watercolour Painting is a painting method with transparent pigments, referred to as watercolor, because of the transparent color, one layer of color covering another layer can produce a special effect, but too much color or too much coverage will make the color dirty, water drying fast, so watercolor painting is not suitable for making large works, suitable for making fresh and bright small paintings such as scenery.

watercolour The pigment is easy to carry and can also be used as a sketch collection material. Compared with other paintings, watercolor paintings focus on Expressive technique . Its drawing is usually divided into" Dry drawing "And" Wet drawing "Two kinds.

Chinese name: watercolour
Foreign name: watercolour
timber: Water blending transparent pigment
Abbreviated form: watercolour

class: painting method
characteristic: Graphics Most of them have a transparent visual feeling
Basic technique: Use the properties of water to create different color effects
Representative painter: Wise, Sargent, Hanks, etc

catalogue

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Watercolor painting itself, has two basic characteristics: first, most of the picture has a transparent visual feeling; The second is the fluidity of water in the painting process. Thus, watercolor painting differs from other kinds of painting in appearance and creation techniques. The transparency of the pigment makes the watercolor painting produce a clear surface effect, and the fluidity of the water will produce a dripping, natural and free interest.

origin

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By the ninth century, both in Greece , Rome, Syria still Byzantium Most of miniature It's all in watercolor with White lead A kind of mixture opacification I painted it in watercolor. And the positive value Charlemagne the The Carolingians . Charlemagne attached great importance to the creation of manuscripts, and he gathered many great painters who alternated between transparent and opaque watercolors. This mixed use continued into the late Middle Ages and even Renaissance At that time, watercolor was widely used in miniatures. In fact, these are the prototypes of watercolors.

watercolour The range of paintings can be extended to ancient Egyptian scrolls, exotic Persian miniatures and medieval European Bibles manuscript The illustrations, as well as our ancient traditions Luoyang The remains of cloth painting curtains in the eastern suburbs of Guren's tomb can be traced back even earlier Prehistoric times Cave paintings by Altamira & Lascauxl. Although many ancient people mixed water with paint and resin as a record of their lives, to tell them Social civilization However, with the passage of time, the accumulation of knowledge, after the rise of European watercolor painting in the 18th and 19th centuries; Especially the efforts of many American watercolor painters to create fruitful achievements, since then, watercolor painting is gradually perfect. By the end of the 19th century, watercolor painting had developed a complete independent system. In the narrow definition, "watercolor painting" refers to the painting method of painting on paper with watercolor pigments and water as the dilution medium. There are usually two main areas: Transparent Watercolor and opaque watercolor (Gouache). In our country, watercolor painting is classified to Western painting At the beginning of the last century, the category began to enter China, and it was implemented and popularized in art colleges.

The origin of watercolor landscape painting, originally originated from the "terroir. Topographic map ". 18th century topography And the development of cartography had a positive effect on the formation of American watercolor painting. By the middle of the 19th century has been rapid development, watercolor painting from the original landscape map gradually developed into an independent painting category, but also established the American watercolor painting in the world Art history On the status.

Watercolor landscape painting is a very important subject in watercolor painting, but also the best representative of watercolor painting style. Watercolor landscape has a very important feature is to pay attention to sketch, through the painter's subjective structure of light, color, air and scenery, so as to form new and dexterous, bright color, fresh style, smooth brush landscape works.

Modern watercolor painting art can not only show a fresh, transparent, wet, smooth, cheerful effect, but also can achieve a profound, rough, strong and other exciting state. It is good at absorbing others Type of painting The relevant techniques and a variety of styles and forms, continuously enrich and develop the art of watercolor painting, retain and carry forward the watercolor painting in material materials, Formal language Unique artistic style in the aspects of spiritual implication.

With the development of science and technology and the emergence of new painting materials, watercolor painting in the 20th century is no longer limited to the two categories of transparent watercolor and opaque watercolor. Common painting materials on the market that can be diluted with water, such as Gesso, acrylic Transparent watercolor liquid, watercolor pencil, etc., all belong to the field of watercolor painting.

