Kunming City, also known as Spring City, Yunnan Province Prefecture-level cities, Provincial capital , megacity ^[66] , Central Yunnan city cluster Central city, located in China Southwest China , Yunnan-guizhou Plateau The central part is China approved by The State Council Western region One of the important central cities ^[1] China's important tourism, business city ^[76] . As of October 2023, Kunming has jurisdiction over 7 districts, 6 counties and 1 county-level city with a total area of 21,012.54 square kilometers ^[61] City people's government in Chenggong District Jinxiu Street No. 1. By the end of 2023, the permanent resident population of Kunming is 8.68 million, with an urbanization rate of 82.32%. ^[120]

Kunming is... National historical and cultural city There were humans as early as 30,000 years ago The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province) Live and multiply around; The 19th year of King Qingxiang of Chu (278 BC) State of Yunnan Establishment, fixed capital here; The first year of Tang Yongtai (765) Nanzhao State The construction of Tuodong City is the beginning of Kunming's construction. In the late Ming Dynasty, Nan Ming Dynasty Yongli regime The capital was established in Kunming. Kunming belongs to the north subtropical low latitude plateau mountain monsoon climate, for the mountain landform, due to its location in the low latitude plateau formed" All seasons are like spring. The climate enjoys the reputation of "Spring City" ^[3] . Kunming City is located in the North-South international corridor and Israel Shenzhen As the starting point of the third east-west Eurasian land bridge The meeting point is China face Southeast Asia , South Asia Open gateway city, located Asean (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) "10+1" Free Trade area economic circle, Greater Mekong subregion Economic cooperation circle, Pan-pearl River Delta region The meeting point of the economic cooperation circle ^[2] . China Kunming Import and Export Fair , China International Tourism Fair , China Kunming International Tourism Festival Kunming has become one of the major exhibition cities in China ^[4] .

In 2023, the regional GDP of Kunming reached 786.476 billion yuan, an increase of 3.3% on a year-on-year basis based on comparable prices. ^[123]

Chinese name: Kunming City
Foreign name: Kunming
alias: Spring City
Administrative division code: 530100
Administrative category: Prefecture-level city
Subordinate region: Yunnan Province, China
Geographical position: Yunnan-guizhou Plateau The Middle, The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province) Northern basin
Area product: 2,1012.54 km²
Subordinate area: 7 districts, 6 counties, and 1 county-level city
Government premises: Chenggong District No.1 Jinxiu Street
Telephone area code: 0871

Postal code: 650000
Climatic condition: Subtropical plateau monsoon climate
Population number: 8.68 million ^[107] ^[120] (Permanent population at the end of 2023)
Famous scenic spot: Stone forest , The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province) , Cuihu , Golden Hall , Yutong Zen Temple , Jinma Biji Square
aerodrome: Kunming Changshui International Airport
Railway station: Kunming Railway Station , Kunming South Railway Station , Kunming North Railway Station Etc.
License plate code: Cloud A
Gross regional product: 786.476 billion yuan ^[106] (2023)
prescription: Southwest mandarin - Kungui tablet - Kunming dialect
Gross domestic product per capita: It's 93,853 yuan ^[7] (2019)

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Kunming street view (7 photos)

Kunming has a long history and splendid culture, and is the first 24 announced by The State Council National historical and cultural city One, with a history of more than 2,200 years of city construction, the Dianchi area has a history of 3,000 years of civilization. About 30,000 years ago, there were humans living in the Dianchi Lake area.

The ancestors of Kunming people lived in this area tens of thousands of years ago Shavings drink blood , Live in the wild The original life. About 4,000 to 7,000 years ago, the Dianchi area has settled agricultural peoples, engaged in" Slash-and-burn farming The original agriculture and hunting, raising livestock and poultry and other business activities, and has been able to spin yarn, weaving. The Dianchi area and rice cultivation have a history of at least thousands of years.

Neolithic age with The Bronze Age Dianchi area clan clan numerous, to Baipu Man is the main. foundation , Qiang people Such nomads by Shaanxi (Province) , Gansu (Province) , Qinghai (Province) , Sichuan All over Jinsha River After entering the Dianchi area, they merged with the local Puren to form the Dian nationality, which promoted the development and development of the Dianchi area.

In the third century BC (298 to 277 BC), Chu State Senior general Chuang Che Led the people into Yunnan, arrived in the Dianchi area, allied with the local tribes, established" State of Yunnan He called himself "the King of Yunnan", and his old city is in today Jining county Jincheng Town . "Zhuang Kaidian" brought the advanced culture and technology of Chu and the Central Plains, and played a positive role in promoting the political and economic development of Dianchi area, which was dominated by Dian tribes at that time. Warring States to The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) In the beginning, the "Dian people" around Dianchi Lake established the State of Dian, creating a unique "Dian". Yunnan culture ".

