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The Zang nationality
(Tibetan: བོད་པ་
[1]
(It's Chinese
56 nationalities
One, is
Tibetan plateau
The indigenous people. It is mainly distributed in China
Tibet Autonomous Region
,
Qinghai Province
and
Sichuan Province
Western, Yunnan
Diqing
, Gansu (Province)
Gannan
In addition, there are also Tibetans in India, Bhutan, the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia and other regions.
Lhasa
It's in the hearts of Tibetans
The holy Land
. At present, the Tibetan population in the world is about 7.5 million, and there are about 7 million Tibetans in China (in 2016), and the conservative estimate of the Tibetan population is more than 10 million.
The history of the Tibetan people is an integral part of Chinese history.
It is one of the oldest ethnic groups in China and South Asia. Early 7th century
Tibetan regime in ancient China
After the establishment of the government, the contact between Tubo and Tang Dynasty became more and more frequent. From the 10th century to the 16th century, the ancient Tibetan culture flourished. In 1951, Tibet was peacefully liberated
[2-4]
.
Tibetans have their own
Language
And the words. Zang
Sino-tibetan family
Tibeto-Burman
Tibetan branch
, points
Weizan
Three dialects, Kang and Amdo.
Common belief of Tibetan people
Tibetan Buddhism
. Buddhism was introduced into Tibet from India in the seventh century, with a history of more than 1,400 years
[3]
. The Tibetan people have created splendid
National culture
In literature, music, dance, painting, sculpture, architecture and other aspects, left a very rich cultural heritage. Tibetan carving skills are excellent. In addition
Tibetan opera
With unique characteristics,
Tibetan medicine
Medicine is also an important heritage of mankind
[4]
.
According to the 2021 China Statistical Yearbook, the total Tibetan population is 7,060,731, of which 3,518,532 are male and 3,542,199 are female.
[33]
- Chinese name
- The Zang nationality
- Foreign name
- Tibetan/Tibet Autonomous Region
- Population number
- 7.5 million (worldwide)
- species
- Zang language
- Wenzi
- Tibetan
- Believe in religion
- Tibetan Buddhism , Bonpo Etc.
- Calendar method
- The Zang calendar
- Formation time
- Tubo Dynasty The era Haozhong Dynasty era
catalogue
- 1name
- 2history
- ▪Ethnic origin
- ▪Tubo period
- ▪Song and Yuan Dynasties
- ▪Ming and Qing Dynasties
- ▪Modern times
- 3population
- ▪quantity
- ▪distribution
- 4economy
- 5culture
- ▪Language and writing
- ▪literature
- ▪costume
- ▪name
- ▪The Zang calendar
"Zang" is a Chinese appellation, calling itself "Fan", (Tibetan pronunciation is "Bo Ba"). The Tibetan language has different names for people living in different areas: People living in the Ngari region of Tibet call themselves "Dupa", people in the later Tibet region call themselves "Zangpa", people in the former Tibet region call themselves "Weiba", people living in the eastern border of Tibet, southwest Qinghai and western Sichuan Province call themselves "Kangba", people living in northern Tibet and northwest Sichuan, Gannan and Qinghai Province call themselves "Amdowa". "Ba" and "Wa" mean "people" in Tibetan
[4]
".
He also called many Tibetans: Tang and Song dynasties called "Tubo", Yuan Dynasty called "Tubo", "West Tibet", Ming and Qing dynasties called "West Tibet", "Tibet", "Tangut", "Tibet", "Tibetan", "Tibetan" and so on
[5]
.
The first generation of Tubo Zampu -- Niechi Zampu
According to the
Tibetan
According to historical records,
Tibetan regime in ancient China
The ancestors of the royal family arose in Tibet
Shannan region
the
Yaronne
Gu, the leader of the "Six Yaks" division, in
Songtsen Gampo
It has been passed down for more than 20 generations. When entering the sire line
Clan society
From the mother and son names of the first few generations of leaders, you can also see traces of having experienced the matriarchal clan stage
[7]
.
In the 6th century AD,
Sannan
The leader of the department known as the "Sibu wild" formed an alliance with the neighboring department and was honored as the leader. At that time, there were also more than 10 ethnic groups in Tibet, such as "Yang Tong", "Peng Bo", "Su PI" and "Gongbu", which had entered
Slave society
. The Yalung chief became the leader of the tribal Alliance, known as"
Zamp
(King), established a slavery dynasty calling itself "Bo"
[7]
Songtsen Gampo and Princess Wencheng
Tang Dynasty Union monument
In 842 AD, the Tubo Dynasty was divided and disintegrated due to royal infighting and the melee between tribes and border generals, resulting in the emergence of many local forces that did not belong to each other. They occupied each other and fought each other for over 400 years. At the same time, from the 10th to the 12th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism was accepted by all classes in Tibetan areas and gradually penetrated into all areas of Tibetan society. Buddhist elites are often closely associated with local leaders and use each other
Tibetan history
The feudal system of theocracy was formed
[6]
.
"Liangzhou Alliance" Thangka [8]
During this period,
Buddhism
It was accepted by all strata in Tibetan areas and gradually penetrated into all areas of Tibetan society. The upper echelons of Tibetan Buddhism often closely combined with local leaders and used each other, forming a feudal system of theocracy in Tibetan history. In the Song and Jin Dynasties, the local Tibetan governments strengthened their ties with the central government, and some local leaders were conferred titles by the central government. The "tea horse exchange" and other trade between Tibet and Han have made great progress.