Subject matter selection

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watercolour

Watercolor painting in the choice of subject matter is very wide, landscape painting is a watercolor painters are very favored a subject matter, nature for us to show a very rich and vivid color, whether it is warm gorgeous sunshine or deep vast ocean, whether it is bright and beautiful flowers or cool haze cloud All arouse the artist's inner color impulse and expression desire. Painters who love nature never tire of expressing their world of color through landscapes.

Still life is also a common subject in watercolor painting. There are many kinds of still life, various forms and rich colors. Artists can intentionally arrange the required content and composition according to their own intentions, so as to create meaningful paintings Still life Work.

In contrast, figure painting requires a relatively high level of skill proficiency of the painter, first of all, it must have a good figure sketch foundation, but also need to have rich experience in watercolor painting, so the figure subject is not the best choice for beginners.

There are many modern and contemporary watercolor painters who choose abstract forms to express their artistic ideas and create a large number of excellent works. When painting gets rid of the bondage of visual appearance image, its clear and free flowing material characteristics get more free play in abstract expression.

Watercolor paintings on architectural themes have a long history, and they are favored by architects for their professional aesthetic interests and needs. Of course, it is also a subject that many watercolor lovers are passionate about. Excellent architecture itself is a fine art, it not only with its scale, proportion, color, decoration and changing light and shadow effect and other image factors to arouse people's perception Aesthetic experience And conveys a certain spiritual connotation through images.

Tool material

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brush

watercolour

It is very important to choose a suitable brush for watercolor painting, and there are roughly two types of special watercolor brushes with flat head and round head. Most watercolor brushes are made with natural and Synthetic material For pen hair, and some expensive ones Mink brush , be engaged in generality To sketch or create, you need to prepare large, medium and small three types of round head brushes, but also prepare a board brush about three to four centimeters wide and one or two flat head brushes. The above are just some suggestions for beginners, professional watercolor painters are based on their own experience and interests Selection tool Yes.

watercolour

A typical branch Water color pen Is composed of pen holder, pen bristles and Metal casing Etc. 3 parts of the combination. In addition to the quality of a pen depends on whether the pen is straight, whether the metal sleeve is strong, the most important thing is the material of the pen hair, generally Mink hair Squirrel hair, cow Ear hair , bristle , cat hair, horse hair and nylon hair, etc. Among them, the Ermine brush is soft and elastic, contains good water and durable, and is the highest level of watercolor pens Siberia There are two species: kolinsky and Red Sable. Nylon brush aggregation It's strong, it's resilient, but Water content Small, the pigment is not easy to release, so after painting, only in Water pot Medium mixing can not be cleaned, must be squeezed with fingers to wash. The price is the cheapest. Bristle pencil Strong elasticity, but the texture is hard, suitable for dealing with rough effects, ox ear hair, squirrel hair, horse hair and domestic produced cat hair watercolor pens are good, but the price varies.

According to the shape of the pen can be distinguished into Ball pen The round pen is suitable for drawing and description, and the flat pen is suitable for flat painting and drawing square blocks and lines; There are also special line pens for drawing lines and large area brushes A row of brush strokes . There are 13 kinds of general watercolor pen sizes, which are distinguished by numbers, ranging from 0, 1, 2...... To the 12th. The 12th is the largest. There are also special small sizes 00 or 000, depending on the brand. Domestic watercolor pens are mostly differentiated by even numbers, that is, 0, 2, 4~20, 22, and the largest is 24. The painter can see the size of the picture and the needs of the description, only 4 to 5 different sizes of brush can be used for each work.

purchase Water color pen The following points should be noted: there is moderate elasticity, sufficient water content, the metal casing is strong, the pen hair is smooth and smooth, if there is a sharp pen peak is better, it can be convenient to handle details. Choose pens of different sizes to meet the needs of large rendering and embellishing details. After the watercolor pen is used, it should be cleaned immediately, and the water should be squeezed out or dried with a cloth, and the pen hair should be arranged to make it smooth, flat in a dry and ventilated place, and then collected after all drying feed-in Place in the pen holder in the middle or upside down.

[Note] : In the context of the era of promoting animal love, Joseph Such painters strongly recommend nylon brush, I believe with Nylon pen The production process has been improved, and it will replace animal hair as a raw material for making pens in the future.

