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The Balkan Peninsula,
Three peninsulas of southern Europe
One of them,
[5]
locate
Europe
The southeast corner is located
The Adriatic Sea
and
The Black Sea
Between, the detailed scope can be said in many ways depending on the definition. The word Balkan comes from
Turkish
Derived from the word "mountain range".
[1]
There are about 550,000 in the Balkans
Square kilometer
And nearly 55 million people. in
Ancient Greek
The Balkan Peninsula of the era refers to the Haemus Peninsula. The area adopts its name to apply through
Bulgaria
Center to west
Serbia
the
Balkan mountains
Up.
Balkans and
Spain
,
Portugal
located
The Iberian Peninsula
and
Italy
located
The Apennine Peninsula
Be called together
Three peninsulas of southern Europe
. include
Greece
,
Bulgaria
,
Albania
,
Montenegro
,
North Macedonia
and
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Throughout the territory. and
Slovenia
,
Croatia
,
Serbia
,
Romania
and
Türkiye
Parts of...
- Chinese name
- Balkan Peninsula
- Foreign name
- Balkan Peninsula
- Geographical position
- The Adriatic Sea and The Black Sea among
- Area product
- 550000 km²
- Population number
- About 55 million
- Subordinate region
- Europe south
The Balkans have a long history, yes
Human civilization
One of the earliest places of origin. The south is
Ancient Greek culture
The birthplace of... After the 2nd century BC, it was successively conquered by Rome,
Byzantine
(
Eastern Roman Empire
),
Ottoman Turkey
Wait for the empire to rule. Between the 4th and 7th centuries AD, Huns, Avars, Lombards, Bulgarians, Romans and
Slavs
All nationalities on the peninsula
dominion
There was a fierce struggle.
Ottoman Empire
For more than 500 years, the peninsula's people fought a series of struggles against Ottoman rule.
Since the early 19th century,
Tsarist Russia
Eager to get through to the south
Mediterranean
Of the channel,
Austrian Empire
Trying to expand south to
The Adriatic Sea
Britain and France want to protect the access
The Indian Ocean
and
The Far East
The lifeblood of traffic, therefore
peninsula
It became an area fiercely contested by Russia, Austria, Britain and France, and there were many wars, known as the "powder magazine of Europe".
There were two major wars: 1828-1829 and 1877-1878
Russo-turkish War
In 1912-1913 and twice in 1913
Balkan wars
. The war intensified the confrontation between the countries on the peninsula and the contradictions between the great powers, and began in 1914
Austro-hungarian Empire
Crown prince
Franz Ferdinand
in
Sarajevo
Be stabbed as
Blasting fuse
Broke out
World War I
All the countries of the peninsula were involved in the war.
World War I
After peninsula
Political pattern
It's changed a lot because
imperialism
Once again, the fight is fierce, and the region has always been conflicted. in
World War II
In China, the peninsula was conquered by Germany and Italy
Fascism
Occupation, all countries have waged a struggle against fascism.
World War II
Late in
The Soviet Union
The Crimean Peninsula
The Yalta Conference
War of opposition
International relations
The pattern has an important impact, i.e
The Yalta system
. After the war, the peninsula states built many places
Military base
.
Naval base
There is:
Yugoslavia
In Split,
The Bay of Kotor
;
Albania
the
Durres
,
hairroller
; Bulgarian
Varna
,
Burgas
; Romanian
Constanta
; Turkish
Istanbul
; Hellenic
Piraeus
Thessaloniki.
Air base
Yes: Albanian
Tirana
; Constanta, Romania; Bulgarian
Sofia
Tolbukhin; Yugoslavian
Ljubljana
, Nish,
Skopje
Let's wait.
In 1999, due to
Kosovo
The problem triggered by the US-led
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
right
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The savage bombing, 2007,
Autonomous Province of Kosovo
Declaring independence, the United States, Britain and other countries recognized it. peninsular
Unsafe factor
Greatly increased.
[2]
Southern Europe
Three peninsulas
One of them. locate
Southern Europe
To the east. It faces the Adriatic Sea to the west and the Adriatic Sea to the east
The Black Sea
, south shore Ionian Sea (
Mediterranean
A bay) and
Aegean Sea
Southeast across the Black Sea from
Asia
Face each other to the north
Danube
,
Sava
Is the boundary, the west
Trieste
It covers an area of about 505,000 square kilometers. include
Albania
,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The entire territory of Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, etc., and
Serbia
,
Croatia
, Slovenia,
Romania
With parts of Turkey. The peninsula is located between the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, and is connected with Europe and Asia
Land bridge
, south approach
Mediterranean
Important route, East has
The Bosphorus
and
The Dardanelles
By the throat of the Black Sea,
Geographical position
Extremely important.