Emperor Yuan gave the leader of the Sakya sect, Eight Sibavin, iron gold [9]
In Tibet, they checked people's households, set up post stations, collected taxes, stationed troops, appointed officials, and promulgated the Criminal law and calendar of the Yuan Dynasty in Tibet. Appointing Tibetan monks and laypeople to serve as senior officials from the central government to the local government. The establishment of administrative bodies and the appointment, removal, promotion, reward and punishment of officials in Uszang, Dogan and other places are under the command of the central government
[6]
.
To divide Tibet into local administrative regions. The central government of the Yuan Dynasty set up three different pacatory departments in the Tibetan areas, all of which were directly under the administration of the Xuanzheng Yuan, which was the "three district Kha" in the Tibetan literature and history books. As far as the present-day Tibet Autonomous Region was concerned, it was divided into two of the Pacification departments at that time - Lhasa, Shannan, Shigatse, Ngari and other places were under the jurisdiction of the Usi Tibetan Pacification Department; Today, the Changdu area and the eastern part of the Naqu area were under the jurisdiction of the Dugan Xuanwei Department. The Yuan Dynasty checked household registration in Wusi Zang and other places, established special agents, collected taxes, established post stations, sent troops to guard the border. The Tibetan Commissary of Usi was located in Sasghar (present-day Sakya, Tibet), with 13 thousand-household houses and several thousand-household houses, and collected taxes. This arrangement in the Yuan Dynasty became the basis for the evolution of Tibet's administrative divisions
[6]
.
Tsongkhapa
The Ming Dynasty did not follow the official system of the Yuan Dynasty, but established a special system of awarding monks. The representative political and religious leaders in different places were given different names in the Ming Dynasty, and they were awarded seals and hao, and ordered to manage their respective places, and their positions had to be approved by the emperor, and they could all have direct titles to the son of Heaven
[6]
.
In terms of administrative divisions and military and government institutions, the Ming Dynasty basically inherited the Yuan Dynasty in Tibet. In the Yuan Dynasty, the former site of the Usi Tibetan Propaganda Department and the Dogan Propaganda Department, the Ming Dynasty set up two security command departments of Usi Tibetan and Dogan and the army and people's office of the Russian Army. Later, the department of Usi Zang and Duogan was upgraded to the department of command of the line capital, which consists of the department of Command, the Department of Consolation, the department of recruitment, the department of ten thousand households, thousands of households and other institutions. Military and government officials at all levels were appointed to local monks and lay leaders. The appointment, removal and promotion of officials at all levels shall be decided directly by the Central Government of the Ming Dynasty and issued with a patent
[6]
.
Tibetan aristocrats in Qing Dynasty
In 1792, the Qing Dynasty repelled an invasion of Tibet
Gurkha
Army. The following year, the Qing government issued the famous "Law" in Tibet.
The imperial constitution for the rehabilitation of Tibet
29, which made detailed and specific provisions on the official system, military system, border defense, finance, judiciary, household registration, special duties and foreign-related matters in Tibet, and established the powers and powers of ministers in Tibet to supervise the handling of Tibetan government affairs. The Tibetan areas in the northwest and southwest have always been closely related to Tibet, and these areas have mixed ethnic groups, and the Qing government appointed Xining as minister and minister respectively
Governors of Sichuan
Direct administration, management methods still use Yuan, Ming
Chieftain system
Later, it was introduced in the Tibetan areas of Southwest China
Return to the land
.
In 1904, Minister to Tibet Youtai and British Major Rong Hepeng invaded Tibet [13]
Xinhai Revolution
Later,
Beiyang government
In Beijing, there are special administrative organs in charge of local affairs in Mongolia, Tibet and other ethnic minority areas. In 1929,
National government
Set up in Nanjing
Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
Is the year, built Qinghai province.
Tibetan region
Relations with the central government have greatly improved.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded. In light of the history and reality of Tibet, the Central People's Government decided to adopt the policy of peaceful liberation. On May 23, 1951, representatives of the Central People's Government and the local Government of Tibet reached an agreement on a series of issues concerning the peaceful liberation of Tibet, and signed the"
Agreement between the Central People's Government and the Local Government of Tibet on measures for the peaceful Liberation of Tibet
(referred to as the "17-Article Agreement").
In 1954,
Dalai Lama
,
Panchen Erdeni
They went to Beijing together
First National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
And were elected Vice Chairman and member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress respectively. In 1956, the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region was established, and the Dalai Lama was appointed Chairman of the Committee
[15]
.
In September 1965, the Tibet Autonomous Region was formally established, marking the beginning of the system of regional ethnic autonomy in Tibet.
[16]
In the middle of Tang Dynasty,
Tibetan regime in ancient China
Occupy Helong, "millions of Chinese are trapped". Under the rule of Tubo for more than 70 years, most of the Han people in Helong area had become "Tubo" because of the policy of "Tubo" enforced by the Tubo rulers. In volume 320 of Changbian, there are more than 230 households in the four ethnic groups of Tubo, and the number of households reaches "more than two thousand", with an average of nearly ten people per household. There is also living in the north of the Yellow River Tubo Nu Mu Sang family has "15 people"
[17]
.
The total number of Tibetans in Amdo during the Northern Song Dynasty was about 2.1 million. Although the total population of Tubo in the Jin Dynasty is not available, the population of Tubo in the areas south of the Yellow River under the Jin Dynasty is not far from that of the Northern Song. If the population of other Tubo areas under the Jin Dynasty and Tubo areas under the Western Xia and Southern Song are added, it is estimated that the population of Tubo under the Jin, Xia and Southern Song regimes may be smaller than that of the Northern Song. During this period, the Song, Jin and Jinxia wars resulted in a decrease in the population of the Tibetan areas of Amdo
[17]
.
