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The Carpathians, the mountains of central Europe. in
Danube
Midstream north. Rise from the west
Austria
with
Slovakia
The border of the Danube Valley, extending in an arc to the east, through
Poland
,
Ukraine
Border to
Romania
Southwest of the Danube Valley
Iron Gate canyon
. It is 1450 km long. It is customary to divide the arc-shaped mountain range into three parts: west, south and east. Most peaks are generally below 2000 m above sea level, with the highest point being in Western Carpathia
The Gollach Peak
At 2,655 meters above sea level,
Glacial landform
Limited to a few towering peaks.
- Chinese name
- The Carpathian Mountains
- Foreign name
- Carpathian mountains
- Geographical position
- Eastern Europe [1]
- Go to
- Northwest - Southeast
- length
- 1450 km
- Initial point
- The Danube Valley
- Terminal point
- Iron Gate canyon
- Principal peak
- The Gollach Peak
The Carpathians are not continuous, but are divided into several mountain groups. It has only a few peaks higher than 2,500 meters that are free of perennial snow.
Danube
is
Alps
and
The Carpathian Mountains
The boundary of the Carpathian mountains is the same
Balkan mountains
The boundary of the district. Ord river and
The Morava River
The valley will be the same
Silesia
Separate from Moravia. So are the Carpathians
The Black Sea
And the northern seas.
The Carpathian mountains are mostly
Fault block mountain
The surface is affected
Water erosion
The obvious characteristics of. It's made up of a series of parallel mountains. The terrain is not high. It can be divided into three main geology
Tectonic zone
. The outer zone is made up of shale,
sandstone
The top of the mountain is rounded and the slope is gentle
Zhongshan landform
; Median band
Crystalline rock
and
Metamorphic rock
Composition, high terrain, mostly blocky mountains; Inner band
Volcanic rock
Made up of mountains. The main river is the Black Sea system, mainly the Danube and its tributaries. The backbone of the mountain range is the Black Sea and
Baltic Sea
the
watershed
The mountain climate also has both
Western Europe
with
Eastern Europe
Between the transitional characteristics.
Annual precipitation
800-1000 mm, more precipitation in summer. Oil, gas,
halite
. Minerals include iron, copper, gold, silver, lead, zinc,
sylvite
,
lignite
Let's wait. The mountains are densely wooded and the distribution of vegetation varies with height. Divide grassland,
Dwarf pine
,
spruce
,
beech
,
oak
and
elm
5 distribution zones. Animals are bears, wolves,
lynx
Let's wait. The climate is pleasant, the scenery is beautiful, and some mineral spring areas are famous health resorts.
The Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains - the backbone of Romania
The Carpathian Mountains are very different from the Alps in that they are more loosely structured and divided into many by basins
mounds
. The highest peak of the Carpathians
The Gollach Peak
(Gel'lachovsky Stit (Gel'lach)) is 2,655 meters high, and the highest peak of the Alps is 4,789 meters.
The average height of the Carpathians is also much lower than that of the Alps. Structural factors are also different.
sandstone
- The shale flysch is narrow on the northern edge of the Alps, while the Carpathian flysch is broad and forms the main part of its periphery; but
limestone
It forms broad mezzanines in the Alps, but of little importance in the Carpathians. On the other hand, the crystalline and metamorphic rocks of the central Alps show that they are fully mature mountains; On the other hand, the crystalline and metamorphic rocks of the Carpathians, surrounded by low-lying ground, appear as isolated large, smaller rock blocks. In addition to these features, the Carpathian Mountains contain a long list of high and low mountains
Volcanic rock
. The present topography of the Alps is mainly from the last time
Ice age
glacial
erosion
As a result, these effects affect virtually all valleys and give them a special topography. And the Carpathians, because of the past
Glacial action
Affecting only some of the highest peaks, its topography is undulating due to
Fluvial action
Caused by.
The Carpathian Mountains consist of a series of mountains with parallel geological structures. The first row of rocks of the outer Carpathians begins with flysch
Vienna
Nearby, through Moravia, along the Polish-Slovak border, and through again
Ukraine
West, extending into Romania, and in
Bucharest
The north abruptly curves into the Carpathian arc and ends. The second inner Carpathian Mountains are made up of a number of individual fault mountain blocks. The fault mountain block is the core of ancient crystalline rock and metamorphic rock, and overthrusts to the younger
Sedimentary rock
-- Mostly
Mesozoic
(245-66.4 million years ago) of limestone and
dolomite
-- and formed. The third column is the innermost layer of mountains, made up of young Tertiary volcanic rocks less than 50 million years ago
Crustal structure
The alignment of a dislocation or shock zone (parallel to the range).
