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The Kunlun Range is a tall mountain range that runs through western China
Tibetan plateau
North edge, west
Pamir Plateau
East, east to the upper valley of the Qaidam River, a total length of more than 2,500 kilometers; The widest point between north and south is 90° E, reaching 350 km, and the narrowest point is near 81° E, reaching 150 km.
[2]
[32]
The internal division of different documents is different, there are two sections of east and west, and there are three sections of west, middle and east, which are described in this entry.
[1]
[5]
The Kunlun Mountains, with their majestic peaks covered with snow all year round, stand in the south of the Tarim Basin and the Qaidam Basin. The height difference between the north and the basin is 3500-4500 meters, and the south is 500-1500 meters from the plateau.
[2]
Its highest peak is Mount Gonger at 7,649 meters above sea level.
[11-12]
There are 7612 glaciers in the Kunlun Mountains, with a total of 12,259.55 square kilometers, ice reserves of 1,285.707 billion cubic meters, and the snow line range of 4,500-6,080 meters.
[13]
The Kunlun Mountains include the main mountains from west to east, Tashkuszuk, Karatag, Ustentag, nine Sandaban, Qimantag,
Alger Mountain
,
Hoh Xil Mountain
, Bokarektag, Burhan Buda Mountain,
The Bayan Kera Mountains
,
The Anima Mountains
Wait,
[13]
The main peaks are
Gongar Mountain
,
Jade Mount Everest
,
Yumthu Peak
Incense burner peak, etc.
[11-12]
[26]
Kunlun Mountain has the prominent position of "the ancestor of thousands of mountains" in the cultural history of the Chinese nation, and it is the location of the Daoist mixed yuan school (Kunlun School) in the late Ming Dynasty.
[31]
Many myths and legends handed down in ancient China are related to the Kunlun Mountains, which are considered to be the birthplace of the Chinese people. However, the Kunlun Mountains are not the "Kunlun Mountains" mentioned in many myths, but the Kunlun Mountains. The Kunlun Mountain in myth is the "Kunlun Fairy Mountain" that exists in reality.
[1]
- Chinese name
- Kunlun Mountains
- Foreign name
- Kunlun Mountains
- Geographical position
- The northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
- Go to
- East-west trend
- length
- Approx. 2500 km
- breadth
- 150 to 350 km
- Initial point
- Pamir Plateau The east
- Terminal point
- The upper Qaidam Valley
- Sea bulldog
- 7649 m
catalogue
- 1Formation and evolution
- 2Location boundary
- ▪summarize
- ▪The West Kunlun Mountains
- ▪The East Kunlun Mountains
- 3Geographical environment
- ▪geology
- ▪landform
- ▪climate
- ▪soil
- ▪vegetation
- ▪hydrology
- 4Mountain relation
- ▪Major mountain range
- ▪Major peak
- 5Resource status
From the perspective of dynamic mechanism, it is generally believed that the Cenozoic uplift of the West Kunlun Mountain is controlled by the collision collage process of Indo-Asian continental plate in the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and that the uplift of the West Kunlun Mountain located in the northwest margin of the Tibetan Plateau mainly occurred in the late Cenozoic era. The lithosphere transverse uniform shortening model suggests that the continuous deformation behavior of crust and lithosphere mantle can make the continental collision thickening in different regions of the plateau. However, with the deepening of the research, the starting time of the Cenozoic uplift and deformation of the West Kunlun Mountains has been advanced. More and more evidence indicates that the West Kunlun Mountains have uplift deformation in the early Cenozoic, which may be related to the initial collision of the Indo-Asian continent (yet to be confirmed).
[9]
The East Kunlun Mountains belong to the tectonic active zone (geosynclinal region) between North China - Talimu platform and Yangtze platform in geological history. The oldest stratigraphic age in the area is Paleoproterozoic and the latest Marine stratigraphic age is Middle Triassic. In the nearly 2 billion years geological development history, it has experienced several tectonic divisions, Marine and continental changes, all folds and uplifts in the late Triassic, and the trough finally closed. After the Late Triassic, the orogenic belt underwent tectonic deformation such as nappe, strik-slip and uplift, and suffered from weathering denudation and planation for a long time, forming a peneplain represented by plateau plane and peak plane. The Himalayan movement since the end of Neogene caused strong fault block uplift in Kunlun Mountain area, intensified erosion by deep flowing water, and increased relief, forming the present mountain landscape.
[5]
The Kunlun Mountain Range is a tall mountain range that runs through western China. Located on the northern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Xinjiang
,
Xizang
Extend to
Qinghai (Province)
Within the territory, it has become the backbone of the mountain system in central Asia and the mountain system in western China. Rise from the west
Pamir Plateau
East, east to the upper valley of the Qaidam River, at 97° -99 ° east longitude and
The Bayankhara Mountains
and
The Anima Mountains
(Jishi Mountain) adjacent, a total length of more than 2,500 kilometers; The widest point between north and south is 90° E, reaching 350 km, and the narrowest point is near 81° E, reaching 150 km.
[2]
[32]
The Kunlun Mountains in Cihai, The Complete Book of Mountains and Rivers of China and the Physical Geography of China are basically the same, but their internal divisions are different. The former two divide the Kunlun Mountains into east and west sections, while the latter divides the Kunlun Mountains into West Kunlun Mountains, Middle Kunlun Mountains and East Kunlun Mountains.
