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Zhongsha Islands
[32]
, for
China
South China Sea islands
Four elements (earth)
archipelago
One, located in
The South China Sea
The central sea,
Xisha Islands
East by south, distance
Yongxing Island
200 kilometers, yes
South China Sea islands
A middle group. The islands rise from the north
God Fox sand
, Nanzhi
Waves form dark sand
, east to
Huangyan Island
Its geographical location is between 13°57 '~ 19°33' north latitude, 113°02 '~ 118°45' east longitude, 5°36 'north and south across latitude, 5°43' east and west across longitude, the sea area is more than 600,000 square kilometers, and the islands and reefs are widely dispersed
Nansha Islands
.
[1-2]
Sansha City, Hainan Province, China
Xisha District
Administering the islands, reefs and waters of Zhongsha Islands.
[3]
Zhongsha Islands are Marine islands, developed in the central deep sea basin and the Northern Slope of the Shanghai peak, by
Huangyan Island
And on the Great Atoll of the Central Sands 26 have been named sand, and
Unify the sand
,
Constitutional sand
,
God Fox sand
,
Central south sand
Etc. 4 blocks scattered sand composition, except
Huangyan Island
Some of the rim of the atoll is above the surface, while other sandy reefs are hidden in the sea.
[1-2]
The main body of Zhongsha Islands
Zhongsha big atoll
140 km long, 60 km wide and generally 13-20 meters deep, it is the largest atoll in the South China Sea.
Huangyan Island
It is the only island in the Zhongsha Islands, with an atoll area of about 130 square kilometers and a lagoon depth of 10-20 meters. Huangyan Island is about 170 nautical miles east of Zhongsha Atoll and adjacent to it
Manila trench
.
[4]
The surface water temperature of Zhongsha Islands is 27℃-30℃, and the salinity of seawater is 32.5-34 ℃. Sea water transparency 35-38 meters. The Zhongsha Islands are the geological products of various reef-building corals. Various Marine organisms grow in and around the coral reefs, forming coral reef biological tribes. The resources of fish, shrimp, crabs and shellfish are rich and have important development value.
[4]
- Chinese name
- Zhongsha Islands
- Foreign name
- Zhongsha Qundao (Zhongsha Islands) [32]
- alias
- Red hair light , Stone star stone pond
- Geographical position
- The South China Sea Central sea
- class
- archipelago
- Administrative ownership
- China Hainan Province Sansha City
- Subordinate region
- China The South China Sea
- Sea area
- More than 600,000 square kilometers
- Main composition
- Huangyan Island , Zhongsha big atoll Etc.
- Climatic condition
- Tropical oceanic monsoon climate
- Geological structure
- Composition of the continental margin graben system in the South China Sea
- Archipelagic subject
- Zhongsha big atoll
The pre-Qin period
Time,
Hainan Island
And the South China Sea islands have belonged to the Central Plains Dynasty. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, the whole country was in war
Zhao Tuo
Taking advantage of the chaotic annexation of three counties to build the South Vietnam (Guangdong) state, Hainan Island and the South China Sea islands returned
South Vietnam
Govern.
[5]
The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.)
Yuan Ding
Six years (111 BC),
Emperor Wu of Han
General Paivpo
Lubbod
The building ship general
Yang Bu
Daner Prefecture, Zhuya Prefecture, Nanhai Prefecture, Cangwu Prefecture, Yulin Prefecture, Hepu Prefecture, Cotoe Prefecture, Jiuzhen Prefecture, and Rinan Prefecture were used to quell the chaos of Nanyue Prefecture. The prefecture was called Dan 'er Prefecture and Zhuya Prefecture
[6]
.
