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The Republic of Indonesia is also known as Indonesia (Indonesia). is
Southeast Asia
The country, capital is
Jakarta
. with
Papua New Guinea
,
East Timor
and
Malaysia
Wait for countries to meet. Indonesia has an area of 1913,578.68 square kilometers,
[1]
It consists of about 17,508 islands and is the largest in the world
archipelago
Countries, borders across
Asia
and
Oceania
It is also a country with many volcanoes and earthquakes. The larger islands are
The island of Kalimantan
,
Sumatra
,
Irian Island
,
Sulawesi
and
Java Island
There are 3 special regional zones and 31 provinces in the country. Indonesia population 276 million (December 2022)
[2]
It is the fourth most populous country in the world.
[2]
There are hundreds of nationalities, among them
Javanese
45% of the population,
Sundanese
14%,
The Madura
and
Malai
Each accounted for 7.5%
[2]
.
National language
There are more than 200 species,
Official language
for
Indonesian
. About 87% of the population believes in it
Islam
Is the world
Moslem
The most populous country.
[2]
13th-14th century in
Java
Formed a powerful empire and fell to the end of the 16th century
Dutch colonies
. 1942 by
Japan
Occupy. After independence on August 17, 1945, it was forced to become the Federal Republic of Indonesia and join the Dutch-India Federation during the armed resistance against British and Dutch invasions. It was restored as the Republic of Indonesia in August 1950 and separated from the Dutch and Indian Federation in August 1954.
Indonesia is
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
One of the founding nations, too
Southeast Asia
The largest economy and
Group of 20
Member states, strong aerospace technology. Its oil resources are net exports, as Indonesia once was
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Member State (1962-2009), recently rejoining the organization, 2022, Indonesia
Gross domestic product
17,871.9 trillion
Indonesian rupiah
($1.78 trillion), up 5.31% year-on-year;
Gross domestic product per capita
$4,783.9.
[2]
Indonesia, crazy development of Sumatra
2021-09-25 08:57
Indonesia is made up of more than 17,000 islands, where the sea and jungle separate different people, forming a diverse ethnic and cultural diversity. Covering an area of 470,000 square kilometers, Sumatra is the 6th largest island in the world and the 1st largest island in Indonesia. However, it is not the most populous place in Indonesia and has been underdeveloped for a long time in its history.
... details
The content comes from
- Chinese name
- Republic of Indonesia [2]
- Foreign name
-
The Republic of Indonesia; Indonesia
Republik Indonesia [18] (in Indonesian) - Abbreviated form
- Indonesia, Indonesia
- continent
- Asia
- capital
- Jakarta [2]
- Major city
- Surabaya , Bandung , Medan , Yogyakarta Etc.
- National Day
- August 17, 1945 [2]
- National song
- " Great Indonesia "
- Country code
- IDN
- Official language
- Bahasa Indonesia [2]
- currency
- Indonesian rupiah
- Time zone
- UTC+7 to UTC+9
- Political system
- Presidential republic
- National leader
- Joko Widodo [2] (President)
- Population number
- 276 million [2] (December 2022)
- Population density
- 145.7 people/km2 [12] (2020)
- Major nationality
- Javanese , Sundanese , The Madura , Malai [2]
- Major religion
- Islam [2] (Sunni)
- Land area
- 1913578.68 km² [1]
- Water area ratio
- 4.85%
- Total GDP
- About $1.29 trillion [2] (Year 2021)
- Per capita GDP
- $4,783.9 [2] (2022)
- International telephone area code
- 62
- International domain name abbreviation
- .id
- Road access
- Drive on the left
- National bird
- tercel
- The national flower
- Hair jasmine
- Gini coefficient
- 0.368
- Largest city
- Jakarta
- National motto
- Bhinneka Tunggal Ika
- reputation
- Land of the Thousand Islands
- Leading institution
- University of Indonesia , Gachamada University Etc.
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Administrative division
- ▪General situation
- ▪Major city
- 3Natural environment
- ▪Location boundary
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- ▪Drainage distribution
- 4Natural resources
- 5National symbol
- ▪Country name
- ▪flag
- ▪National anthem
- ▪National emblem
- 6Population nationality
- 7political
- ▪regime
- ▪People's association
- ▪Congress
- ▪Local representative council
- ▪government
- ▪judiciary
- ▪Political party
- ▪dignitaries
- 8economy
- ▪industry
- ▪agriculture
- ▪foreign trade
- ▪Finance and finance
- ▪tourism
- ▪Foreign capital
- 9culture
It lived in the Indonesian archipelago about 1.5 million to 35,000 years ago and is called
The Javanese ape man
. Homo sapiens entered the region about 45,000 years ago.
The third largest city Bandung has beautiful scenery and the title of the fairy city
The third largest city Bandung has beautiful scenery and the title of the fairy city
A number of decentralized feudal kingdoms were established in the 3rd to 7th centuries. Recorded dynasties include the Buddhist Sri Buddha (mid-7th century - 1293), who was conquered by Majabashi; Controls
The Strait of Malacca
the
The Kingdom of New Keshari
(1222-1292), triggered
Yuanclaw War
Later, with the help of the Yuan army, the royal family established the most powerful in Indonesian history in Java
Majabashi
Imperial Empire (1293-1478).
In the 15th century, Portugal, Spain and England invaded. In 1596
Netherlands
Invasion, established in 1602 with governmental authority"
East India Company
At the end of 1799, a colonial government was established.
After the Japanese occupied Indonesia in 1942 and surrendered in 1945,
August Revolution in Indonesia
Independence was declared on 17 August 1945 and the Republic of Indonesia was established.
After the independence of Indonesia, it has armed resistance to the invasion of Britain and the Netherlands, and launched three wars of independence. After 1947, the Netherlands and Indonesia, after many wars and negotiations, signed the Indo-Dutch Treaty in November 1949.
Round table agreement
". According to this agreement, Indonesia was established as a federal republic on December 27 of the same year and joined the Dutch and Indian Federation.
The provisional constitution was adopted by the Bundestag in August 1950, officially declaring the Republic of Indonesia, the same year that Indonesia became the Republic of Indonesia
The United Nations
The 60th member State. It was separated from the Dutch and Indian Federation in August 1954.
In 1967, Indonesia, together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, established the"
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has 10 member countries, of which Indonesia is one of the most influential.
[3]
In May 1998, after 32 years in power
Suharto
The president resigned and Vice President Habibie took over. In October 1999, the Indonesian People's Consultative Assembly (NPA) was elected
Wahid
For the president,
Megawati Sukarnotri
As Vice president. On 23 July 2001, President Wahid was removed from office by a special meeting of the JLPC on charges of dereliction of duty, and Megawati Sukarnoputri took over as President and Hamza Hazi as Vice President.
In July 2004, Indonesia held the first direct presidential election in history, and former Coordinating Minister of political security
Susilo
Muhammad Jusuf Kalla, the Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare, was elected in two rounds of direct elections and was sworn in as President and Vice President on 20 October 2004.