[1]
[5]
At the western end of the West Kunlun Mountains, the Middle, Tower,
Afghanistan
Pamir Plateau at the junction of the three countries. Local residents and scholars usually calculate the specific starting point of the western end of West Kunlun from the Muztagh (mountain), but from the structural geomorphology and geological composition analysis, it seems more reasonable to calculate from the upper reaches of the Kashgar River Geizi River, because the Muztagh and several mountains immediately to the north have very similar geological tectonic background. The West Kunlun Mountains can be divided into two parts, the west section and the east section. Its western section covers almost all of Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County in Kashgar region in terms of administrative region ownership. According to the geological structure analysis, it should also be extended to the northwest to the southwest of Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture. Various classics record that the Yerqiang River originates from the Kunlun Mountains, which refers to the West Kunlun Mountains. Its course is northwestward. To the eastern section of the west Kunlun, the mountain changes to a north-west-northeast direction. The eastern section of the West Kunlun Mountains covers the southern part of the entire Hotan region and is the birthplace of a series of shorter inland rivers, such as the Hotan River, that flow from south to north into the Taklimakan Desert. The name of the east section of West Kunlun has two different names in the direction; Bounded by the upper reaches of the Keriya River, the west is called "Karatash Mountain" and the east is called "Kashtash Mountain", but its southern foot has been distributed in the northern edge of the Ali region of Tibet, and is generally called "Kunlun Mountain". When the West Kunlun Mountain extends to the east 85-86 'E, it begins to branch, that is, it enters the East Kunlun Mountain.
[5]
West Kunlun to the eastern end is divided into four branches: the northernmost one to the northeast trend, forming the southeast border of the Tarim Basin, called "Altun Mountains", has been seen in the ninth chapter, there is no trouble; The other is Qimantag (mountain), distributed in Neoqing and Qingjiang, in the territory of Xinjiang belongs to Ruoqiang County (southeast), and forms the southwest margin of Qaidam Basin to Qinghai; The two mountains in the south are the main mountains of East Kunlun, called "Arge Mountain" in the north and "Hoh Xili Mountain" in the south.
Alger Mountain
On the borders of Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet, the Hoh Xil Mountains extend from the northeast corner of Tibet to the west (south) of Qinghai. The above three mountains extend in Qinghai Province, whether they converge or diverging with the change of trend and how their names vary from place to place, they are collectively called "East Kunlun Mountains", which is the unanimous understanding of scholars and all walks of life. It runs through Qinghai province in an east-west direction, and its mountains account for more than 40% of the area of the province. The East Kunlun is mainly divided into North and South 2 zones, while the northwest Qimantag gradually moved closer to the North zone after entering the territory of Qinghai, and merged into the North zone. The north belt is composed from west to east of the Arge Mountain - Burhanbuda Mountain and Jishi Mountain (Anyimachen Mountain), and the south belt is composed from northwest to southeast of the Hoh Xili Mountain - Bayan Kera mountain. The latter enters Sichuan at its southeast end and basically connects with the Big Snow Mountain. The former enters Gannan and can be connected with the West Qinling Mountains. Therefore, the former (northern zone) can be regarded as the main vein of East Kunlun. In view of the fact that the Yellow River bends around Jishi Mountain in the upper reaches and the Yaladze Mountain at the north foot of Bayankala Mountain and the tributaries of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are all in the south of Bayankala Mountain, the importance of the East Kunlun southern belt cannot be ignored.
North of the eastern section of the East Kunlun North Belt, and
Ola
and
Westing mountain
In parallel, they can also be regarded as part of the Northern Belt, which also extends to Gannan, and west
Qinling Mountains
Connect.
[5]
The middle block of West Kunlun is mainly composed of Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Varissian granites, which is called "middle uplift belt of West Kunlun" by predecessors. The northern boundary is the Kegang and Karak lithosphere major fault, and the southern boundary is the Kangsiva superlithosphere major fault.
[8]
The East Kunlun Mountains are connected with the West Qinling orogenic belt and the West Kunlun tectonic belt respectively, and are adjacent to the Hoh Xil Basin and the Qaidam Basin respectively in the south and north. It is very extensive in the northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, extending for 1500 kilometers in an east-west direction. The East Kunlun Mountain Range consists of three tectonic units, namely, the north East Kunlun tectonic unit, the Middle East Kunlun tectonic unit and the South East Kunlun tectonic unit, separated by the Kunzhong fault and the Kunnan fault respectively.
[6]
-
summarize
The Kunlun Mountains, with their majestic peaks covered with snow all year round, stand in the south of the Tarim Basin and the Qaidam Basin. The height difference between the north and the basin is 3500-4500 meters, and the south is 500-1500 meters from the plateau.
[2]
The West Kunlun is an arcuate-like mountain range that is prominent southward around the southern margin of the Tarim Basin. The average elevation of the ridge is 6,000 meters, and the individual peak is more than 7,000 meters, such as the Mushi Mountain at an altitude of 7,282 meters. Because the West Kunlun Mountain is located in the western part of the northern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is known as the roof of the world, the relative elevation difference between the north and south slopes is very large. The relative height difference of the north slope varies between 2000 and 5000 meters, while the south slope is mostly only tens or hundreds of meters.
The average elevation of the West Kunlun mountain basin is 3000-4000 meters, most of them are located in the rain shadow surface, the precipitation is small, the water and heat conditions are difficult to meet the needs of crops, there is little planting industry, generally only used for summer grassland, such as the Aksai Chin basin in the south of Hotan County and the mountain basin in the south of Minfeng County. Although there are snow and glaciers on the mountains at an altitude of 5000-6000 meters, the area of ice and snow distribution is not large because of the limited water vapor source.
