched again and again "city
Ikki
".
From the whole
Edo period
See, the "city Ikki" launched by the lower level of the town and the urban poor as the main body, is much less than the "people Ikki" launched by the farmers as the main body. But according to Aoki and Harada Danhiko's statistics, there are more than 420 times.
[7]
The "City Ikki" after the middle of the Edo period can be said to have occurred in Edo in the eighteenth year (1733).
Rice riot
The destruction movement began, and increased after the second half of the 18th century, especially during the period of Tianbao (1830-1844) to the end of the Curtain, and became more frequent and intense. The main force of "City Ikki" was initially led by "town servants". The nature of "Tomin Ikki", but the more to the end of the curtain, such as "change the world
Ikki
"So, lower
machin
Above all
Urban poor
Become the subject. The immediate opportunities for the outbreak of "city Ikki" were mostly famine, soaring rice prices, and opposition to the shogunate or vassals' excessive collection of "imperial gold" and other policies to strengthen exactions and taxes. Its manifestations are as follows
Oshio Heihachiro
(1793-1837) led the Osaka citizens' uprising, and there were also uprisings, such as the "Ikki" uprising in Fukuchiyama Shigamachi, demanding that the Lord abolish financial regulations such as the "production club system," allow the free sale of rice, and lower taxes. However, most of the "urban Ikki" are often spontaneous riots for economic purposes, such as asking the local people to reduce the price of rice, relieve the poor, reduce taxes, etc., and the objects of "destruction" are mostly the rice shops that hoard rice and the big wealthy businessmen operating "two houses", while the direct "destruction" of the feudal ruling institutions is very rare. However, this cannot be said to be directed only against wealthy merchants and not against the ruling power of the feudal lords. Because first, such as the demand for tax reduction, denouncing the corruption of the "daiguan", criticizing and demanding the feudal rulers to amend the "monopoly system" and the issue of arbitrary feudal policies, it has the political nature of resisting and criticizing the feudal rule. The second reason is that the fundamental spiritual motive force that drives the town people to destroy is the "consciousness of changing the world" that requires changing the world. In particular, the latter's "consciousness of change" is truly representative
bakatsu
Class position and political orientation of the town people.
The so-called "consciousness of changing the world" refers to the idea of changing the old world to the new world. According to Linki's research, the concept of "changing the world" was first documented in the Edo period in the fifth year of Baonaga (1708). At that time, the popular title of "Matsuhira Zan Qi Shou Shang Luo for the imperial regulation of five barrels of ten snapper memorandum" said: "repeatedly shaking the tilted bucket, one heart to change the world."
[8]
Since then, whenever the earthquake, people will "change the world" as a mantra, meaning "change heaven and earth." During the period of the Tian Ming Dynasty (1781-1788), the regime of Tanuma and the regime of Dinobu alternated, which was already called "changing the world", Haiku
Kobayashi a tea
(1763-1827) The haiku of the fifth and sixth years of culture (1808, 1809) also has "gently blowing the world's direct wind, flying and spreading fireflies".
[9]
During the political period, "changing the world" was a common phrase and "became a concept of people".
[9]
. This idea comes to the end of the act, because
shogunate
Increasingly corrupt, people's awareness of changing the world is stronger, not only in the "fall" often appear such as "people are looking forward to, the correction of the world"
[10]
"And words like" The people
Ikki
The destruction of riots such as "City Ikki" and "City Ikki" also became the action expression of "changing the world consciousness" and was called "changing the world Ikki". For example,
echo
Second year (1866) April, May and June Edo
machin
The continuous "changing the world" not only lasted for a long time, but also "destroyed violently", and affected the whole country. In May of the same year, the destruction of the Osaka Machi people echoed this, and the scale expanded to the west from Hyogo south to the vicinity of Kiju
Osaka Bay
Almost all the cities along the coast greatly shook the authority of the curtain vassal, dealt a heavy blow to the power of the curtain vassal, and sounded
Shogunate rule
The death knell of...
-
Landlord class
They occupied a large amount of land, and some leased land and collected land rent, which was still feudal in nature. Some hire people to farm, have
Capitalist farm
Nature. However, their land was still legally the property of the feudal lords, and they had to bear the feudal obligations, so they had profound conflicts with the feudal lords, and politically inclined to the bourgeoisie, becoming one of the leaders of the reverse curtain movement.