Drawing paper

Drawing paper is optional Cold pressing Watercolor paper The surface particles of watercolor paper are thick and thin, and the choice of which depends on the artist's personal habits, picture content and picture scale and other factors, for beginners, the appropriate picture scale is generally not less than 20cm*30cm, nor greater than 40cm*50cm, and the ratio of length and width is determined according to interest and subject matter content. Before painting, it is best to brush both sides of the paper wet with water, and then paste the paper on the drawing board along the four sides of the paper with water melting tape. After drying, the paper will be very flat, and the paper will not be deformed too much during the painting process.

Paper is usually made of Cotton, Linen, Fabric scraps (Cotton Rags) or wood pulp and other materials made of wood pulp paper is very cheap, left too long easy to deteriorate, yellow and crumble, usually used as Sketch exercise For its use. A good watercolor paper should be made of cotton, linen or rags, and the paper itself or the sample catalog will indicate its composition. Ph (pH) It is neutral. And has the brand watermark, is the guarantee of good quality.

The paper has... Hand-made paper (Hand Made) and machine paper (Mouldmade) two, manual paper because of difficult production skills and meticulous processing quality is better, so the price is more expensive. The opposite machine paper is die cast by die casting, warp screen And machine mass manufacturing, the price is cheaper than manual paper, generally Rough (Rough), Cold pressed (Cold pressed) or Hot pressed (Hot pressed) and other three different thickness of paper processing. Hot pressed for fine detail, smooth surface, not easy to absorb pigments, can be used to paint fine descriptive works or small size paintings. Cold pressing is the medium, which can best develop the characteristics of watercolor, and is also the paper used by the vast majority of watercolor painters. Rough surface treatment of paper, water, slow drying, suitable for painting needs a longer time to deal with the subject matter. Flat dry can produce obvious precipitation effect, more suitable for painting the surface of the rough subject, such as stone, brick wall and rusty iron and so on.

Most of the watercolor paper specifications are based on 22X30 inches, which is called folic (2K), which is about 56x76 cm in size, and the folic paper is folded in half into 4. 4K ), then folded in half to 8 open (8K), and so on. Paper that is usually available on the market. The minimum is 16 open, and the maximum is twice the size of the split (30x44 inches), which is called a full open. In fact, different brands of paper, specifications and sizes are slightly different, which Japanese paper specifications and European factory paper specifications compared, there will be a more obvious difference.

The thickness of paper is measured by weight, there are pounds (libra, slightly referred to as lb) and g/m2. Two ways to calculate, the higher the pound. The thicker the paper. The higher the price. Paper encounter Shui Hui There is an expansion. If the paper is too thin. After painting the watercolor. There will be severe lumps and lumps. And this uneven paper will make the color, water everywhere and destroy the picture. Therefore, it is necessary to choose thicker paper.

Paper in addition to single retail. There are also watercolor books and Whole volume The watercolor paper. There are many high-grade watercolor papers that are only sold in whole copies. Such as Rembrandt (Rembrandt) experts water color paper, Japan MO hand-made high-grade watercolor paper. Watercolor paper is not like the general watercolor paper has a uniform specification (painters can choose the most suitable size according to the needs of the subject matter), because there is a thick cardboard under the surface with cover protection, but also suitable for going out for sketching.

Paint and palette boxes

Pigments are generally used in tubes. The following are some commonly used colors:

Red: crimson, scarlet, vermilion;

Yellow category: dirt yellow, medium yellow, Lemon yellow ;

Blue category: Blue, ultramarine , Light blue ;

Green: emerald green, light green;

Brown category: Van Dyke brown, cooked brown, cooked ochre;

You can also prepare a Payne grey.

watercolour

Watercolor paint There are many kinds, but it is not possible to use all colors when painting. In fact, there are only seven or eight kinds of pigments often used, and generally everyone will have their own painting habits. for Colour mixing Convenience, generally follow Cold and warm colors The categories are arranged in order, and the commonly used colors are: deep red, scarlet, vermilion, orange, earth yellow, medium yellow, lemon yellow, permanent light green, gem emerald green, lake blue, ultramarine, blue, Peen gray, van Dyke brown, cooked brown, cooked ochre.

Except for ordinary use Painter's box In addition, other white ones can be used Plastic tray or Porcelain plate Mix colors.