East Kunlun Mountains and their branches
Hoh Xil Mountain
,
The Bayan Kera Mountains
,
The Anima Mountains
(Jishi Mountain) runs through the south-central part of Qinghai, and together with the Tanggula Mountain south of the Tongtian River forms the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which Qinghai Province calls the "Qingnan Plateau". The elevation here is generally 4500 to 5000 meters, and the lower eastern valley is also up to 3200 to 4000 meters. The snow line is about 5400 meters, and there are more snow peaks all year round. The western and southern parts of the Qingnan Plateau are connected with the Northern Tibetan Plateau and the northwest Sichuan Plateau. The plateau of this plateau is quite intact, the terrain is low from west to east, only the southeast is deep by rivers, forming high mountain valleys.
Yangtse River
,
The Yellow River
All of them originate from the mountains of the region, and Bayankhara Mountain is the watershed of the cradle belt of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. The pasture along the river and lake of the plateau is rich and beautiful, and it is a good animal husbandry area.
[5]
-
Glacial accumulation landform
moraine
It refers to the detrital material transported and deposited by the glacier, which is mainly produced by the planing and digging of the ice bed during the movement of the glacier. There were three major glaciations in the Kunlun Mountain Pass during the Pleistocene, and the Wangkun glaciation was the oldest one, which occurred between 500,000 and 700,000 years ago. At present, in the Kunlun Pass area, the erosion and accumulation landforms of this glacial period have been strongly transformed and destroyed by the later geological processes, and only a small amount of moraines are distributed on the hilltop platform on the west side of the Kunlun Pass
Granite gneiss
Quartzite gravel dominated. From a distance, the top of the Kunlun Pass is scattered with some huge
Glacial boulder
It doesn't fit in with the surrounding rocks.
[26]
-
Periglacial landform
With an age of more than one thousand years, Yuanxianggu frost heaving mound is 140 meters long, 45 meters wide and 20 meters high. It is the largest frost heaving mound on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The formation of frost heaving mound is due to the runoff of groundwater under the permafrost, when blocked by the top freezing layer, concentrated from the direction of high freezing pressure and low freezing pressure, or gathered along the fault structure and continuously upwelled, resulting in the surface deformation and uplift to form a hill-like terrain, that is, frost heaving mound. Since the frost heaving mound often produces cracks due to frost heaving during the expansion process, the mud mixed with groundwater and soil along the cracks often erupts, so it is also called "mud volcano type ice mound".
The frost heaving mound is located in the Buffalo Gully Swamp. The ground water is blocked by the frozen ground and the underlying permafrost, freezing and expanding in the weak zone, and the surface grass mound is deformed and uplifted, forming the frost heaving mound.
Jingxiangu stone glacier is distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet highway and Qinghai-Tibet railway on the top of both sides of the mountain, a total of 18, including the Kunlun Mountain tunnel west of 16, 2 on the east side. The source of the stone glacier is about 4,900 meters above sea level, and is connected to the Middle Pleistocene and Pliocene cold weathering debris.
[26]
-
Granite landform
|
name
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introduce
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picture
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Kunlun Lion (pictographic mountain stone)
|
Kunlun Lion lithology is Hualishi period (405-250 million years ago) grayish-yellow - light red monzonitic granite, after long-term weathering, the formation of a large pictograph landscape, the shape of a mighty lion crawling on the ground, looking east, can be said to be guarding the Kunlun Mountain Global Geopark of the gods.
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The Kunlun Lion
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Ask Kunlun (pictographic stone)
|
This spot shows porphyritic monzonitic granite of Yanshanian age (205 -- 135 million years) with strong weathering. At the top of the mountain, there is a rock shaped like a side standing, Xianfeng bone old man, dressed in Tao clothes, wide robes, big sleeves, Bo clothes wrapped in a bun, bowing and standing, like Lao Zi and heaven to discuss the law of all things, and like Jiang Taigong to the immortal for advice on the way to govern the state. Kunlun Mountain is the sacred mountain of Taoism, this image is very rich in Taoist color, Gu named "Ask Kunlun". The pictographic rock is the result of the joint action of granite joints and spherical weathering.
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Ask Kunlun
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Golden toad (Hieroglyphics)
|
The golden toad is formed by the falling granite rubble, which is about 1-1.5 meters high and 1 meter wide. Very like a toad squatting on the mountainside looking up, vivid and lovely.
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Golden Toad
|
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The Kunlun deer
|
On the peak to the north of Yuxufeng Ashichang, the gray-white monzonitic granite formed in the late Caledonian Movement (about 400 million years ago) invaded the metamorphic sandstone and SLATE in the upper Silurian system (about 440 million years ago) in a dendritic form. The surrounding rock was keratophytic and developed, and the invasion line was very clear. The formation was mainly caused by collision and extrusion. Magma was formed by partial melting of continental crust material at different levels, and eventually invaded Silurian surrounding rock. The intruding veins show unusual patterns, like a flying deer that seems to break through the wall.
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The Kunlun deer
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Buffalo Gully granite landform
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The type of Bougou granite is medium-grained monzonite granite, formed in the middle Varissi period, the primary joint development, the main occurrence is 180°∠45°. Granite is plutonic magmatic rock, which is formed by the rise and deheating of hot magma deep underground. The place where it condenses is generally 3 kilometers below the surface. Granite magma condenses rock and rises into mountains, forming the present granite landscape.
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Buffalo Gully granite landform
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Reference materials:
[26]
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Clastic rock landform
Flock to sea
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Sandy landform
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name
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introduce
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picture
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West Great Beach barchan dunes
|
There are two crescent dunes on the north side of the West Datan Road, and the west dune is about 300 meters long and 30 meters high. The eastern dunes are about 180 meters long and 25 meters high. The planar shape of the two dunes is like a crescent moon, so they are called barcrescent dunes, which are the most basic form of mobile dunes. The two slopes of the dune are asymmetrical, the gentle slope is the windward slope, the steep slope is the lee slope, and the two wings of the dune extend along the wind direction (southwest direction). The dunes are active. Through comparison of aerial photographs, it is found that the two dunes have been divided in two during the process of moving to the northeast direction, in which the western dune has moved 29.4 meters in the north wing and 88.4 meters in the south wing in the past 20 years.