The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) After the establishment of the dynasty, actively sought to" Southwest plania "Development of the area. The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) Yuan Feng Two years (109 BC), Emperor Wu of Han The king of Dian was forced to surrender. The Han Dynasty was set up in the Dianchi area as the center Yizhou County County and Dian king resided near Jincheng today. County: Kunming Guchang county Kunyangwei Jianling county Jinning for Dianchi County, Anning for Lianran county Enrich the people Qzang county , Yiliang for Kunze County , a set of centralization the County system It was carried out to the southwest frontier, marking the beginning of the ancient Yunnan accepting the direct rule of the Central Dynasty. The implementation of the county system effectively promoted the disintegration of the slavery society in Dianchi area. The migration of Han nationality and the spread of advanced technology and culture in the Central Plains have brought the economic development of Dianchi area to a new level. Shu Han A person of great wisdom and wisdom pacify Nantrung Later, it was changed to Yizhou County Gunyeong "County governance is still the old county of Yizhou", appointing "big surname" as local officials, and implementing policies to promote national unity.

The Western Jin Dynasty (536-597) Taishi Seven years (271), the South of the four counties (Jianning, Yunnan, Yongchang , Xingo ) from Yizhou (Governing Chengdu) divided out, set up, with Yizhou, for the whole country The nineteen kingdoms One of them. The Eastern Jin Dynasty (917-907) In the future, the "big name of the land" An Shi He became the ruler of central Yunnan. The Western Jin Dynasty (536-597) Salty and mild In the fourteenth year (339), the Jin Dynasty was sealed An Chuan Chen Waininh Prefecture Prefectural official And recognized its hereditary status.

Go through The Northern and Southern Dynasties sui In the early 200 years, under the situation of political turmoil and ethnic strife in the Central Plains, Cuan's rule in Kunchuan has maintained a relatively stable social situation of "equal force, quiet education", which has made the social economy of Dianchi area have a new development. to beam Late Sui and Early Dynasties Cuan Chan , An ancient cooking jar At that time, the Dianchi area was already "registered Yin people, Jinbao rich", "more horses, rhinoceros, pearl", and became a relatively prosperous and affluent area in the southwest at that time.

The 13th Year of Sui Daye (617) Tang Dynasty Founded, has set up 92 prefectures in Yunnan. The Dianchi Lake area is the main part of the ninety-two prefections. In 618, Tang appointed the descendants of Cuan Clan Cuanhongda For the history of Queensland, governance is a county, the government is still located in Yining City. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the Mongols were influential Erhai Lake The region rises, builds Nanzhao State . In 697, Kunming was annexed to Wu Zhou, and Wu Zetian placed it in Douzhou ^[9] . Tang Tianbao five to six years (746-747), Montessori Pirocourt March on Anning and destroy Cuan. Tang Yongtai first year (765) Mengshi Garo phoenix (King of Nanzhao) ordered his eldest son Fengjiayi ( Pongayi ) in Kunchuan Tuodong City And ordered them to be stationed. Tuodong City became the eastern important town of Nanzhao State at that time. The opening of Tuodong City laid the foundation for the urban development of ancient Kunming, and developed into the second political, economic, military and cultural center of Nanzhao, an important channel between Guangxi, Guizhou and Annan (today's Vietnam), and played an important role in the social and economic development of the great Southwest at that time and in the international exchanges with Southeast Asia. In the first year of Tang Yongtai (765), Nanzhao State built Tuodong City, which was the beginning of the construction of Kunming city. Dali State He was called Shanshancheng. Tuodong City and Shanshan City are the Tokyo of Nanzhao State and Dali State respectively.

Map of Kunming (4 photos)

In the seventh year of Nanzhao Daming (937), Dalduan's The government of Nanzhao was seized, the Dali State was established, Yunnan was unified, and Shanshan Mansion was established on the basis of Tuodong City. Good elucidate mansion ), for Dali country Eight prefectures One of them. The government followed Tuodong City. The Duan regime experienced a relatively drastic social reform within itself, releasing slaves and exempting corvee, further disbanding the aristocracy of Nanzhao and liberating the social productive forces. The city of Shanshan Prefecture expanded further, and the bustling city center gradually moved to Panlong River West (now Jinbi Road, Sanshi Street) area, the Dali national Lord is often stationed here. The Duan rulers built palace gardens and water conservancy in Shanshan, and by the end of Dali, Shanshan City had developed into a prosperous city of "commerce and industry" in central Yunnan.

Yuan Xianzong Three years (1253), the Yuan army captured Yunnan. Yuan Shizu Solstice element Thirteen years (1276), Sedianchi After the ruling of Yunnan, the ten thousand, thousand, and hundred households established during the period of military rule were transformed into roads, governments, states, and counties, and Yunnan was formally established Travel in the book province . Kunming County, for Zhongqing Road It ruled the territory (the name of Kunming began here) and moved the administrative center from Dali to Kunming. Since then, Kunming has officially become the political, economic and cultural center of the province. During the reign of the Yuan Dynasty, after the initial military plunder and ethnic suppression, it gradually replaced the policy of setting taxes and improving ethnic relations, and expanding the people's villages, repairing water conservancy, establishing rents and taxes, exempting corvee labor, "opening Yunnan post roads", "breaking the prohibition of roads, allowing people to travel". Yuan Dynasty officials dug the Haikou River in Kunming area, dredged the mantis River, reduced the water level of Dianchi Lake, not only relieved the flood disaster in Kunming city, but also "more than 10,000 hectares of soil, all of which are good fields", and expanded the farmland area. And build the Golden Juice River, Songhua Dam Diverting water from Panlong River to irrigate farmland on the east bank of Dianchi Lake; It also introduced sericulture technology from the mainland, developed the silk weaving industry, and made farmers and craftsmen "earn ten times the old profit", so that the political economy of the Dianchi area had a new development in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty.

