Taihang Mountains ^[31] Also known as Wuxing Mountain, Wangmu Mountain and Nuwa Mountain, it is an important mountain range and geographical dividing line in eastern China ^[14] . The Taihang Mountains as a whole lie in the middle of the North China Plate, with a geographical location of 34°35 '-40 °19' north latitude and 110°15 '-116 °27' east longitude ^[14] , extending in a north-northeast - south-southwest direction until Shanxi (Province) Lingchuan county The south turns east-west, with a total length of about 500 kilometers and a width of about 40-50 kilometers. ^[7] ^[14]

The Taihang Mountains are generally 1000-1500 meters above sea level, and the highest mountain section is the northern section and the middle section, which is more than 2000 meters. The relative height difference is 200-1500 meters ^[7] . The main peak of Taihang Mountains is Xiao Wutai Mountain It is 2,882 meters above sea level ^[28] , the highest peak is Mount Wutai It is 3,061.1 meters above sea level ^[17] ^[29] . The highest peak in the north is Xiao Wutai Mountain, with an elevation of 2,882 meters; The southern peak is hilly Bulzesan , Itayama The altitude is 1745 meters and 1791 meters respectively. ^[9]

Taihang Mountain was once used as a strategic base to open up Shanxi-chahar-hebei region , Jin, Hebei, Lu and Henan And other base areas. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the people of Taihang Mountain resisted the attack of the Japanese army, built the political, economic and cultural base areas, and made indelible contributions to national independence and people's liberation. ^[6]

They say

Coming, China mountain snow map! 2022-11-08 19:22

China has many mountains, thousands of miles of mountains and rivers with thousands of miles of snow, approaching the start of winter, heavy snow has fallen in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other places, are you already looking forward to the first snow of this winter? To this end, we selected the southeast hills, Qinling, Taihang, Yanshan, Changbai, Nianqing Tanggula, Hengduan, Qilian, Altai, Tianshan 10 large mountains, produced this "China Mountain Snow map". ... details

The content comes from

Chinese name: Taihang Mountains
Foreign name: Taihang Mountains ^[31]
alias: Five Elements Mountain , Queen Mother Mountain , Nuwa Mountain
Geographical position: The middle of the North China Plate
Go to: Nor-ne-sw trend, then turn to east-west trend

length: 500 km
breadth: 40 to 50 km
Initial point: Jundu Mountain ( Western Hill )
Terminal point: Wangwu Mountain
Principal peak: Xiao Wutai Mountain
Sea bulldog: 3061.1 m

catalogue

Formation and evolution

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EDITOR

As early as The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) During the years, some people put forward the analysis of the formation history of Taihang Mountain, that is, scientists Shen Kuo . At that time, he was in the Taihang Mountains, and saw that between the cliffs of Taihang Mountain, there were "shells and stones like bird eggs, and the stone walls were like belts", so he began to conduct in-depth analysis of this, and after research, he pointed out that "This is the seaside in the past, and now the east is nearly thousands of miles from the sea." In modern times, thousands of years later, geological research has confirmed his assertion. Research shows that Taihang Mountain began to gestate 100 million years ago, and began to rise and gradually form 2.4 million years ago.

As early as 2.8 billion years ago, the Taihang Mountain area was flooded by sea water and deposited huge thick clastic rocks, iron-bearing siliceous rocks and carbonate strata Wutai movement and Luliang movement The old strata in the area are generally subjected to folding and metamorphism, accompanied by fractures and quartz dike intrusion. Up to 1.8 billion years ago, the crystalline basement of migmatitization was formed.

Since the Luliang Movement 1.8 billion years ago, this area Earth's crust It entered the stage of differential elevation and elevation, which led to the back and forth of sea water, forming the mesoproterozoic platform sedimentary cover and the overlying layer respectively Paleozoic erathem Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous and Permian strata. The Carboniferous to Permian strata are coal-bearing strata. ^[30]

It happened in the Mesozoic era Yanshan movement The neo-Cathaysian fold belt in Taihang Mountain gradually formed and developed the Taihang Mountain front deep fault belt.

Happen to Cenozoic the Himalayan movement So that Taihang Mountain strong uplift, and the front of the mountain North China Plain The relative subsidence, after millions of years of tempering, Taihang Mountain finally emerged. ^[1]

Regional location

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EDITOR

Location boundary

The Taihang Mountains are located in the middle of the North China Plate as a whole, with a geographical location of 34°35 '-40 °19' north latitude and 110°15 '-116 °27' east longitude. ^[14] Predecessors to the Zhanghe, Hutuo River as the boundary, Taihang Mountain divided into south, middle and north three sections; The western boundary of the southern section is Jincheng - Changzhi, the northern boundary is Zhanghe, the eastern boundary is Handan - Anyang - Xinxiang, the southern boundary is Jiyuan - Jiaozuo, and the southwest boundary is Wangwu Mountain. ^[10] The Taihang Mountains extend in the direction of NE-SW, until the south of Lingchuan County, Shanxi Province, turns east-west, slightly forming an "S" shape. It is about 500 kilometers long and 40-50 kilometers wide. The ridge extends along the boundary of the three provinces, which is the natural boundary mountain of the three provinces of Jin, Hebei and Henan, and also the dividing line between the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain. ^[7] ^[14]