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West Great Beach barchan dunes
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A trench sand dune
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Yidaogou Dune is the largest dune geomorphology distribution in the park, extending about 4 kilometers from east to west and about 3 kilometers from north to south. It is formed by the accumulation of sand particles under the action of the Holocene (about 10,000 years ago), which was formed earlier than the Wenwengou Dune. With the change of seasons, the surface of the dune is covered with a thin layer of green grass, and the sand grain is uniform and well-rounded, which is divided into fixed dunes according to the flow degree of the dune. The main shape of the dune is honeycomb, which is mainly formed by the mutual interference of two wind directions.
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A trench sand dune
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Hot spring gully dune
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Wenwengou Dune is a small dune located at the mouth of Wenwengou, with a distribution area of about 1 square kilometers and an east-west extension of about 860 meters. It is formed by the accumulation of sand particles under the action of the Holocene (about 10,000 years ago). The dune is small in scale, and there is basically no vegetation development on the surface. Its shape often changes, sometimes it becomes cake shape, sometimes it becomes shield shape and crescent shape. However, the geographical position of the dune is basically unchanged, and it belongs to semi-fixed dune.
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Hot spring gully dune
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Erdaogou Dune
|
Erdaogou Dune is located at the mouth of Erdaogou. Like the Yidaogou Dune, it was formed after the end of the last glacial period by the accumulation of sand particles under the action of wind since the Holocene (about 10,000 years ago). The sand sea is 2,600 meters long from north to south, 1,500 meters wide from east to west, and covers an area of about 3 square kilometers.
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Erdaogou Dune
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Xiao Nanchuan Dune
|
Formed by the accumulation of Quaternary aeolian sediments, Xiaonanchuan Dune is about 1800 meters long and 1200 meters wide. It is a honeycomb dune. The dunes are formed under the influence of multiple winds over a long period of time, and form in front of mountains or areas with difficult terrain. The dune surface vegetation is not developed, and it is a flowing dune.
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Xiao Nanchuan Dune
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Reference materials:
[26]
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Tectonic landform
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name
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introduce
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picture
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Monoclinal mountain
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The monoclinal mountain is composed of the old Middle Triassic (about 230-250 million years ago) intermixed sand and conglomerate sedimentary rock. In the long geological history, the upper cover folds rise into mountains due to the influence of the lower basement faults, and the monoclinal mountains are often formed on one wing of the folds. The monoclinal rock is clearly stratified, with an overall dip of about 15° and a dip of about 260°. Under the sun, different layers show different shades of color, such as: light red, dark red, deep purple, blue, light gray, black.
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Monoclinal mountain
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Nangou canyon
|
The Nangou Canyon extends in the north-south direction, 4-5 kilometers long, the deepest can reach 50 meters, the width is less than 3 meters, such a large height difference, indicating that during the formation of the canyon, a relatively large surface uplift occurred in this area. The river binary structure can be seen in the channel (the lower part is coarser sediment such as gravel, the upper part is finer sediment such as sandstone - revealing the sedimentary environment of the river), and the gravel is well rounded and moderately sorted. At the turn of the canyon, a half-bell cavity with a width of 2-3 meters and a height of 4-5 meters was formed due to lateral erosion of the river.
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Nangou canyon
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One line sky Canyon
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One line sky canyon extends along the east-west direction, about 2 kilometers long, the deepest can reach 40 meters, far away, long and narrow steep deep valley winding, like a silk belt circling around the mountain, the valley clear water flowing, continuous, like nature's "singing". Such a large elevation difference in the canyon indicates that there was considerable surface uplift in the area during the formation of the canyon.
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One line sky Canyon
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Reference materials:
[26]
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Fluvial landform
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name
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introduce
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picture
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Three forks river terrace
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Class IV terraces are developed on the right bank of Kunlun River near Sanchahe Bridge, and Class V terraces can be seen locally. The Class I terrace, which is 3 meters above the river level, is a lens of alluvial and diluvial sand and gravel layers that have accumulated since the Holocene about 11,700 years ago. The Class II terrace is 5 meters above the river level and consists of Holocene flood alluvial sand and gravel layers. The 3.5-meter exposed section of Class III terrace is a late Pleistocene alluvial sand and gravel with clay and fine sand lens. The surface profile of Class IV terrace is 7.1 meters high and consists of sand and gravel layers. The development of Class IV terrace and the variation of terrace height at all levels reflect the sharp uplift of the Tibetan Plateau since the late Pleistocene. There have been at least four intermittent uplifts in the Sanchahe area, each of which has a different amplitude, indicating an unbalanced crustal uplift.
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Snowy river terrace
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Grade V river terraces are developed in Xueshui River. Among them, the emerging width of class Ⅲ - Ⅴ terrace is 4-6 meters, and the emerging width of class Ⅰ - Ⅱ terrace is 1.5-3 meters. The material composition is gravel, sand, clay, of which more than 50% gravel, gravel diameter of about 0.5-2 meters, grinding better, medium sorting; Sand 40%, clay about 10%, the degree of bonding is good. Grade 5 terraces represent at least five intermittent uplifts in this area.
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Snowy river terrace
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Mustang Beach
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Mustang Beach covers an area of about 8 square kilometers and has a broad alluvial fan in the shape of a triangle. Alluvial fans are fan-shaped deposits at the mouth of a river. When the river flows out of the mouth of the valley, it is freed from the lateral constraint and the material it carries is spread and deposited. The width of the fan edge is about 100 meters, from the fan root to the fan edge is about 50 meters, and the slope is 5-6 degrees. Wild horse Beach green grass, often a large group of wild donkeys, ecological good.