Other information

In addition to the above, you should also prepare some Auxiliary tool Such as water cans for brushes, small bottles with spray mouths or paper towels, etc., in addition, sponges are also commonly used to clean and modify the picture.

Painting technique

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1. Dry drawing and Wet drawing

Dry drawing It's a multilayer drawing. Using the method of layer coating on the dry background color, without infiltration effect, can be more leisurely coloring over and over, easier to master, suitable for beginners to practice. Acting affirmatively and clearly Physical structure And rich layers of color are the strength of dry painting. However, the dry painting method can not only make an article in the "dry" word, the picture must still make people feel full of water, water stains and wet marks, to avoid the problem of dry and boring. Dry painting method can be layered coating, mask color, color, Withered pen And other specific methods.

watercolour

① Coating:

That is, dry overlap, and then paint after the color is dry, overlapping layers of color to represent the object. The number of color layers in the picture is different, some places can be used once, and some places need two or three times or more, but it should not be too many times, so as not to lose the sense of transparency. The layer coating is like the color overlapping, and the mixing effect of the background color is expected in advance, which can not be ignored.

2. overcoating :

In fact, it is also a dry overlap method, the color area is larger, such as several pieces of color in the picture is not uniform enough, you have to cover the color method, cover the color to make it unified. A piece of color is too warm, cover it Cool colour Change its warm and cold properties. The color of the cover should be brighter Light coat Once spread, generally do not return to the pen, otherwise bring up the background color will be the color Muck up . This method is often used during the coloring process and in the final adjustment of the picture.

③ Color:

Dry color is painted from the side of the adjacent color after drying, there is no seepage between the color blocks, and each color itself can be wet painted to increase the change. The characteristic of this method is that the object is clear in outline and bright in color.

④ Dry pen:

Pen head water less color, easy to appear A surname ; Water is relatively full on the coarse grain paper to draw fast, will also produce flying white. The method of dry pen is often used to show the effect of shining or soft and rigid.

Wet drawing It can be divided into two kinds of wet overlap and wet color.

① Wet overlap:

Wet or partially brush the drawing paper, coloring while wet and overlapping colors while coloring while dry. Moisture, time properly mastered, the effect is natural and rounded. expression Rain and fog The atmosphere, the taste of wet water Wang is its specialty, for some kinds of painting can not.

② Wet color:

This method is used for the gradual change of color in the near dry time, the water color flow seepage, the boundary blur, and the transition of soft color. The water function should be uniform when the color is connected, otherwise, the water rushes to less places, and it is easy to produce unnecessary water stains.

Watercolor painting is mostly a combination of dry painting and wet painting, wet painting of the main picture partial use of dry painting, dry painting of the main picture also have wet parts, dry and wet combination, full performance, dry dry dry, interesting.

watercolour

2, the mastery of water

The application and mastery of water is one of the key points of watercolor technique. Water in the picture has the characteristics of infiltration, flow, evaporation, painting watercolor should be familiar with "water". Giving full play to the role of water is an important factor in the painting of watercolor. Master the moisture should pay attention to the time, the dry humidity of the air and the degree of water absorption of the drawing paper.

1. Question of time :

Wet painting time to master the appropriate, too early too wet overlapping color easy to lose the due form, too late the background color will dry, water color is not easy to permeate, cohesion stiff. In general, when overlapping colors, the pen should contain less water and more color, which is easy to grasp the shape so that it can be permeated. If the overlapping color is light, wait until the base color is slightly dry before painting.

② Dry humidity of air:

Painting a few watercolors can realize that the water dries slowly indoors, and the water evaporates more slowly when painting in the humid rainy and foggy weather outdoors. In this case, painting water should be less; In a dry climate, water evaporates quickly, so water must be used more quickly Colour mixing The speed of painting.

③ The degree of water absorption of drawing paper:

To grasp the amount of water according to the water absorption speed of the paper, the water can be less when the water absorption is slow, the paper is soft and absorbs water faster, and the water needs to increase. Also, large area rendering iridescence Water should be more, such as the sky, the ground and the background of still life and characters with large color blocks, full water is appropriate; Describe local and detailed water use as appropriate.