Taihang mountain system map

Regional scope

Wang Mang Ling Sea of clouds

Guo Yuansheng of the Jin Dynasty said in the "Record of the Conquest" : "The head of Taihang Mountain begins Hanoi (capital of Vietnam) , north to You Zhou " This is perhaps the earliest historical definition of the extent of the Taihang Mountains, although this definition is somewhat uncertain. Hanoi, Nai Xinxiang The alluvial plain in front of the southern Taihang Mountains to the west, north of the Yellow River and east of the Wangwu Mountains, including present-day Henan Jiyuan , Qinyang , caritas , martial arts, Huixian County , Win praise , Wuzhi And other plain areas. The river, the Yellow River also; The inside is also relative to the outside. This alluvial plain is sandwiched between the southern Taihang Mountains and the southern bank of the Yellow River Mangshan Mountain (in Henan Province) , Songshan Mountain Between, it can be said that this section of the Yellow River is still in the mountain "inside", there are large tributaries on both sides of the Yellow River into the Yellow River, and when the Yellow River leaves this section, completely into the vast plain "outside" of the mountain, due to sedimentation, the bed is high, the Yellow River not only no longer absorb tributaries, but become Haihe river system with Huaihe river system the watershed . "Taihang Mountain begins in Hanoi", that is, the beginning of Taihang Mountain in Jiyuan, Qinyang, Xiuwu area of the south Taihang, the meaning of this sequence is worth wondering. "North to Youzhou", the Western Jin Youzhou included the west Qi Ling Hill, Yangyuan East to Laoting, Qinhuangdao, north to Zhangjiakou, Kuancheng Therefore, there seems to be no problem that the Taihang Mountains mentioned by Guo Yuansheng include the west Mountain of Beijing and the Jundu Mountain.

The father of modern geology in China Ding Wenjiang In 1913, he visited Taihang Mountain in the second year of the Republic of China. In the article "Travel in Taihang Mountain", he discussed the scope of Taihang Mountain from the question of Taihang Baxing. He pointed out that if the Taihang Baxing said, then from the north bank of the Yellow River, all the way to Changping in Hebei province (today Peking Both are Taihang Mountains. But Ding Wenjiang believes: "The scope of the Taihang mountains seems not to be so vast, because from Jiyuan and Qinyang in Henan to Fuping in Hebei, the mountains run north-south, which is the so-called real Taihang Mountains." From Fuping, the mountains turn to the northeast, so that they go around to the north of Beiping, and then to the east to Yuguan, this section of geological structure is extremely complex, unlike Taihang itself. Weng Yongni called it Yanshan. If so, the Junduxing mountain, Feihuxing Mountain and Puyin Mountain pass in the eight mountains are located in Yanshan Mountain, not Taihang."

The Mountain Scout Club, a folk outdoor sports group, put forward a much broader concept of the Taihang Mountains in a map of the Taihang Mountains compiled in November 2008, that includes Zhongtiao Mountain , Wangwu Mountain , Taeaksan , Tie to Zhoushan , Mount Wutai , Hengshan Mountain , West mountain of Beijing , Jundu Mountain Within the Taihang Mountain system.

According to the difference of mountain trend and geological structure, Ding Wenjiang and Weng Wenhao think that the north of Fuping is not Taihang Mountain, but Yanshan Mountain, which seems to be slightly biased. First of all, the trend of the same mountain range is not always the same, affected by geological structure, it often changes in different areas. Even in the Jiyuan and Qinyang of Henan mentioned by Mr. Ding, the Taihang Mountains do not run north-south, but near east-west; If the northeast mountain range north of Fuping is divided into Yanshan Mountain, then it is not consistent with Yanshan Mountain east of Jundu Mountain, which runs nearly east-west. Second, the geological structure of the same mountain range, although generally the same, will also show differences in different sections. This is because the strata and rock composition of the mountains may span a very old geological age, for example, the oldest rock age of Taihang Mountain can reach more than 2 billion years, but the Taihang Mountains now see, its formation age is very young compared to the rock formation of the mountains, it is mainly the result of the neotectonic movement for one or two million years.

In accordance with Fan Xiao Taihang Mountain system should have two concepts, narrow and broad.