In August 2005, the Indonesian government reached a peace agreement with the separatist group Aceh Independence Movement. In July 2006, the Indonesian Parliament passed the Aceh Administration Law. In December 2006, local elections were held in Aceh, with former YAD leaders Irwandi Yusuf and Muhammad Nazar elected as governor and deputy governor. In April 2012, Zaini Abdullah and Muzakir Manaf, former leaders of the Aceh Independence Army, were elected governor and deputy governor, serving until 2017.
In July 2006, the Indonesian Parliament passed a new Nationality Law, which eliminated some racial and gender discrimination. In October 2008, the Indonesian Parliament passed the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Act.
In March 2014, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono signed the Presidential Decision No. 12 of 2014, formally abolishing Circular No. 6 of 1967 and changing the name "**" (cina) to "China". Circular No. 6 of 1967, a product of the era of former Indonesian President Suharto, contains discrimination and insults against the national character and personality of China and the Chinese people. Local Chinese said that more than 40 years of discrimination against Chinese and Chinese will never return, which is a sign of Indonesia's democratic political progress.
On 8 June 2018, the United Nations General Assembly elected Indonesia as a non-permanent member of the Security Council for 2019 and 2020.
[4]
On January 18, 2022 local time, the Indonesian House of Representatives held a plenary session and passed the draft National Capital Law. Indonesia plans to move its capital from Jakarta to East Kalimantan province, with the new capital about 2,000 kilometers from Jakarta.
[16]
On November 16, 2022 local time, Indonesian President Joko Widodo said that Indonesia is ready to bid to host the 2036 Summer Olympic Games in Nusantara, the country's new capital.
[19]
In December 2022, Indonesian President Joko Widodo issued a decree banning the retail sale of cigarettes from next year in order to strengthen the control over the consumption of this harmful product.
[20]
The Republic of Indonesia has a total of 38 first-level districts (provinces), including
Jakarta
The capital,
Yogyakarta
,
Achin
Three regional districts and 35 provinces. There are 514 second-level administrative regions (counties/cities).
[2]
The 35 provinces are:
North Sumatra Province
(Capital City)
Medan
),
West Sumatra Province
(Capital City)
Padang
),
Jambi
(Capital City)
Jambi
),
South Sumatra Province
(Capital City)
Palembang
),
Bengkulu Province
(Capital City)
Benguru
),
Lampung
(Capital City)
Bandar Lampung
),
Banga-belitung Province
(Capital City)
Penang
),
Riau Islands Province
(Capital City)
Tanjung betel nut
),
West Java Province
(Capital City)
Bandung
),
Central Java Province
(Capital City)
Semarang
),
East Java Province
(Capital City)
Surabaya
(
Surabaya
)),
Banten
(Capital City)
sirloin
),
Bali Province
(Capital City)
Denpasar
),
West Nusa Tenggara Province
(Capital City)
Matalan
),
East Nusa Tenggara Province
(Capital City)
Kupang
),
West Kalimantan Province
(Capital City)
Pontiam
),
Central Kalimantan Province
(Capital City)
Palangkaraya
),
South Kalimantan Province
(Capital City)
Machen
),
East Kalimantan Province
(Capital City)
Sanmalinda
),
North Kalimantan Province
(capital Tanjong Xerox),
North Sulawesi province
(Capital City)
Manado
),
Central Sulawesi Province
(Capital City)
Palu
),
South Sulawesi Province
(Capital City)
Makassar
),
Southeast Sulawesi province
(Capital City)
Kendari
),
Gorontalo Province
(Capital City)
Gorontalo
),
West Sulawesi Province
(Capital City)
Mamuju
),
Maluku Province
(Capital City)
Ambon
),
North Maluku Province
(Capital City)
Sofie
),
West Papua Province
(Capital City)
Manokwari
),
Papua province
(Capital City)
Jayapura
),
South Papua Province
(Capital City)
Merauke
),
Southwest Papua Province
(Capital City)
Sorong
)
[22]
,
Central Papua Province
(Capital Dimica),
Highland Papua Province
(Capital Wamena)
[21]
and
Riau
(Capital City)
Pekanbaru
).
Mosques in Surabaya
Mosques in Surabaya
capital
Jakarta
, located in
Java Island
Northwest coast, 740.28km²,
The resident population is 10.56 million
[2]
It is the national political, economic, cultural center and sea, land and air transportation hub, and the shipping center between southern Asia and Oceania. As early as more than 500 years ago, Jakarta became a famous port for the export of pepper and spices, which was called "Sunda Grappa", meaning "coconut". In 1527, the name was changed to Charjakarta, implying victory and glory. In 1618, the Dutch colonial Army captured it and renamed it "Batavia". During World War II, the Japanese invaded Indonesia, and after Indonesia's independence in 1945, it was renamed Jakarta and designated as the capital of the Republic.
Surabaya
is
East Java Province
The capital, with an urban area of 326km² and a population of 3.6 million, is the second largest city in the country after Jakarta, the main base of the navy, and is one of Indonesia's important manufacturing, agricultural product processing and trade centers and the sea and air transportation hub of Java Island. It is known as the "heroic City" for its heroic resistance to the British during the independence struggle.
Medan
is
North Sumatra Province
The capital, with an urban area of 342 km2 and a population of about 1.8 million, is the third largest city in Indonesia. Be on the verge of
The Strait of Malacca
It is the western gate of Indonesia's foreign trade and one of the main entry and exit ports for domestic and foreign tourists. The establishment of the Yangtze River Delta Region of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand strengthened its position as the development center of Northern Jiangsu Province and northern Indonesia, and promoted the rapid development of the city's small industries such as food processing, textiles, leather products, chemicals, building materials, metals and transportation. The city is clean, the trees are shady and the climate is pleasant. The Sultan's Palace in the city was built in 1888.
Bandung
is
West Java Province
The capital, the cultural center of Sunda, has a population of 1.7 million. Located in the high valley, surrounded by mountains, beautiful scenery, pleasant climate. It is home to more than 50 universities and research institutes, and has the country's only aircraft manufacturing plant. The famous Asian-African Conference was held here, and the original Independence Building of the conference is now the Museum of the Asian-African Conference.
Yogyakarta
Located in Central Java, it is one of the country's three provincial special zones, directly under the jurisdiction of the central government. The city covers an area of 32.5 km2 and has a population of 420,000. It is an important cultural and educational center in Indonesia, a window to display Javanese traditional culture, and a famous tourist destination, with world-famous Borobudur Pagoda and other historical sites. During the War of Independence, Yogyakarta was the first capital of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo announced in 2019 that the country's capital would be moved from Jakarta to East Kalimantan province, with the new capital spanning the North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kartanegara regions.
On January 17, 2022, according to Singapore's Asia News Network (CNA), Indonesia's Minister of National Development Planning Suharso announced that Indonesia plans to build a new capital in East Kalimantan province on Borneo Island to be named "Nusantara".
[15]
Indonesia is located in southeast Asia, the land span
equator
, and
Papua New Guinea
,
East Timor
,
Malaysia
Bordering on
Thailand
,
Singapore
,
The Philippines
,
Australia
Other countries face each other across the sea.