Tibetan people in Lhasa market
According to the 2010 national census, the total Tibetan population reached 6.282 million. Among them, the proportion of 0-14 years old was 25.6%, exceeding the national average. The fertility rate is 1.602, higher than the national average. The total population accounts for 0.4713% of the country, making it the eighth largest ethnic group in China.
According to the 2021 China Statistical Yearbook, the total Tibetan population is 7,060,731, of which 3,518,532 are male and 3,542,199 are female.
[33]
Tibetans mainly live in the Tibet Autonomous Region and Haibei, Hainan, Qinghai,
Huang Nan
,
Guo Luo
Tibetan Autonomous prefectures, such as Yushu and Haixi Mongolian Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Haidong region. Sichuan
Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
,
Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
and
Muli Tibetan Autonomous County and
Kansuan
Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
and
Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County
, and Yunnan
Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
.
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, under the feudal serfdom under theocracy, the productivity of Tibetan areas was very low. Agricultural production was mainly based on the cultivation of highland barley, the use of iron or wooden ploughing tools, the use of two oxen to raise the poles, the sowing was generally broadcast, the cultivation was extensive, and the yield was very low. Tools in pastoral areas are more simple, iron tools are less, and cow hair or cow skin is used as ropes, pockets, wooden milk buckets, saddles, etc., kneading leather and taking wool are done by hand. Grazing is usually rotated with the seasons. Handicrafts were mainly concentrated around large towns and temples, and craftsmen engaged in textile, wood, iron, pottery, stone and other handicrafts used backward tools and operating techniques. Tibetan cottage industry occupies an important position, building houses, making wood, spinning, weaving wool, nitro leather, shortening, etc., are completed by family members or neighbors. There are hunting and digging medicine and other sideline. Commerce is not developed, small trade is generally common silver dollar, mostly barter, regional bulk local specialty trade is monopolized by a few big lords
[20]
.
In particular, it is worth explaining the plateau animal husbandry, which is the main traditional Tibetan production sector, the proportion of production is still slightly larger than agriculture. There are many kinds of livestock production in the plateau. The pastoral areas are mainly the semi-settled nomadic type of grazing in rotation according to the season, while the semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas and agricultural areas are the settled nomadic type and the settled grazing type. The main breed types are
Tibetan sheep
Tibet goat, yellow cattle, Pien Niu,
yak
,
Wild yak
Horse, mule, donkey, etc. Taming yaks, cultivating Dzo cattle and planting highland barley are the special contributions of the Tibetan people in the history of human civilization
[20]
.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tibetan areas in various provinces were successively liberated. After the liberation of the Tibetan areas, the Communist Party of China and the people's government vigorously implemented ethnic policies such as ethnic equality, ethnic unity, the united front, and freedom of religious belief, led Tibetan and Han cadres and the people, united monks and laypeople, patriotic and democratic figures, built political power at the grassroots level, stabilized social order, developed agricultural and animal husbandry production, carried out cultural, educational and health work, and promoted ethnic trade. The construction of roads and Bridges has laid the foundation for the smooth implementation of various policies, the realization of regional ethnic autonomy and social reform
[20]
.
Before the democratic reform, in 1959, Tibet's GDP was only 174 million yuan, or 142 yuan per capita. The abolition of feudal serfdom greatly liberated and developed the productive forces. In 2007, the region's GDP reached 34.219 billion yuan, an increase of 59 times over 1959 at comparable prices, or an average annual growth of 8.9 percent
[20]
.
Language
The Tibetan language belongs to the Tibetan branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of Tibeto-Burman language linguistically. The Tibetan branch includes Tibetan, Monba, Lhoba, Pumi and Jiaron. The main characteristics of the Tibetan branch languages are: rich consonant initials, more single consonants and compound consonant endings, and uneven tone development. For example, the Tibetan language has 30 consonants and 4 vowels.
[34]
Text
Tibetan
consonant
Each four letters is a group, a total of seven and a half groups. The actual pronunciation of each letter varies from ancient to modern and from dialect to dialect, but all are accompanied by a vowel A. The vowel, meaning "pleasant word," is the opposite of the consonant. It is named for its unimpeded vowel sound and its pleasant sound. Punctuation mark, meaning "dividing line" or "dividing mark". Tibetan punctuation symbols are simple and have few types, and their rules of use are different from those of other languages. There are six forms of Tibetan punctuation, with the most frequent use of soundproof symbols between syllables. In addition, there are Yuntou character, used for book title or title; Serpentine pendant, used at the beginning of an article; A single pendant used at the end of a phrase or sentence; Double vertical, used at the end of a chapter; Four vertical characters, used at the end of the volume. With the development of society, in order to express semantics more accurately, Tibetan has begun to learn from and use punctuation marks of Western characters
[21]
.
Tibetan literature is rich and colorful, including writers' literature and folk literature, and ranks first among China's ethnic minorities in terms of quantity. "
The Biography of King Gesar
"Is a folk rap heroic epic, it is the world's longest known rap epic; The Tibetan literary classic "Love Song of Cangyang Gyatso" has also gained worldwide fame
[5]
.