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Mustang Beach
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Reference materials:
[26]
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In the west Kunlun Mountains, the temperature decreases and the precipitation increases with the elevation. The precipitation of the north slope of West Kunlun is more than twice that of the south slope. Due to the existence of a temperature inversion layer on the north slope, the average annual temperature at 1800 meters above sea level is still about 11℃. Therefore, no severe cold in winter and no scorching heat in summer are the general climate characteristics of the north slope of West Kunlun.
The climate in East Kunlun Mountains is characterized by long sunshine, strong radiation, large diurnal temperature difference, less precipitation, more wind, and obvious vertical climate zonation.
The north slope of the East Kunlun Mountain is in the transition zone from the Qinghai-Tibet alpine region to the northwest arid region, and the climate is very arid. The annual precipitation is below 100-200 mm, and the annual precipitation increases slightly with the increase of the mountain altitude, and the warmest monthly average temperature is 10-18 ℃.
According to the statistics of Tuotuo River Meteorological Station (4533 meters above sea level) in the early 1980s, the average annual temperature was -3.9℃. The months with the average temperature higher than 0℃ were from May to September, and the highest monthly average temperature was 17.4-21.1 ℃. The lowest temperature occurs in October-December and January-April, ranging from -18.9 ℃ to -29.1℃. The windy months are from January to June and December, with an average wind speed of 5.1-7.8 m /s. The annual precipitation is 200-400 mm.
The annual precipitation of Bayan Kera Mountain and Anyimachen Mountain in the east increased due to the influence of the southeast monsoon. Snowstorms are common in winter and spring on the southern slope of Bayan Kera Mountain.
[5]
The different types of soil on the north slope of the West Kunlun Mountains are distributed in vertical steps, from the altitude of 4200 meters down to 1800 meters, and the soil types are successively alpine desert soil, alpine meadow soil, subalpine grassland soil, mountain taupe forest soil (distributed only in parts on the shade slope), mountain chestnut soil, mountain brown calcium soil, mountain brown desert soil. The southern slope of West Kunlun is already the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is a glaciated plateau landform, developed plateau desert soil, and partly plateau meadow soil.
The north slope of East Kunlun Mountain is desert soil type, mainly desert soil and chestnut soil. The southern slope is dominated by alpine desert soil, alpine meadow soil, alpine steppe soil, alpine steppe, alpine meadow and other soil vegetation types. The grassland area is only about 40% of the land area, and the pasture coverage accounts for 15%-45%.
[5]
The main vegetation types in Kunlun Mountain area are alpine grassland and alpine meadow, and alpine marginal vegetation also has a large area of distribution. Among them, the alpine grassland is the largest vegetation type in this area.
[28]
The north slope of the East Kunlun Mountain is below 3600 meters above sea level. It is a denudated bedrock mountain with almost no plant growth. The gully slope and the debris pile are a cushion desert of Chenopodium, red sand and Herbaceous grass. 3,600-3,800 meters, for the flower of the alpine grassland; 3800-4500 meters of mountain, the lower part is steppe alpine meadow, the upper part is cushion vegetation; Over 4500-4900 meters, there is a transition to sparse alpine vegetation and cold weathering zone. Above 5,500 meters is the alpine snow and ice belt. The grassland area of the south slope is only about 40% of the land area, and the forage coverage accounts for 15%-45%.
[5]
Beautiful view of Kunlun Mountains
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river
The Kunlun Mountains are part of a region of Central Asia with only internal water systems,
[3]
From west to east, there are three large water systems, which are: the upper reaches of the Hongshui River
The Narangele River
, upstream by
Kunlun River
And the snow river
Golmud River
Upstream, the Garu River consists of the Red Water Stream and the Toso River. These three water systems have created rare landforms and geological phenomena in the intense uplift of the Kunlun Mountains.
The upper reaches of the above three river systems all originate from the southern slope of the Kunlun Mountains, and the river beds on the southern slope are in an east-west trend, forming an inverted "T" river system with the near-north-south river beds across the Kunlun Mountains. 90% of the water in the southern slope drains into these three river systems, and then they cross the Kunlun Mountains and merge into the water flow on the Northern Slope, and then drain into the Qaidam Basin to become inland rivers.
[14]
In addition, the East Kunlun Mountains are
The Yellow River
with
Yangtse River
The birthplace of
[5]
Only the easternmost branch of the mountain system where the Yellow and Yangtze rivers originate has a water system that empties into the sea.
[3]
-
lakes
Xiwangmu Yao Pool, formerly known as the Black Sea, is 250 kilometers away from Golmud city, 4,300 meters above sea level, about 12,000 meters long from east to west, about 5,000 meters wide from north to south, and the deepest depth of the lake is 107 meters, covering an area of about 38.74 square kilometers. It is a natural plateau lake, belongs to the tectonic rift lake, the lake is mainly replenished by snow and ice melt water through underground runoff, the content of sediment in the water body is low, forming a clear lake with high transparency, and becoming the source of Kunlun River. The ancient shoreline can be seen on the west bank of the upper reaches of the lake, and large areas of exposed lacustrine sediments can be seen on the west bank and south bank of the lake, indicating that the area of the lake is gradually shrinking.
[17]
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Spring water
Kunlun divine Spring, also known as Nachitai clear Spring, is located on the north bank of the Kunlun River beside the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. The spring is fed by ice and snow meltwater at an altitude of 4000 meters above sea level, after a long period of underground runoff, to the north bank of Kunlun River by the east-west compression and distortion fault barrier, rise and form, groundwater cycle is long, water quality is clear. Although this spring is located at an altitude of 3540 meters, it does not freeze all year round. The spring water is large and stable, up to 224.7L/s, mineralization is less than 0.5g/L, and contains trace elements that are beneficial to the human body. Known as the "iceberg dew".