Map of Indonesia - Latest erlinyou edition
Map of Indonesia - Latest erlinyou edition
Indonesian land span
equator
(12°S ~ 7°N), more than 70% of its territory is in the Southern Hemisphere, so it is the largest Southern Hemisphere country in Asia (East Timor is also a Southern Hemisphere country). The longitude spans 96°E to 140°E, and the east-west length is more than 5,500 kilometers.
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic country, made up of about 17,508 large and small islands between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The land area is about 1.904 million square kilometers, and the sea area is about 3.166 million square kilometers (excluding the exclusive economic zone). The northern island of Kalimantan is across the sea from Malaysia, and the island of New Guinea is opposite
Papua New Guinea
Connected. The northeast faces the Philippines and the southwest
The Indian Ocean
The southeast faces Australia. The coastline is 54,716 km long.
The distribution of Indonesian islands is relatively scattered, mainly
The island of Kalimantan
,
Sumatra
, Irian Island,
Sulawesi
and
Java Island
. The interior of the islands are rugged mountains and hills, and only the coastal areas have narrow plains, and are surrounded by shallow seas and corals.
Kalimantan has mountains stretching from the centre to the west, a vast coastal plain and a swampy south.
Sumatra, the mountains from the northwest to the southeast oblique, the mountains on the northeast side of the hills and a wider coastal alluvial plain, the plain to the east is swampy.
Sulawesi is mostly mountainous, with narrow plains along the coast.
Java Island, the north is a plain, the south is lava plateau and mountain, more than a wide basin between the mountains.
Irian Island, high in the west, has the highest mountain in Indonesia and the highest island mountain in the world
Jaya Peak
It is 5030 meters above sea level, and the southern plain is wider.
Located in tropical Indonesia, the climate is warm and humid all year round, with an average temperature of 25-27 degrees Celsius and humidity of 70-90%. Indonesia has two seasons. For most parts of Indonesia, there is usually a dry season from April to October and a rainy season from November to March, with no summer or winter extremes.
[17]
Indonesia has many rivers with plenty of water, but they are all relatively small. The larger rivers are those of Java
Solo River
and
The island of Kalimantan
the
Barito
,
The Capuas River
,
The Mahakan River
The Solo River is 560 km long. The larger lakes have
Toba Lake
Maningjo Lake, Chekala Lake, Tempe Lake, Towuti Lake, Paniai Lake, among which Lake Toba in Sumatra is the largest lake in Indonesia.
Indonesia is rich in natural resources and is known as the "tropical treasure Island". Rich in palm oil, rubber and other agricultural and forestry products, of which palm oil production ranks first in the world, natural rubber production ranks second in the world. Rich in oil, natural gas and coal, tin, bauxite, nickel, copper, gold, silver and other mineral resources.
[17]
Mining plays an important role in Indonesia's economy, accounting for about 10% of GDP. According to Indonesian official statistics, Indonesia's oil reserves are about 9.7 billion barrels (1.31 billion tons), natural gas reserves 4.8 trillion to 5.1 trillion cubic meters, proven coal reserves of 19.3 billion tons, and potential reserves can reach more than 90 billion tons. Indonesia is rich in oil and gas resources. The government announced oil reserves of 9.7 billion barrels, equivalent to 1.31 billion tons, of which 4.74 billion barrels, equivalent to 640 million tons, were verified. Indonesia has 176.6 trillion standard cubic feet (TCF) of natural gas reserves, equivalent to 4.8-5.1 trillion cubic meters. Indonesia's largest oil company is the National Oil company (Pertamina). According to Fortune 2021, Pertamina is ranked 287th.
[17]
Indonesia is the biggest country in the world
Coal exporter, with exports of about 400 million tons in 2020.
[14]
Indonesia has one of the richest biological resources in the world. According to incomplete statistics, Indonesia has about 40,000 species of plants, of which
Medicinal plant
The most abundant. Indonesia's total forest area is 120 million hectares, of which 112 million hectares are permanent forests and 8.1 million hectares are convertible forests. Forest cover in Indonesia is 67.8%. Indonesia is rich in a variety of tropical precious tree species, such as iron wood, sandalwood, ebony and sleeve wood are famous in the world. Indonesia has vast seas and a tropical climate suitable for all kinds of fish. Indonesia is extremely rich in fishing resources, the east coast of Sumatra island, Bagansiabia is a world famous fishing ground.
[5]
The word Indonesia comes from the Greek Indus and nesos, referring to the islands of India. The name has existed since the 18th century, predating independent Indonesia. The English ethnographer George Windsor Earl coined the term "Indunesians" in 1850, but preferred the term "Malayunesians" to refer to the inhabitants of the East Indies and Malay Islands. In the same journal, Lear's student James Richardson Logan referred to the East Indies as "Indonesia". However, the Dutch academic community does not use the term Indonesia, but uses the Malay Islands, the Dutch East Indies, etc., and the terms East Indies, Orient and Archipelago are also quite common.
Flag of Indonesia
"The Great Indonesia" by Vicky Rudolf Supratman
Indonesia, our country, spilling blood for you. To defend our country, our heads will be thrown or our bodies will be killed. Indonesia, our nation, our people and country, come, let us all demand "United Indonesia". Long live the motherland, long live the political power, and continue to develop the national spirit. The people of the whole country are united to form the great nation of Indonesia. Ah, Indonesia, independent, free, great, our dear land and country.
[6]
Coat of arms of Indonesia
276 million (December 2022), the fourth most populous country in the world.
There are hundreds of nationalities, among them
Javanese
45% of the population, and
Sundanese
Madura, Malay, etc.
[2]
Indonesia is a presidential republic, the current constitution is the "Fourth Five" Constitution. The Constitution came into force on 18 August 1945 and was amended four times between October 1999 and August 2002. The Constitution stipulates that Indonesia is a single republican state, and "belief in Shinto, humanism, nationalism, democracy, and social justice" are the five basic principles of the founding of the country (referred to as "Panchasila"). The President is the head of state, the executive head and the Supreme commander of the armed forces. In 2004, the president and vice president were no longer elected by the People's Consultative Assembly, but directly elected by the whole people. Each term is five years and can only be re-elected once. The President appoints the Cabinet, which is accountable to the president.
[2]
The full name is the People's Consultative Conference. The national legislature, composed of the Assembly of People's Deputies (Congress) and the local Council of Deputies, is responsible for drafting, amending, and enacting the Constitution and for supervising the President. If the president violates the constitution, he has the power to impeach and remove the president. Elections are held every five years. Established in October 2019, the association has 711 members of Parliament, including 575 members of Parliament and 136 members of local representative Councils. There is one chairman and nine vice-chairmen. The current president is Bambang Soesatyo.
[2]
The full name is the People's Congress. The national legislature exercises general legislative power except for constitutional amendment. The National Assembly has no power to remove the president from office, and the president cannot declare the dissolution of the National Assembly; However, if the president violates the Constitution, the National Assembly has the power to recommend that the NPA hold the president accountable. The current National Assembly, which was established in October 2019, has 575 members, who are also members of the People's Association. The term is five years. There will be one speaker and four deputy speakers. The current speaker is Puan Maharani.