The Three Kingdoms
Era (220-265 years), the South China Sea area
Wu State
To govern. King of Wu
Sun Quan
Sending Kang Tai and Zhu Ying to Funan (today's Cambodia) and other countries, Kang and Zhu visited some islands in the South China Sea and carefully observed "Coral Island"
7 [8]
.
sui
From the third to the sixth year of Daye (607 ~ 610), Emperor Yang
Chang Jun
Wang Junzheng went on a mission
Terra cotta
(southeast of Thailand in today's Malay Peninsula), the voyage through the west side of Xisha and Nansha Islands, and on Hainan Island set Zhuya, Dan 'er, Linzhen (that is, the descendants of Zhenzhou, today's Sanya City) 3 counties, the South China Sea Islands under the jurisdiction of Linzhen County.
Emperor Taizong of Tang
View of chastity
In the first year (627), Hainan set up the Yazhou Governor's Office to oversee Yazhou (former Zhuya County), Danzhou (former Daner County), and Zhenzhou (former Linzhen County), and the South China Sea Islands were included in the territory of the Yazhou Governor's Office and were subordinate to Zhenzhou, formally establishing China's sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands
[9]
.
The Song Dynasty inherited the administrative structure of the Tang Dynasty
[10]
.
[11]
Qing Dynasty
In the early days, the imperial court sent naval patrols to the South China Sea Islands and fishermen engaged in fishing production to protect the environment and the people.
Shunzhi
During the years (1644 ~ 1661), the Qing government set up a town standard right camp in Qiongzhou, stationed in Haikou, supervised and guarded the ships of the water army in the sea
[12-14]
.
The Republic of China
On December 1, 1947, the Ministry of the Interior re-approved the names of Dongsha, Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Islands and their respective islands, reefs, sands and shoals, officially published the Comparison Table of Old and New Names of the South China Sea Islands, and again announced that Dongsha, Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Islands would be placed under the jurisdiction of the Guangdong Provincial Government.
[15]
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese Government continued to exercise sovereignty over the Southwest Zhongsha Islands and their waters.
On March 24, 1959, the "Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands, Zhongsha Islands and Dongsha Islands Offices" were set up on Yongxing Island of the Xisha Islands.
[16]
On 4 March 1969, it was renamed the "Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Islands Revolutionary Committee of Guangdong Province".
[16]
On October 22, 1981, with the approval of The State Council, the establishment of "Yongxing Island" was resumed.
Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands, Zhongsha Islands Office
It is directly led by the Office of the Hainan Administrative Region.
[16]
On April 13, 1988, the first session of the seventh session of the National People's Congress decided to establish Hainan Province and authorized Hainan Province to exercise jurisdiction over the Southwest Zhongsha Islands and their waters. The Southwest Zhongsha Islands Working Committee and the Southwest Zhongsha Islands Office are subordinate to the Hainan Provincial Party Committee and the Hainan Provincial Government respectively. As the representative agencies of Hainan Province, they exercise sovereignty and jurisdiction over the Southwest Zhongsha Islands and their waters. The Southwest Zhongsha Islands Working Committee and the Southwest Zhongsha Islands Office are co-located.
[16-17]
On June 21, 2012, The State Council of China approved its establishment
Hainan Province
Sansha City
, administer
Xisha Islands
,
Zhongsha Islands
,
Nansha Islands
Islands and reefs and their waters.
[18]
In June 2013, the Marine fishery Resources Cultivation scientific research Base of Zhongsha Islands was officially established in Ramansha, which is the first Marine fishery resources scientific research base built by the state in the waters of Zhongsha Islands. The first pilot project will cover an area of 625 hectares, with 20,000 grouper larvae, 20,000 guinea-pearl musculi seedlings, 20,000 penguin larvae and 20,000 Eucheuma plants.
[19]
,
From May 24 to 25, 2015, the ship "Sansha Comprehensive Law Enforcement No. 1" delivered to Sansha City for use cruised the Zhongsha Islands and completed the first law enforcement inspection.
[20]
On April 18, 2020, The State Council recently approved the establishment of Sansha City, Hainan Province
Xisha District
,
Nansha District
. Xisha District of Sansha City manages the islands and reefs of Zhongsha Islands and their waters.