The Balkan Peninsula occupies a very important geographical position, the west is the Adriatic Sea and
Aegean Sea
To the east is the Black Sea, separated
Turkish strait
Facing Asia, the northern boundary is the Danube River and its tributary, the Sava River
Continental Europe
The contact is very wide, there is no mountain barrier, the traffic is very convenient. The peninsula covers a total area of 500,000 square kilometers, including Albania, Greece, Bulgaria and Macedonia.
Former Yugoslavia
Most of Romania and a small part of Turkey. in
Turkish
"Balkan" means "mountainous". The mountains on the peninsula mainly belong to
Alps
Only in the north and east there are plains and lowlands. The south coast of the West coast has a Mediterranean climate, and the interior has
Continental climate
The characteristics of. The coastline twists and turns, many islands. There are forests, coal, copper, oil and other resources.
Most of the Balkans is mountainous (about seven tenths of the total area). The main mountain ranges are: west coast
The Dinarik Alps
From northwest to southeast, running through the peninsula, the main peak of Yeselsa (in northern Albania) is 2,693 meters above sea level; north-eastern
Balkan mountains
Veins, across the whole of Bulgaria, the main peak Botev, 2376 meters above sea level; south
The Rhodopes Mountains
Moving east-west along the Aegean coast,
Musala
At 2,925 meters above sea level, it is the highest peak on the peninsula. more
Intermontane basin
South of the Balkan Mountains
Maritza
basin
,
Denza
The basin. The northeast is
Plain of the lower Danube
.
The surface of the peninsula is cut strongly, forming a number of valleys, and the main traffic lines pass along the valleys. from
Central Europe
Come along the railroad
The Morava River
And the Vardar Valley to Thessaloniki, along the Maritza River to Istanbul. Except for the Danube and
Sava
Most of the other rivers are short and fast flowing. The coastline is unusually tortuous, as long as 9300 kilometers, Dorang Port. Major cities are
Belgrade
,
Sofia
,
Athens
,
Istanbul
,
Tirana
Let's wait.
South and coastal for
Mediterranean type climate
The north is
Continental climate
.
Annual precipitation
The west is about 1000 ~ 1500 mm, the east is less than 1000 mm, and the south is less than 500 mm.
Mean air temperature
In January, 11 ° C in the south and -2 ° C in the north (lower than -5 ° C in mountainous areas); In July, 26 ° C in the south and 22 ° C in the north. There are vast forests and pastures.
The main ethnic groups in the Balkans include:
Romanians (about 19.4 million), Greeks (about 10.3 million), Turks (about 10 million), Serbs (about 9 million), Bulgarians (about 6.7 million), Albanians (about 5.8 million), Croats (about 4.7 million), Bosnians (about 4 million), Slovenians (about 1.8 million), and horses Chiton (about 2.1 million), Montenegrin (about 500,000), other (
Roma
Jews, etc.).
include
Greece
,
Bulgaria
,
Albania
,
Montenegro
,
North Macedonia
and
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Throughout the territory. and
Slovenia
,
Croatia
,
Serbia
,
Romania
and
Türkiye
Parts of...
Balkan Peninsula
2500 BC
Ancient Egypt
, in order to
winemaking
Frescoes with the theme are not uncommon. Nowadays
wine
The most concentrated production in Europe, its wine culture can be traced back to
Ancient Greek
During the period, wine not only satisfied the taste buds of Europeans, but also accompanied by huge business opportunities and wealth. And France is the first wine producing country in Europe, EU statistics
Data display
The French Wine Year 2000-2005
Average yield
About 550 million litres, with a production value of $3.2 billion.
The Balkan Peninsula in Europe, which is also a wine country, does not have such a bright report card. Go by
Former Yugoslavia
Under long communist rule, wine production became sclerotic, while the technology was too old to allow this
Total output
There are 450 million litre regions with an annual output of only $220 million, only 6.87% of the annual output of France.
In terms of natural conditions, from the west
Bosnia
Hessegovina, to the west east
North Macedonia
The Balkan summers are hot and dry, with plenty of sunshine, and the rocky sloping terrain that pervades is cultivated
Grapes
And ideal conditions for opening a winery. North Macedonia is one of the main wine-producing countries in the Balkans. Just 90 minutes south of the capital, Skopje, is Kavardaci, the heart of the country's wine industry and home to TIKVES, Macedonia's largest winery. However, under the government, Kavardaci's
Wine production
Suppressed by the government, it has instead become an important base for steel mills, surrounded by vast empty fields of empty smoke and grass, and the city streets are filled with low-wage laborers.