[2]
It is a newly established legislative body in October 2004, responsible for the legislative work related to local autonomy, the relationship between the central and local governments, the division of local provinces and cities, and the management of national resources. The members are from 34 provincial-level administrative regions in the country, with 4 representatives from each district, a total of 136, and concurrently serve as personnel agreement officers. There is one chairman and three Vice-chairmen. The current president is La Nyalla Mattalitti.
[2]
Carry out
Presidential system
The president is both
Head of state
, too
Head of government
And control all three armies. The President and vice President are elected directly by the people for a term of five years, and the president can be re-elected once.
[3]
The President appoints the Cabinet, which is accountable to the president.
[2]
Joko Widodo
Joko Widodo
The current cabinet was formed in October 2019 and reshuffled four times in December 2020, April 2021, June 2022, and July 2023. The current cabinet consists of 34 members, serving until 2024.
[2]
On July 22, 2014, the Indonesian General Election Commission announced that
Joko Widodo
He won the 2014 Indonesian presidential election and was elected as the new president and vice president
Yusuf Kalla
.
[7]
In October 2019, Joko Widodo was appointed as the eighth President of Indonesia, serving until 2024.
[8]
On March 20, 2024, the Election Commission of Indonesia announced the final vote tally of the presidential election, and Prabowo was officially elected president of Indonesia.
[24]
Prabowo attends a rally attended by journalists and supporters on March 20, 2024
There is a separation of powers and the Supreme Court is independent of the legislative and executive branches. The President of the Supreme Court is elected by the justices of the Supreme Court, and the current president is Muhammad Syarifuddin.
[2]
The Political Parties Act of 1975 allowed the existence of only three political parties, namely Golkar, the Indonesian Democratic Party, and the Building Unity Party. The party ban was lifted in May 1998. In the 2019 general election, a total of 16 political parties contested, nine political parties won seats in the National Assembly, and the Democratic Party of Struggle became the largest party in the National Assembly. The major parties include:
|
Political party
|
introduce
|
General chairman
|
|---|---|---|
|
(1) Democratic Party of Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesi-Perjuangan)
|
It was formed in October 1998 by members of the former Indonesian Democratic Party. It is a nationalist party and represents Indonesia's secular political forces. "Panchasila" as a political platform, to promote the national spirit, against religious and racial discrimination.
[25]
|
Megawati Soekarnoputri
|
|
(2) Partai Golongan Karya
|
Formed in 1959 as a loose joint secretariat of the Professional Group, the Professional Group was formed by a coalition of 61 mass organizations in October 1964, expanded to include 291 mass organizations in December 1970, and was the de facto ruling party from 1967 to June 1999, but has always described itself as a socio-political organization. It was officially declared a political party on 7 March 1999. The Panchasila political platform advocates political reform on the basis of democracy and civil rights to protect human rights and improve people's livelihood.
[25]
|
Airlangga Hartarto
|
|
(3) Gerindra (Great Indonesia Movement Party)
|
It was founded on February 6, 2008, on the political platform of "Panchasila", advocating nationalism and humanism. He ran for president or vice president three times, in 2009, 2014, and 2019, but lost. He won the presidential election in 2024 and will take office on October 20, 2024.
[25]
|
Prabowo Subianto.
|
|
(4) National Democratic Party (Partai Nasional Demokrat)
|
Founded in July 2011, the former mass organization "National Democracy". With the aim of building an independent, unified, just and prosperous country, it advocates the use of the collective power of the people to achieve the rejuvenation of Indonesia.
[25]
|
Surya Paloh
|
|
(5) Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa
|
Founded in July 1998, it advocates the establishment of a democratic, open and clean national political system, opposes religious politicization and religious discrimination, opposes all acts that undermine national unity and unity, and opposes the establishment of a state under theocracy.
[25]
|
Muhaimin Iskandar
|
Joko Widodo: President. Born in June 1961 in Solo, Central Java. They believe in Islam. He came from a poor family and studied forestry at Kachamada University in Yogyakarta. After graduation, he worked briefly in Aceh Special Administrative Region. In 1988, he returned to Solo to operate the furniture industry and became a well-known local businessman. He was elected mayor of Solo in 2005 and re-elected in 2010. He was awarded the "Star of Merit" medal by the President in 2008 and was selected as one of the 25 best mayors in the world in 2010. He was elected Governor of Jakarta in September 2012 and the seventh President of Indonesia in October 2014, and was re-elected in 2019.
Maruf Amin: Vice President. Born in Banten Province in March 1943. At the age of 12, he studied Islam at the prestigious East Java Academy and graduated from the Department of Islamic Religious Theory at Bogor Ibn Khaldun University in 1967 with a bachelor's degree. He has taught in Indonesian economics College and university. In the 1960s, he joined the Islamic Clerics Union (USNU) and was elected to the Jakarta Local Assembly in 1971. In July 1998, he joined the National Awakening Party and became chairman of the Consultative Council. He was a member of Parliament from 1999 to 2004 and was chairman of the Sixth Committee on Trade, Investment and Enterprise. He retired as a member of Parliament in 2004 and has served as Chairman of the Advisory Committee, the Advisory Committee, and the Academic Council of the Central Council. He was a member of the former President Susilo's Advisory Council on religious affairs from 2007 to 2014. In the 1990s, he joined the Indonesian Council of Islamic Scholars (IWA). From August 2015 to November 2020, he served as the General President of the Iranian Institute and later as the Chairman of the Advisory Committee of the Iranian Institute.
Prabowo Subiyando: President-elect of Indonesia and General Chairman of the Greater Indonesia Action Party. Born in Jakarta in October 1951, he practiced Islam. In 1970, he enrolled in the Magelang Military Academy in Indonesia and served in the Indonesian National Army after graduation. He lost three elections in 2009, 2014 and 2019, and has served as Indonesia's Defense minister since 2019. On March 20, 2024, he was elected as the new president of Indonesia with 58.6% of the vote and will be sworn in for a five-year term on October 20.
Gibran Rakabumin Raqqa: The eldest son of President Joko Widodo and mayor of Solo City. He was born in October 1987 in Solo and is a Muslim. He studied at the Singapore Institute of Management Development as an undergraduate. He joined the Democratic Party of Struggle in 2019, was elected mayor of Solo in 2020 and took office in February 2021. On March 20, 2024, he was elected as the new Vice President of Indonesia with 58.6% of the vote and will be sworn in for a five-year term on October 20.