[3]
Zhongsha Islands are known as "Red hair shallow" and "Shi Xing Shi Tang" in ancient times
The South China Sea
The central sea area, the Xisha Islands east to the south, 200 kilometers away from Yongxing Island, is the South China Sea islands in the middle of a group. The islands start from Shenhu dark sand in the north, stop Bo Bo in the south, and reach Huangyan Island in the east. The geographical position is between 13°57 '~ 19°33' north latitude, 113°02 '~ 118°45' east longitude, 5°36 'north and south latitude, and 5°43' east and west longitude. The sea area is more than 600,000 square kilometers, and the islands and reefs are only second only to Nansha Islands.
[1]
Zhongsha Islands
The Zhongsha Sea area includes the Zhongsha uplift zone and the Huangyan uplift zone, and coral reefs more than 1,000 meters thick are developed on the basement. The Zhongsha Islands are distributed on the steps of the Northern Slope of the South China Sea, and the macro geomorphology is the Zhongsha submarine plateau and coral landform.
[21]
The Zhongsha Islands are Marine type islands, all are similar to
Xisha Islands
That kind of
Coral island
Reef, developed in the central deep sea basin and the Northern Slope of Shanghai peak, by
Huangyan Island
And the Great Atoll of Central Sand on 26 have been named sand, as well
Unify the sand
,
Constitutional sand
,
God Fox sand
,
Central south sand
Etc. 4 blocks scattered sand composition, except
Huangyan Island
The rim of the atoll is exposed to the sea, and other dark sand reefs are hidden in the sea, ranging from tens of meters to hundreds of meters deep from the sea. The westernmost part is
Stewarding beach
. The geological structure is also related to
Xisha Islands
Similar to the South China Sea, it is one of the components of the continental margin graben system, and the macro geomorphology is the middle-sand submarine plateau coral landform.
[1-2]
[22]
-
The dark sand on the great Atoll
Topographic map of Zhongsha Great Atoll
The protruding edge of the reef around the large atoll forms a uniform distribution of coral reefs, beaches, and sand, There are 20 named Yinji Beach, Wuyong Dark Sand, Jimeng dark sand, Haijiu dark sand, Anding Lian Reef, Meixi Dark sand, Bude dark sand, Bofu dark sand, Pai Bo dark sand, Guodan dark sand, flood discharge Beach, Tao Jing dark sand, Kongpai Dark sand, Huaxia Dark sand, Ximen Dark sand, Bengu Dark sand, Meibin Dark sand, Luban Dark Sand, Middle North Dark sand, Biwei dark sand, etc.
[1]
The central part of Zhongsha Atoll is a lagoon, the depth of which ranges from 9.1 to 109 meters from the northeast to the southwest. There are white coral sand and shell debris piled up in the channels and depression in the lake, and many dark sand are distributed, which have been named Shitanglian Beach, Finger Palm Dark sand, Nanfu dark sand, Pingnan dark sand, Wandering dark sand, and Lexi dark sand.