The Balkan Peninsula, a territory of the former Yugoslavia, became independent in the early 1990s, and TIKVES and other Balkan vintners are actively seeking ways to revive the wine industry, hoping to establish a reputation for Balkan wines through quality efforts, certification and competition awards. However, the problems of civil war and ethnic conflict that have occurred frequently in the past 15 years have become new problems that wineries must face.
BrunoSaric, director of the HepokLjubuski winery in Sarajevo, says that for nearly half a century,
Balkan region
Not only had to face the damage caused by the war, but also experienced the pains of social transformation, which caused the winemaking to go back. After privatization, the large vineyards were divided into hundreds of blocks, and these small winemakers were accustomed to making cheap wine
Liquor in bulk
It is difficult to satisfy consumers' increasingly sophisticated taste buds, and the profit pressure brought about by paying short-term accounts will not be conducive to the long-term
Marketing plan
.
The effects of the Balkan wars are still being felt, and many producers were lost in the civil wars of the 1990s
Grapes
For example, Bosnia lost nearly 40% of its vineyard area between 1992 and 1995,
Croatia
The wine-growing fields are also heavily mined, losing their agricultural value.
M6
Investment plan
Since 2004, he has directed the operation of wineries in the Balkans,
Planned budget
$14 million, funded by Martin's famous
beer
Offered by the brand Skopje, an attempt to elevate the wines of the region
International market
Competitiveness, for these wineries, the M6 team is the embodiment of the fairy tale white Knight, bringing a ray of light to the road to revival. Tikves is also a beneficiary of the M6 scheme, Export
Department manager
MilanIvanovski proudly points to several tanks, each built at a cost of $260,000 to produce fine wine
gallop
Class of specifications.
SasoVelkov, general manager of Tikves, said that for many years, Tikves has produced mid-priced wines, most of which have been sold to Germany as base wines, and after the M6 project takes over, Tikves will
Sales target
In the high-end market, the production ratio was 65 percent of cheap bulk wine and 35 percent of premium bottled wine, and the production of only two grades of fine wine was reduced from 55 million liters to 35 million liters, and the total sales volume increased by 10 percent in 2006. Two years ago Hepok was
Australia
The purchase of HypoGroupAlpeAdria has been followed by an equally aggressive move towards higher end wineries, with a total of $5 million invested in improvements, and Saric expects another $1 million to be invested in new varieties in 2007
vine
To fully replace the old vines and expand the planting area to 150 hectares, although at least one year's production capacity will be lost, it will be very helpful to improve long-term production capacity.
Small wineries cannot afford the huge retrofit costs, so they take smaller scale changes while seeking assistance from international organizations such as
United States Agency for International Development
,
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
With the Directorate-General for European Reconstruction, etc. BrittKarlsson, a wine writer and tourist, says small wineries in Croatia have started to offer Tours with a nice bonus. At the same time, the winery does not need to rush to expand the plant output, should focus on improving the quality of wine, increasing production may be able to make money, but it is definitely not an excellent winery
Necessary condition
. The biggest challenge for Balkan wineries is the lack of international trade and influence, says Karlsson. Wineries need to improve their understanding of foreign markets and introduce modern winemaking techniques.
After years of efforts by Balkan wineries to finally bear some sweet fruit, Tikves has struck a fine blow, receiving a large order of 300,000 bottles from the Russian government, among others
Vintage wine
Juxtaposed in the Kremlin cellars, big
Pull up
The rank and popularity of Tikves wines. Balkan wineries' policy of quality over quantity is worth learning, and the days of mass production of low-margin agricultural products are over.
The Balkans have always been
International relations
Complex and eventful areas, known as "powder magazine" said. Here, for various historical reasons,
National contradiction
, religious conflicts,
Cultural difference
Thorny issues such as border disputes, political differences and other issues affect each other, are intertwined, and have the potential to be incompatible with fire and water. In the midst of this,
Yugoslavia
Regional contradictions and conflicts are the most concentrated and intense region.
Moreover, because the Balkan region is located in the important traffic routes and has always been a battleground for military forces, the European powers, out of their own self-interest, have always paid attention to the dynamics and changes here and actively intervened in various contradictions and conflicts. For example, the "accident" that occurred on June 28, 1914
Sarajevo incident
It was a common assassination in Europe, and at first people thought nothing unusual about it, but more than a week later,
European powers
It was hyped up as a "July diplomatic crisis", and thus triggered
World War I
.