In the narrow sense of Taihang Mountain, according to the natural extension of its main vein, the southern section should include Wangwu Mountain and even Zhongtiao Mountain. If you look at it more radically, the Xiaoshan and Xionger Mountains should also be included, and the northern section should include the West Beijing Mountains and Jundu Mountains. The first pass pass of Taihang Baxing Mountain is passed through the valley of the cross-cutting mountain range of Wangwu Mountain and Zhongtiao Mountain. The ancients put it in Taihang Baxing, at least Wangwu Mountain and Zhongtiao Mountain were classified into Taihang Mountain. Of course, if according to Mr. Ding Wenjiang's view, not only the Jundu mountain, Feihu Mountain and Puyin mountain are not in Taihang, but also the terminal Pass mountain naturally should not be in Taihang.

The broad Taihang Mountain system should include Taiyue Mountain, Tie to Zhoushan Wutai Mountain, but should not include Hengshan (there are references including Hengshan). Because Taiyue Mountain, Zhoushan Mountain, Wutai Mountain and Taihang Mountain in the narrow sense, there are no parallel main mountain rivers between them, although there are basins, but they are scattered basins with poor connectivity. The true western boundary of Taihang Mountain system should be Fenhe Basin or Fenhe Graben in central Shanxi, which runs north-south. The terrain of Shanxi is habitually called "Taihang with left hand and Luliang with right hand", which is reasonable. Between Mount Hengshan and Mount Wutai, there is a wide basin in the upper reaches of Hutuo River. This basin, which includes the important towns of Xinzhou, Dingxiang, Yuanping, Daixian, Fanzhi, etc., is actually the northern extension of the Yanle type fault basin belt in central Shanxi. The Taihang mountain system in general is supposed to be on the east side of this basin belt, and Mount Hengshan is already a mountain range on the west side of this basin belt. It also borders the Luliang Mountains to the southwest. ^[11-12]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

geology

Taihang Mountain geological scenery picture (18 photos)

Tectonically, the Taihang Mountains belong to the Taihang fold belt of the third uplift system of the Cathaysian and Neocathaysian systems, which is a multi-anticlinal structural step fault uplift. The two wings of a mountain range are asymmetrical. The eastern flank descends sharply to the North China Plain with great faults, and cliffs can be seen everywhere. The slope of the west wing is slow, mostly Zhongshan, low mountains and hills. The strata of the Taihang Mountains can be divided into three sections: the northern axis of the north part of the Hutuo River is mainly composed of the deep gneiss series of Archaean mesolitic metamorphism and the shallow phyllite, SLATE, schist and conglomerate of the Proterozoic metamorphism, and the Cambrian and Ordovician limestones of the Paleozoic are distributed in the two flanks. The middle part is from south of Hutuo River to north of Zhuozhang River, and the axis is mostly the deep gneiss series of the Paleozoic migmatitization, which is characterized by magnetite quartzite. The Proterozoic is a shallow sedimentary metamorphic rock, and there are a lot of metamorphic neutral and basic volcanic rocks. The Sinian subsphere is mainly a set of extremely thick clastic rocks. The two wings are mostly Cambrian, Ordovician limestone and carboniferous, Permian sand, shale and coal-bearing series. The southern section from Zhuozhang River to Wangwushan is mostly Cambrian and Ordovician limestone and carboniferous, Permian sand, shale and coal-bearing rock series. ^[7]

landform

The Taihang Mountains belong to the transition area of the second and third steps in China in terms of terrain, the elevation is generally 1000-1500 meters, and the highest mountain segment is the north section and the middle section, more than 2000 meters. The relative height difference is 200-1500 meters. ^[7] The eastern side of Mount Taihang rises from the North China Plain, the foot of the mountain is only about 100 meters above sea level, rising sharply from east to west, the main peaks are more than 2,000 meters above sea level; The western part of the Taihang Mountains has a relatively slow terrain, many loess hills, its elevation is generally 1100-1400 meters, and the valleys and basins in the middle are relatively low, most of them are about 1000 meters above sea level. ^[14]

The eastern part of the anticline of Taihang Mountain is a short and steep fault with steep mountain potential, thin soil layer, rocky outcrops and cliffs. The west is a plateau, long and slow, with different depths of loess deposited everywhere, and many places form loess hill landforms. Taihang Mountains in Shanxi Province, there is a large synclinal structure between Taihang Mountain anticline and Huoshan (Taiyue Mountain) anticline, is the Changzhi Basin. In addition, there are some small intermountain basins, such as Jiayuan basin, Lingqiu basin, Hengqu basin and so on. Linzhou Basin was formed in Henan Province. As can be seen from the above situation: Taihang Mountain is a Mountainous region Mainly, with loess hills, Intermontane basin Distributed complex mountain landforms. ^[14]

Most of the peaks are jagged and rounded, such as Taibai Mountain in the northern section, which is not only steep and steep, but also has beautiful scenery; In the middle area of Zuoquan and Licheng, a set of clastic rock formation dominated by quartz-like sandstone formed by the Sinian subrealm constitutes "Danxia" landform with unique landscape; In the southern section, there are karst depressions, valleys, karst caves and karst springs, which are rare in northern China karstification Mountains. ^[7]

