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hills, one of the five basic landforms in the world, refers to the earth lithosphere Surface morphology Ebb and flow gently, Absolute altitude Within 500 meters, Relative altitude A terrain of not more than 200 meters, consisting of a combination of slopes of various types of rock, not very undulating, with a gentle slope, uneven ground, and composed of continuous low hills.
The slope of the hill is generally low, cut and broken, without a certain direction, generally there is no obvious vein, and the top is rounded, which is the product of the erosion of the mountain.
China mainly has Southeast hill , Jiangnan hills , Jianghuai Hills, Zhejiang and Fujian hills , Liangguang Hills , Shandong hills , Hills of liaodong , Hills in the middle of Sichuan, Loess hill The total area is about 1 million Square kilometer .
Hills are generally distributed in the transition zone between mountains or plateaus and plains, Hilly region precipitation More abundant, suitable for the cultivation and growth of various economic trees and fruit trees, is very beneficial to the development of a variety of economies.
Chinese name
hill
Foreign name
hills
Characteristic point
The slope is slow, undulating, low hills
Sea bulldog
Between 200 and 500 meters
Gross area
About 1 million square kilometers (within China)
nature
landform
Formation reason
Crustal movement Glacier accumulation, mountain weathering, etc
Distribution area
Fujian (Province) , Zhejiang (Province) , Jiangsu (Province) , Jiangxi (Province) , Anhui (Province) Sichuan, Liaoning

catalogue

  1. 1Basic introduction
  2. 2Classification by region
  3. 3Formation reason
  4. 4Distribution in China
  1. ▪Southeast hill
  2. ▪Jiangnan hills
  3. ▪Jianghuai hills
  4. ▪Zhejiang and Fujian hills
  5. ▪Liangguang Hills
  6. ▪Hills of liaodong
  1. ▪Shandong hills
  2. ▪Mid-sichuan hills
  3. ▪Loess hill
  4. 5Foreign hills

Basic introduction

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EDITOR
The hills are generally above 200 meters above sea level, below 500 meters, the relative height is generally not more than 200 meters, the ups and downs are not large, the slope is slow, the ground is rugged, and the terrain is composed of continuous low hills.
The hills generally have no obvious veins, and the top is rounded, which is the product of mountain erosion.
The distribution of hills on the land is very wide, generally distributed in the transition zone between mountains or plateaus and plains, in Eurasia South and north America There are big movies Hilly area . Hilly region precipitation More abundant, suitable for the cultivation and growth of various economic trees and fruit trees, is very beneficial to the development of a variety of economies.
Hilly landform

Classification by region

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EDITOR
The definition of hills varies from place to place. In a relatively flat area Height difference 50 meters may be called hills, and in the vicinity of mountains may be more than 100 to 200 meters in height difference will be called hills. The morphology and structure of the hills are rather "accidental", and it does not have a very obvious topographic structure, reflecting factors in the weathering process at the time of the formation of the hills.
This is because hills are often formed for different reasons than mountains. Mountains are generally through Crustal movement Caused by folds and faults, rivers generally circulate along these faults and are therefore generally parallel to mountains.
The settlements in the hills are both high and low, and rarely have the same characteristics. The main reason lies in the consideration of human beings when establishing settlements in the past Sunshine duration , water source, lee and other factors, while Hilly region These factors are very mixed, so the settlement is very diverse, and likewise the field arrangement in the hilly areas is very diverse, and the small structure of the hills is more evident in the hilly areas that are well cultivated, and the fields in the hilly areas are generally small, and the crops in each field are different, many of them are a mix of grain, vegetables, orchards, and woods.
According to the Relative altitude Divided into: 200 meters above the high hills, 200 meters below the low hills;
According to the steepness of the slope is divided into: more than 25° called steep hills,
According to different lithology composition can be divided into: granite hills, Volcanic rock Hilly, various Sedimentary rock Hills, such as red soil hills, loess ridge hills, etc.;
According to the origin, it can be divided into: tectonic hills, denudation-planation hills, volcanic hills, Eolian dune Hills, desert hills, Karst hill And permafrost hills, etc.;
According to the distribution location can be divided into: mountain hills, mountain hills, plain hills, in the ocean floor, called ocean hills.
Hilly areas, especially those near mountains and plains, are often affected by groundwater Surface water Supply and water is rich, since ancient times has been an important habitat for humans near the mountains and rivers, flood control, farming, and fruit tree forest belt. Because of its unique scenery, it can be turned into a tourist resort.
hill
Hilly landform