The topography of the Carpathians was mainly formed during the young Tertiary period. Of the inner Carpathians
Folding movement
It ended in the late Cretaceous period (97.5 million to 66.4 million years ago), and traces of the earlier Tertiary landscape are still visible. subsequent
orogeny
It continuously pushed the folded mountains upward, leaving behind undulating terrain of varying elevations with shards of flat roofs and deep canyons that often cut the mountains off. For example, the Danube Valley area, and some tributaries of the Danube:
Wach
(Vah), Henad (Henad) and
Oort
(Olt) the canyon lot, are formed in this way.
The last ice Age affected only some of the highest peaks of the Carpathian Mountains, and the glaciers were short, never more than 16 kilometers long, even then
Tatra Mountains
(Tatlas, here
The eternal snow line
1,676 meters above sea level) is the same.
The location of the Carpathian Mountains on the dividing line between Eastern and Western Europe is also reflected in its climatic characteristics. Its climate, winter is polar - continental - from the east and northeast
Air mass
The other seasons are dominated by maritime air masses from the West. In some low-lying areas, it's obvious
The Transylvanian Highlands
, in total
precipitation
Less than 600 mm, while in the mountains 800 meters above sea level precipitation is about 1143 mm, in the highest mountains precipitation can reach 1651-1778 mm. Year and month
Mean air temperature
locally
altitude
Different and different, and there is no certain rate of change.
Most of the Carpathian water runoff (about 90%) is injected
The Black Sea
. Only the north slopes of the mountain range and
Baltic Sea
Connect. The larger rivers that originate in the mountains are
The Vistula River
and
The Nestor River
and
Danube
The tributaries, such as
Wach
,
Tissa
(Tisza),
Oort
,
The Siret River
(Siret),
Prut River
(Prut), etc. The Carpathian rivers are characterized by rain-snow water potential. The high water period is from March to April in spring
Summer 6
- July, usually the latter period when the water is more intense. Floods are often disastrous because soil does not retain rainwater well. There has long been an urgent need to build a reservoir for flood storage. Natural mountain lakes are few and small, most of them
Glacial erosion
And formed.
The vegetation areas of the Carpathians can also be distinguished by the elevation of their growing areas. The high mountain (1725-2544 m above sea level) section is characterized by alpine grassland, the subalpine section is characterized by dwarf pine, and the upper forest section is characterized by alpine pine
spruce
And the lower forest section is characterized by
beech
(2007)
The United Nations
UNESCO has designated 10 virgin beech forests in the Carpathian Mountains as
World heritage site
Protected area). The frontier area (550-850 m above sea level) is famous for its oak and elm trees.
Natural vegetation
The segment is related to economics
Land use
The stages are compatible with each other. Wheat and potatoes are grown in the front, and in the lower forest areas
oat
And potato (up to 1000 m), the upper forest section and the subalpine section are used for grazing.
The Carpathian Mountains - especially in the southeast, where the effects of Quaternary coolness are less pronounced - have many unique plant species. The forests of the eastern Carpathians are by far the best protected; There are bears, wolves,
lynx
, deer and wild boar, at the top
Tatra Mountains
In addition
chamois
and
marmot
.
Natural gas is mainly in
The Transylvanian Highlands
I found something. The most abundant oil reserves are
Romania
Of the Carpathian Mountains. in
Czech Republic
Republic, Slovakia and
Hungary
the
The Western Carpathians
Lignite is found in low-lying areas while in Romania
The Southern Carpathian Mountains
And mined some bituminous coal. In addition, it is worth noting that the Transylvanian plateau, the Romanian Carpathian mountains, and the bottom of the Carpathian mountains in Poland
halite
Bed and found at the bottom of the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine
sylvite
. In the Middle ages
Bihor
And the Western Carpathian Mountains of Slovakia were once heavily mined for iron ore,
Non-ferrous metal
Ore, gold,
Silver ore
But these deposits are no longer important.
The ethnic composition of the Carpathian Mountains is complex. There are Czechs,
Polish
Slovaks, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Romanians, Serbs, etc.