Climatic characteristics

Taihang Grand Canyon

The southeast part of the Taihang Mountains is affected by the warm and wet air of the Pacific Ocean, with high temperature and high precipitation, so the southern part of the Taihang Mountains belongs to the warm temperate semi-humid climate zone, but the northwest part is affected by the dry and cold air of the northwest, and the continental climate is obvious, so the northern part of the Taihang Mountains has a cool climate and less precipitation, and belongs to the warm temperate semi-dry early climate zone. The northern part of Hengshan is a temperate semi-arid climate area. From the south to the north, the average annual temperature in Pinglu County near the Yellow River is 13.7℃, and drops to 4-6 ℃ in Hengshan area, with a variation of nearly 10℃. The extreme minimum temperature is -21℃ in the northern mountains of Henan Province, and drops to -37.3℃ in Hunyuan in the north. The lowest temperature is -44.8℃ in the top of Wutai Mountain, and the extreme maximum temperature is 42.4℃ in Ruicheng in the south of Henan Province. The accumulated temperature of ≥10℃ in the whole region is generally 2500 (north) to 4500℃ (south). Frost-free period is generally 120-200 days. The average annual precipitation in the south is generally 550-650 mm, while in the north is 400-500 mm, and the annual and monthly variations of precipitation are great, for example, the annual precipitation in northern Henan is as low as 200 mm and as high as 1000 mm. The annual precipitation in Taihang Mountain area is mainly concentrated in July-September, which can reach 60-70% of the whole year, and there are many heavy rains, which cause serious soil erosion. ^[14]

Drainage condition

Taihang Grand Canyon

There are many rivers in the southern part of Taihang Mountain, belonging to the Yellow River system or the Haihe river system. The larger rivers in the region are Zhanghe, Dan River and Qin River, all originating in Shanxi Province, flowing from west to east through the Taihang Mountains to the North China Plain, and the eastern mountains have Zifang River, Yu River, Qi River and other rivers. ^[10] Taihang Mountain is the water source area of Beijing and Tianjin and the North China Plain, and plays an important role in the water supply of these areas. ^[14]

vegetation

Horizontal distribution

Crop communities are mainly distributed in basins, loess hilly areas, hills and plain areas at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, and agricultural land in mountainous areas.

The southern Zhongtiao Mountain region has a mild climate, more precipitation, and lush natural vegetation with many kinds. There are mainly Huashan pine forests, Pinus tabulaeformis forest , poplar forest, Birch forest , Fuzi oak forest, quercus and other broad-leaved forest, White bark pine forest , Platycladus orientalis , and Chaste tree , Wild jujube And shrubs mixed with artemisia and grass. In addition, there are Taxus chinensis , Southern Yew , Quercus spathulata , Collar wood And other rare species.

The central East and west mountains belong to the semi-humid climate area, the altitude is higher, and the distribution of cold and warm vegetation types. There are mainly North China larix larix forest, white pole forest, green pole forest, pine forest, aspen forest, birch forest, Liaotung oak, cork oak mainly oak forest, Carpinus carpinus forest, walnut forest, white bark pine forest, side Berlin and so on Sea buckthorn , lespedeza , Tiger hazelnut , Mountain peach , Prickly lily , A grasshopper's leg , Yellow rose , yellow filter, spiraea Wait for the brush. In addition swallowwort , sedge A community of grasses, such as artemisia, and artemisia, mixed with shrubs, such as chia, caragana, and river. In the higher elevation of the mountain, there are Caragana and golden dew shrub.

North of the inner Great Wall is a temperate grassland area with few natural vegetation. Only in the area of Hengshan, there are North China larix forest, white pole and green pole forest, aspen and birch forest and a few Pinus tabulaeformis forest. There are also some shrubland and shrub communities, mainly Chinese sea buckthorn shrubland, white leymus and thyme shrubland, herb ephedra and Radix astragalus. In the large hilly area of the basin, in addition to farmland, there are sandy and desertification areas of different sizes, and only some xerophytic or saline weeds grow sparsely. After 1949, plantation was made of poplar microphylla forest, Pinus camphor forest, Pinus tabulaeformis forest, Chinese sea buckthorn forest and Caragana caragana. ^[14]

Vertical distribution

The vertical difference of Taihang Mountains is very great, such as the southern slope of Xiaowutai Mountain, below 1000 meters, there are shrubs, mistletree community distribution; Occasional spruce or larch above 1000 m. Below 1600 meters on the north slope is summer green forest, 1600-2500 meters is coniferous forest, and above 2500 meters is subalpine grassland. ^[9]

Mountain relation

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EDITOR

Major mountain range

The Taihang Mountain system includes Hengshan Mountain Wutai Mountain, XiaoWutai Mountain, Taihang Mountain, Taeaksan , Zhongtiao Mountain Beijing-related Hundred Flowers Mountain Let's wait. ^[14] There are three parallel mountains in the north and middle of Taihang Mountain Range, which are in the direction of northeast and southwest. Such as Hengshan Mountain range, Wutai Mountain range and Zhoushan branch of the department, constitute a "multi" font mountain, entrenched in the north and central Shanxi Province. ^[7]

Hengshan Mountain and Wutai Mountain belong to the ancient block composed of crystalline rock series, which was fractured by tectonic movement and formed two mountains.