Tibetan costume
The basic features of Tibetan clothing are long sleeves, wide waists, long skirts and long boots. To a large extent, this depends on the ecological environment of the Tibetan people and the production and life style formed on this basis. Wearing clothes with this structure and hypertrophy at night can be used as a quilt to resist wind and cold; The sleeves of the robe are spacious, the arms can stretch freely, and the temperature can rise during the day, and an arm can be removed to facilitate heat dissipation and body temperature regulation. Therefore, taking off one sleeve has formed a unique style of Tibetan clothing
[22]
.
Tibetan clothing is colorful, and its characteristics are also highlighted in the color collocation and composition. When performing arts and festivals, brightly colored Tibetan costumes will be the focus; The daily clothing of the Tibetan people is mainly blue and white, with gorgeous belts or lace. In pastoral areas, the lace of Tibetan clothing is commonly used in blue, green, purple, blue, yellow, rice and other colors, in turn to form colorful ribbons. Women's fur robes are often cross-patterned flower collar robes, giving people the association of "charity" and "caress". In addition, Tibetan clothing also boldly uses red and green, white and black, red and blue, yellow and purple and other strongly contrasting colors, bold and delicate color matching
[22]
.
Tibetan costume
Women wear long-sleeved gowns in winter and sleeveless gowns in summer, wearing shirts of various colors and patterns, and tying a colorful pattern in front of the waist
apron
.
skullcap
They vary in style and quality. There are ten or twenty kinds of golden flower hats, wool hats, etc.
Hide boots
is
Tibetan costume
One of the important features of the common "Songbala wood" flower boots, shoe sole is made of cotton thread leather.
Tibetan men and women pay special attention to ornaments, the texture of ornaments are silver, gold, pearls, agate, jade, jade, coral, amber, etc., widely used in headwear, hair accessories, earrings, necklaces, waist ornaments and rings.
The waist coat is the most characteristic, and the jewelry is related to the ancient life production, and it is also decorated with gold and silver jewelry. The texture of the headdress is copper, silver, gold carvings and jade, coral, pearls and other treasures
[23]
. Beautiful shape, mostly natural shape, can be said to be the finishing touch of Tibetan clothing.
After the establishment of the Tubo Dynasty by Songtsen Gampo, the meritorious ministers were assigned territories and titles, and people would put the territorial names before their own names to show that they were a family of status. Such as: Nee Chisang Yangdun, Tomi Sambuza and so on. After the seventh century, Buddhism prevailed in Tibet, and everything was colored with Buddhism, and people's names also liked to ask the living Buddha to come up.
If a monk or a living Buddha rises to the higher rank of monasticism, his name is added to the rank or title of monasticism. Such as: Khenpo Lenju Tao Kai, Khenpo is a monk, his own name is "Lenju Tao Kai"; Another example: Panchen Erdeni Gyaltsen, his name is "Chogi Gyaltsen", "Panchen Erdeni" is the title. Before the name of the living Buddha, the name of the temple or family temple is generally added accordingly, such as the living Buddha of Dongga Temple Lobsang Chilie, the full name is "Dongga Lobsang Chilie"; Another example is the living Buddha Dorji Cairen of Rezhen Temple, whose full name is "Rezhen Dorji Cairen".
The name of ordinary people has no surname, only the first name, the first name is four words, such as "Duoji Dan", "single Zengqu Zha" and so on. In order to call it convenient, people only use two words for short, such as "Duoji" for short, "Duoji", "single Zengqu za" for short, "single". It is more common to use one, three or two words or the first two words or the last two words for short, but there is no use of two or four words for short.
Common people name, have a certain meaning, in order to express their thoughts and feelings and aspirations. One is named after natural objects, such as Dawa (moon) and Nima (sun); Or the date the child was born.
The Zang calendar
It is a Tibetan calendar created by the ancestors of the Tibetan people. It is different from the calendar of the Han people and has a history of more than 1,000 years. The Tibetan calendar has three major elements, including the phenological calendar inherent in Tibetan culture, the Chronon calendar introduced by India, and the Chronon calendar introduced by the Chinese. It is one of the most valuable folk cultures in Tibetan culture. The existing historical evidence of Tibetan almanacs first appeared in the 13th century (Yuan Dynasty), and by the 19th century, the compilation of Tibetan almanacs had been perfected
[24]
.
The Tibetan calendar is a combined yin-yang calendar, which divides the year into four seasons, with winter, spring, summer and autumn as the order, with 354 days a year. 12 months to Yin month as the beginning of the year (the beginning of the year with this "Xia calendar"), to the moon cycle for one month. Big and small month, big month 30, small month 29. A leap month used to adjust the relationship between the month and the season of the Manjusri golden Wheel. The intercalation time is different from the lunar calendar
[24]
.
Due to the influence of the Han calendar, since the 9th century,
The Zang calendar
The Ganzhi dating method has always been adopted, the difference is that the five elements replace the ten gan: A and B are wood, Bingding is fire, pentyl is earth, heptyl is gold, and nondeci is water; Replace the twelve Chinese zodiac with the twelve earth branches, that is, the son is the rat and the ugly is the ox... And so on. For example, the year of Jiazi in the lunar calendar is called the Year of the wooden Rat in the Tibetan calendar. The Tibetan calendar is called "Rao Qiong", which is similar to the mainland's "Sixty flower Jiazi", which reflects the origin of the Han and Tibetan calendars. In addition, there are 24 solar terms in the Tibetan calendar, which provide medium - and long-term weather forecasts for the Tibetan region, as well as forecasts for the movements of the five major planets and eclipses of the sun and moon
[24]
.