-
New bourgeoisie
It was a new class, politically powerless, economically constrained by the feudal system, and with strong revolutionary demands. However, because they are in the initial stage of formation, some people often invest in land and become new landlords, with the characteristics of both landlords and capitalists, so they are politically weak and unable to lead a bourgeois revolutionary movement on their own.
-
Big bourgeoisie
It is mainly some big privileged businessmen and loan sharks living in big cities, such as Mitsui, Sumitomo, Hongike, Ono, etc. They were privileged merchants, belonging to the commercial bourgeoisie, in contact with the feudal lords, but also in conflict, and, though lacking revolutionary demands, did not reject reforms in their favour.
-
The great lords of the southwest
With the development of capitalism, the daimyo of Satsuma, Tosa, and Nagasu in the southwest also began to operate and trade
handshop
They gradually approached businessmen and capitalists and began to dissatisfaction with the rule of the shogunate.
-
samurai
The middle and lower samurai have no real power in politics, and are often skimmed and exploited by generals and daimyo in economy, resulting in some samurai losing their sources of livelihood and becoming "ronin". They "hate the Lord like an enemy," and some sell their warrior status to become the adopted son of a rich family; Some intermarried with rich families to relieve financial difficulties; Some are in business, management
handshop
; Some came into contact with Western bourgeois culture and left
capitalism
The wish of the road. Through the above channels, the economic status and world outlook of some middle and lower samurai were transformed into the bourgeoisie, and by the middle of the 19th century, they were basically bourgeois, becoming political spokesmen for the immature bourgeoisie, and successfully leading them
Inverted curtain motion
.
The southwestern four vassals of the inverted Curtain movement
Long state distance
Edo
Far away, the feudal Lord and the shogunate did not get along.
bakatsu
During the period, the Choshu and Satsuma systems later formed a"
League of sauteers
"And jointly fight against the shogunate.
He was a famous thinker of the Choshu dynasty at the end of the Edo shogunate
Yoshida Matsuin
He put forward the theory of "one king and all peoples" and advocated the equality of all peoples under the emperor. Many of the heroes of Japan's Meiji Restoration and the promoters of militaristic expansion, such as
ITO Hirobumi
: Japan"
Meiji Constitution
The father ", planning the invasion of Korea and
Sino-japanese War of 1894-1895
.
Kido Takayoyun
(
GUI Kogoro
) : And
Takashi Nishiko
,
Oku Poly Tong
And called"
The three heroes of Reform
".
Shinaku Takasugi
,
Yutomo Yamamoto
: Three generations, nine generations of Prime ministers, in the First Sino-Japanese War as the commander of the first Japanese army.
Satsuma Han
For Japan's ancient feudal valve territory, located in the southwest of Kyushu, that is
Kagoshima Prefecture
The northern half. Japan
Edo period
The daimyo vassals close to the shogunate are in
Edo
It's near what's now Tokyo, and the more distant it gets, the farther it gets from Edo. Satsuma is located in the westernmost of the four islands of Japan, and the relationship with the shogunate can be imagined. So its young warrior class pushed for innovation, and nearby
Choshu domain
The young samurai developed in contact with Western powers and became known as the strong vassal.
bakatsu
During the period, Satsuma and other powerful forces formed a reverse curtain alliance, advocating the abolition of the shogunate and returning the government to the emperor. in
Meiji Emperor
After taking power,
Cabinet of Japan
Most of the cabinet members were from the Nagasu and Satsuma systems.
Before that, in 1609, General Satsuma
Hisaka Hachiyama
Invading the Ming Dynasty of China
Vassal state
Ryukyu began the Japanese conquest of Ryukyu, laying the foundation for Japan's formal incorporation of Ryukyu into Japan, renamed Okinawa, more than 200 years later.
Oizen han
It was a vassal territory of Japan during the Edo Shogunate period, located on the northwestern island of Kyushu (present-day Japan)
Saga prefecture
).
bakatsu
Inverted curtain motion
One of the four strong vassals, vassals have been for pot island idle moment and pot island straight big. Compared with the other three kingdoms, Saga is close to the number, the peak of talent, far from Mito,
Kumamoto
Vassals, worth mentioning, only three.