Formation reason

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EDITOR
1. Weathering of small mountain ranges, Crustal movement ;
2. Sliding and sinking of unstable hillsides;
3, caused by wind erosion;
4. Caused by accumulated glaciers;
5. Caused by accumulation of vegetation;
6, caused by the accumulation of rivers;
7. Erosion volcanoes and earthquakes;
8. Prehistoric meteorites.
Man-made: such as the accumulation caused by open-pit mining, the accumulation caused by ancient settlements, etc., in addition, there are deliberate garden processes Hilly region Such as golf courses, flower beds and so on.
Crustal movement

Distribution in China

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EDITOR
China's hills cover about 1 million square kilometers, accounting for one-tenth of the country's total area. From north to south there are mainly Hills of liaodong , Shandong hills , Jianghuai Hills, Jiangnan hills , Zhejiang and Fujian hills , Liangguang Hills Let's wait. Loess plateau There is above Loess hill ; Yangtse River with Huaihe River Demarcation line There are Jianghuai hills, south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Jiangnan hills ; Eastern Liaoning, Shandong peninsula, there are Liaodong hills, Shandong hills.

Southeast hill

Southeast hill Is north to... Yangtse River , south to Guangdong and Guangxi provinces East to the sea, west to the sea Yunnan-guizhou Plateau Blockbuster of Low mountain And hills. It includes Fujian (Province) A surname Jiangxi (Province) A surname Zhejiang (Province) A surname Hunan (Province) A surname Anhui (Province) A surname Jiangsu (Province) A surname Kwangtung A surname Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Some or all of it. Most of them are between 200 and 500 meters above sea level, of which some of the main mountains are about 1000 meters - 1500 meters. The southeastern hills are mostly in the direction of northeast-southwest, and there are mostly between hills and low mountains Valley basin Suitable for the development of agriculture.
The Southeast hills are located in the subtropical zone, with abundant precipitation and abundant heat. Mineral resources Areas with great potential for development and utilization.
Hilly landform

Jiangnan hills

Jiangnan hills China Yangtse River South, north of Nanling, Wuyi Mountain To the west, Xuefeng Mountain A general term for the hills to the east.
Areas south of the Yangtze River Hills are also traditional geography, humanities On the Jiangnan area, including Jiangxi (Province) , Hunan (Province) Two provinces mostly and Anhui (Province) The South, Jiangsu (Province) The southwest, Zhejiang (Province) The Western border. The region is interlaced with low mountains, hills and basins, with the Xiangjiang River, The Ganjiang River (in Jiangxi Province) The basin is the center. Between 25° to 31° north latitude, 110° to 120° East longitude, an area of about 370,000 square kilometers.
basinal Cretaceous system and Lower tertiary system The red stratum is widely exposed and formed Red basin These red strata are cut into hills by the river, which is called "Jiangnan Red Hills", between 200 and 500 meters above sea level, some of the main mountains around the basin hills are Huangshan in southern Anhui, Jiuhuashan ; There is Huaiyu Mountain in the east of Jiangxi, 雩山 ; Between Jiangxi and Hunan lies Mufu Mountain, Guryeongsan , Luoxiao Mountain , Wugong Mountain ; In the west of Hunan Wuling Mountain , Xuefeng Mountain .
Jiangnan hills

Jianghuai hills

The Jianghuai Hills are Qinling Mountains , Dabie Mountains The extension to the east, yes Yangtse River with Huaihe River the watershed . It covers an area of about 20,000 square kilometers. The east and south are higher, and the altitude is mostly between 100-300 meters. The east Zhang Baling and Bongyang In mountain areas, the elevation is generally between 100-200 meters. Jianghuai Hills have been in the environment of erosion and denudation for a long time, and the ground has been basically leveled, which is manifested as undulating hills and valley plains. Jianghuai Hills are located in the north subtropical direction Warm temperate zone the Transition zone Above, climate, vegetation, soil and so on are obvious transitivity Features. Jianghuai Hills are located in the middle of Anhui Province and the west of Jiangsu Province, and mainly include Shou County , Feidong , Feixi , Lu 'an , Changfeng , Dingyuan County Fengyang, Jiashan, Chuzhou , everlasting , Whole pepper , Lai Yen , Chaohu Lake , six harmony, Yizheng County , Hanjiang Etc.
Jianghuai hills