The Four Medical Codes
The diagnosis of Tibetan medicine mainly includes inquiry, inspection and palpation. Tibetan medicine generally divides diseases into cold disease and heat disease. Treatment methods have emesis, attack, water, heat, etc., in addition to internal medicine, there are acupuncture, cupping, bloodletting, enema, catheterization, cold and hot compress, medicine shortening, medicine bath and so on. There are about 1,000 kinds of Tibetan medicine, of which 400 kinds are commonly used, most of which are proprietary medicines.
Tibetan medicine has a specific and in-depth understanding of the structure of the human body, which can be described as unique in various traditional medical systems. According to Tibetan medicine, the human body has seven basic substances and three types of filth. These seven substances are food essence, blood, muscle, fat, bone, bone marrow and semen. These seven substances are tangible substances that constitute the main substances of the human body. The three types of filth are feces, urine and sweat.
Tibetan doctors believe that there are 360 bones in the body, including 28 vertebrae, 24 ribs and 32 teeth. There are 12 large joints and 210 small joints in the limbs. 16 ligaments, 21,000 hairs, 11 million sweat pores. Tibetan medicine believes that the human body has a series of plumbing systems. Among them, the white veins are very important, and there is a description of it in the Four Medical Books, saying that "from the sea of brain veins, like the root of the tree, there are nineteen water veins conducted by the pipe." There are also veins that connect the internal organs like silk threads, which is quite consistent with the modern concept of nerves; And what Tibetan medicine says
Black pulse
It is thought that it is like a branch, some are connected with the viscera, some are connected with the skin and muscles, and its branches have large dry veins, 700 small veins, and more fine veins all over the body. The "black vein" here does not seem to refer only to blood vessels.
Tang Dongjie, the founder of Tibetan opera [25]
Tang Dongjebu combined the biography in the Buddhist classics with folklore, mythology and other contents to create a performance art with the combination of character, dance and singing, which gradually dramatized the single spirit dance in the past, strengthened the means of expression, and separated from religious rituals, forming the initial form of Tibetan opera art. Therefore, the Tibetan people respect Tang Dongjie as the founder of Tibetan opera
[25]
.
In many Tibetan opera venues, theatergoers first offer Hada in front of a statue of Tang Dong Jeb as a token of gratitude. In Tang Dongjebu's hometown, it is even kept that whenever people watch Tibetan opera performances, they should bring some green oil and wool, and give these gifts to the troupe to rub on the iron rope with green oil and wool, so as to preserve the iron rope bridge built by Tang Dongjebu (which has no longer existed), so that it will last forever
[25]
.
Tibetan artist Caidan Zhuoma sings a Tibetan folk song [26]
Tibetan Dance Plateau Angel, Chen Yuxian
Effect:
An ancient song and dance form, meaning circle song and dance, widely spread, Sakya area called "Suo", Gongbu area called "wave" or "wave strong", northern Tibet pastoral areas, Kang area, Amdo area called "Zhuo" or"
Guo Zhuo
"(commonly known as Guozhuang).
More harmony:
Singing and dancing in western Tibet. Dui means highland and refers to the whole area of the Yarlung Zangbo River basin from Shigatse west to Ngari. In the Lhasa area is extremely popular.
Xianzi:
In Tibetan, it is called "page", "Yi" or "Kang harmonic", which is popular in Kang and Wei Tibetan areas. Because singing and dancing are used by men
Ox horn
Hu or Erhu lead the dance accompaniment in front of the team, so called Xianzi. Xianzi originated in Sichuan
Batang
Batang Xianzi is famous for its beautiful tunes, rich repertoire and smooth dancing.
Nangma:
It is mainly prevalent in Lhasa area. The music of Nangma is basically composed of three parts: medium tempo introduction, adagio song and allegro dance. The music of the song part is elegant and beautiful, and the singing is accompanied by simple dance movements; The dance part is enthusiastic and lively, the dance is light and smooth, and the performers only dance but do not sing. The tune of the introduction is basically fixed; Most of the dances are in Shang mode, and some end in Yu and Gong mode. The tune of the song section is different, some songs have close relation modulation; The accompaniment form is the same as the harmonic form.
Funny Chin:
It is an ancient ritual song and dance form that spreads in Lhasa, Shannan, Shigatse, Ngari and other areas of Tibet, and is mostly sung during grand festivals or ceremonies. The first and last songs are called "Harmonic fruit" (introduction) and "Tashi" (Auspice) respectively. Each song and dance is composed of adagio and allegro, or by adagio, middle plate and allegro. The music is simple and enthusiastic. The lyrics include the origin of human beings, historical legends, praises and blessings.
Reba Harmonic:
A song and dance performed by wandering artists in the Kangba region. Including drum dance, juggling, song and dance drama, stick dance, deer dance, knife dance, Reba Xianzi and other performance forms. Reba Xianzi music is the same as folk popular Xianzi music, drum and bell dance music includes male lead singing and adagio singing, the music is warm and beautiful, full of charm. In addition, there are also popular in Tibet Zhuoxiang (drum), popular in Yunnan Zhongdian area of Xiongchong, Zhuojian, popular in Gannan area of multi-dance, gabba and so on.
There are many kinds of Tibetan Musical Instruments, such as Jamni and dulcimer.