Yugoslavs
Yugoslavia
Be located in
Southeast Europe
The northwest Balkans. Xiannan
Slavs
The first inhabitants of the territory were the Illyrians,
Thrace
Harmony with the people
Celts
. In the 6th century, a group of Slavs began to break through
The Byzantine Empire
The Danube line, invading the Balkans. In the 7th century, they settled in the Balkans and gradually became acquainted with the local area
Indigenous people
As one, collectively known as Yugoslavs. The Slavic tribes in Yugoslavia fought successive wars with the Byzantines, Avars, Franks, Hungarians and Venetians in order to survive and settle down, and established the medieval state organization. But they did not last long because they were unable to fend off the expansionist encroachments of their neighbours.
Bulgaria
Located in the central and eastern Balkans,
Medieval period
The first inhabitants were Thracians. The Greeks and Romans established slave societies in this region. In the second half of the 7th century, a group of ancient Bulgarians entered what is now northeastern Bulgaria. In a common struggle against the Byzantine Empire, the ancient Bulgarians allied themselves with the Slavs who settled in the Balkans and established the Slavic Empire in 681 AD
Kingdom of Bulgaria
. Later, the ancient Bulgarians were gradually assimilated by the Slavs and became a Slavic country, but they still used the name Bulgaria. Albania is located in the western Balkans in Southeast Europe, and the Albanians are one of the oldest ethnic groups in the Balkans.
[3]
independent
From the 14th century to the 16th century, the former span
Eurasian
Feudalism in three continents of Africa
theocracy
The Muslim Empire --
Ottoman Empire
From western Asia, it conquered the Balkan Peninsula, destroyed the Slavic states in Yugoslavia, and established military feudal rule in Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania for more than five centuries. The Balkans were under Ottoman rule for a long time. here
Ethnic relations
Complex, most of which Slavic settlements. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria and
Albania
Other countries gained independence from the Ottoman Empire (1299-1922). Before long, it grew up in central Europe
Austro-hungarian Empire
absorbed
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Two places. The local people wanted to unite with Serbia to form a large southern Slavic state.
At this time,
Russia
In order to
Southern Slavs
As a liberator of the United States, the United States intervened in Balkan affairs, exacerbating the contradictions there; In the 1870s and 1880s, Germany, Austria-Hungary and
Italy
Set up a campaign against Russia and France
Triple Alliance
. In 1879, he was Chancellor of Germany
Bismarck
Driven by,"
Treaty of the German-Austrian Alliance
"First concluded. The treaty has a distinctly anti-Russian character. Later, because Italy was competing with France
Tunisia
Bismarck took the opportunity to draw Italy together against France. In 1882, the Treaty of the Tripartite Alliance between Germany, Austria and Italy was signed, and the Tripartite Alliance was formally established, and Germany became the core of the Tripartite Alliance.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
German economy
It grew rapidly, catching up with and surpassing Britain. Germany's plan to build the "triple B Railway" also indicated an intention to expand into the Balkans, from its capital
Berlin
First, through Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, to Asia
Baghdad
. In response to the Triple Alliance, France and Russia formed an alliance in 1892
Military agreement
,
Franco-russian alliance
Thus formed. Britain also adjusted its relations with France and Russia, signing separate treaties in the early 20th century
Anglo-french Entente
The treaty with Britain and Russia. The signing of the Anglo-French and Anglo-Russian Entente means that Britain, France and Russia
Triple entente
The establishment of. So, Europe two big
Military clique
It finally formed. The Balkans became the powder keg of the European war. The Balkan countries have been dragged in twice
World war
.
After the war, the Balkan countries were established successively
The Soviet Union
Q.-q.
Socialist system
But, on the one hand, Soviet politics was highly centralized
Economic system
Affecting the Balkan countries
Political system
and
Economic restructuring
On the other hand, the ethnic contradictions in some countries, especially Yugoslavia, are very complicated, and there are eight ethnic groups with a number of more than 500,000, the largest
Serbian nationality
Only 36 percent of the population. These eight ethnic groups share their historical traditions,
Religious belief
There are great differences in cultural customs and economic development.
World War I
Later, the eight nations were united into one kingdom, but due to the implementation of this kingdom
Greater Serbianism
Ethnic tensions are high.
Tito
During the administration, it was implemented in Yugoslavia
National equality
Policies in which the existence of various nationalities is recognized and implemented by the State
federalism
. When President Tito died in 1980, Yugoslavia lost a leader, many of whom had previously been covered up
National problem
Begin to surface.
