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Yinshan Mountains
[6]
), located in China
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
The middle, by
Daqingshan Mountain
(narrow sense of Yinshan),
Wula Mountain
and
Langshan Mountain
Compose of,
[3]
It is about 1000 kilometers long from east to west and 50-100 kilometers wide from north to south. The main peak and the highest peak of the west end of the Wolf mountain
Khohe Bashig
It is 2,364 meters above sea level.
[2]
Yinshan Mountain range is high in the south and low in the north, high in the west and low in the east. It is mainly composed of blocky middle and low mountains, intermountain basins and hills. To the west of Daqingshan, the elevation is 2000 meters and decreases from 1400 to 1600 meters to the east. Yinshan Mountain range is an important dividing line between northern and southern climate in Inner Mongolia.
[2]
As a result, the landscape and agricultural production of the north and south sides of the mountain are significantly different, with the southern part of the mountain being an agricultural area and the northern part being a pastoral area.
[5]
Yinshan Mountain is very rich in mineral resources, especially rare earth resources, not only huge reserves, but also high ore grade.
[2]
Yinshan mountain range area has meat porridge, soil, ghost, Linhu, Loufan, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic, Uighur, Dangxiang, Khitan, Jurchen, Mongolia and other northern nomads, here to breed and live, hunting and grazing.
[9]
Yinshan rock paintings
Yinshan is an outstanding representative of the creation of the ancestors, the upper limit of its creation age is not later than the early Neolithic Age, the lower limit to modern times, and is published as
The sixth batch of key cultural relics under national protection
.
[8]
- Chinese name
- Yinshan mountain range
- Foreign name
- Yinshan Mountains [6]
- Geographical position
- China Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region The middle of
- Go to
- East-west trend
- length
- About 1000 km
- breadth
- 50 to 100 km
- Principal peak
- Khohe Bashig
- Sea bulldog
- 2364 m [1]
- climate
- Medium-temperate continental monsoon climate
Hundreds of millions of years ago, Yinshan was a plain and hilly area only a few hundred meters above sea level. By 65 million years ago, the Earth's inner mantle was becoming more and more active, and the Indian plate was approaching the Eurasian plate at an incredible speed.
More than 60 million years ago, the continuous rise of mantle plumes caused the uplifting of the crust, which led to the formation of a plateau in the northern part of Inner Mongolia. In the south, a strong horizontal compression occurred along the periphery of the Ordos Plateau. The land was like an arching blanket with higher and higher terrain, and a huge difference in topography, climate and vegetation gradually formed in the north and south. Looming in central Inner Mongolia.
65 million years ago, the Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate, triggering a massive uplift that gave birth to the highest, thickest and youngest plateau on Earth, the Tibetan Plateau. At the same time, the prehistoric forces of the impact began to transmit outwards, and Yinshan mountains, already at a certain altitude, were further compressed and lifted, including the Inner Mongolia Plateau.
Then watch the right rear flag
Chahar volcano group
Eruption, more than 30 huge volcanoes like a string of beads along the Earth's fracture zone distribution in more than 400 square kilometers of land, volcanic eruption of a large number of lava flows along the fracture zone, filling low-lying areas, covering the surrounding hills. Hundreds of meters of lava flows cover the mountain, raising it once again.
The above three forces work together to promote the birth of Yinshan.
Due to the repeated rise of Yinshan and Ordos Plateau, the compression of the two highlands has fractured the intermediate strata, resulting in an asymmetry between the north and south of Yinshan - the north slope gently inclines to the Mongolian Plateau, while the south slope drops to the Hetao Plain with a drop of more than 1,000 meters, and the faults emerge and the rocks are jagged.
[1]
The Yinshan mountains lie across
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
It stands on the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and Hetao (back Tao) - north of the Tumet Plain. Its west is Wolf Mountain, Selten Mountain and Wula Mountain, the middle is Daqingshan (narrow sense of Yin Mountain); From the Jining lava platform in the east, the low mountains and hills stop at the watershed of the Luanhe River and the Xilamulun River, about 1,000 kilometers long from east to west, and 50-100 kilometers wide from north to south.