Zhejiang and Fujian hills

Zhejiang and Fujian hills Located in Fujian Wuyi Mountain , Xianxia Ridge , Zhejiang (Province) Guijishan Mountain The southeast coast east of the first line, the topography of the mountains, hills, coast twists and turns, many islands, plains and Intermontane basin Small and scattered. Two lines of mountains parallel to the coast form the skeleton of the terrain. The westernmost column is the Wuyi Mountain as the main trunk, and connects to Xianxia Mountain and Kuaiji Mountain to the northeast. Among them, Wuyi Mountain and Xianxia Ridge Mean altitude 1000 meters above, mainly by ancient Metamorphic rock and Paleozoic erathem Formation composition. The second column runs from southwest to northeast Boping Range Dai Yunshan, Donggongsan , Kuocang Mountain And Tiantai Mountain, the average altitude of about 800 meters, the peak of more than 1,500 meters, mainly by rhyolite And granite. To the east of the range transition to coastal hills and terraces, which are interspersed with a number of river valleys and basins Marine plain .
This area is near the sea and the climate is deeply affected by the sea. Annual precipitation 1400 ~ 1900 mm, ≥10℃ accumulated temperature 5000 ~ 6500℃, crop one year Double cropping to Triple cropping . Vegetation genera Subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest It is one of the main forest areas in southern China. Preserved over a large area Virgin forest And a lot of rare wild animals. Have already built Wuyi Mountain Nature Reserve . Abound in citrus , tea, oiltea , Tung tree Isosubtropical zone Economic tree .
Zhejiang and Fujian hills

Liangguang Hills

Liangguang Hills is Guangxi , Kwangtung A general term for most of the low mountains and hills of the two provinces. In the east, the multi-series granite hills are round in shape, with gullies and valleys, and the surface is cut very broken; The west is mainly limestone hills, wide spread of peaks and forests, rugged terrain and beautiful scenery. The main mountain ranges are Shiwan Dashan , Yunkaidashan , Lianhuashan Let's wait. The elevation of the hills is mostly 200-400 meters, and a few peaks are more than 1000 meters. Local genus
subtropical Continental monsoon climate , January Mean air temperature 10-15 ° C, Average daily temperature The number of days above 10℃ is more than 300 days, and typhoons and heavy rains are frequent. The vegetation is Monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest , the soil is Red loam Abound in litchi , longan , Olive , Banana , citrus Wait for the fruit. However, vegetation is destroyed and soil erosion is serious.
Liangguang Hills

Hills of liaodong

Hills of liaodong , located in Liaodong Peninsula In the southeast, it belongs to the continuation part of Changbai Mountain and belongs to the structure North China platform Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province Uplift belt. Ancient basement Metamorphic series In Tieling, Yingkou , Danton , Dalian And other widely exposed, containing rich iron ore and magnesite . Qianshan Mountains It is the backbone of Liaodong hills, 500-1000 meters above sea level, and a few peaks exceed 1000 meters, such as Buyun Mountain Black Mountain, sheep Dingzi mountain. The mountain sides are below 400 meters Hill country The area is vast. By reason of Marine monsoon The annual precipitation can reach 650-1000 mm, and occasionally typhoons pass through, forming local areas Flood disaster . Zonal vegetation for Red pine And mostly oak forests Warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest With the elevation of the terrain, the distribution has Mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest , Coniferous forest and Betula The copeland, it's China Tussah silkworm And warm temperate fruit base.
Liaojiao Hills

Shandong hills

Shandong hills locate The Yellow River To the south, The Grand Canal east Shandong Peninsula On, the area of about 70% of the Shandong Peninsula, including Jiaodong Hills, Rudon and The middle area of Shandong Province Hilly three parts. It is made of ancient Crystalline rock constituent Fault block Low mountains and hills. A few peaks protruding above the hills, though altitude Not big, but big, like Mount Taishan 1524 meters above sea level, tall and tall, since ancient times," Climb Mount Tai and live in a small world The metaphor of ".
The plains in the middle of the peninsula divide the hills of Shandong into Rudon and The middle area of Shandong Province Two hills, in the hilly area of Shandong in the distribution of a square mountain hills, locally called "Gu Zi", such as Mengliang Gu, Baotou Gu Let's wait. The Jiaodong Hills in the north of Shandong Peninsula are also important sources of temperate fruit trees in China, such as Yantai the Apple , Laiyang The pears and so on are very famous.
Shandong hills