Bowstring instrument
With horned hustles, harp,
Ghanka
Huqin, Rema Qin, etc.;
Wind instrument
There are clarinet,
Bone flute
, large, size,
suona
Copper flute, conch,
Harps of the mouth
, bamboo flute,
Mud whistle
Etc.; Percussion instruments include drum, Reba drum, dama drum, balang drum, gong,
cymbal
,
String bell
Let's wait. Among them, Jamni, Niu horn Hu, tuba and recorder are the most distinctive.
Jamuni
namely
hexachord
It is said to have a history of 600 ~ 700 years, is a folk song and dance pile harmony,
Nemma
The main accompaniment instrument for playing and singing with Jamni. Bull horn hu, Tibetan called "bi Wang" or "bi
agent
It is similar to the shape of the erhu, but the cylinder is made of horns, mainly accompanied by strings and folding ga. Due to the short bow, when playing, the long notes in the melody are played into eighth notes, and the weak beat is added to the second or minor third of the appoggiatura or double appoggiatura, forming the main characteristics of Xianzi music. Clarinet and bone flute spread in pastoral areas. The recorder is made of wood, and the bone flute is made of eagle leg bone or sheep leg bone. It has a high sound range, low volume, and a high-pitched sound. It is often used to play pastoral tunes. Tuba, Tibetan called "Tongqin", copper, pipe body without holes, about 3 meters long, the lower end has a large horn, can blow out the pitch and five degrees of overtone, the volume is huge, mostly used in temple ritual activities and Tibetan opera music.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the democratic reform in Tibet in 1959,
Tibetan music
With the great development of culture, various regions have successively set up mass art galleries and professional performance units, such as the Tibet Autonomous Region Song and Dance Troupe, the Tibet Tibetan Opera Troupe, the Qinghai Ethnic Song and Dance Troupe, and the art troups and teams at the state (special area) and county levels of each province (autonomous region), and have done a lot of work in the creation, performance, collection and arrangement of ethnic and folk music. Famous Tibetan opera artists include Tashi Donzhu, Amaciren, etc. "King Gesar" rapper is Zhong Kzaba
Yumei
Etc.; The folk singers include Armaja (deceased), Poor Buzhen (deceased), Annie, etc. Singer Caidan Zhuoma, composer
Bai Dun Langi
,
Gesandagi
, conductor
Okudorjee
They are professional musicians trained after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Han composer
Luo Nianyi
They have long been rooted in the plateau and made valuable contributions to the development of folk music.
Tibetan Buddhist monastery architecture art, in the ancient architectural art of Tibet, the most rich national and times characteristics, built on the mountain, large scale, vigorous momentum, exquisite craftsmanship, resplendent, magnificent. From the beginning of the formation of Buddhist monasteries to the formation of the main style of Tibetan Buddhist monastery architecture art, it has generally experienced three stages of development: the integration of temple, monastery, palace and monastery architecture
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The most representative of Tibetan dwellings is Diaofang. Diaofang is mostly stone and wood structure, the exterior wall of the house is thick, and the style is simple and rough; The outer wall shrinks upward, and when built against the hill, the inner slope remains vertical. Diaofang is generally divided into two layers, and the number of rooms is calculated by columns. The bottom layer is the livestock circle and the storage room, the height is low; The second floor is the living floor, with a large room, a bedroom, a kitchen and a small room for storage or stairwell. If there is a third floor, it is mostly used for scripture hall and terrace. Because of the resemblance
blockhouse
Therefore, it is called Diaofang
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Tibetans pay great attention to etiquette, and when they see elders and peers in daily life, they have different ways of bowing. When you see an elder or respected person, take off your hat and bend at a 45-degree Angle with your hat in your hand, close to the ground. When you see your peers, you can lower your head slightly, and your hat can be held in front of your chest. Bowing at this time is only a courtesy. In some areas, the clasp of the palms is used at the same time as bowing. Put your palms together over your head as a sign of respect. This salutation is often used to meet elders or respected people
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Offering Hada is a kind of etiquette of the highest standard of Tibetan hospitality, expressing warm welcome and sincere respect for guests. Hada is a Tibetan word for gauze or silk scarf. Mainly white, there are also light blue or light yellow, generally about 1.5 meters to 2 meters long, about 20 centimeters wide. The best ones are blue, yellow, white, green and red multicolored hada. The colorful hada is used for the highest and most solemn ceremonies such as Buddhism
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Tibetans must kowtow to Buddha statues, pagodas, living Buddhas and elders. Kowtow is usually performed in temples with religious activities. Hands clasped and raised over the head, from the top, from the forehead, to the chest arch three times, and then prostrate on the ground, straight hands to row for the sign, so repeated. Kowtowing is also performed in temples. Arch your palms together three times, and then arch your waist to the foot of the Buddha, and gently tip your head to express sincere repentance. To pay homage to an elder, bow a short head to show respect and blessing
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In Tibetan, "side" means "dirty", while "se" means "clear", and side color refers to an activity to remove bad luck. On the third or fourth day of the child's birth, relatives and friends should bring highland barley wine, butter tea and clothes and hats for the child to congratulate them. When guests arrive, first offer Hada to the mother and baby, then toast the mother, pour tea, and finally look at the baby, praise the child's good fortune and features, and then pinch a little 糌 rake with thumb and forefinger, put it on the baby's forehead, and wish the child good luck upward