[2]
[25]
Indonesia is the largest economy in ASEAN. Agriculture, industry and service industries all play important roles in the national economy. From 1950 to 1965 GDP grew at an average annual rate of only 2%. In the late 1960s, the economic structure was adjusted, and the economy began to accelerate. From 1970 to 1996, the GDP grew at an average annual rate of 6%, making it a middle-income country. In 1997, the Asian financial crisis hit hard, the economy suffered a severe recession, and the currency depreciated sharply. A slow recovery began in late 1999, with annual GDP growth averaging 3%-4%. Economic supervision by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ended on schedule at the end of 2003. After President Susilo came to power in 2004, he actively took measures to attract foreign investment, develop infrastructure construction, rectify the financial system, and support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and achieved positive results, and economic growth has been maintained at more than 5%. Since 2008, in the face of the international financial crisis, the Indonesian government has properly responded and maintained rapid economic growth. Since 2014, economic growth has slowed down due to the global economic downturn and the Federal Reserve's adjustment of monetary policy. After President Joko Widodo came to power, he put forward the idea of building a "global Marine fulcrum", vigorously developing the Marine economy and infrastructure, and maintaining steady economic growth. In 2023, Indonesia's GDP will reach 20,892.4 trillion rupiah (about 1.37 trillion US dollars), a year-on-year growth of 5.05%; The per capita GDP is $4,920.
[2]
[25]
Indonesia's industrial development direction is to strengthen the export-oriented manufacturing industry. The main sectors are mining, textile, light industry and so on. The output of tin, coal, nickel, gold, silver and other minerals ranks first in the world. Indonesia's main state-owned mining companies are Antam and PT Timah Tbk.
[17]
Indonesia is rich in oil and gas resources, with a total of 66 oil and gas basins, of which 15 basins produce oil and gas. The government announced oil reserves of 9.7 billion barrels, equivalent to 1.31 billion tons, of which 4.74 billion barrels, equivalent to 640 million tons, were verified. Indonesia has 176.6 trillion standard cubic feet (TCF) of natural gas reserves, equivalent to 4.8-5.1 trillion cubic meters. Oil exploration and development basically depend on foreign oil companies. Indonesia's oil production has gradually declined, and since 2003, Indonesia has become a net importer of oil, and in early 2008, Indonesia announced its withdrawal from the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Opec). Indonesia's crude oil and condensate production fell to 870,000 b/d in 2012, below the government's target of 930,000 b/d. The largest oil company in Indonesia is the National Oil Company (Pertamina, No. 123 in the 2014 Fortune Global 500).
[3]
Indonesia's level of industrialization is relatively low, and there are more than 30 different types of manufacturing sectors, mainly textiles, electronics, wood processing, steel, machinery, automobiles, pulp, paper, chemicals, rubber processing, leather, footwear, food, beverages, and so on. Indonesia's largest Steel company is state-owned Krakatau Steel.
[17]
Indonesia is a big agricultural country with about 80 million hectares of arable land. The main cash crops are palm oil, rubber, coffee, cocoa. Indonesia's forest coverage rate of 54.25%, up to 100 million hectares, is the world's third largest tropical forest country. Indonesia's largest forestry and paper conglomerate is Sinar Mas. Fishery resources are rich, with as many as 7,000 species of Marine fish, and the government estimates that the potential catch is more than 8 million tons/year.
[17]
As the world's largest archipelagic country, Indonesia has 81,000 kilometers of coastline, 5.8 million square kilometers of water area, including 2.7 million square kilometers of territorial sea fishing zone and 3.1 million square kilometers of exclusive economic zone. The fishery resources are rich, with as many as 7,000 species of Marine fish, the government estimates that the potential catch is more than 8 million tons/year, the developed Marine fishery production accounts for 77.7% of the total fishery production, and the fishery resources in the exclusive economic zone have not been fully exploited.
[3]
Foreign trade plays an important role in Indonesia's national economy, and the government has taken a series of measures to encourage and promote the export of non-oil and gas products, simplify export procedures, and reduce tariffs.
|
time
|
2018
|
2019
|
2020
|
2021
|
2022
|
2023
|
|
Value of exports
|
1800.13
|
1676.83
|
1631.92
|
2315.2
|
2919.8
|
2588.2
|
|
Amount of imports
|
1887.11
|
1712.76
|
1415.69
|
1961.2
|
2375.2
|
2218.9
|
|
balance
|
86.98
|
35.93
|
216.23
|
353.3
|
544.6
|
369.3
|
|
Reference materials:
[2]
[25]
|
||||||
The main export products are petroleum, natural gas, textiles and garments, wood, rattan products, handicrafts, shoes, copper, coal, pulp and paper products, electrical appliances, palm oil, rubber and so on. The main imported products are mechanical transportation equipment, chemical products, automobiles and spare parts, power generation equipment, steel, plastics and plastic products, cotton and so on.
The Indonesian currency is the rupiah, which is freely convertible. At financial institutions and exchange points in Indonesia, the Indonesian rupiah can be freely exchanged with major currencies such as the US dollar and the euro. The Central Bank of Indonesia is Bank Indonesia, the main commercial banks in Indonesia are: Bank Mandiri, Bank Central Asia, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Internasional Indonesia (International Bank of Indonesia), BankDanamon (financial bank), etc.
Foreign banks in Indonesia include HSBC, Citibank, American Express, JP Morgan Chase, ABN Amro, Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi, Deutsche Bank, Standard Chartered, Bangkok Bank, Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and China Construction Bank.
In 1980 there were only six listed companies in Indonesia. Indonesia enacted the Capital Market Law in 1996 and the Securities Law in October 2002. On November 30, 2007, the Jakarta Stock Market and the Surabaya Stock Market were merged into one national stock market, called the Indonesian Stock Market (IDX). As of August 2020, there are 749 listed companies on the Indonesian stock market.
[17]
The number of international tourists visiting Indonesia in 2020 was 4.02 million, a significant decrease of 75.03% compared to 16.1 million in the same period in 2019.
[17]
Foreign capital plays an important role in promoting Indonesia's economic development. The Indonesian government attaches great importance to improving the investment environment and attracting foreign investment. Before the 1997 financial crisis, it attracted about 30 billion US dollars of foreign investment per year, which dropped sharply after the financial crisis. The Joko government attaches great importance to improving the investment environment and vigorously attracts foreign investment. It will attract US $47 billion in foreign investment by 2023. The main sources of investment are Singapore, China (inland), Hong Kong, the United States, and Japan.
[2]
[25]
There are more than 200 national languages spoken in Indonesia, and the official language is Bahasa Indonesia.
[17]
The Indonesian national dress "Batik" is made of traditional batik cloth and is known as the "national dress". For formal occasions, men can wear a long-sleeved Buddy shirt on top and dark pants on the bottom. Women usually wear suits of Buddy or other fabrics.
No pork, no alcohol; Men meet women generally do not take the initiative to shake hands, if the other hand out, you can gently shake; Think that the left hand is unclean, do not use the left hand to accept gifts or submit items; Indonesians consider it rude for a stranger to touch their head.
[17]
About 87 percent of Indonesians follow Islam, making it the world's most populous Muslim country, most of whom are Sunnis. 6.1% of the population believes in Protestantism, 3.6% in Catholicism, and the rest in Hinduism, Buddhism and primitive fetishism.
[17]
Islam Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha; National Awakening Day (commemorating the founding of the Indonesian National movement organization "The Good Society" in 1908) on May 20; Independence Day is August 17th.