[18]
The main mountains of the Kunlun Mountains from west to east are Tashkuszuk, Karatag, Ustentag, nine Sandaban, Qimantag,
Alger Mountain
,
Hoh Xil Mountain
, Bokarektag, Burhan Buda Mountain,
The Bayan Kera Mountains
,
The Anima Mountains
Let's wait.
[13]
West Kunlun is
Tarim basin
with
Northern Tibet plateau
The East Kunlun system entering Qinghai Province is huge, with as many as 11 main mountain systems.
[7]
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name
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introduce
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Hoh Xil Mountain
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The Hoh Xil Mountain range has an average elevation of about 5,000 meters and consists of landforms such as mountains, wide valleys, basins and ice fields. The plateau in the mountain area is well preserved, with an altitude of 4800-5000 meters and a slight incline to the east. The mountain on the plateau is open, with little fluctuation and the relative height difference is not more than 500 meters. The snow line is 5,400 meters high, and above it is an ice sheet or ice cap. In the north of the Hoh Xil Mountains (south of the Hongshui River Valley), a row of ice peaks, such as Malan Mountain, Wuxue Peak and Daxue Peak, stand in the east-west direction. In the west of the Qinghai-Tibet border, there is also a row of north-south ice peaks, such as Gangzhari and Ganggai, with an altitude of 5803-6305 meters. The eastern extension of Hoh Xil Mountain is adjacent to Bayan Kala Mountain.
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The Bayan Kera Mountains
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Bayan Kala Mountain runs northwest-southeast, wider than Hoh Xil Mountain, but the terrain gradually becomes lower. In addition to the Yaladze Mountain in the west of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, which is 5202 meters high and the main peak of Bayan Kala mountain (Tibetan name Leladon), which is 5267 meters high, the mountain elevation is mostly below 5,000 meters, and the Tongtian River Valley in the south and the Yellow River coast in the north are mostly about 4,500 meters above sea level, so the mountain ratio is not very different.
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The Anima Mountains
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The main (southern) peak of the East Kunlun Mountains extends to the southeast and meets the Anyimachen Mountain (Jishi Mountain). The Animachen Mountains and the East Kunlun Mountains are both Hercian-west fold belt, uplifted again by the Himalayan movement, with complex topography and strong ice peaks. The highest part of the mountain is in the west of Maqin County, northwest-southeast trend, known as "Ma Ji Snow Mountain", there are 18 peaks above 5000 meters above sea level, and 30 modern glaciers have been found. The highest peak, Maqingang, is 6,282 meters above sea level.
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Reference materials:
[5]
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The East Kunlun Mountains have eight peaks above 5,000 meters and four peaks above 6,000 meters.
[7]
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name
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Basic information
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Located at 38.6 north latitude, 75.3 east longitude, 7649 meters above sea level, it is the highest peak of the Kunlun Mountains.
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Yuqomolangma is the highest peak in the eastern section of the Kunlun Mountains, with an altitude of 6,178 meters, a total glacier area of 190 square kilometers, and an average glacier length of 5.7 kilometers. There are various types of glaciers in Yuqomolangma, mainly: hanging glacier, circle-hanging glacier, circle-valley glacier, valley glacier, slope glacier, etc.
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Yuxu Peak is the sister peak of YuQomolangma, located on the west side of Kunlun Pass, 5980 meters above sea level. Jade Hollow peak is named after the legend of Jade Hollow fairy in Kunlun mythology. It is one of the pilgrimage centers of Taoism and the main Taoist Taoist temple of Kunlun School. Yuxu Peak is a mountain, standing in the clouds, snow all the year round, the modern glacier activity is intense, the glacier covers an area of 80 square kilometers, a total of more than 30 glaciers are divided into north and south slopes, of which the longest ice tongue is located in the south slope, about 1.3 kilometers long, about 500 meters wide. Yuxufeng ancient glacial landforms, especially ice erosion landforms, are also very typical, and there are many ice dips, angular peaks, edge ridges, U-shaped valleys and so on in the Yuniu Valley, which reflect the glaciation of many strong activities in the geological history.
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Xiangnobong
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Xianglu Peak is a debris slope in periglacial landform. The mountain as a whole is earth yellow, but at the top of the mountain suddenly exposed Silurian pure black rock formations, due to the snow erosion and freezing weathering on the top of the mountain is particularly strong, rich rock debris, in the freeze-thaw and melt-water erosion of the participation, rock debris slope creep movement, covering the top of the mountain, as if the mountain covered with a black veil, and as if it is covered with black soot, so the name incense furnace peak. There are four incense burner peaks in the park, namely: East Incense burner peak, Big Incense burner peak, Middle Incense burner peak and small incense burner peak.
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It is located at 38.2 north latitude, 75.1 East longitude and 7,509 meters above sea level.
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It is located at 38.6 north latitude, 75.1 East longitude, 7595 meters above sea level.
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It is located at 36.1 north latitude, 80.3 East longitude and 6,638 meters above sea level.
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Jongmuzitag
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It is located at 35.7 north latitude, 82.3 East longitude and 6962 meters above sea level.
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It is located at 36.3 north latitude, 83.0 east longitude and 6,254 meters above sea level.
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Aktag
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It is located at 36.7 north latitude, 84.6 East longitude and 6,748 meters above sea level.
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Alsay
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It is located at 36.1 north latitude, 79.4 East longitude and 8,360 meters above sea level.