First, the "big two", that is, the first proposed to move the capital
Edo
(Tokyo) and became the first governor of Tokyo Prefecture
Big Mu Joe Ren
(1832-1899), as well as the earliest organization in Japan
Party cabinet
the
Shigobu Okuma
(1838 ~ 1922).
In addition
Shinhei Eto
(1834-1874), advocated
A surname
Unite with
gongwu
. During the reform period
Zhangyi team
Made great achievements in the battle. postassertion
Conquering Korea Theory
, and
Takashi Nishiko
At the same time, he fell from power, but Sensei went on to rebel in Saga and was defeated and killed.
Tosa Han
(とさはん) Yes
The county was abandoned
Before implementation
Tosa State
The present
Kochi
The official name of the prefecture is Kochi Han (こうちはん). The official name of the prefecture is Kochi Han (similar to the regional capital)
Kochi Castle
(Kochi City).
The Tosa region was ruled by the Nagasomobe clan at the end of the Warring States Period. During the Battle of Sekwon (Sekwon ヶ の and ferocious) in the fifth year of Gyeongchang (1600),
Nagazo I Mobe
(ちょうそがべもりちか) entered the war as a Western Army, was demoted after the war and removed from territorial power
Kazutoya Yamauchi
Take over, Yamauchi a fung is Tokugawa Ieyasu love general, the original territory is
Far river Kingdom
the
Kakegawa Castle
(near the present-day city of Hung Kawa in Shizuoka Prefecture), the Ishiko (the annual yield of grain in the territory, which is a quantitative basis for the amount of grants received) of Hung Kawa was 69,000 stones, and the change to Tosa Koku was 200,000 stones, which was greatly increased, so that the Yamauchi family ruled the area until the Meiji era.
The Lord's family name has been replaced, but because
Tosa
Past execution
A collar with feet
So there were many of the old ministers of the Changzong I, and in order to prevent the old ministers from resisting the new leader,
Kochi
The core upper level of the city was the samurai of the Yamauchi system (vassals, staff sergeants), while the old ministers were relegated to the lower levels of the outer layer.
countryman
This two-tier governance structure made the upper and lower levels rarely interact, and it was not until the end of the shogunate that there was a middle-level continuity.
In the beginning,
Kazutoya Yamauchi
First, the old town of the Nagasombe family, Uraito Castle, developed the town and the narrow coastal area, which became the downtown of Kochi City and the shops outside the city, and the establishment of the administration was generally from the second generation of Yamauchi Tadayoshi, Yamauchi Tadayoshi
Kenyama Nonaka
The new field development policy, but after the third generation of Yamauchi Tadayoshi succession, the past discontent with Nonaka and yama too strong and strict political opponents of his impeachment and thus lost power, after his death.
Tosa Han
The finance all the way to
Edo period
In the medium term, it gradually settled down. It was initiated after the Paulreki Period (1751-1764) by farmers who resisted high taxes and usury
Ikki
(Unity means armed peasant uprising, armed insurrection) caused the people to flee abroad, and the finance was shaken. After that, the 9th generation Yamauchi advocated the reform of the imperial administration based on frugality and simplicity (the reform of Tianming), which improved the imperial administration slightly, but in the 13th generation Yamauchi
Fengxi
It was because the reformist faction centered around Mabuchi Jihei of the おこぜ group tried to reform the imperial administration, but it failed.
Ryoma Sakamoto
Finally, Ryoma Sakamoto first came up with the idea
Great government will be restored
Conceived, followed by Goto Ganjiro through the front
Tosa Han
The main
Mountain content Hall
To the 15th shogun:
Tokugawa Keiki
Advise, and then end
The Tokugawa shogunate
In this era, the Tosa Dynasty became a key corner in the transition of this era, and the other three key influential dynasties were collectively called "Sajang soil fertilizer", which refers to
Satsuma Han
,
Choshu domain
, Tosa Han, and
Oizen han
.
In the 4th year of Meiji (1871), the policy of "abolishing the prefecture" was implemented, and Tosa Prefecture was renamed
Kochi
The Yamauchi family was canonized in Meiji 17 (1884)
Ethnic Chinese
Your Marquis.