[2]
Distribution diagram of Yinshan Mountain range and its intermountain basin
Distribution diagram of Yinshan Mountain range and its intermountain basin
Yinshan Mountain has experienced many crustal changes since the Paleozoic era. During the Himalayan movement in the Tertiary period and the subsequent neotectonic movement, the original faults were re-active, the southern foot of the mountain was warped and the faults rose, and the blocking effect was significant. The ancient planation plane was well preserved at the top of the mountain, and there was intermittent basalt eruption along the intersection of the east-west faults and the Huaxaysia faults, forming a lava platform. The underlying bedrock of the mountain is mainly Archean crystalline rock and metamorphic rock series and early Paleozoic thick quartz sandstone and limestone. The upper part of the mountain is covered by late Paleozoic and Mesozoic sand conglomerate and coal seam, which are mainly continental facies. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic granite intrusions are also widely exposed.
The beaded basins in the hills of Yinshan Mountain range can be divided into two types, tectonically depressed basin and faulted basin, in terms of structural properties and genesis. The types of mountain discontinuous depression include Daihai Basin and Huangqihai-Xinghe basin. The main rock strata in these basins are sand and gravel layers of lower Cretaceous and thicker Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial lacustrine, and there are foremountain alluvial and diluvial fan groups around the basins. The Daihai Basin is located on the northeastward fault zone. It is a rectangular subsidence basin surrounded by mountains. The basement is mainly Archean granite and gneiss. The Quaternary lacustrine deposits are widely distributed and the thickness is about 240 meters. It can be seen that the basin is a graben-type inland lake basin formed by tectonic collapse from late Tertiary period to early Quaternary period. The east, south and west sides of Huangqihai - Xinghe Basin are surrounded by low mountains and hills raised by Archaean gneiss and granite. This basin is a depression basin formed in the Cretaceous period. At the end of the Tertiary period, the north and south sides of the basin were fractured and separated into the west Huangqihai Basin and the east Xinghe basin by the Miocene basalt eruption. In essence, Xinghe Basin is the slope part of the east extension of Huangqihai Basin.
The depression basins in the mountains of Yinshan include sea Current Tu Basin, Xihe Basin, Wukewudong Basin, Guyang-Bailingnao Basin, Wuchuan-Wulanhua Basin, Jiaojitang Basin, Huangyangcheng basin, Taolin basin, Shangdu Basin, Davi Basin and Huade Basin. They are located at an altitude of 1300-1600 meters. There is no obvious fault at the edge of the basin, and the tectonic process is weak. Since Cenozoic, the edge is curved or the central depression is depressed, and the depth of the depression is different. The most typical basin is Wuchuan-Wulanhua mountain depression basin. It began to sag from the Jurassic period, to the Cretaceous period to a large subsidence, receiving thicker lacustrine deposition, and then through the late Cretaceous Yanshan movement, the basin slowly rose, and under the influence of granite uplift, separated into two basins Wulanhua and Wuchuan, until the tectonic movement in the early Pliocene, the two basins subsided again, and then gradually evolved into today's basin status.
[2]
Yinshan Mountain range is high in the south and low in the north, high in the west and low in the east. To the west of Daqingshan, the elevation is 2000 meters and decreases from 1400 to 1600 meters to the east. The highest peak in the western end of the Wolf Mountain at Khohe Bashig, 2364 meters above sea level.
The Yinshan mountain region is mainly composed of massive middle and low mountains, intermountain basins and hills. The west of the Zhuoz-Chahar Right Jizhong Banner line is composed of unconnected tectonic block mountains, whose peaks are almost the same height, representing the remains of the ancient planation surface. On the south side of the mountain, the relative height difference of the steep cliffs caused by the east-west rift is more than a thousand meters, resulting in a great difference in climate between the north and the south of the mountain, a redistribution of water and heat, an obvious vertical zonal differentiation of the natural landscape, and a diverse combination of vegetation and soil, forming mountain forest, scrub and grassland vegetation. In the foothills of the southern slope of the mountain, there are low hills with erosion remnants. In front of the mountains and on both sides of the valleys, multilevel terraces and compound banded diluvial fan groups are generally developed. In the north slope of the mountain, the denudation of low mountains and hills intersects with the basin, with a relative height difference of 200 to 400 meters, and gradually transitioning to the Inner Mongolia Plateau, grassland vegetation predominates and is a good mountain grassland. East of Zhuozi - Chahar right wing Middle Banner line, the terrain is low, the altitude is about 1500 meters, the mountains are scattered, the slopes are slow, the summit is flat, the natural vegetation is good, the slopes are green grass, there are small forests in the valley, it is a semi-arid grassland landscape.