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It is located at 35.2 north latitude, 88.5 east longitude and 6035 meters above sea level.
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Muztagh
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It is located at 36.4 north latitude, 87.3 East longitude and 6973 meters above sea level.
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It is located at 36.0 north latitude, 90.9 east longitude and 6860 meters above sea level.
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Beach north snow peak
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It is located at 37.7 north latitude, 90.6 east longitude and 5,675 meters above sea level.
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Snowy peak
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It is located at 36.2 north latitude, 92.1 East longitude and 5,804 meters above sea level.
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It is 7,176 meters above sea level.
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Reference materials:
[11-12]
[26]
[34
]
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There are 7612 glaciers in the Kunlun Mountains, with a total of 12,259.55 square kilometers, ice reserves of 1,285.707 billion cubic meters, and the snow line range of 4,500-6,080 meters.
[13]
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Plant resources
The Kunlun Mountains mainly have
Stipa purpurea
,
Cymbidium
,
Carex qingzangensis
The common associated plants are cushion cress, purple fescue, psammophyllum and so on.
[28]
As of November 2022, a total of 4 species of plants under national second-class protection have been recorded in Mount Kunlun National Park.
[30]
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Animal resources
There are few biota species in the Kunlun Mountains, but the proportion of endemic species in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is large, and the population is large. Tibetan antelope, wild yak, yellow sheep, wild donkey and so on are rare animals.
[27]
By November 2022, 12 species of animals under first class state protection, 23 under second class state protection, and 35 species endemic to China or the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have been recorded in Mount Kunlun National Park.
[30]
The West Kunlun mountain area is rich in mineral resources, but affected by many factors such as traffic and natural conditions, the degree of exploitation and utilization is very low.
The minerals in the East Kunlun Mountains are mainly gold, iron, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, coal, limestone and so on.
[5]
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Buffalo Gully rock painting
Kunlun mountain buffalo valley rock painting, located under the jade Xu peak. There are 45 pieces of rock paintings in 5 groups, 180 individual images. The rock paintings were dated to be very old and precious about 3,200 years ago. These rock paintings depict the colorful social life and natural environment of the primitive ancestors who once lived in the Kunlun Mountains in a very concise way. The content of the rock paintings mainly shows the scenes of hunting, dancing and animal husbandry of the ancestors. Individual and group images of various animals include yaks and camels, horses, deer, wolves, leopards, dogs, eagles, bears, sheep, etc. Among them, cows and camels account for the most, accounting for 85% of animal images. These rock paintings are of great historical and artistic value, reflecting vividly and vividly the social life, moral principles, values, religious beliefs and aesthetic tastes of the nomads living in the Kunlun Mountains thousands of years ago, expressing their desire to live in harmony with nature.
[19]
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Wuji Dragon Phoenix Palace
Wuji Dragon Phoenix Palace according to the "List of Deities" description is the story of Jiang Ziya's ascension to the Kunlun, is now enshrined in the West Queen Mother Idol. Wuji Longfeng Palace was originally a Taoist temple of the Mixed Yuan (Kunlun) school during the Ming Dynasty, and was rebuilt in 2012. Since there are many Kunlun believers in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, many believers from home and abroad come to worship each year, and it is revered as a holy place by all Kunlun believers.
[20]
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Buffalo Gully Melaleuca Cliff
Located on the right bank of the Kunlun River at the mouth of the buffalo Gully, Bougou Melaleuca Cliff is a steep cliff formed by tectonic uplift and river alluvial cutting. It extends from northeast to southwest, with a length of about 500 meters and a height of 8 meters. The melleuca cliff is formed by layers of sand and gravel from the Early Pleistocene of the Quaternary System with nearly horizontal inclination (about 2.6 million years ago), forming a large parallel bedding with clear stratification and large scale. Parallel bedding is generally formed in a rapids and high-energy hydrodynamic environment, indicating that the site was once a fast-flowing river in geological history.
[21]
Kunlun Mountain has the prominent position of "the ancestor of thousands of mountains" in the cultural history of the Chinese nation, and it is the location of the Daoist mixed yuan school (Kunlun School) in the late Ming Dynasty.
[31]
Many myths and legends handed down in ancient China are related to the Kunlun Mountains, which are considered to be the birthplace of the Chinese people. However, the Kunlun Mountains are not the "Kunlun Mountains" mentioned in many myths, but the Kunlun Mountains. The Kunlun Mountain in myth is the "Kunlun Fairy Mountain" that exists in reality.
[1]
The name of Kunlun first appeared in Erya Shi Shui, Shi Ji Dayuan Biography and the Classic of Mountains and Seas, and all the books believed that Kunlun was "the source of the river", or "the river flows out of its northeast corner". This indicates that in the early Han Dynasty, and even in the Zhou Dynasty (because Erya is a collection of knowledge since the Zhou Dynasty edited in the early Han Dynasty), the mountain system in the middle of Qinghai (that is, the mountain system at the source of the Yellow River) was called "Kunlun". "Shiji · Dayuan Biography" is to extend the concept of Kunlun west to the upper reaches of the Ganlan River, and describes "its mountains are rich in jade", indicating that the concept of "Kunlun Mountain" has been extended to the west Kunlun Mountain area rich in "Hetian jade". According to the book of Ten Continents: "Kunlun said 'Kunjun'." This is the only alias of Kunlun Mountain that has been seen so far. In addition, some branches of the East Kunlun Mountains have their names derived from local minority languages (mostly Mongolian).