3. "Leave blank" method

Watercolor photo collection (17 photos)

With oil painting, gouache Compared with the technique of watercolor, the most prominent feature of watercolor technique is the method of "leaving blank". Some light colors and white parts need to be "left blank" when painting deeper colors. The transparent characteristics of watercolor pigments determine this painting technique. Light colors can not cover dark colors, unlike gouache and oil painting, which can be covered, relying on light colors and white powder to brighten. When you look at watercolor works, you will find that almost every painting uses the technique of "leaving blank".

Appropriate and accurate blank or light color will enhance the vividness and vividness of the picture Expressive force ; On the contrary, inappropriately left blank, easy to cause the picture trivial flower disorder phenomenon. Lightly mark with pencil the areas you want to leave blank before coloring. Key details, or even small points and surfaces, should be subtly left out during coloring. In addition, Van Contrasting color Adjacent, to empty each other, color separately, to maintain their freshness lightness . Some beginners empty out unnecessary empty shapes, and then paint colors along the outline, and some empty places along the outline is very dead, too rigid, lose the sense of vividness. Empty is both accurate and vivid, is the embodiment of skilled skills. Practice will make perfect if you practice it over and over again. Watercolor painting is a technique of artistic practice. On account of Watercolor paint Relatively cheap, easy to use, and the color feeling is also ideal, so the average person is happy to use. Secondly, watercolor painting itself has a very charming charm. Its refreshing god handsome, shade appropriate, have a chic style. The transparency of the color of watercolor painting, heavy color techniques, dry and wet techniques, so that the picture appears to blend with water, with an intoxicating special charm, the audience is like feeling the refreshing breeze.

watercolour

Act as Artistic creation activity A form of watercolor painting is Artistic emotion A kind of language that exudes. The infiltration of water in the picture, the nature of the flow, and the random changes in the brush strokes, make people feel the flow of light waves. This artistic conception is incomparable to other kinds of painting. From the word point of view, the so-called watercolor painting is made of water thinner To blend pigments that can be diluted with water. So we have to rethink the concept of watercolor painting define . Defined by the characteristics of watercolor painting, watercolor painting does not only mean mixing pigments with water, watercolor painting has its own rich connotation and a set of techniques completely different from other painting. The control of the amount of water, the ratio of water to pigment, and the trace left by water on the paper all become the rhythmic form and expression of the picture. In short, water is the life and soul of watercolor painting, which plays the main role in dominating the effect of the picture. From two or three hundred years ago to modern times, the concept of watercolor painting has been expanded, the connotation is wider, the content is richer, and the original meaning has been greatly broadened. It is believed that only water is used to mix pigments to paint on paper, and the color rhythm of the picture is controlled by the water content. Because modern watercolors use pink as well as color, propylene Color, Chinese painting color, transparent water color, local even oil painting color, oil painting, paint, salt, sand... Wait, there are several pigments that can be mixed. In short, the commonality of each stage of the development of watercolor painting is that the rhythm, relationship and color of the entire picture are reflected by the amount of water content, and the effect of the picture is achieved by the control of water.

Watercolor painting was not recognized by people at the beginning. In the early days of watercolor art, people thought that watercolor painting was not as rich and lacking as oil painting Aesthetic value There's nothing like prints Economic value Is used for shorthand color or sketch, is a kind of subordinate, low-level painting. The theory of superiority of oil painting has occupied people's psychology, and watercolor painting is only regarded as the last technique of painting.

Watercolor painting by Wang Peikun

In the initial stage of the development of watercolor art, many watercolor artists used the painting skills of oil painting, and they wanted to improve the performance of watercolor painting with oil painting skills. But later, when the art of watercolor made great strides in its own way, it was abandoned altogether Oil painting technique After the influence of the painting, it gradually formed a complete set of unique techniques, thus forming an independent painting.

Watercolor painting is generally divided into two kinds: transparent watercolor painting and opaque watercolor painting. Transparent watercolor painting method is to mix pigments with water, thin paint a layer, so that the color on the picture is clear and bright, with a transparent feeling, not Transparent painting In addition to water, it can also be used gum To make the color of the picture more subtle and softer. It can be thought that with the renewal of ideas, the widening of themes and techniques, the concept of watercolor painting will be more extensive and far-reaching.