[1]
|
name
|
20 meters equal depth area
|
The shallowest water is deep
|
name
|
20 meters equal depth area
|
The shallowest water is deep
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
3 square kilometers
|
---
|
9 square kilometers
|
14 meters
|
||
|
7 square kilometers
|
12 meters
|
1.5 square kilometers
|
12 meters
|
||
|
6.2 square kilometers
|
12 meters
|
3.5 square kilometers
|
18 meters
|
||
|
10 square kilometers
|
16 meters
|
3 square kilometers
|
18 meters
|
||
|
9 square kilometers
|
14 meters
|
4 square kilometers
|
14 meters
|
||
|
10 square kilometers
|
18 meters
|
2 square kilometers
|
16 meters
|
||
|
2 square kilometers
|
16 meters
|
1 square kilometer
|
18 meters
|
||
|
5 square kilometers
|
18 meters
|
1 square kilometer
|
16 meters
|
||
|
0.6 square kilometers
|
16 meters
|
2 square kilometers
|
9 meters
|
||
|
4 square kilometers
|
14 meters
|
3 square kilometers
|
14 meters
|
||
|
28 square kilometers
|
12 meters
|
3 square kilometers
|
16 meters
|
||
|
40 square kilometers
|
11 meters
|
8 square kilometers
|
14 meters
|
||
|
10 square kilometers
|
18 meters
|
2 square kilometers
|
14 meters
|
||
|
Source of information:
[1]
|
|||||
The modern sediment of middle-sand atoll is coral jungle, coral ridge and coral gravel. The foreslope surface rocks with biological components deeper than 60 meters are mainly composed of crust-like corallina, the lagoon sediments are mainly composed of foraminifila, the secondary are small mollusks and calcareous algae, and the reef ring and spot reefs are mainly composed of reef-building corals. The chemical elements vary with the biological composition, such as the relative molecular mass, which is 2478 in front of the reef, 3643 in the reef ring, and 2089 in the lagoon. In front of the reef, the sediment granularity changes from medium coarse sand to sandy silty sand with increasing depth. Reef ring medium coarse sand to medium fine sand; The lagoon is medium fine sand to fine silty sand, with gravel distribution in the reef ring and some parts of the lagoon.
[21]
-
Huangyan Island and Huangyan Atoll
Huangyan Island
In fact, it is a large atoll including South Rock and North Rock. It is the only reef in the Zhongsha Islands, and the only atoll in the South China Sea Basin that has a reef. Its geographical coordinates are 15°08 '~ 15°14' north latitude, 117°44 '~ 117°48' east longitude, which is located at the eastern end of the Zhongsha Islands, close to the Philippine Islands. To the west is about 170 nautical miles from Zhongsha Da Atoll. Huangyan Island is an atoll-like isosceles triangle with a circumference of about 55 kilometers and an area (including lagoon) of about 150 square kilometers. The atoll periphery is a pre-reef slope with steep edges and a gradient of 15° to 18° down to the sea floor at a depth of 3,500 meters. The reef flat around the reef plate is 2 ~ 4 kilometers wide, the water depth is 0.5 ~ 3.5 meters, and the coral reef flat is dense; In the outer part of the reef flat, radial grooves about 3 meters deep developed under the erosion of waves and tides, which is a paradise for reef-building corals and happy reef creatures to multiply. Coral gravel and shell fragments are piled up at the bottom of the trench. The reef flat is high in the middle, 600 ~ 900 meters wide, the average water depth is only 0.5 meters, and there are reefs piled up on it. Within the middle zone, it gradually slopes towards the lagoon, and the downhill slope increases to 15°. In the middle of the atoll is a lagoon surrounded by reef flats, the depth of the lake is more than 10 to 20 meters, the water color is clear green, the bottom of the lake has coral reefs scattered, becoming a large number of lake mounds, between the mounds for low-lying reef ponds, reef ponds deposited loose coral shell composed of biological debris. The bottom of the lagoon is the most active area for reef-building polyps, and corals bloom like a hundred flowers. To the south of the lagoon, there is a reef gate channel about 400 meters wide and 4 to 12 meters deep that connects with the open sea.
[1]
Huangyan Island
South Rock
Located on the dense reef flat in the southeast of Huangyan Atoll, with geographical coordinates of 15°08 'north latitude and 117°48' east longitude, it is a coral reef stone that stands like a huge stone column in the shape of the sea. Its altitude is 1.8 meters, about 3 meters above the reef flat surface, and its diameter is 3 ~ 4 meters. North Rock is located on the dense reef flat in the northern part of Huangyan Atoll, and its geographical coordinates are 15°14 'north latitude and 117°44' east longitude. It is also a coral reef block rising from the sea surface, and its height is shorter than that of South Rock. The two islands are about 10 nautical miles apart.
[1]
-
Other scattered dark sand
In addition to the 26 hidden sands on the Great Atoll of Zhongsha, there are 4 hidden sands in the central deep sea basin, Shenhu Hidden Sands and Yitong Hidden Sands on the Northern Slope of Zhongsha Islands. These dark sands are developed on different seamounts.