In the low hills of Yinshan Mountain range, there are relatively dense beaded basins of complex origin, different shapes and different sizes, with an altitude of 1200-1600 meters. These basins mainly include Daihai Basin, Huangqi Hai-Xinghe Basin, Davi Basin, Shangdu Basin, Huade Basin, Taoling Basin, Huangyangcheng Basin, Jiejitang Basin, Wuchuan-Wulanhua Basin, Wukewudong basin, Xihe Basin, Guyang-Bailingnao Basin and ocean current diagram basin. These basins are separated by low hills on all sides, low in the middle, surface water is easy to collect, often through rivers, with irrigation benefits. Shallow and stable underground water burial, flat soil fertilizer, for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry production to provide superior natural conditions, not only become the agricultural "granary", but also the water and grass rich natural pasture.
[2]
Yinshan Mountain range is located in the middle of Inner Mongolia Plateau, stretching east-west, becoming a natural barrier and an important dividing line between the north and south of Inner Mongolia's climate. In winter and spring, the temperature in the north of Yinshan Mountain range is very low, the average temperature in January is below -16℃, while the average temperature in the south of the mountain range is about -13℃. The temperature difference between the two sides is more than 3℃. In the summer half year, due to the rapid warming in the mainland, the temperature on the north and south sides of Yinshan Mountain is generally higher, most of which are above 20℃. The temperature difference between the two sides is not large, mostly about 1.5℃. The annual average temperature difference between the two sides is generally 2-4 ° C, and the annual accumulated temperature difference between the two sides is 350-1000 ° C for ≥10 ° C. In summer, the warm and wet monsoon is almost perpendicular to the Yinshan mountain range. On the windward slope (south slope) of the mountain, the effect of cloud and rain is more obvious. The precipitation on the windward slope is greater than that on the leeward slope, and the annual precipitation difference between the two sides of the mountain is 100-250 mm.
The eastern part of Inner Mongolia, where the Yinshan Mountain range is located, is a medium-temperate continental monsoon climate area, with long and cold winters and frequent cold waves, especially on the north slope, where the winter lasts for more than half a year. There is basically no summer in the Yinshan mountain, and the rest of the year is spring and autumn climate. Yinshan mountain is a semi-arid area, belonging to the typical grassland.
The sunshine time in Yinshan Mountain area is longer, but the heat is still insufficient, the daily average temperature is stable through 5℃ for 150-180 days, the annual accumulated temperature of ≥5℃ is 2200-3000 ℃, and the accumulated temperature of ≥10℃ is 1200-2000 ℃. The general characteristics of the climate in Yinshan region are: low temperature throughout the year, large daily temperature difference and less rainfall in summer, drought in spring, sufficient light and more wind and sand; The precipitation decreased from east to west and from south to north, and gradually increased from the northern foothills, but the temperature decreased, showing the role of topography.
[2]
The southern part of Yinshan is an outflow area, belonging to the Yellow River and the sea river system, which is mainly eroded by running water, with strong traceback erosion and segmentation, deep gullies and broken ground. The north of the mountain is an inner flow area with few rivers, small water volume and high base level of erosion, so the erosion is not significant, the gullies are shallow and slow, the external geomorphic force is mainly wind erosion, the ground is flat, and the wind sand is scattered.
[4]
All in all, the topography of Yinshan mountain is not very undulating, the vertical natural zone is not obvious, and the whole mountain is basically a steppe and desert steppe landscape. This area is a dry steppe chestnut soil area, vegetation is composed of Stipa bendii, thyme grassland. Grassland resources are abundant here, and the grassland area accounts for more than half of the total land area. Forest steppe chernozem is developed in the distribution area of forest steppe.
[4]
The Yin Mountain range is composed of
Daqingshan Mountain
,
Wula Mountain
and
Langshan Mountain
Make up.