The Zhoushan branch belongs to the northern margin of the Xilu tectonic basin. It can be regarded as a part of Qinlu Plateau from the form. It belongs to the central branch of the Taihang Mountains. ^[7]

Major peak

The main peak of Taihang Mountains is Xiao Wutai Mountain At 2,882 meters above sea level, ^[28] The highest peak is Mount Wutai It is 3,061.1 meters above sea level. ^[17] ^[29] The peaks above 2000 meters include Xiaowutai Mountain, Lingshan Mountain and Baishi Mountain in Hebei Province, and Taibai Wei Mountain, Nansuo Mountain and Yangqu Mountain in Shanxi Province. The highest peak in the north is Xiao Wutai Mountain, with an elevation of 2,882 meters; The southern peaks are Mt. Fozi and Mt. Banshan in Lingchuan, with elevations of 1,745 meters and 1,791 meters respectively. ^[9]

Resource status

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EDITOR

Plant resources

" Tree records of Taihang Mountain A total of 778 species, 4 subspecies, 123 varieties and 30 variants of woody plants (including subshrub species) from 235 genera of 86 families distributed in Taihang Mountain area were included, of which 174 species were successfully introduced into the open air culture, 29 varieties, 21 variants and some cultivated varieties. ^[15]

Mineral resources

The Taihang Mountains are rich in coal resources, from north to south, coal Rich in resources, and iron , copper , molybdenum , gold , tungsten Many coal, ceramics, cement and lime production industries were formed in the area. ^[2-3]

Tourism resources

Wutai Mountain scenic spot

【 Subject article: Wutai Mountain scenic spot 】

Mount Wutai, World Cultural Landscape Heritage, National AAAAA level tourist scenic spot, National Key Scenic Area, National Geopark, National Forest Park, National natural and cultural heritage, one of China's ten famous mountains, one of China's four famous Buddhist mountains. Located in Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, between 38°55' -39 °66' north latitude and 113°29' -113 °39' east longitude, the scenic spot has a planned area of 607 square kilometers and an administrative area of 436 square kilometers. ^[17]

Tongtianxia scenic area

【 Subject article: Tongtianxia Scenic Area 】

Tongtianxia Scenic Spot is located in Hongtanguan Township, 30 kilometers east of Pingshun County, Changzhi City, Shanxi Province, across the junction of Shanxi and Henan provinces, 50 kilometers to the west of Shangdang Ancient City of Changzhi, north of the red tourist attraction of the Eighth Route Army Cultural Park and Taihang Water Town and other scenic spots, 35 kilometers to the south of Linzhou City, and SLATE Rock Scenic spot, Linwen Mountain Scenic spot and the famous Red Flag Canal. The total area is 56 square kilometers, and the main canyon is about 26 kilometers long. ^[19]

Yuntai Mountain scenic spot

【 Subject article: Yuntaishan Scenic Spot 】

Yuntai Mountain scenic area covers a total area of 50 square kilometers, including Red stone Gorge, Tan waterfall Gorge, Spring waterfall Gorge, Zhuyu Peak, Diecai Cave, Macaque Valley, Zifang Lake, Wanshan Temple and other eight scenic spots, is a Taihang Mountains rich water features, canyon-like geological landscape and a long history and culture as the connotation, set scientific and aesthetic value and one of the popular science ecological tourism quality scenic spot. ^[18]

Cangyan Mountain scenic spot

【 Subject article: Cangyanshan Scenic Spot 】

Cangyan Mountain scenic area, located in Hebei Province Shijiazhuang City Southwest Jingxing County, with a total area of 63 square kilometers, known as "five mountains, a mountain, Taihang group peak only cang rock" reputation. Cangyan Mountain is famous for "three wonders", "one wonder", "sixteen sights" and "seventy-two landscapes". In 1988, it was rated as a national key scenic area. In 1994, it was approved by The State Council as a historical and cultural mountain with the features of "building wonders", "Danqi", "mountain male", "valley quiet" and "Lin Xiu". ^[20]

Kowloon Gorge scenic spot

【 Subject article: Kowloon Gorge natural scenery tourist area 】

Jiulongxia Natural scenery Tourism Area is a national 4A level scenic spot, national geopark, national scenic area, the scenic spot is located at the eastern foot of the middle part of Taihang Mountain, Xingtai County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province. Covering an area of 64 square kilometers, the main peak Wangmo Mountain is 1,800 meters above sea level. ^[21]