[1]
Zhongsha Islands
Zhongsha Islands
Located in the middle of the South China Sea margin graben system, Zhongsha Islands, a drifting island block (also known as a microcontinent block), is one of the components of the South China Sea margin graben system in terms of geological structure. Its geological structure is similar to that of the Xisha Islands, forming the Xisha - Zhongsha uplift belt together with the Xisha Islands, and extending eastward to the Huangyan Uplift belt, forming the central axis of symmetry of the Dongsha and Nansha landmasses.
[23]
The Zhongsha Islands sea area includes the Zhongsha uplift zone and the Huangyan uplift zone, whose margin is controlled by the NEE faulting structure, and the basement is the folded Upper Proterozoic, that is, the Precambrian intense metamorphic granite-gneiss and migmatite. There is a huge thick coral reef body above the base, the thickness of more than 1000 meters; The surface deposits are mainly foraminifera coral debris and sand mud. The crust is 20-26 km thick and belongs to continental crust.
[23]
Zhongsha Islands is located at a latitude lower than Xisha Islands, in the monsoon prevalent area of southeast Asia, with tropical monsoon climate and equatorial climate. Located at the north latitude of 10° N, Zhongsha Islands belong to the tropical monsoon climate area. Under the influence of northeast monsoon, southwest monsoon, subtropical high pressure, intertropical convergence zone and tropical cyclone, Zhongsha Islands have long sunshine, strong radiation, small temperature difference, high temperature and high humidity all year round, and little wind and fog. The precipitation is abundant and increasing from north to south, and the dry and wet seasons are obvious.
[24]
The average temperature in the sea area of Zhongsha Islands is about 27℃, and the daily variation of temperature shows a pattern of one peak and one valley, with the peak value appearing at 14:00 and the valley value at 0. The diurnal variation in spring and autumn is more regular, with the average daily range >1℃, while the diurnal variation in winter and summer is not obvious, with the average daily range <1℃.
[24]
According to the six surveys conducted from 1983 to 1984, the seasonal variation of mean pressure in the Zhongsha Sea area increases by about 6 height pascals each season from summer to winter. From winter to summer, it decreases at the same rate, and the average pressure in the sea area varies by more than 12 height pascals per year.
[24]
East-southeast wind prevails in the waters of Zhongsha Islands in spring, and its frequency is as high as 56%, and the average wind speed of each unidirectional is below 7 m/s. In summer, the prevailing southwest wind, its frequency is 52%, the wind is mainly 4-5; Autumn is the summer wind direction and winter wind transition season, the occurrence frequency of all winds are very close, the wind is generally 3 ~ 4; In winter, the wind is mainly northeast, and the wind is more than 6.
[24]
The total cloud cover in Zhongsha Sea area is the smallest in spring and the largest in summer, followed by autumn and winter. The annual average total cloud cover was 5.7. The sea fog is also less, and the visibility is larger than that of the Nansha sea area, generally more than 20 kilometers.
[24]
The wave conditions in the central waters of the South China Sea, including the Zhongsha Islands, depend on changes in the wind field. Winter is the Northeast monsoon period, the sea area under the strong northeast monsoon produces large waves mainly from east to north, the sea state is generally above grade 5, the average wave height at sea is 1.1 ~ 2.9 meters, the average wave period is 5.4 ~ 11.5 seconds, of which about 57% are 6 ~ 8 seconds, and about 33% are more than 8 seconds. A maximum wave height of 7.3 m was observed during the gale.
[25]
During the summer southwest monsoon period, the southwesterly wave prevails in the sea area, and the frequency is more than 60%. The sea state is generally grade 3 to 4, the wave pattern is mainly mixed waves, and the frequency of wind waves and swell waves is equal. The wave size is lower than in winter, the average wave height at sea is 0.5 ~ 2.2 meters, mainly medium waves, its frequency is about 55%, and the frequency of large waves is 24%. The average period of the wave is 4.5 to 14 seconds, of which about 53% are 6 to 8 seconds, and about 7% are more than 8 seconds. The large waves in this area in summer are mainly caused by a south-westerly gale, and the maximum wave height observed was 5.1 m.