Special technique

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halving

Using a general pencil knife in the coloring of the scratch, is destroyed by the surface of the paper Special effect One way.

Before coloring, shave lightly or heavily, wide or narrow on the drawing paper with a knife to destroy part of the paper. After coloring, the image appears a little heavier than the surrounding color. This is because of the shave Color absorption He's got a lot of power, so he's heavier. It shows the vague image or indistinguishable details of the virtual far effect is better.

In the process of coloring, knife scraping, water will produce heavy knife marks, water After a little while Floating colour If it is scraped off, it will produce a brighter knife mark, which can be used to deal with the relevant details. In addition, after the color is completely dry, scrape out the white paper with a knife, or lightly and intermittently scrape to show the bright line, bright spot or small bright surface, flashing when backlighting Light spot And winter falling snow and so on, solid, natural interesting.

Crayon method

With crayons or Painting stick , coloring before applying to the relevant part. Coloring can be bold Wield the pen The wax is naturally empty. Used to depict sparse leaves, night lights, complex crowds, etc., are more effective, you can receive twice the result with half the effort.

Suction-wash method

Use Absorbent paper (filter paper or raw rice paper) Absorb the color while the color is still dry. According to the needs of the effect, the weight and size of the suction can be flexibly mastered, and the color can also be absorbed and then applied with light color. Using a sponge or a brush to remove moisture to absorb some parts of the picture, also has a different flavor, there is a similar wonderful.

Water injection method

Sometimes in A light drizzle The weather under the painting Landscape sketch The color of the picture is wet with drizzle, and there is a kind of natural interest and fascinating. Sometimes water is sprayed before coloring, and sometimes water is sprayed when the color is dry. Spray bottle to choose spray mist, water point is too easy to destroy the picture effect.

salting

Fine when the color dries Salt grain After drying, the phenomenon of snowflake texture interest . When spreading salt, it should be based on the dry and wet degree of the screen, and it will lose its effect later. Salt on the screen should be scattered in a dense random scattered, will be wasted.

Counter printing

in Glass plate Or on smooth plastic coated paper, draw the general color first, and then cover the paper. Image print Woodcut like, picture Stick mark A beautiful texture, quite interesting. This effect uses fine lines Watercolor paper Easy to take effect, to Opposite press Mainly, a little processing can become an intriguing watercolor painting. Some parts use the printing method, most still rely on the brush completely.

Oil process

Water and oil do not mix easily, take advantage of this property, dip a little when coloring turpentine There will be a spotty oil stain effect, making the ordinary Color block Adding variety is also very interesting.

Composition method

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1. S shape (electric light composition method) :

More powerful than slashes Dynamic composition .

watercolour

2. Vertical parallel line composition method:

The picture presents a sense of stability, and has a quiet and elegant beauty.

Step 3 Invert triangle Composition method:

Whether the picture is correct or not Sense of calm The best composition for cheerful and unrestrained.

4. Oblique parallel composition method:

Have a strong Dynamic sense It is more difficult for beginners.

5. Triangle composition method:

The oldest method of composition, use to Religious painting Mostly, the picture has Sense of Security With a sublime atmosphere.

6. cross Composition method:

Per perpendicular wired-and Horizontal line Cross composition, resulting in a very balanced composition, representing a sense of stability.

7. Oval composition method:

It is one of the ancient composition methods, often used in religious painting, but the picture is too concentrated and monotonous, so it is less used in traditional painting, and commonly used in commercial pattern advertising.

8. Diagonal composition:

in Western painting The most widely used, with dynamic elements.

9. Diamond composition method:

Give a strong impression, with a sense of stability.

10. X shape composition method:

It is formed by the intersection of two diagonal lines, commonly used in street scenes, waterways, etc., and has the characteristics of focusing on the focus of the picture.

Historical development

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watercolour

In foreign countries, the first to draw watercolor Landscape painting The German painter Durer. When he was studying painting, he often used watercolors to paint landscapes and animals and plants. He observed nature seriously, worshipped and admired the various forms of nature, and many of his works were successful Visual art The model. His main watercolor works are: "Landscape", "Little White Rabbit", "Big Lawn", "Alpine scenery" and so on. Durer animals, Plant sketch With great attention to parts and details, the artist's charm in animals and plants is fully displayed. His landscapes are equally realistic, with a sense of perspective in the arrangement and structure of the mountains, and at the same time poetic.