The inhabitants of the western Carpathians, Czechs on the western slopes, Poles on the northern slopes, Slovaks throughout the centre, and Hungarians in the south. The northern part of the south-eastern Carpathian Mountains (both outer and inner) is occupied by Ukrainians; But south of the 47° latitude are mostly Romanian residents. But within the southeastern Carpathian arc, there are also parts of the Transylvanian plateau inhabited by a solid group of Hungarians and some remnants of medieval colonization
The Germans
. The Danube valley and the southwestern edge of the Carpathian Mountains were occupied by Serbs.
The Carpathians are an agricultural and
Forestry region
Industry is still in its early days
Development stage
. On the Transylvanian plateau,
Intermontane basin
And in the lower areas of the mountain (up to the highest altitude of about 914 meters), agriculture is very developed. Growing more wheat on the north slope,
rye
Oats and potatoes; Planting more corn on the south slope,
beet
,
Grapes
And tobacco. The altitude above 914 meters is mostly
forest
and
forage
.
bigger
Industrial center
There is Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, and the increasingly developed
Machinery industry
and
Petrochemical industry
;
Kosice
(Kosice), the main town in eastern Slovakia, has a modern steel mill. Famous towns in Romania are
Cluj-Napoca
(Kluj-Napoka), which is the main town on the Transylvanian plateau, specialises
Machine building
Chemical and food production;
Brasov
The town of (Blasov) is located in a basin at the junction of the western and southern Carpathian Mountains and is dominated by production machinery; Sibiu is located between the Transylvanian Highlands and the Southern Carpathian Mountains.
The Carpathian Mountains are a popular tourist and leisure destination, especially for Poland,
Czech Republic
This is especially true of the people of Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Although there are many places attracting foreign tourists, the business of traveling from other countries is not well developed. The Carpathian Mountains are famous for their many mineral springs, the most famous hot springs
Health resort
There are: Klynica in Poland, Slovakia
Piesjani
(Piest'any) and Romanian
Borsek
(Bolsek), Baile Herculane and Tusnad.
In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, when most of the Carpathian Mountains were still in the region
Austro-hungarian Empire
It was built in the mountains during the reign
Railway network
. Railways of the time
Transportation hub
It's in the center of the Carpathian arc
Budapest
. each
Main railway line
Laid from Budapest, through each
Mountain pass
And radiate outward. After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the railway system lost much of its economic and strategic significance.
World War II
Later, this pattern changed when the northern part of the Eastern Carpathians and Ukraine across the Carpathians became part of Ulan. The railway line through this part of the Carpathian Mountains became a link between Ukraine, Slovakia and Hungary
aorta
. Although the railway line between Poland and Slovakia has lost much of its importance in terms of passenger and cargo transport, truck roads through the Dukla (500 m), Jablonkov and other mountain passes are between Poland and the countries south of the Carpathians
Transport of goods
On is very important. The railway line between Budapest and Vienna was electrified long before World War II, as was the other most important Carpathian railway line.
Geographical division of the Carpathian Mountains
southeast
The Carpathian Mountains
The veins form a block around the basin
triangle
The ground. The three mountains differ in origin and structure. The first eastern Carpathian mountains run northwest-southeast, with flysch (it is a continuation of the outer Western Carpathian Mountains), and
Crystalline rock
and
Volcanic rock
The inner mezzanine. In contrast, the second face, the southern Carpathian Mountains, runs east-northeast and west-southwest, mainly by
Metamorphic rock
Constitute. The third is the Bihor Massif, also made of metamorphic rocks, but covered with younger sediments.
The western Carpathian Mountains are generally not very high in elevation, with the highest peak located on the border between Poland and Slovakia
Beskidd Hills
(Beskid Range)
Babia hills
(Mount Babia, 1725 m high). A large part of the mountain range has no real mountain landscape, but rather resembles the hilly plateau of 396-488 m above sea level.
The Western and Western Carpathian Mountains are isolated by a series of structural depressions
monticle
Is composed of. The highest is
Tatra Mountains
(Gerlach Peak), showing a typical lake and waterfall with shaved ice (circular concave)
Alpine glacier
The terrain. The highest Carpathian mountains are composed of crystalline (granite) and metamorphic rocks, but the north includes - extending from the south - several belts
karst
Or hydraulically cut limestone with concave and convex faces. National parks have been established on both sides of Poland and Slovakia. in
Tatra Mountains
To the south, across the Liptov and Spris basins, it snakes parallel to the Tatra Mountains, which are similar in geological structure but lower (Dumbier Peak is 2043 m high) and less marked by glacial erosion and convex surfaces. There is a narrow line along the boundary between the outer and western Carpathian Mountains
klippe
Rocky terrain (limestone); North of the Tatra mountains, these rocks have developed into the small and picturesque Pieniny massif. Right here,
The Vistula River
A branch of
The Dunayetz River
The Dunajec River has cut it into a narrow, steep and winding gorge.