The Balkan Peninsula became a powder keg at the end of the 19th century because of its important geographical position. First of all,
Turkish strait
Located in the Balkans with
Asia Minor Peninsula
For Russia, the Turkish Strait is an important lifeline for southern Russia, and if the Turkish Strait is closed by a hostile country, Russia's southern foreign contact will be cut off.
Black Sea Fleet
Will be a sitting duck. Control of the Balkans was crucial for Russia. The Austro-Hungarian Empire in the northern Balkans was in decline, unable to confront Germany to the north, France to the west, and Russia to the east.
Its development could only go south, taking the Balkans as its own
Sphere of influence
In order to make a final struggle; The invasion of the Russian forces would make the already weak Austro-Hungarian Empire besieged on three sides (Russia in the east, Russia in the south, and France in the west), and the control of the Balkan Peninsula was also vital for the empire. The Balkan Peninsula has a complex ethnic composition, plus its original rulers
Ottoman Empire
Further decline facilitated the rivalry between the two blocs in the Balkans. The two countries achieved their control of the Balkans by supporting and annexing various small countries in the Balkans, and the Balkans became one of the conflicts in Europe
Balkan question
The war is on.
Sofia Church
In October 1989, the 28th Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Union of Southern Communists adopted the"
Political restructuring
Issue "resolution, declaring the renunciation of the" one-party monopoly." In 1990, the 70-year-old Southern Communist Union broke up. At the same time, some 300 political parties have sprung up across the country, almost invariably on the defensive
National interest
The flag to fight for
ballot
,
nationalism
Thoughts are rampant. Slovenia and Croatia are in
referendum
Independence was declared simultaneously on 25 June 1991, marking the beginning of the dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation. The Federal Parliament and the government of the South held an emergency meeting overnight to declare the unilateral independence decision of the two republics of SK illegal. Yugoslavia was at war.
In April 1992
Serbia and Montenegro
The two republics agreed in principle to form a "common state for the continuity of Yugoslavia". On April 27th,
Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia
Held a meeting and adopted the joint composition of the Republic of Serbia and Montenegro
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was formally established. But just as the fighting in Croatia was ending,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Republic was at war again. This is a bigger, more intense and brutal dogfight.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
It is a republic of different nationalities with different religions, practised within its borders
Orthodox Church
About 1.5 million Serbs, 31.3% of the population, are Catholic
Croat
About 800,000 people, accounting for 17.7%, the largest ethnic group is Muslims, about 2 million people, accounting for 43.7% of the population, Muslims were originally Serbs, but in the Ottoman Empire forced to convert to Islam, their customs and Serbs have been very different, there are many political contradictions. In the conflict, because of the support of the Southern People's Army, the Serbs have a great advantage in weapons and equipment, combat experience and troops, and have always held the initiative in the war.
Former Yugoslavia
The continuous wars have forced a large number of people to be displaced and become refugees.
By October 1992, it was estimated that more than 1.8 million refugees remained in the former Yugoslavia, of whom
Croatia
Refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina have accounted for a quarter of the total population of the two countries. In addition, more than 400,000 refugees from the former Yugoslavia have poured into neighbouring European countries, causing serious problems for these European countries
Social problem
. As the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina intensifies,
International community
The focus of mediation turns again
Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Up. In 1992,
European Economic Community
and
The United Nations
A series of resolutions of principle have been adopted, and the parties to the South Korean conflict have held many talks, but no results have been achieved.
At the end of the 20th century, although peace and development are the trend and trend of world development, there is no sign of easing and easing in the Balkans. The original contradictions still exist and even get worse, and new conflicts are occurring again. Factors that are not conducive to the stability of peace and development make the situation here still in a vicious circle. In 1912-1913 and twice in 1913
Balkan wars
. Between March and August 1912, independent Bulgaria,
Serbia
, Greece and
Montenegro
The four countries formed an alliance against Turkey, that is
Balkan League
. therewith
imperialism
Countries have intervened for their own aggressive purposes. Russia, Britain, and France sided with the Balkan alliance, while Germany and Austria supported Turkey. This further complicates the situation in the Balkans. In October, the Allies declared war on Turkey,
The First Balkan War
Eruption.
End of war
The Ottoman Empire was defeated and sued for peace. In December of the same year, the four Balkan Allies and Turkey met
London
Negotiations between the two imperialist blocs dragged on and off for several months until, on May 30, 1913, a treaty was signed.
Peace of London
Turkey's European territory, with the exception of Istanbul and a small area near it, was divided among the Balkan Allies. Recognition of Albanian independence. For the Balkan countries
The First Balkan War
It's a righteous one
War of national liberation
.
[4]