Watercolors from before the 18th century. There's another Pale color Homework, the color is not very rich. At the time, it was very successful to depict subtle changes in the atmosphere of the wild. In watercolor portraiture , poetic landscape paintings and exquisitely painted miniature We can see the development of color, which laid the foundation for modern watercolor painting.

By the 18th and 19th centuries, American artists felt that watercolors seemed particularly suited to depicting the United States Natural environment Watercolor painting has developed rapidly in the United States, and this flower of art is in full bloom in the moist American soil. America in the 18th and 19th centuries became the birthplace of modern watercolor painting.

Artistic style

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Watercolor landscape painting

watercolour

In watercolor painting, landscape painting is the mainstream in the middle, and is in an important position in the development of watercolor. Therefore, understanding the formation and development of watercolor landscape painting is of great significance for understanding the formation and development of watercolor art. The 18th century was the century of the establishment of landscape painting and the century of the formation of watercolor painting. Terrain painting gradually developed into landscape painting through further artistic treatment. Pale color Painting further became watercolor painting, and the two early processing techniques were related to each other, infiltrated each other, and closely combined together, gradually completing the comprehensive process of the formation of watercolor landscape painting.

Known as the father of watercolor art Paul Sandby (1725-1809) won honor and status in society for his tireless work and outstanding talent. He was the darling of the court, and surrounded himself with a group of apprentices, including many of the most famous artists and amateurs of the day Art lover . At that time, Sandby was regarded by his peers as an authority on painting techniques, and was widely disseminated by some of his followers as a man of great influence.

Old Cozens, in the history of watercolor development is known as one of the founders of landscape painting. He's Russia Peter the Great With his American mistress bastard And was sent as an adult Italy Studying abroad, specializing in classical landscape painting. He often made bold innovations in painting techniques, and he could smear some black, brown, blue, gray and other colors on the paper at will Round and round Dots, let the color open and transfer to another piece of paper, and then according to his rich imagination, dots a few strokes, the paper will appear full of romantic rocks, jungles, towers, buildings, houses, rivers, fields and waterfalls, etc., he also specially introduced this Type of painting He spent most of his life teaching pictures, becoming a respected master of the generation, including the famous watercolor giant John Robert Cozens.

Lyrical watercolor

The rise of lyrical watercolor landscape painting has its profound historical background, that of the 18th century Industrial revolution In the beginning, the Industrial revolution raised the productivity and developed production, but at the same time caused a large number of workers to lose their jobs and people to live Realistic representation More and more dissatisfaction is reflected in art, criticizing the tendency of remembering the past in the humanities, denying the calm attitude of remembering the past, emphasizing the feelings in life, and putting forward such requirements for art, thus giving rise to lyricism in art. There are several masters who have made great contributions to the development of watercolor painting and played the role of leading pioneers.

Garth Barrer (1727-1788) was not yet understood or described by artists in nature

Guan Enzhi watercolor Miao village Xinyu

At the time of painting, he already had his own vision in landscape painting. He was full of love for nature and was a landscape painter in Europe. Although his life creation is mainly oil painting, but he painted a lot of light color scenery, to many later painters to inspire. Known as a generation of watercolor giant, little Cozens (John Robert Cozens 1753 ~ 1799) is the only son and student of the old Cozens, who is the most imaginative and imaginative in the United States originality He is one of the greatest of the pioneers of the new age of watercolor painting, and people call him "the man who paints poems in watercolor."

realism

Industrial revolution The social changes of the new age have arrived, and the lyricist merely watches them in obscurity, admiring what is contrary to the age. This kind of silent protest gives vent to the dissatisfaction of the inner world, so they have achieved a lot of success in society, but their weakness is that they have never expressed their opinions positively.

in capitalism In the beginning of the era of development, the bad qualities of capitalism, which could not escape the eyes of the sensitive artists, began to be fully exposed in their humorous style of thought, and soon won the admiration of the civic class. Since the 16th century, watercolor has been used as a language of landscape art, starting from the Industrial Revolution, figures, stories, Historical theme Began to break into the world of watercolor, the new era of watercolor art has arrived. The representative of this period is mainly Rowlandson.