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Marriage customs vary across the Tibetan region, but the basic steps are roughly the same. If a young man and woman are interested in each other, they must first ask the Lama to see whether their future marriage is auspicious and whether their family can be happy. If it is "auspicious", then the man or woman will ask their relatives or matchmakers to take Hada and gifts to the other party's home to propose marriage, if the other party agrees to the marriage, he will accept the hada and gifts, and immediately give a hada to the bearer, and return the ceremony. The two parties then negotiate a date for the engagement ceremony. During the engagement ceremony, the man or woman presents gifts and money to the other family, makes a marriage contract, holds a feast to celebrate, and finally asks the living Buddha to draw the divinatory sign to choose the auspicious day for marriage. On the wedding day, either the bride goes to the man's home, or the groom goes to the woman's home. Relatives with horses to each other's home to pick up the new, to be greeted by the party with their own dowry rushed to the other party's home to marry. After welcoming the couple, they are arranged to sit on a special cushion and begin to offer hada and wine to them. In the evening, the couple entered the bridal chamber, at this time the relatives once again toasted them and sang blessings, wishing them a long life together and good luck. Within half a year of marriage, each spouse will return to the other's home for a few days. At this point, the whole wedding is over
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Tibetans have their own unique food structure and eating habits, among which ghee, tea, zanba, beef and mutton are known as the "four treasures" of Tibetan diet, in addition, there are highland barley wine and various dairy products
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Tibetan meal
Tibetan food is one of the schools in the Chinese catering series, with a long history and rich varieties. Tibetan food is divided into three categories: staple food, dishes and soups. The taste of Tibetan food is light and peaceful, and many dishes, in addition to salt and onion and garlic, generally do not put spicy spices
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Zanba is an important food of Tibetan people, it is very simple to make, the highland barley is cooked and ground into flour to become Zanba. There are many ways to eat it, the most common is to mix tea juice and ghee with hands in small bowls
Zanba, roasted barley flour
Mix the milk residue well and knead into small balls
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Air-dried meat is a very distinctive food in Tibet. In early winter, beef and mutton are cut into small strips, hung in a cool and ventilated place, allowed to freeze and gradually dry naturally. When eaten in February and March of the next year, not only the meat is crisp, but also the taste is unique
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There are many ways to prepare and arrange food at Tibetan banquets. The oldest method is to decide the form of meals according to the social status of the guests, but also the difference between the feast and the meat feast
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In terms of meat, Tibetans have more taboos. Generally only eat beef and mutton, do not eat horses, donkeys, mules, especially avoid eating dog meat. Fish, shrimp, snakes, eels and other aquatic seafood foods, in addition to some urban residents, people in agricultural and pastoral areas are generally not used to eating
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With the improvement of social economy and cultural life, Tibetan cuisine has been continuously improved and enriched in cooking techniques and meal forms
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Wine culture
Highland barley wine
Tibetan drinking etiquette and customs are extremely rich, each brew of new wine, must first "wine new" worship God, and then follow the ancient motto of "old and young orderly" first to the family elders toast, then the family can drink freely. On a festival wedding or a gathering of many people, drinking is generally offered first to a highly respected elder, and then toasted in a clockwise direction. Toasts generally use both hands to hold the glass over the head, to offer to the recipient of wine, especially for the elderly. The drinkee first took the glass with both hands, and then held it with his left hand, and then gently dipped the wine in the cup with the ring finger of his right hand, and played it in the air, so repeatedly three times, indicating the worship of heaven, earth, and God and the prayer for the three treasures of Buddha, Dharma and monk, and sometimes read the auspicious message softly in the mouth, and then drink
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Buttered tea
Tea culture
Butter tea is an indispensable drink for Tibetan people in Tibet. Butter, salt and tea are indispensable for making butter tea. Butter is the cream extracted from cow and goat milk. The Tibetan people pay attention to the order of age, host and guest when drinking tea. Guests can not drink tea too quickly, generally with three bowls as the most auspicious
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There are six ways for Tibetans to bury themselves after death, the most solemn of which is
Pagoda burial
, only
Dalai Lama
Or after the death of the Panchen Lama, his body was put in a tower in the Potala Palace, and the decoration of this tower is still preserved in Tibetan areas
Tree burial
The custom of wrapping dead loved ones in the form of fetuses in the mother and hanging them from tree trunks
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Beautiful Tibet is the main Tibetan settlement, Tibetan funeral, still follow the traditional customs. The outside world does not know"
Celestial burial
"What is going on, feel very mysterious. In fact, each nation has its own specific customs, marriage, marriage and death, each has its own unique. This is actually a clumsy attempt to use administrative means to interfere with national customs and habits, and the result is bound to end in failure. The reason is that human psychology plays a big role, and the formed ideas cannot be changed with a paper document, let alone the local people's
Spiritual sustenance
. In particular, religious people believe that sky burial expresses a desire for the soul to ascend to "heaven.