At the end of the 16th century, in the conduct of the Taiji inspection site, the Nagasomobe family declared
Tosa State
Ishiko had only 98,000 stones, but after Yamauchi became Lord Yamauchi, the output was re-estimated and reported to the shogunate as 202,600 stones in 1605, the 10th year of Kyojang. Later, in the first year of the Yuan and the first year (1615), the island of Apod was in
Awaji Kuni
From 170,000 stones to 257,000 stones,
Tosa
In order to surpass and thus add more than 257,000 stones, in fact, the original intention of stone high declaration is to give the shogunate in the future
conscription
In times of need (such as major work or war), a basis (such as the recruitment of five men per hundred stones), but Tosa's increase was for the sake of the Lord's face, and the Yamauchi family had to maintain the status of the first four countries, so it was high
Grain products
However, the shogunate did not recognize the increase of the Yamauchi family, and the official record is still 202,600 stone. In addition, the common saying of 242,000 stones is actually based on the common knowledge of "martial arts".
In 1866, the Satsuma and Nagasu clans formed an alliance.
In 1867, the young
Meiji Emperor
Take the throne, reverse the curtain to get the emperor's secret decree. The rebels staged a coup d 'etat, declaring"
Return to the throne
The rule of the shogunate was abolished and a new government was established.
Oku Poly Tong
,
Takashi Nishiko
,
Kido Takayoyun
When you're in power, order
Tokugawa Keiki
Surrender the territory.
In 1868, Tokugawa Keiki gathered an army in an attempt to counter the attack, but was defeated by the fall army at the Battle of Tohaa-Fumi and the forces were eliminated. The victory of the inverted Curtain movement laid the foundation for the following reform.
Meiji Emperor
Inverted curtain motion
In the mid-19th century, it was composed of Japanese samurai, usury merchants, capitalists, emerging landlords and the great lords of the Southwest
Inverted curtain school
Armed overthrow of feudalism with the support of the masses
Shogunate rule
A bourgeois revolutionary movement.
Judging from the cause of the outbreak of the movement, it was the mid-19th century, Japanese society
capitalism
It occurred under the circumstances of development, the rise of peasant resistance, the crisis of shogunate rule, and the serious national crisis.
Meiji Restoration
The former Japan was a closed and backward feudal country. The emperor, the shogun, the daimyo, the samurai
Vassal system
Farmers and artisans, merchants, who account for 80% of the country's population,
Urban poor
The contradictions between them are becoming increasingly acute. The peasant resistance struggle one after another, greatly deepened the shogunate rule crisis. From the middle of the 18th century,
Rural Japan
The natural economy began to transform into a commodity economy and gradually came into being
Germination of capitalism
. By the middle of the 19th century,
capitalism
Have been further developed,
handshop
Turn up in large numbers. But in general, the development level of Japanese capitalism was not high at that time, and it was in the stage of manual workshops. In the 1850s, Japan was forced to establish itself under the threat of force from the western colonists headed by the United States and faced the crisis of falling into a semi-colonial state, which further aggravated various domestic contradictions and played a catalytic role in the outbreak of the reverse curtain movement. From the perspective of the leading class, the middle and lower samurai, the new landlords and the bourgeoisie played a leading role. In terms of the purpose, the task, and the consequences of movement,
Inverted curtain school
The main demand was to overthrow by force the corrupt traitorous shogunate, carried out
Social reform
Finally, through the revolution of 1868, the government of Japan was overthrown for more than 260 years
The Tokugawa shogunate
. The establishment of a new and unified government, essentially a joint dictatorship of the bourgeoisie and the new landlords
Meiji
The government.
Inverted curtain motion
for
Meiji Restoration
The necessary political conditions were created to ensure that a series of reforms of a bourgeois character could be enforced by the power of the state.
Due to the special historical environment of Japan, it makes
Inverted curtain motion
Compared with the bourgeois revolution in Europe, it has many different characteristics: first,
capitalism
The strength of the bourgeoisie is too weak to lead a revolutionary movement alone; Second, it was the participation of bourgeois warriors, merchants, new landlords and daimyo that enabled the revolution to preserve a large number of feudal remnants; Third, this movement is taking place at a time when class and national contradictions are unprecedentedly serious
feudalism
The contradictions are not as prominent as in Western Europe. The movement was therefore a "premature and incomplete bourgeois revolutionary movement".