[5]
According to the Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names in China, Pamir ancient translated "Bomiro", meaning "this roof" in Persian, "its land has been my vassal since Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, and after the Anglo-Russian dispute, it was temporarily handed over to Afghanistan." All the mountains of Asia have their roots here." According to the Book of Han · Biography of the Western Regions, there were 36 countries in the western Regions, and the western boundary was Onion Ridge. According to Cihai, "Onion Ridge" is the Chinese general name for "Pamir" and the westernmost mountain of the Kunlun and Karakoram mountains, and transportation between ancient China and the West often passed through the Onion Ridge Mountain Road, which was used by the historical "Silk Road" to reach Persia. Han Dynasty is under the control of the western region, the Tang Dynasty Anxidu House in this onion ridge guard. The reason why it is called "green onion Ridge", according to the "Western Han Dynasty" cloud: "Its mountain is tall, the green onion is born on it, so the name." However, according to the requirements of the natural conditions of the onion, the site does not meet. If it is true, the so-called "onion" is likely to be some suitable for the environment above 4000 meters above sea level, tolerant of high cold, the shape of the allium-like herbaceous monocotyledon plants, and is unlikely to be real onion. Or is thought to be the green cliffs after the name. There is also one saying that it is the "spring mountain" in the "Biography of Mu Tianzi", and "spring" and "onion" are the turns of a sound (" Ci Hai ").
[5]
As an important component and source of the pluralistic unity of the Chinese nation, Kunlun culture is a compound cultural form formed by the aggregation and symbiosis of multiple cultural gene chains.
Kunlun mythology constitutes the most important cultural content of Kunlun culture, which contains the primitive consciousness, thought, philosophy and social system of the early Chinese ancestors. The stories of the gods in and around Mount Kunlun form the most important "Kunlun myth" in the ancient Chinese mythology system, and also constitute the most important genetic chain of Kunlun culture.
Another important genetic chain of Kunlun culture is the "river source belief". The close relationship between Heyuan belief and Mount Kunlun shows that Mount Kunlun is not only the "ancestor of thousands of mountains", but also the "source of thousands of waters". The "Heyuan belief" that drinks water from the same river enriches the Chinese national community attribute of Kunlun culture. The jade culture is related to the "white jade worship" in the early tribes of the Chinese nation. The jade culture takes Kunshan jade as the symbol of personality, enriches the "human" factor in Kunlun culture, and integrates material culture and spiritual culture into Kunlun culture.
[11]
The Kunlun myth mainly records the important course of human beings from birth to development, which has a history of 3.6 million years, and the process of its emergence and spread is synchronized with the survival and development of the Chinese nation. It is recognized by many experts and scholars at home and abroad that Mount Kunlun is not only the source of rivers, but also the source of Kunlun mythology. Many life customs of various ethnic groups in China are reflected in Kunlun Mythology. The core characters of Kunlun mythology, such as Nuwa, Pangu and West Wang Mother, are closely related to Mount Kunlun and Yao Chi.
[24]
Kunlun Mountain pass is Qinghai, Gansu provinces to Tibet through the two places, is also a Qinghai-Tibet highway, Qinghai-Tibet railway road a major pass, also known as "Kunlun Mountain pass". In April 1956,
Chen Yi
When the vice premier passed the Kunlun Mountains on his way to Tibet, he was full of passion and poetic enthusiasm, and immediately wrote a song "Ode to the Kunlun Mountains."
[4]
[16]
Ode to Mount Kunlun
Kunlun boldness He Wei big, not to gully Bo famous. Drive rivers east into the sea, control the five mountains broken mountain cross.
[15]
[23]
Mount Kunlun UNESCO Global Geopark is located in the eastern part of Mount Kunlun - southwest of Golmud City, Qinghai Province, 30 kilometers away from Golmud city, north to the south Mountain pass, south to Kunlun Mountain Pass, west to Datan, east to Tonglu Gully. Elevation 3091-6178 meters. It has an area of 7033.17 square kilometers. The park is famous for its glacial periglacial landforms, earthquake relics and other landscapes, which record several ocean-continental transformations, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and five ice ages in the park area.
[25]
Mount Kunlun Global Geopark Museum is located in Salt Lake Square, Golmud city, including geological exhibition hall 2880 square meters and cultural exhibition hall 1200 square meters two parts. Inside the museum
Qinghai (Province)
The first 4D cinema.
[29]
In 2022, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese meteorological Department successfully established the multi-element Beidou transmission automatic station on Dujian Mountain, 5,200 meters above sea level in the Kunlun Mountains in Xinjiang. The station is the highest meteorological station in the Middle Kunlun Mountains, filling the gap in meteorological observation data records in the high altitude area of the Middle Kunlun Mountains on the north slope of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
[10]
On October 22, 2023, a research team composed of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Meteorological Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region successfully established a multi-element automatic weather station in Wollongong at an altitude of 5896 meters in the Kunlun Mountains. The station is now the highest meteorological station in the entire Kunlun Mountains, and the stepped meteorological observation network in the Middle Kunlun Mountains region on the north slope of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Basic construction is complete.
[33]
Mountain fork River Bridge
At an altitude of 4,767 meters, Kunlun Pass is the throat of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Qinghai-Tibet railway through the Kunlun Mountains, and Marshal Chen Yi led the central delegation to drive to Lhasa, Tibet, in April 1956 to congratulate the founding of the Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region, singing "Kunlun courage He Wei is great, not famous for the gully." Drive the river east into the sea, control the five mountains broken mountain horizontal ". To the south of the pass is the vast Yangtze River source high plain and the inner flow mountain plain of Keh Xil. The mountains of the Kunlun mountains in the north of the pass reach the Qaidam basin. Only by stopping here can you appreciate the charm of Kunlun Mountain, the grandeur of dragon vein, the magnanimity of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the broad and profound artistic conception of Golmud Kunlun Mountain Geological Park.
[23]