Tianhe Mountain scenic spot

Tianhe Mountain is located at the greenest part of Taihang Mountain on the border of Shanxi and Hebei, with a total area of 30 square kilometers and 65 kilometers from Xingtai City. Tianhe Mountain scenic area has rich cultural heritage. As early as the Neolithic Age, the Tianhe Mountain area was inhabited by human beings. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius once traveled here to study, hence the name "Fuzi Rock". During the Anti-Japanese War, it was one of the main base areas of the Eighth Route Army. The 129th Division Hospital, Jinan Bank (the predecessor of the People's Bank of China) and other revolutionary sites have been well preserved. In particular, the story of the cowherd and the Weaver Girl is widely spread in the area of Tianhe Mountain, and there are a large number of cultural relics. According to the research of many experts, this is the original place of the story of Cowherd and Weaver girl. In 2005, Tianhe Mountain was registered as "China's Love Mountain" by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. In 2006, Tianhe Mountain was named the "Qixi" cultural research base by the Chinese Folklore Society, and the "Hometown of Chinese Qixi Culture" by the Chinese Folk Literature and Art Association.

Xingtai Grand Canyon scenic area

【 Subject article: Taihang Grand Canyon scenic spot in Xingtai 】

Xingtai Grand Canyon is a national AAAA level tourist attraction and a national key scenic spot. The scenic spot spans Hebei and Shanxi provinces, covering an area of 60.8 square kilometers, composed of 24 canyons, of which there are 8 more than a kilometer, with narrow and long, steep, deep, red, cluster five characteristics, forming a monopoly of quartz sandstone canyon group, becoming a wonder of 800 miles Taihang, known as "the world's strange gorge" by experts. ^[22]

Qiannanyu scenic spot

【 Subject article: Qiannanyu ecological sightseeing tourist area 】

Qiannanyu eco-tourism Zone is one of the hundreds of agricultural tourism demonstration points in the country, it is located in Xingtai City Xindu District west Pulshui town, 60 kilometers away from Xingtai City, the scenic area has Xing and line, Pingshen line through, convenient transportation, it is 23 kilometers north of Yunmeng Mountain, 25 kilometers south of the canyon group, 7 kilometers east of Baiyun Mountain. The planned area of the scenic area is 116.8 square kilometers, with more than 80 cultural landscapes and natural landscapes, composed of ten scenic spots such as Kangda Viewing area, ecological sightseeing area and Huashan Range Rover Area. ^[23]

Jingniang Lake scenic spot

【 Subject article: Jingniang Lake Scenic Spot 】

Jingniang Lake Scenic spot is a national 4A level scenic spot. "Jingniang Lake" because the Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin sent Jingniang thousands of miles through here and left a lot of beautiful legends. The total area of the scenic area is 18.5 square kilometers, which is mainly divided into three areas: water resort area, Zhenyi Island browsing area and leisure resort area. The water resort area covers an area of 1.782 million square meters, with an average water depth of 40 meters Cultural landscape Main. ^[24]

Ancient Wudang Mountain scenic spot

【 Subject article: Ancient Wudang Mountain scenic spot 】

Ancient Wudang Mountain

Wu 'an ancient Wudang Mountain from the Sui Dynasty in the sixth century to rebuild the "civil construction". There are 35 existing stone monuments, all of which are historical monuments of merit. The main peak of the ancient Wudang Mountain is 1437.7 meters above sea level, called the north top master top, in the south side of the main peak 0.5 kilometers, there is a peak 1420 meters above sea level called grandma top. There are turtle Mountain, snake mountain on the south side, incense burner Mountain on the east side, many ancient buildings on the top of the mountain, the main peak built the temple of the emperor of Zhen Wu, divided into upper, middle and lower three temples and side halls, the south peak built Bodhisattva Hall, Bixia Palace and other buildings. Secondly, there is the "sharpening needle ditch" of the prince's penance of Bixia Madonna; There are prince penance "South cliff palace"; There are Zhenwu practice cave (natural karst cave); There is a prince to take off the human tire to drive the cloud to Hubei preaching "born rock"; There is an unknown Taoist "Zhang Sanfeng" who cultivates "Long snake River". ^[25]

Taihang Grand Canyon scenic spot

【 Subject article: Linzhou Grand Canyon 】

Taihang Grand Canyon National Forest Park

Taihang Grand Canyon is located in the northwest of Henan Province, the south Taihang Mountain in the eastern foot of the west of Linzhou city, the length of 100 li from north to south, the width of 2.5 li from east to west, 800-1739 meters above sea level, the relative height difference of more than 1000 meters, the territory of the high cliffs, the peaks are steep, the male is strong, the platform wall is interlocking, the water is flowing, the waterfall four hanging, Peaks, mountains, platforms, walls, gorges, waterfalls, peaks and springs are the typical representatives of "Beixiong scenery". The scenic spot is a national key scenic area, a national AAAA level tourist area, and the top ten scenic areas in Henan Province. ^[26]