[25]
The water color and transparency of the Zhongsha Islands and the middle waters of the South China Sea are between Xisha and Nansha, and the transparency not only varies regionally, but also has a certain seasonality.
[25]
There are 245 species and 31 varieties of phytoplankton found in the central part of the South China Sea. The main ecological groups are diatom, dinoflagellate, chrysoalgae and cyanobacteria, among which diatom is the absolute dominant, and its average annual cell number accounts for 98.7% of the average annual cell number of phytoplankton. There are 87 species of phytoplankton in the Zhongsha Islands (mainly Huangyan atoll lagoon), including 68 species of 33 genera of diatoms, 13 species of 7 genera of methyl algae, 5 species of 2 genera of cyanobacteria, 1 species of yellow algae, all of which belong to tropical and subtropical species, and a few belong to temperate species. According to the species composition, coastal diatoms accounted for 64.8%, oceanic diatoms accounted for 11.4%, methyl algae accounted for 17%, and other algae accounted for 6.8%. There are 28 species of Marine algae in the reef flat of Huangyan Island, including 11 species belonging to 7 genera of chlorophyta, 3 species belonging to 3 genera of brown alga, and 14 species belonging to 12 genera of red alga.
26 [27]
A total of 757 species and 12 varieties of zooplankton were found in the central sea area, of which copepods were the most abundant, with a total of 293 species, followed by 148 species of jellyfish, 88 species of amphipods, 76 species of ostracods, 52 species of gastropods, and other species such as trichognathus and krill were few. The annual variation of zooplankton in this area was small, with 358 species, accounting for more than 50% of the total zooplankton species. The horizontal distribution of species number changes with the seasons. In spring, the species number is the highest in the eastern and southern fringe waters, and the lowest in the central waters. The total zooplankton number in the whole water area increases and reaches the annual maximum in April, while the total zooplankton number in summer still maintains a high level equivalent to that in spring. The distribution and species number are generally consistent with the distribution zones of salinity values. According to the different characteristics of their ecology, habits and distribution, they can be divided into four ecological groups: overseas warm water group, offshore warm water group, warm warm offshore group and low temperature and high salt group. Based on the biological characteristics of oceanic tropical waters, the biomass of zooplankton in this area is low and stable, with the annual peak in summer, the middle in autumn and winter, and the minimum in spring.
[28]
Oil and gas resources in the South China Sea are mainly distributed in the northern shelf oil and gas accumulation area, the southern Sunda shelf oil and gas accumulation area, and the Zhongsha Islands sea area. The Zhongsha Basin is located in and around the Zhongsha Step and Zhongsha Grand Atoll of the Zhongsha Islands, with preliminary proven oil reserves of about 500 million tons.
[29]
Since the 1990s, the Philippines has expelled and detained Chinese fishermen who were normally operating in the waters on the grounds that the Huangyan Island was within its 200-nautial-mile exclusive economic zone. In 2007, the Philippine Congress began to consider a bill to amend the Philippine territorial sea baseline. On March 10, 2009, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed the Baseline Act on the Territorial Sea, placing Huangyan Island and the Kalayaan Islands under the "sovereignty" of the Philippines and implementing the island system. In 2011, the Philippine provincial government decided to incorporate Huangyan Island into the administrative jurisdiction of Biluo Town. On April 18, 2012, the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs issued the "Position of the Philippines on Huangyan Island and its adjacent waters", arguing that the Philippines has sovereignty over Huangyan Island because "the Philippines has effectively occupied and exercised effective jurisdiction over Huangyan Island since its independence."
[30]
On April 10, 2012, an incident broke out between China and the Philippines, and on May 9, China took effective control of Huangyan Island.
[31]