[2]
The National Defense Act provides that the President has supreme authority over the national armed forces, makes major decisions on defense and security matters with the assistance of the National Defense and Security Council and the Minister of Defense, and exercises direction and command over the National armed Forces through the Commander of the National Army and the Chief of Police. The National Army Command is responsible for the administration, education, training and wartime command of the entire army. The Ministry of National Defense is responsible for formulating and implementing national defense policy, and implements a military service system combining conscripts and volunteers, with conscripts serving for two years.
[2]
The Indonesian National Army (TNI) was formed on October 5, 1945, from the Dutch Colonial Army and the National Reserve Army during the Japanese occupation. There are three branches of the army, navy and air force, with a total active force of 388,000. Among them, 299,000 troops are mainly organized into strategic reserve forces, special forces and 12 military regions. The Navy of 61,000 people, mainly organized into the east and West two fleet command and Marine Corps, military maritime command. The Air Force of 28,000 people, mainly organized into the first (western), the second (eastern) Air combat command and maintenance and material Command, special forces. The current commander of the National Army is General Agus Subiyanto.
The army, Navy and air force respectively have chiefs of staff who are responsible for the daily management and training of the troops. The army has long had the dual functions of national defense security and social security, and is now mainly responsible for national defense and security tasks.
Paramilitary forces include police and militia. The police force was incorporated into the Armed Forces headquarters in 1964, together with the National army called "Indonesian Armed Forces" (ABRI), officially independent in July 2000 and directly under the leadership of the president, responsible for maintaining domestic security, the current police force of nearly 380,000 people. The current Inspector General of Police, Listyo Sigit Prabowo.
[2]
[25]
Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono announced a defense budget of 83.4 trillion rupiah ($7.91 billion) for 2014, an increase of 9 percent over 2013, to modernize the country's weapons and strengthen Indonesia's defense industrial base.
Roads and waterways are important means of transport, of which roads are responsible for nearly 90% of domestic passenger transport and 50% of freight. In terms of railway facilities, Java and Sumatra have two islands with universal speed railway
Jakarta
and
Bandung
There is a high-speed railway
[23]
. Air transport has developed rapidly in recent years.
Indonesia has a total road length of 340,000 kilometers, and the more developed land transportation areas are Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Bali and so on. By the end of 2020, Indonesia has completed 2,346 km of highways (about 0.7% of the total road length). The Indonesian government plans to expand the total length of highways to 4,761 km by 2024.
[17]
Indonesia has a total railway length of 6,458 km (
Do not contain
Jakarta-bandung high Speed Railway
[23]
)
. Java Island and Sumatra Island railway transport is relatively developed, of which, Java Island railway 4,684 kilometers, accounting for 73.6% of the national railway total. According to the plan, the Indonesian government will build a new 3,258km railway network, which will develop the southern railway and north-south railway lines in Java, and gradually build two-way rail tracks, in Kalimantan and Sulawesi areas will carry out research and preparation for railway transportation, and consider the construction of urban rail transit in Jakarta, Surabaya, Sijiang and Manado areas.
[17]
September 7, 2023, Indonesia and Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway
Jakarta-bandung high Speed Railway
Put into operation
[23]
.
Indonesia has about 1241 ports of all kinds, of which 33 are major ports. Jakarta's Tanjung Buluk Port is the country's largest international port with an annual handling capacity of about 4.2 million TEUs, while Surabaya's Tanjung Perah Port is the second largest with an annual handling capacity of 1.4 million TEUs. In order to solve the shortage of funds for port construction, the Indonesian government is gradually relaxing its control over ports, and plans to allow private institutions to build and manage ports through BOT and other means.
[17]
Indonesia's provinces, cities and remote areas are accessible to air, the country has 179 airports, of which 23 meet international standards, opened international flights, domestic flights, Hajj flights, pioneer flights and so on. The Government's air transport industry development programme includes the maintenance, improvement and expansion of existing major airports, as well as the construction of new airports and the replacement of old ones. In order to meet the growing demand for air transport, the Indonesian Ministry of Transport plans to build 15 new airports and construct logistics airports in six locations.
[17]
After the 1997 financial crisis, people's living standards fell. The government has stepped up assistance, studied the establishment of a national social security system, and taken medium - and long-term measures to expand employment and strengthen capacity building to address structural poverty. As of March 2023, there are about 25.9 million people living in poverty in Indonesia, with a poverty rate of 9.36% and a Gini coefficient of 0.38. According to the data released in August 2023, the unemployed population is 7.855 million, and the unemployment rate is 5.32%.
[2]
Implement nine-year compulsory education. Famous universities include the University of Indonesia in Jakarta, Kachamada University in Yogyakarta, Erlangka University in Surabaya, Bandung Institute of Technology in Bandung, Ban Jharan University, and Bogor Agricultural College in Bogor
[2]
.
In 2010, Indonesia's health budget spent 20.8 trillion rupiah. By 2009, there were 1,156 hospitals, 3,426 maternity hospitals, 8,570 public health centers, 23,163 health clinics and 5,537 pharmacies. The infant mortality rate at the beginning of 2006 was 2 per cent and life expectancy was 69.8 years.
On 16 December 2021, the mutated strain B.1.1.529 was detected for the first time in a sample of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia, the first reported case of infection with the Omicron strain in Indonesia.
[13]
Indonesia only began competing in the Olympics in 1952. The Indonesian women's archery team won a silver medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, which was Indonesia's first Olympic medal. Since badminton entered the Olympic Games in 1992, the sport has become Indonesia's main source of MEDALS. They won one gold, one silver and three bronze MEDALS at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, while badminton, the traditional sport, is still guaranteed a medal
[9]
.
Indonesian athletes
Indonesian athletes
Indonesia has an advantage in badminton
Toufik
Born in Bandung, Indonesia in 1981, Tawfik was recognized by Bole in 1996 and has since broken into the international badminton arena. He won the Asian Youth Championship in 1999. He is the first player to win the Olympic, Asian Games, World Championships and Thomas Cup in one Grand Slam, as well as winning the Indonesian Open six times (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006).
Since badminton entered the Olympic Games in 1992, the sport has become Indonesia's main source of MEDALS. In 1992, Indonesia won a total of 2 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze MEDALS, all from badminton, and they won the first three men's singles.
Wei Renfang
with
Wang Lianxiang
Won the men's and women's singles titles as a couple. In Athens Olympic Games, Indonesia won a total of 1 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze, except for weightlifting famous Lisa got a silver medal in weightlifting, the rest are all from badminton. Tawfik won Indonesia's only gold medal in men's singles, while Soni and Lim Pui Lei/Chee Yong Yin also won bronze in men's singles and men's doubles.
At the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, Indonesia finished 11th overall with 3 gold, 12 silver and 11 bronze MEDALS. At the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, Indonesian badminton players won two gold, two silver and one bronze MEDALS, which was the first Olympic gold medal in Indonesian history. Indonesian athletes won 1 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze MEDALS at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and in 2000
Sydney Olympic Games
He won 1 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze at the 2004 Athens Olympics. The year 2006
Doha Asian Games
Last year, Indonesia won two gold, three silver and 15 bronze MEDALS, ranking 22nd in the gold medal tally.