Wangwu Mountain scenic spot

【 Subject article: Wangwu Mountain Scenic Spot 】

Wangwu Mountain is a national 4A scenic area, located 40 kilometers northwest of Jiyuan City, Henan Province, with a total area of 265 square kilometers, divided into 7 scenic spots, 125 scenic spots. The mountains in the area are green, and the air is strong and powerful. The palace is full of temples and people gather together; Springs, waterfalls and streams, ancient trees and stones. " the Foolish Old Man, who removed the mountains The story took place here. It is one of the nine famous mountains in ancient China, and it is listed as the first of the ten Taoist caves in the Han and Wei dynasties, and is "the first cave in the sky". ^[27]

History and culture

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EDITOR

Origin of name

Taihang Mountain natural scenery (15 photos)

" Lieh Tzu "" Shang Shu Yu Gong It's called Taihang Mountain. " Huai Nan Zi It's called the Five Elements Mountain. "Too" is also big, "line" ranks also, Taihang, for a series of tall mountains also, so the name. ^[7]

Red culture

After the outbreak of the all-out War of Resistance, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China named Mount Hengshan, Lvliang Mountain Taihang Mountain and other strategic bases, the Eighth Route Army three divisions scattered deployment, guerrilla warfare. In the Taihang Mountains, opened up the Shanxi-Chaha-Ji, Shanxi-Ji-Lu-Yu and other base areas. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the people of Taihang Mountain resisted the attack of the Japanese army, built the political, economic and cultural base areas, and made indelible contributions to national independence and people's liberation. ^[6]

Historical evolution

" A surname Cloud: "Yu don't Kyushu." "Taihang, Hengshan as for Jieshi, into the sea." Taihang Mountain belongs to Jizhou. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, most of the northwest foot of Taihang Mountain is North Rong, the north foot is according to North Yan, the east foot is owned by Xing, the southeast and south foot Feng state-owned Wei Guo, Yongguo, Yuan Guo, Single Guo, regulation, the west foot is Jin. In the early Spring and Autumn period, the states surrounding the Taihang Mountains were Jin, Ge, Wei, Ye, Li, Xing, Fei, Gu, Zhongshan and Dai. In the late Spring and Autumn period, the states around the Taihang Mountains were Jin, Zhou, Zheng, Wei, Zhongshan, Yan and so on.

During the Warring States Period, there were disputes among the princes. The states around Taihang were mainly Yan, Zhao and Wei. Among them, Zhao basically held the eastern and western foothills of Taihang.

Qin Shihuang unified the six states and implemented the system of prefectures and counties Upper Dang , Hanoi-ken , Handan County , Taiyuan , Yoshimori , ancient County, Hengsangun , Gwangyang Let's wait.

Western Han county state parallel, to the period of Emperor Wudi, the establishment of the imperial history system, around the Taihang Mountain there are and Zhou Imperial history department, Youzhou Imperial history Department, Jizhou Imperial history Department. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, thirteen states were established nationwide, and there were Sizhou, Bizhou, Jizhou and Youzhou in the ring of Taihang Mountain.

During The Three Kingdoms period, Taihang Mountain was in the possession of Cao Wei.

In the early Western Jin Dynasty, there were Sizhou, Bizhou, Jizhou and Youzhou in the ring of Taihang Mountain. During the sixteen States of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Taihang Mountains were always controlled by the northern minority regime.

In the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, the two-level administrative system of prefectures and counties was implemented. Emperor Yang took the throne, changed the state into a county, the implementation of county system, Taihang Mountain has Changping County, Shangdang County, Hanoi County, Yanmen County, Xuan County, Shanggu County, Hengshan County, Boling County, Zhao County, Xiangguo County, Wei County, Taiyuan County and so on.

The Tang Dynasty implemented the system of road, government, state and county, and Taihang Mountain was the boundary mountain between Hedong Road and Hebei Road.

During the Five Dynasties, the northern part of the Taihang Mountains was gradually encroached by the Khitan.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, the boundaries between the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty were Hequ, Guilan, Yuanping, Daixian and Fanzhi in Shanxi Province and Fuping, Mancheng and Bazhou in Hebei Province. The Taihang Mountains were divided into two countries. After that, Jin destroyed the northern Song Dynasty, adopted the Song system, the implementation of road, government (state), county three levels of management, around the Taihang Mountain there are Hedong North Road, He Southeast Road and Hebei West Road.

The Yuan Dynasty implemented a four-level administrative system of provinces, roads, prefectures and counties, and all Taihang Mountains belonged to Zhongshu Province.

The Ming Dynasty roughly inherited the administrative divisions of the Yuan Dynasty, using the administrative divisions of provinces, provinces, governments and counties, and had Southern Zhili, Henan Chengxuan Secretary of Government and Shanxi Chengxuan Secretary of Government around the Taihang Mountains.

The Qing Dynasty basically inherited the Ming system of administration, and the Taihang Mountains were divided into Zhili, Henan and Shanxi provinces.