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When addressing people in person, do not call them by their first name, and respectfully address them to show respect and kindness. For example, in Lhasa, the word "la" should be added after the name; In the Shigatse region, men's names are preceded by "Aji" or "Ah Jue"
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To the Tibetan guest, the host must first respect the guest Qingke wine, the guest should first dip a little wine with the ring finger to the sky, three times in a row, to show the sacrifice of heaven, earth and ancestors, and then sip, the host will fill up in time, drink three times, the fourth time fill up to drink a cup. Otherwise, the host will be unhappy and think that the guest is impolite or looks down on him. Guests enter the room to sit down, the host will pour butter tea to the guest, the guest needs to wait for the host's hands to be held in front of the past to drink, must not drink on their own. When seated, sit cross-legged; When accepting a gift, pick it up with both hands; To give gifts, to bow hands raised over the head; When offering tea and wine, you should serve it with both hands, and your fingers should not be put into the mouth of the bowl
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When drinking tea, the guest must wait for the host to hold the tea in front of him before reaching out to drink it, otherwise it is considered impolite. When eating, pay attention to eating not full mouth, chewing not sound, drinking not sound, picking food does not cross the plate. To serve a guest with mutton, the piece of meat with the tail in the lower spine of the sheep is valued, and it is to be honored by the most respected guest
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Tibetans refrain from donkey meat, horse meat and dog meat, and in some places also avoid pentapus and bird meat. The killing of wild animals is generally opposed for religious reasons. When encountering religious facilities such as monasteries, mani mounds, pagodas, you must detour from left to right; Do not cross sacred instruments or braziers; The tube and wheel shall not be reversed. Taboo others touch their heads with their hands
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There are many Tibetan festivals, and there are festivals almost every month. The Tibetan lunar month, is the most festivals and the most solemn month, in this month, almost every day in the festival. Tibetan festivals are the most important expression of Tibetan culture. Tibetan Buddhism has a history of more than 1,300 years in Tibet, China, and has become a part of the life of the Tibetan people. Due to its profound influence, Tibetan festivals have a strong religious color, and some have evolved into pure religious festivals
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Shotton Festival Buddha drying activity
The Great Buddha Worship Festival is a festival held by monks and laity in Shigatse, Tibet, in Tashilhunpo Monastery during the fifth month of the Tibetan calendar every year. Tashilumbo (Tibetan transliteration of "auspicious Meru mountain") temple, Tibetan Buddhism Gelug (yellow religion) the fourth largest temple. Mount Nisseri in Shigatse, Tibet, is the permanent residence of Panchen Lama
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Rogation day
It is the most solemn large-scale religious activity in Tibetan areas, and it is also a folk festival, which is called "Molangchebo" in Tibetan. In Tibetan areas of the prefecture, there are two kinds of such festivals, one is the Gelug prayer festival; The first is the original Tibetan religion, the prayer festival of the Bon Wave religion, the two prayer festivals are the same, held twice a year, one is on the fifteenth day of the sixth lunar month, and one is the first to the third day of the first lunar month. The prayer festival in the first month is more solemn than the prayer festival in the summer. There are also temples and devotees of the Bunbo religion in the state, who still retain strong original religious practices. People who come to participate in the grand event, on the thirteenth or fourteenth day of the first month to turn around the sacred mountain after the Garmi Temple - Xiao Xitian. On the morning of the fifteenth day of the first month, the monks and lamas in the temple put on their new robes, and the large and small brass horns played by the band in the temple, and then the monks gathered in the scripture hall to chant, and the living Buddha arranged the responsibility of each person on this day. Around 12 PM, the monks performed the "dancing of the Gods" (also known as visiting the immortal dance) to the pilgrims and audiences from all over the world. The content of the dancing of the gods is both to praise the story of Tibetan and Han unity in history, and to make up dances based on the classic stories of the Bunbo religion
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Alan Dawazhuma : Female singer, one of Ai Hui's nine great Goji "beautiful Goji".
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Tashi Don Pearl : China's new generation of film and television singing star, "Member of the All-China Youth Federation", "Member of the Chinese Musicians Association", "Shangri-La Tourism image Ambassador". He was honored as CCTV's "Glorious Bloom - Top Ten Young Minority Singers in China".
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Rong Zhong Erjia : Male singer, released in 2011 after eight years of creation, with the Tibetan hero epic" King Gesar "Is the backdrop to the music album" The Enigma. The Shepherd's Song "Was released as a single in 2012. Lead the way for dreams ".
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Purba Gyal : Actor, by participating in Dragon TV's" Come on, good man He made his debut as a champion. He won the "Best Actor" award at the Monaco Film Festival on 18 May 2008.
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Han Hong : Female singer, singer-songwriter. Member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Member of the Standing Committee of the All-China Youth Federation, member of the All-China Overseas Federation.
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Kuni Tserin : Actress, October 23, 2009, Dragon TV "Come on! "Oriental Angel" national champion and won the Best performance award.
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Nimazelan Yadon : Male singer, the first person in Tibetan popular songs, CCTV music TV program" Yearning eagle "And went national, with Tengel and Rong Zhong Erjia Collectively known as "Plateau Samsung".
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Lobsang Nyima : The late crosstalk actor and well-known disciple of crosstalk actor Bolin, his masterpiece "Learning Art in Lausanne".
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Bianbadji : Female singer, a Tibetan version of Bian Badji's song Like you ", stunned the students who were eating at the scene. The flash mob video was viewed more than 10 million times in just a few days after it was uploaded online. Have become popular Lhasa Streets and alleys, and by Peking , Shanghai , Chengdu , Taipei And many city people praise.
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Satze · Bai Mazashi ：1992年出生于四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州九寨沟县，毕业于四川师范大学，青年演员，歌手，中国音乐剧王子，内地知名模特，2014年正式踏上演艺道路，出道以来担纲了多部电影、音乐剧、话剧，电视剧作品的男 protagonist And laid the path of inspirational idols in the entertainment industry.
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Wan Mar Tseden : Chinese mainland director and screenwriter.
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Yangzhuoma Hongyang Zhuoma, exotic background, warm and generous singing, dignified and calm typhoon, the bearing of the world, she is destined to be a superstar in the 21st century." Jiangyang Zhuoma's beautiful song has stepped out of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and stepped onto the international stage, bringing happiness and good fortune to mankind.