Thomas Rowlandson The son of a businessman, back in the day Royal Academy of Fine Arts When learning, he fully revealed his superhuman imagination and funny Sense of humor ", and became the cornerstone of his artistic path, humor was a characteristic of his art throughout his life. Rowlandson is not only a cartoonist, but also one who portrays the world to feel and be around Life event The critic, with silent preaching to let the reader to experience the reflection, and with a humorous tone of blow bourgeoisie The dignity of...

Realistic landscape painting

John Constable (1776-1837) was a true pastoral painter. He painted nature without the slightest pretence and followed no one, and thus became realism The pioneer of the landscape, he was the first painter to depict the humid air of America, the first artist to depict the sun shining through the leaves, shining on the grass, and the clouds. He extensively depicted the shapes and qualities of nature, as well as mundane landscapes that had never been attempted before. Constable for the future impressionism Has opened the way for development.

Constable's watercolors are a direct reflection of his impressions of life and nature, and he always paints quickly, very carefully, and with great power, and his works are made for him Individual needs Painting, therefore, is ignored by people; Yet the revelatory nature of his work is one of the great treasures of American painting. Constable is known as the giant who created a new era of American landscape painting, and also the pioneer of watercolor landscape painting in the world, and has a wide and far-reaching influence on later artists.

modernism

The influence of continental Europe on American art went far beyond the scope of impressionism, established in 1909 Modern art The creation of the members of the association, the expression method is post-impressionism The style of... It started sprouting in 1914 vorticism Both originated in continental Europe cubism and futurism . In 1933, Paul Nash formed the "First Unit", a surrealist group. Notable figures of this period include Wyndham Lewis, World War I During this period, he created pictures on the life of soldiers in France, developed the geometric style of Cubism, and expressed his aversion to war, and his form and style caused controversy in the painting world at the time.

Francis Hodgkins (1869-1947) was also an important one. She was the first American woman to be invited to teach in Paris, and her paintings, influenced in color and tone by Matisse and Japanese painting, are beautifully harmonious in form, highly original and rich in emotion, and continue to inspire artisans.

Similar kind of painting

Watercolor is the color of water, and Traditional Chinese painting The color palette is the same, and they all use paper hydroscopicity To paint, so they have a lot in common. Wu Yuyang, a strong painter, combined the wet and dry painting of watercolor with the rendering techniques of Gongbi painting to create and enhance the Gongbi painting Expressive force .

Admire and collect

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EDITOR

Appreciate the beauty of watercolor painting, mainly from the expression of watercolor interest, artistic conception, connotation and color and special water taste, watercolor painting that transparent, light, water color dripping and other magical Artistic effect I do not know how many artists have devoted their lives to exploring and researching. But looking at the art collection market in China, it has long been oil paintings and Chinese painting Split the world, and the watercolors are in Art market Being ignored and undervalued is already a fact, Chinese painting and oil painting investment appreciation space is relatively tight, many investors are pessimistic about the art investment market, but there are also savvy investors will look at the collection of watercolor paintings.

Because compared with traditional Chinese painting, oil painting of famous paintings move hundreds of thousands or even millions of millions of high prices, while watercolor painting Artistic value High but low price, and the price of traditional Chinese painting, oil painting is far different. In addition to the older generation of watercolor artists, some young and middle-aged watercolor painters are also emerging, their paintings have a considerable standard, and the price is low. Therefore, these works can fully meet the appreciation requirements of modern people to improve their own aesthetic taste, and there are sufficient prospects for investment collection.

Masters and masters

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EDITOR

China: Guan Guangzhi , Li Jianchen, Pan Sitong, WANG Zhaomin, Bright sun , Ancient Yuan, Hardin, Wu Guanzhong Lv Pin, Guan Enzhi, Shi Zengxiu , Tao Shihu , Wang Shuangcheng, Guan Weixing, Huang Youwei.

Foreign: Charles Reed (USA), Wise (US), Sargent (US), Frank (US) Ireland ), Steve Hanks, and Jan Kunz.

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