During the Republic of China period, the Taihang Mountains were Chahar, Hebei, Henan and Shanxi respectively.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taihang Mountain was the boundary mountain between Shanxi and Hebei and Henan. ^[13]

Intangible cultural heritage

The Taihang Mountain Cultural Belt stretches more than 400 kilometers from north to south, and a large number of intangible cultural heritage are spread all over the Taihang Mountain.

Shangdang Clapper Opera, one of the four Clapper operas in Shanxi Province and a national intangible cultural heritage, is popular in Changzhi and Jincheng, two cities in the southeast of Shanxi Province. It is a kind of opera performed on the same stage with five kinds of accents: Kunqu Opera, Clapper Opera, Luo Luo Opera, Roll opera and PI Huang Opera.

Yangcheng Drum Book, originated in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, gradually formed and developed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. It is a folk art form that is native to Yangcheng, with strong local flavor and popular with the masses. Its singing music is mainly composed of plate cavity, supplemented by Qupai style. ^[16]

Conservation research

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Nature reserve

Jiaozuo area of Henan Taihang Mountain National Nature Reserve was established in 1998 with the approval of The State Council. It is located at the junction of Qinyang, Boai, Zhongzhan, Xiuwu and Shanxi, with a total area of 17215 hectares. It is a nature reserve of wildlife type. To more effectively conserve biodiversity, including rare animals in the northernmost range macaque The largest population and its habitat. ^[8]

Greening project

The Taihang Mountains in Anyang are tall and steep.

In China Taihang Mountain National Park Construction of afforestation projects of forest species. The Taihang Mountains stretch from the Yellow River in the south to the Yanshan Mountains in the north, to the Fenhe River in Shanxi Province in the west, and to the North China Plain in the east. There are 110 counties in the Taihang Mountains, including Hebei, Shanxi, Henan and Beijing, of which 39 are poor counties, accounting for 28%. The total area is more than 14 million hectares. Taihang mountainous area has steep mountain slopes, bare rocks, scarce vegetation, serious soil and water loss, the local economy is backward, and the people live in poverty. Whenever the rainstorm is concentrated, it causes flooding disasters to the downstream plain area. ^[4]

The overall planning of Taihang Mountain greening project is to increase the green area by 3.956 million hectares from 1986 to 2000, of which 3.299 million hectares (83.4%) are afforested. 658,000 hectares (16.6 percent) were cultivated and cultivated. ^[4]

Scientific value

The significance of Taihang Mountain is not only in itself, but also in the Quaternary period since more than two million years, it is because of the strong uplift of Taihang Mountain, there is the continuous subsidence of the basin east of Taihang Mountain, and the great fault on the eastern edge of Taihang Mountain caused this kind of terrain, which makes the west constantly cut the mountain and remove the soil, and the east constantly reclaimed land. The scientific research on the ancient coastal remains has shown that the North China coastline was still located at the Taihang foothills along the Baoding -- Shijiazhuang -- Handan -- Anyang line in 7400 years ago. At this time, if the ancients climbed Taihang Mountain to overlook the east, it should be the scene of the sea facing the wind and the boundless ocean. At about the same time or later, the Yangshao cultural site was still between South Taihang and Funiu Mountain, where the Yellow River just left Sanmenxia in the east. With the advance of the plain in front of the Taihang Mountains to the east, the propagation of civilization also expanded to the east. At the eastern foot of the Taihang Mountains in Anyang, Henan Province, the Yin ruins of more than 3,000 years ago appeared ruins . At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty about 1,800 years ago, when Cao Mengde defeated Yuan Shao and swept the North, a large area from Tianjin on the North China Plain to the present Yellow River Delta was still under the sea, so Cao Cao's unified northern China could not be described in the same light as today. Therefore, it is not too much to say that the Taihang Mountains are the mother land of the North China Plain. ^[11]

Social life

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traffic

Taihang Mountain more cross valley (mountain pass), are connecting the passage of east and west. Jundu Pass, Puyang Pass, Feihu Pass, Jingxing, 滏 Kou Pass, Baixing, Taihang Pass and Dizi Pass Pass are the famous Taihang eight pass, which is a thoroughfare for commercial travel and a key place for soldiers. ^[9]

In order to change the inconvenient traffic situation in the Taihang Mountain area, railway trunk lines such as Jingbao, Daqin, Jingyuan, Shitai, Taijiao, Hanchang, Yangshu, Houyue and so on have been built, as well as criss-crossing highways. ^[7]

fitness

In March 2022, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and The General Office of the State Council issued the" Opinions on building a higher level of national fitness public service system "Pointed out along Taihang Mountains And the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Xi 'an to Chengdu, Qinghai-tibet highway Create "three vertical", along the Silk Road, National Highway 318 Create "four horizontal" along the Yangtze River and Yellow River, and build a spatial layout of "three vertical and four horizontal" outdoor sports. ^[5]

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