Mid-sichuan hills

Mid-sichuan hills It is the most typical hilly area in China, also known as the basin hills. Until the west Sichuan basin interior Longquan Mountain , East Stop Huaying Mountain , from the North Daba Mountain At the foot, it reaches the south of the Yangtze River, covering an area of about 84,000 square kilometers. Its significant geographical features are the wide spread of hills and the vertical and horizontal channels of gullies
This area is Sichuan The east platform The most stable part, most of the area of rock leveling or tilt is very small, longitude Jialing River , The Fujiang River (in Henan Province) After the cutting of the Tuojiang River and its tributaries, the surface of the hills is undulating, the gullies are circuitous, the elevation is generally 250-600 meters, the elevation difference of the valleys is 50-100 meters, and the south is more Shallow hill North how deep the hills, for Sichuan Province Hilly concentration Distribution area . Both soft and hard Purple sandstone and mudstone After erosion and denudation, it often forms a square hill with a steep slope and a flat top or a table low mountain, and the slope is mostly ladder-shaped, with as many as 3-4 levels. Only Jian Ge and Cangxi County One belt, belongs to Cretaceous system An area of conglomerate where the surface has been folded into a single low mountain. Weiyuan City and Rong County There are also low limestone hills in the area.
Longquan Mountain on the west edge of Chuanzhong Hills is a long, narrow and low mountain to the northeast The Minjiang River (in Shandong Province) And the natural Tuojiang River watershed It is also the hills and mountains in the middle of Sichuan Western Sichuan plain The natural boundary is about 210 kilometers long, 10-18 kilometers wide, 700-1000 meters above sea level, and the highest point is 1,059 meters.
Mid-sichuan hills

Loess hill

Loess hill loess hills is China Loess plateau On the main loess landform . It is due to the loose texture of loess, the surface vegetation and ecosystem Meet with Serious damage In addition, the rainy season in the Loess Plateau in July and August, Precipitation intensity It's larger. It was washed by surface water.
Loess hill can be divided into two kinds according to its shape. Long strips are called "beams" and oval or round ones are called "MAO". The top area of the beam and the hill is not large, but the slope occupies a large area, and the slope is generally 10-35 degrees. Loess beam The ground in the hilly region is very broken, Gully density It's huge.
Shanxi (Province) provincial The Zhanghe River , Qin River Upper middle river basin and Northern Shaanxi , East of Gansu Province In the north of the Loess Plateau, loess hills are widely distributed. For example, the revolutionary holy land of Yan 'an is located in the loess Liang and MAO distribution area, where the Liang and MAO are generally 1000-1300 meters above sea level. Relative altitude It is 60-150 meters. In loess hilly area, soil and water loss is serious, so the task of soil and water conservation is very arduous.
Loess hilly and gully region is widely distributed, involving 7 provinces (regions), covering an area of 21,800 square kilometers, mainly characterized by broken terrain, thousands of gullies and ravines, and the slope area above 15° accounts for 50 ~ 70%.
basis landform The differences are divided into 5 sub-regions. 1 ~ 2 sub-districts are mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Shanxi (Province) , Inner Mongolia Three provinces (autonomous regions), an area of 91,600 square kilometers, the area is dominated by Liangmao shaped hills, Gully density 2 ~ 7km/ km ², trench depth 100 ~ 300m, mostly "U" type or "V" font, gully area is large, gully and gully Area ratio It's 4:6. 3 ~ 5 sub-areas, mainly distributed in Qinghai (Province) , Ningxia Four provinces, Gansu, Henan, an area of 120,200 square kilometers, the area is dominated by beamlike hills, gully density 2? 4km/ km ². Small catchment The upper reaches are generally "ravine land" and "palm land", the terrain is relatively flat, fewer channels; Middle and lower reaches gully .
The loess hilly and gully region is the most serious area of soil and water loss in China and even the whole world.
Loess hill

Foreign hills

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Kazak hills (KazakhskiyMelkosopochnik)
Kazak hills
Kazak hills Also known as the "Kazak Fold", it is the largest hill in the world. locate Kazakhstan Central, north West Siberian plain The eastern margin is mountainous, and the southwest is Turan lowlands and Caspian Sea The low country. It is about 1200 kilometers long from east to west and 400-900 kilometers wide from north to south. 300-500 meters above sea level. The west is flatter, Mean altitude 300-500 meters, up to 900 kilometers wide; The east is higher, with an average elevation of 500-1000 m and a width of 400 km, and the surface is strongly cut.
Kazak hills It covers an area of about one-fifth of Kazakhstan. There are Kiziletas (1,566 meters above sea level), Karkarare (1,403 meters above sea level), Uluta, Kent (1469 m above sea level) and Kochettaf Wait for the mountain. archaic Low mountain The terrace. After a long time of weathering erosion, the surface is relatively flat, more sand dunes and salina .
Being so far inland, and the ground so flat and monotonous, Annual precipitation Only about 200 millimeters. July Mean air temperature 24℃, winter because there is no mountain barrier in the north, north Cold air mass Drive straight in, the temperature can drop below -30℃, The temperature varies from year to year Large, is a typical continental drought Semiarid climate Is a desert, semi-desert Zone.
From north to south, it belongs to grassland zone (has opened up a large area of arable land) and semi-desert zone. Southeast in Balkhash Lake Nearby is a desert zone. There are in the mountains pinery . Wild land was used for pasture. Mineral resources Mainly copper, lead, zinc, chromium, coal, iron, oil, natural gas and bauxite Let's wait.
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