[3]
-
Daqingshan Mountain
Daqingshan Mountain is in the middle of Yinshan Mountain range, from Kundulun River in the west to Guanshan Mountain in Zhuozi County, Ulanqab League in the east, stretching about 250 kilometers, across 11 banner counties and districts of Baotou City, Hohhot City and Ulanqab City in Inner Mongolia, collecting precipitation brought by the southeast monsoon, which is the natural barrier of Hetao Plain, North China Plain and Beijing. From the Kundulun River to the east side of Turight back pot ditch, it is more than 80 kilometers long, about 5-19 kilometers wide from north to south, and covers an area of 960 square kilometers. The main peak is in the north of Meidaizhao, 2338 meters above sea level, and the height is second only to the main peak of Yinshan Mountain, northwest of Shanba Huhe Bashig.
Daqingshan in history in addition to the "Yin Mountain" this ancient general name, with the "Qin Mountain" "big Jin mountain". Tang Dynasty called "Qingshan", Liao, Jin, Yuan era also called "Tianshan", Qilian Mountain ", according to "Wanli Wugong Record" records, the Ming Dynasty Jiajing years of the main type called "Daqingshan". "Shanxi Tongzhi" mountain test also recorded: "Ming history Jiajing 35 years (1556) an old and weak summer outside the mountains, this big green two word into the history of the beginning when I dynasty." Accordingly, the name Daqingshan has a history of more than 400 years. The Mongolian name of Daqingshan, Mongolian literature in the Ming Dynasty as "Harawna", also called "Dalan, Teli stick", later "Dalan, Teli stick" called "Dalan, ala", its meaning is "numerous black hills head". In addition, there are local names that vary from place to place along the mountain.
[12]
[16]
-
Wula Mountain
Mount Ula is the southern branch of the western section of the Yinshan Mountain Range, starting from Kundulun River in the east and ending in the west of the Urat Front Banner in the west. It is about 70 kilometers long, 34 kilometers long from the mouth of the Kundulun River in the territory, and follows the Yellow River in the south, with an average width of about 12 kilometers and an area of 400 square kilometers. The main peak, Dahuabei, is 2322 meters above sea level.
Wula Mountain in history in addition to the "Yin mountain" the ancient general name, Wei called the mountain, the Tang Dynasty called the mountain or Muji mountain, the Song Dynasty called the western Xia people called the Lasseng Mountain, the Liao Dynasty called the Mu Na mountain, the Ming Dynasty called the Mu Na Mountain, the Qing Dynasty called the Mu Na mountain. According to the "Shanxi General annals" : "today there are many mountain pine trees in Wulat that name Wula mountain also said the west mountain." The word "Rau" is called "mountain" in Mongolian, and means "servant" in Manchu and Tibetan, which is derived from the Turkic language. Others say that the name Wula Mountain may have been passed down orally by the Han people in the late Qing Dynasty. The "burning of Wula Mountain" in Baotou area at the end of Qing Dynasty is an example.
Wulashan mountain is full of moths, and the mountain back is more like canine teeth. The southern foot is steep, rocky and sparsely vegetated. The shady slope is overgrown with weeds, and there are dense poplar, birch, pine and cypress trees. The main mineral deposits are iron, magnesite, mica, crystal. Wild animal resources are green sheep, yellow sheep and so on.
[14]
-
Langshan Mountain
Wolf Mountain is located in Bayin Prague town, Urat back Banner, Bayan Nur League. It's 280 kilometers long. 4-35 km wide. It is also called "Hanarin Ullah", meaning "a pair of mountains". It's named after a pair of peaks that come together. It is the largest mountain in the western section of the Yinshan Range. It runs east-west, while the west runs northeast. It is in an arc around the north of Hetao Plain, with an area of 799,000 hectares and an altitude of 1500-2200 meters. The highest peak is Mount Hulagal. It is 2335 meters above sea level. Most of the rocks are all kinds of metamorphic rocks, hard rocks, overlapping peaks, many cliffs. Bare rock and sparse vegetation. On the dark side of the mountain, small shrubs or weeds grow. A small amount of secondary trees can be seen in the eastern section of Wolf Mountain. There are more gullies and valleys in Wolf Mountain, and 27 gullies such as Ubulang mouth, Dari Black Mouth, Wolf Mountain Pass and Dabatu are relatively large. These gullies are winding, standing on both sides, 4-35 kilometers in depth, and are the main transportation routes through Hetao Plain and Urat grassland. The south slope of Wolf Mountain is steep and dangerous, while the north slope is slow, the relative height difference between the south and north mountains is 200-400 meters, for the undulating low mountains and hills, the east-west line is the north-south divide, the south water into the Yellow River, the north water flows to Mongolia.