[10]
Indonesian traditional sports include bull racing, bullfighting, canoeing, etc., which are usually the programs of national festivals. In addition, boxing is also very popular among the people. Modern sports in Indonesia began during the Dutch colonial period, when national sports were mainly centered on the island of Java, with athletes mostly from Surabaya, Solo, Yogyakarta and other places. Sports in addition to tennis, there are football, hockey and so on.
[10]
There are more than 3000 kinds of newspapers and periodicals. The main Indonesian language newspapers are "Luo Pan", "Professional Voice", "Indonesian Media", "Republic Daily", "Innovation Voice" and "Indonesian Business"; English newspapers are "Jakarta Post", "Jakarta Globe", "Indonesian Observer" and so on. Chinese newspapers include International Daily News, Shang Daily, Thousand Island Daily, Sin Chew Daily (formerly Indonesia Daily), etc. The only news agency currently is the Antara News Agency, which is the official news agency. State-owned broadcasting and television mainly include the public Indonesian National Radio and Indonesian National Television. National Radio Indonesia was established on September 11, 1945, with 53 sub-stations and the "Voice of Indonesia" (broadcasting in 10 languages), currently employing 8,500 people. The Indonesian National Television station was officially launched on August 17, 1962, with 13 branches and 395 broadcasters covering all of Indonesia. Originally run by the government, it became a public television station after 2000. It has about 7200 employees.
There are 11 national television stations such as Eagle Kee TV, Education TV, Meidu TV and many local television stations.
[2]
Most of Indonesia is connected to the Internet, but Indonesia has less bandwidth and slower speeds. As of January 2021, there are 202 million Internet users in Indonesia, accounting for 73.7% of the total population. 96.4% of them are mobile users; The average age of users is 16-64. Telkomsel is the largest domestic telecommunications company in Indonesia, while Indosat is the largest foreign telecommunications company. At present, 4G has not fully covered rural Indonesia, and the Indonesian government is still focused on expanding 4G coverage.
[17]
Indonesia currently has a total installed power capacity of only about 50 gigawatts, electricity penetration rate is less than 75%, even the capital Jakarta occasionally due to the lack of electricity to implement rolling blackouts.
[17]
We will pursue an active and independent foreign policy, take ASEAN as the cornerstone of our diplomacy, and actively promote the building of the ASEAN community. It advocates balance among major countries and attaches importance to relations with the United States, China, Japan, Russia, Australia, India and the European Union. Attach importance to the Non-Aligned Movement and South-South cooperation. The 50th anniversary of the Asian-African Summit and Bandung Conference was held in April 2005. Since 2008, the "Bali Democracy Forum" has been held every year, and 15 sessions have been held so far. He served as the rotating chair of ASEAN in 2011 and held a series of East Asian leaders' summits in Bali in November. The 21st APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting was held in Bali in October 2013. In April 2015, the Asian-African Summit and the 60th anniversary of the Bandung Conference were held in Jakarta. He hosted the 18th Asian Games in August 2018 and served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council from 2019-2020. He will assume the rotating presidency of the G20 in 2022 and hold the 17th G20 Leaders' Summit in Bali in November. He will assume the rotating chair of ASEAN in 2023 and host a series of leaders' meetings on East Asia cooperation in Jakarta in September.
[2]
Relations with China
China and Indonesia established diplomatic ties on April 13, 1950, and relations have been developing smoothly for more than 10 years. After the September 30 incident in 1965, diplomatic relations between the two countries were severed on October 30, 1967. Diplomatic relations were restored on 8 August 1990. Strategic partnership established in April 2005. A comprehensive strategic partnership was established in October 2013. A high-level dialogue and cooperation mechanism will be established in June 2021. In November 2022, consensus was reached on building a China-Indonesia community of shared future.
The two countries have frequent high-level exchanges. In April 2015, he attended the Asian-African Summit and the 60th anniversary of the Bandung Conference in Indonesia. In November 2018, he met with President Joko Widodo on the sidelines of the 26th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting. Meeting with President Joko Widodo on the sidelines of the G20 Osaka Summit in June 2019. Meeting with President Joko Widodo on the sidelines of the G20 Bali Summit in November 2022. In September 2023, Premier Li Qiang went to Jakarta to attend a series of leaders' meetings on East Asia cooperation and paid an official visit to Indonesia. In April 2023, Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Foreign Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee Wang Yi co-chaired the third meeting of the China-Indonesia High-level Dialogue and Cooperation Mechanism with Indonesia's Coordinator and Coordinating Minister for Cooperation with China Luhut in Beijing. In July, Wang Yi met with Indonesian Foreign Minister Marcello Retno on the sidelines of Foreign ministers' meetings on East Asia Cooperation in Jakarta. In April 2024, Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Foreign Minister Wang Yi co-chaired the fourth meeting of the China-Indonesia High-level Dialogue and Cooperation Mechanism with Minister Luhut, who is in charge of Indonesia's cooperation with China.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo attended the 22nd APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in China in November 2014. In March 2015, he paid a state visit to China and attended the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference 2015. In September 2016, he attended the G20 Hangzhou Summit in China. In May 2017, he attended the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in China. He visited China in July 2022. In July 2023, China attended the opening ceremony of the Chengdu Universiade. In October 2023, he attended the Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation and paid a state visit to China.
Apart from establishing embassies in each other's countries, China has consulates General in Surabaya, Medan and Denpasar of Indonesia, while Indonesia has consulates General in Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shanghai.
China is Indonesia's largest trading partner. In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Indonesia was 139.42 billion US dollars, down 5.9% year on year. Among them, China's imports were 74.22 billion US dollars, down 4.7% year on year; Exports were $65.20 billion, down 7.3% year-on-year. China is Indonesia's second largest source of foreign investment, and Indonesia is China's second largest investment destination in ASEAN.
In October 2018, the two countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding on jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative and the Global Ocean Fulcrum (renewed in July 2022). In November 2022, the two sides signed the Cooperation Plan under the framework of the Joint Construction of the Belt and Road Initiative and the concept of the Global Marine Fulcrum. In January 2016, the groundbreaking ceremony for the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway project jointly built by the two countries was held. In September 2023, Premier Li Qiang visited the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail project. The two countries launched cooperation on the construction of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Corridor in May 2018, and have held two joint committee meetings and signed memorandums of understanding and planning documents on corridor cooperation. In January 2021, the two sides signed a cooperation document on "two countries and two Parks". In July 2023, the Ministry of Commerce, Fujian Province and the Indonesian Ministry of Marine and Investment Coordination signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Deepening Cooperation in the construction of "Two Countries and Two Parks" between China and Indonesia. The two sides have established the "Two countries, two Parks" Joint Committee, which has held two meetings. The two countries are actively carrying out cooperation in infrastructure, production capacity, green development, digital economy and e-commerce.