The Inner Carpathian Mountains are lower and more fragmented. The main branches are
Mines in Slovakia
(Slovak Ore Mountains, highest peak Stolica 1477 m above sea level; The mountain is made of metamorphic rock and has been for more than 250 million years
Paleozoic Era
Sedimentary rock
Is composed of. There are about 150 million years left
Mesozoic
the
limestone
Among the rocks are huge caves like the Domika-Aggtelek (21 km long) on the Slovak-Hungarian border. There are also many former volcanic mountains in the area, the largest of which is Pol'ana, which is 1,458 meters high.
The Outer Eastern Carpathian Mountains are a continuation of the Outer western Carpathian Mountains, the former is higher than the latter, and its
Sandwich structure
It's also more solid. The highest mountain cluster is Chernoqra on the Ukrainian side, with the highest peak, Govel'la, at 2061 m. In the Inner eastern Carpathian Mountains, Romania
Rhodner Hill
(Rodna Massif) the highest elevation; The mountain range is made of crystalline rock, with Pietlosu Peak reaching 2,303 meters. To the south, there are the Kalimen and Halghita mountains
Extinct volcano
To some extent, it has also preserved its original cone shape; The highest peaks of these two small mountains are 2,100 meters and 1,800 meters, respectively. Along the true
The Eastern Carpathian Mountains
The surrounding strip of the Yakarpathian Mountains is composed of young, folded third-generation rocks overlaid on depressions of the Yakarpathian structure.
The Southern Carpathian Mountains
In order to
The Fogash Mountains
(Fagalas Mountains) is the highest (highest peak
Mordoveanu
(Moldoveanu) 2544 m above sea level
Alps
Type undulating terrain. The western part of the Southern Carpathian Mountains - the Banat Mountains and the mountains of eastern Serbia (which are split by the Danube gorge at the iron Gate) - are no higher than 1,524 meters.
The Bihor Mountains are isolated in the Carpathian Arc; The terrain features broad, flat hilltops surrounded by narrow, steep valleys. The highest peak, Kurcubata, is 1,849 meters above sea level.
Finally, there is the Transylvanian plateau. It is caused by...
immunity
Made of weak young third-generation rocks,
Geomorphic feature
It is an unforested hill 457-701 m above sea level, with valleys cut to depths of 99-198 m.
Many ethnic groups are related to another ethnic group in the Carpathians, and this
pluralism
It has affected the development of local scientific research. From the end of the 18th century to
World War I
Previously, most of the Carpathian Mountains belonged to
Austro-hungarian Empire
Territory, so during this period, it was easy for all the scientists of this multi-ethnic empire to get in and out of the Carpathians; Among them, it is recognized that Poland,
Germany
And the work of Hungarian scientists has attracted the most attention. At the end of the 19th century,
Austria
General staff headquarters
Published the first in the region
comprehensiveness
the
Topographic map
. A century apart, every country whose territory includes part of the Carpathian Mountains - the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Hungary, and Ukraine - is depicted
Measuring scale
Topographic maps ranging from 1:50,000 to 1:200,000 to
Geodetic survey
The coordinate system is based on and compiled in interrelated chart patterns.
As for
Geological map
The first paper on the overall geology of the Carpathians was published in 1815. Today, each of the Karpakan mountain countries has its own geological map,
Regional geology
The literature is also quite rich. The year 1922
International geological congress
Founded the Carpathians
geologist
The Academy meets every three years.
Regional physical geography
The study of the Carpathian Mountains was also quite advanced, and in 1963 a study was established with the Carpathian Mountains
Balkan
The Terrain Commission.
In contrast, in
climatology
and
biogeography
Although a number of research papers have been published in the second half of the 20th century. in
Human geography
The area of concern is the life of shepherds and the movement of related populations. A comprehensive survey of the economic geography of the entire Carpathian region is not yet available because
Economic problem
It has always been studied by each mountain country. In fact, the first comprehensive local chronicle of the Carpathians was not published until 1895, by a Polish author
geographer
Antoni Rehman, the chief executive of the Bank.
from
World War II
From the beginning, the Carpathians became some of the mountain countries
Science center
The research objects are the Geographical Institutes of several National Academies and the Geographical and natural history of several universities (
Natural history
Institute play
Leadership role
. National geology,
hydrology
and
meteorology
Research institutions have also accumulated considerable information.