[15]
Yinshan Mountain is very rich in mineral resources, especially rare earth resources, not only huge reserves, but also high ore grade. The total rare earth reserves of Bayan Obo deposit alone reach 1×10
8
That's more than five times the world's proven reserves combined. The silver ore reserves are about 190×10
4
Tons, accounting for 63% of the country's reserves. Copper, lead and zinc are concentrated in Wolf Mountain in the west and Bai Nai Temple in the north foot of Yin Mountain in the middle. Inner Mongolia saw, 99% of rare earth concentrated in Bayan Obo mining area. Baiyun Obo iron ore is dominated by magnetite, with 10×10 buried
8
Tons of iron ore, is a polymetallic symbiotic ore body, ore contains flake, rare earth, manganese, iron, fluorine, phosphorus, needle, titanium, potassium, barium and other 70 kinds of chemical elements and 142 kinds of minerals. There are large copper, lead, zinc and flow-iron deposits in Chuanyaokou, Dongshengmiao and Jiashengpan in the Wolshan area, and there are also useful elements such as diamond, silver, gold, germanium, occluda and cadmium. Iron ore deposits along the Baotou-Bayan Obo railway account for 71 percent of Inner Mongolia's total reserves. The largest copper reserves are in the Wolf Mountain area with 126×10 copper reserves
4
Tons, accounting for 39% of the total reserves of the autonomous region. Manganese ore is mainly distributed in the vicinity of Guyang. There are primary gold and associated gold in Bainaimiao area, and sand gold is widely distributed in Daqingshan area. Iron ore is also distributed along the Ji-2 Railway.
[2]
In Mongolian, the mountains that cross Bayannaoer from west to east and occupy nearly one-third of the area of Bayannaoer are not called Yin Shan, but "Daran Kera", meaning "seventy black hills". One of the black hills is in the mirror of the rear banner of the Urat, named "Zauge Mountain". Many Bayannur people are not familiar with Chaoge Mountain, but few people do not know the "Chaoge Town" named after this mountain, so that it was later renamed "Saiusu Town" many years later, many people still call it "Chaoge Town". Because it rises above the flat ground and is closer to eternal heaven, Chaoge Mountain is the "holy mountain" in the hearts of nearby herdsmen. In the entire Yinshan mountain range of Bayannur, there are countless such black hills, from the west to the east, there are Shihu Mountain, Wofo Mountain, Wanfo Mountain, Daba Mountain, Haorige Mountain, Hongshan, the highest peak Huhe Bashig peak, Black Mountain, Pingding Mountain, Ma On Mountain, Two Wolves Mountain, Aqi Mountain, Moni Mountain (now Wula Mountain), Ma Mane Mountain, Hari Mountain, Gu Mountain and so on. In addition, there are many lesser known hills.
The Chinese name Yinshan for "Seventy Black Hills" is full of historical vicissitudes. In ancient China, the south mountains and the north rivers were called "Yang", and the north mountains and the south rivers were called "Yin". Therefore, the Yin Mountain north of the Yellow River is called "Yang Mountain"; Under Yangshan, the Yellow River flowed east through Mingan Chuan, and Wula Mountain, the branch of Yinshan Mountain south of the Yellow River at that time, was called "Yinshan". Later, the Yellow River changed its course several times, and the name Yinshan was passed down instead of Yangshan.
[10]
There are nearly 100 poems about Yinshan in history, among which the two most famous and widely circulated are the folk songs of the Northern Dynasty.
Song of imperial edict
"And Wang Changling's"
Go out of the frontier territory
".
[10]
Throughout the ages, there have been meat porridge, soil, ghost, Linhu, Loufan, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic, Uighur, Dangxiang, Khitan, Jurchen, Mongolia and other northern nomads in the Yinshan Mountain region, where they have lived and lived, hunting and grazing.
[9]
Yinshan rock paintings
Inner Mongolia Daqingshan National Nature Reserve is located in the middle of Yinshan Mountain range, spanning 11 counties and districts of Ulanqab, Hohhot and Baotou, covering an area of nearly 4,000 square kilometers, it is the largest forest ecosystem type nature reserve in northern China.