Bilateral exchanges and cooperation in such fields as culture, tourism, education, agriculture, health, youth, media and tourism have kept growing. In January 1991, a shipping agreement was signed to open direct flights. In January 1992, a memorandum of understanding on press cooperation was signed, Xinhua News Agency opened a branch in Jakarta, and People's Daily sent journalists to Indonesia. In 1994, a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in tourism, health and sports was signed, and a program of exchange of students was launched. China is one of Indonesia's major sources of tourists and the second largest destination country for overseas students. China has set up 10 Confucius Institutes and two Confucius classrooms in Indonesia. In September 2017, giant pandas "Hu Chun" and "CAI Tao" settled in Bogor Wildlife Park, Indonesia. Local governments of the two sides have active exchanges. A total of 28 provinces and cities have been established between the two countries.
Bilateral cooperation in the fields of justice, science and technology, space, religion, poverty reduction and anti-corruption has flourished. It has signed agreements on mutual legal assistance and extradition treaties, established counter-terrorism consultation mechanisms, intergovernmental Joint Committee on science and Technology cooperation, Joint Committee on space Cooperation and Joint Committee on health cooperation. Since 2005, the two countries have set up the maritime cooperation Technical Committee, the Maritime Cooperation Committee and other mechanisms, and set up the maritime cooperation fund. In June 2021, the two countries signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Strengthening Maritime Cooperation, which included maritime cooperation in the China-Indonesia high-level dialogue and cooperation mechanism.
[26]
Relations with the United States
The establishment of diplomatic relations in 1949. On October 29, 2020, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo visited Indonesia. On August 1, 2021, Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno visited the United States.
[17]
Relations with Malaysia
The Federation of Malaysia and Indonesia established diplomatic relations in 1957, severed relations after the formation of Malaysia in September 1963, and resumed diplomatic relations in 1967. In January 2008, May 2010 and December 2012, Indonesian President Susilo visited Malaysia. President Joko Widodo visited Malaysia in February 2015.
[17]
Relations with Europe
Indonesia regards the EU as an important strategic partner, and the two sides have successfully held the Indonesia-EU Dialogue and reached broad consensus on such issues as democracy, human rights, regional contribution, multilateralism and terrorism.
[17]
Relations with ASEAN
In August 1967, Indonesia participated in the initiation of the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and since then has been taking ASEAN as "one of the cornerstones of implementing foreign relations", actively developing friendly and economic relations with other ASEAN countries, consolidating the unity of ASEAN, and committing itself to the establishment of a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality in Southeast Asia. In recent years, Indonesia's policy has been inward-looking, and its attention to and investment in ASEAN has been significantly reduced. After assuming power, Megawati Sukarnoputri visited ASEAN countries in August 2001 and reaffirmed Indonesia's active participation in intra-ASEAN construction and cooperation. In 2002, Indonesia actively participated in intra-ASEAN cooperation, and signed an agreement with the Philippines and the Maldives on procedures for exchange of information and establishment of contacts (May) to coordinate regional counter-terrorism cooperation. Signed an agreement with Thailand and Malaysia to establish a "Tripartite Rubber Joint Company" (August) to jointly stabilize the international market price of natural rubber.
Relations with Australia
The establishment of diplomatic relations in 1950. On March 4, 2019, Indonesia and Australia signed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, which will be implemented on July 5, 2020.
[17]
Relations with Japan
1958 diplomatic relations were established. In 2006, the two countries established a strategic partnership. In January 2017, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited Indonesia to discuss economic, trade and investment cooperation and large-scale infrastructure construction projects with Indonesian President Joko Widodo.
[17]
As of 2008, there are 7 World Heritage sites in Indonesia, as follows:
|
-
|
name
|
type
|
location
|
|
1
|
|||
|
2
|
|||
|
3
|
Natural heritage
|
||
|
4
|
Cultural heritage
|
||
|
5
|
Cultural heritage
|
||
|
6
|
Natural heritage
|
||
|
7
|
Natural heritage
|
Papua province
[11]
|
Indonesia is located in the tropics, does not produce wheat, so the staple food of residents is rice, corn or potato, especially rice is more common. In addition to cooking rice, Indonesians like to use banana or palm leaves to rice or glutinous rice, wrapped in a diamond shape and steamed and eaten, called "Keduba". Indonesians also like to eat pasta, such as eating a variety of noodles, bread and so on.
Indonesian cuisine
Indonesian cuisine
Indonesia is a country rich in spices, Indonesian dishes like to put a variety of spices, as well as chili, onion, ginger, garlic and so on. So the characteristic of Indonesia is generally spicy. Indonesians like to eat "satay", "Deng Deng", "curry" and so on. Satay is beef and mutton kebabs.
Indonesia is rich in fish and shrimp, eating fish and shrimp is also very particular. In addition to frying, frying, some fish after the opening, in the fish maw coated with spices and hot sauce, and then baked to eat. To eat the shrimp, put the live shrimp in a glass pot, pour alcohol on it, light the heat, cover the pot, cook the live shrimp in a moment, and then dip it in chili sauce.
There are many kinds of Indonesian snacks, mainly fried bananas, mochi, fish meatballs, fried rice and various baked pastries. Indonesians also like to eat cold mixed vegetables and mixed yellow rice. Indonesians regard yellow as a symbol of good luck, so yellow rice becomes a ritual meal, which is essential in weddings and sacrifices.
Indonesians eat with spoons and forks instead of chopsticks, and sometimes with their hands. To grab rice, first put the rice on a plate, and then use the right hand to pinch the rice into small balls, to the mouth bite to eat. Put a bowl of water on the side of the table, while grabbing rice, and from time to time touch the water with your hands, so as not to make the rice stick to your fingers.
[6]
There are many kinds of Indonesian handicrafts and souvenirs, each with its own unique features. Famous are Badibo, Gris short sword, wood carving, silver products, copper or copper alloy statues, shadow puppetry puppets, puppet puppets, scenery models, painted shell products, clove string artworks, natural gems, Indonesian landscape paintings, small court gold chariot, Java silk portrait, decorative fan, horn crafts, fruit core small crafts, banyan tree cane, Daya bark bag, dragon Island Porcelain POTS, Siyrian tambourines and bows and arrows. Ibanez and other electric guitar instruments are manufactured in Indonesia for many brands.
The tourist attractions have wood carvings, silver and batik souvenirs for sale. Coffee produced in Indonesia is a staple of shopping, with Kapal Api (仳) being the most popular coffee brand.
In the Indonesian market, in addition to textiles and services, the price of general goods are not cheaper than China, you do not have to spend money to buy general goods, and buy crafts and souvenirs with Indonesian characteristics. There are many kinds of Indonesian handicrafts and souvenirs, each with its own unique features. Among them are Badibu, Gris sword, wood carvings, silver artifacts, statues of bronze or copper alloy, shadow puppetry puppets, puppet puppets, models of scenery such as the Pagoda of Borobudur,
Phulan Bannan Mausoleum Temple
Etc., colored shell products, clove string artworks, natural gems, Indonesian landscape paintings such as Bali, decorative fans, horn handicrafts, fruit stone small handicrafts, Lombok porcelain POTS, are all favorite items of foreign tourists.
[6]
The five countries with the longest coastlines:
Indonesia has a total of 54,716 km. (
Guinness World Records
)
[27]