Daqingshan Nature Reserve is the most complete part of the Mosaic landscape of mountain forests, shrublands and grasslands in the Yinshan Mountains, the most concentrated area of biodiversity, the boundary line between the flora of North China and the flora of the Mongolian Plateau, the transition zone between the flora and fauna of Northeast China, North China and Northwest China and the channel of large animal activities, and a rare gene bank of wild species resources. It is a natural animal and botanical garden, a microcosm of the diverse biological resources and landscape of the Yinshan Mountains, and a base for scientific research and education.
[11]
Wula Mountain Nature Reserve is located in the territory of Wula Front Banner, Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia. It starts from Xishanzui Town of Wula Front Banner in the west, reaches Kundulun River in the east, borders National Highway 110 in the south, and is bounded by the foot line of Wula Mountain in the north. It is 90 kilometers long from east to west and 22 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of 116902 hectares.
[13]
There are significant differences in landscape and agricultural production between the north and south sides of Yinshan Mountain range. The south of the mountain is an agricultural area and the north of the mountain is a pastoral area.
[5]
Yinshan area has a long history of human activities. According to research, in the Paleolithic Age 500,000 years ago, the "Dayao culture" in Dayao Village, Baoheshao Township, northeast suburb of Hohhot, at the southern foot of Yinshan Mountain, and the "Dayao culture" on the east slope of Qiannaimoban village were famous percussion equipment manufacturing fields. In the Qin and Han dynasties, counties and counties were established in the Yinshan area, and military reclamation was carried out, followed by immigration and reclamation, so that the Huns who lived on nomads moved northward. In the subsequent dynasties, wars were frequent in this area until the rise of the Mongols in the 12th and 13th centuries AD, which ended the situation of the gathering and scattering of the northern nationalities. During the Ming, Qing and even before 1949, the development of Inner Mongolia, including Yinshan, was still quite slow in all aspects. After the founding of New China, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established, and the economy of the whole region has been greatly developed, and all aspects of agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining, transportation and cities in the north and south of Yinshan have entered a new stage of development.
In the beaded basin between Yinshan Hills, the land is fertile, the surface water is collected, the groundwater is shallow and relatively stable, providing superior natural conditions for the development of agricultural production, not only making it an agricultural food producing area, but also a natural pasture with abundant water and grass. Food crops are mainly distributed in the hilly areas of the north and south mountains of the basin and Yinshan mountain range. As an important oil crop in Inner Mongolia, rapeseed is mainly distributed in the central and western parts of Yinshan Hills.
Yinshan Mountain is one of the vast animal husbandry production types in Inner Mongolia (divided by terrain), mainly composed of Daqingshan, Wula Mountain, Serten Mountain, Wolf Mountain, etc., operating sheep husbandry. Due to its proximity to agricultural areas and strong support from the planting industry, animal husbandry is quite developed, and its output value accounts for nearly 1/8 of the total output value of animal husbandry in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
The exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in Yinshan Mountains has promoted the construction of transportation and cities.
[2]
Yinshan has many passable mountain passes, and its branch Wolf Mountain "hundreds of miles from east to west, there are key roads everywhere", such as Big Batu, Shitankou, Ada Kou and so on; Daqingshan has stone crutches, 10000 gully, Dama group gully and so on. In the tenth year of Tongzhi (1871) of the Qing Dynasty, when Pulzewalski crossed the Wula Mountains, "I saw the locals riding donkeys or mules, coming and going from the mountain pass, and they were particularly busy." The canyon is not narrow, the mountain path is very smooth, only some sections of the southern slope is a little steep." You can see how busy the pass was. During the period of the Republic of China, Zhang Zuohua saw in Yinshan that "many passers-by were carrying baggage and walking sticks on their shoulders, and there were many very stupid oxcarts, horse mules and other teams carrying goods." He Donghui in the night of the great green mountains also see "full of pits and valleys are carts, from the dark morning outside the Yin mountain to drive the road, most of them are pulled with cattle, the above drum of wheat bags, natives climb on top of the car" and so on, it can be seen that Yin Mountain has not become a barrier to exchanges between the Mongolian, Han and other ethnic people. In particular, there are a large number of mountain passes, which are not paid attention to by the authorities and unknown in the historical records. Although the access conditions of these places are slightly worse, "there are many different roads, foreign tribes, the most easy to hide bandits, and can not be reached by interrogation", in the period of war, they often become the lifeline for people on both sides of the mountains to communicate or escape, and sometimes the main road for the army to attack.
[7]