Ming Hongwu Fourteen years (1381), Ming Dynasty After entering Yunnan, the Yuan Dynasty "road" level administrative district was divided into the government, imitating the mainland system and setting Yunnan Chengxuan Secretary of government and All command the ministry . In the Ming Dynasty, a large number of immigrants entered Yunnan, and the Han population in Kunming exceeded the local indigenous population for the first time. Late Ming and early Qing , Li Dingguo Wait for the peasant rebel army, Yongli Emperor , Wu Sanguui In Kunming, either the establishment of political power, or the establishment of the imperial palace.

Kunming urban scenery (6 photos)

Qing Dynasty Later, since Opium Wars Especially Qing Dynasty Guang Xu Eleven years (1885) Sino-french War Later, France, Britain and other imperialist forces quickly invaded Yunnan. Qing Dynasty Guangxu ten years (1884) founded Yunnan Machinery Bureau Become Kunming Modern industry The beginning of... Later, mint, tannery, official printing office, telegraph office, post office and other government-run enterprises should also be born. In the 26th year of Guangxu's reign (1900), Kunming began to appear Commercial enterprise . In 1905, the Qing Dynasty turned Kunming into a commercial port. Kunming was established as a commercial port in 1910 and the second year of the Qing Xuantong Dynasty. Yunnan-vietnam railway The cultivation makes Kunming a Open city . Qing Guangxu thirty-four years (1908), Dianchi appeared small fire wheels, the city also opened a "rickshaw company". qing Propaganda and administration In 1910, the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway was built to Kunming. It has further strengthened the economic status and transportation hub of Kunming as the commercial and trade center of the province. By 1911, the city had matches, flour, glass, cigarettes, hardware, tea, leather processing, Western medicine processing, canned ham and other more than ten industries, the most for the match industry, there are four manufacturers. In addition, there are 43 small-scale mining operations of coal, lead, copper, iron, and bowflower (cobalt).

In early 1906, Tung Meng Hui Yunnan branch was declared established in Tokyo, and members of the Tongmeng Association successively organized "Public School Association", "Yunnan Society", "Xinghan Association", "Dare to Die Association", "Autonomous Association" and "Death Association" in Kunming. Through these organizations, they contacted the general public, united them, and sought opportunities to carry out revolutionary activities ^[117]

The Kunming Outbreak of 1911 Double ninth Uprising "Overthrown Manchu Dynasty Rule in Yunnan: October 30 (ninth day of the lunar calendar), the provincial capital Kunming The 73rd and 74th marks of the New Army are in association CAI E Under the leadership of the uprising, the rebel army captured the governor's office. 31, Yunnan military governor was established, push CAI E for the governor. With the new armies such as Lin 'an and Dali, the Mengzi rebellion was put to rest, the capital of the West Yunnan Army was abolished, and the whole province of Yunnan was restored. Xinhai Revolution A total victory was won in Yunnan. ^[117]

The Republic of China Four years (1915), Kunming broke out the "first defense of the country", the whole country responded.

In the eighth year of the Republic of China (1919), the Yunnan Municipal Office was established as the beginning of the establishment of Kunming City. In the eleventh year of the Republic of China (1922), Kunming Municipal Office was rebuilt.

On August 1, 1928, the 17th year of the Republic of China, Kunming City Government was established. War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression During the period, Kunming became one of the important economic, cultural and military towns that supported China's War of resistance, and became a famous "democratic fortress".

In the twenty-sixth year of the Republic of China (1937), the anti-Japanese Army rose, the factories and schools outside the city moved inside, and a large number of funds, equipment and talents flowed into Kunming, which promoted the short-lived prosperity of Kunming's economy. The KMT central and Yunnan local bureaucratic capital have set up and started factories and enterprises in Kunming, such as the central machine factory, copper smelting factory, electric factory, power plant, 53 Arsenal, electric steel mill, spinning factory, tobacco factory and so on have been established.

On December 9, 1949, Luhan Led an uprising in Kunming, Kunming declared peaceful liberation.

On February 20, 1950, The Second Field Army of the People's Liberation Army Enter Kunming ^[65] .

On October 15, 2020, the cultural tourism promotion Alliance of three provinces and six places was launched ^[10] .

On July 30, 2021, the Ministry of Transport decided to name Kunming as a national demonstration city for public transport urban construction ^[63] .

In May 2022, the Work Conference on jointly building Mohan International Port City between Kunming City and Xishuangbanna Prefecture of Yunnan Province was held in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, which briefed the Yunnan Provincial Party Committee and provincial government on the work deployment and relevant information of jointly building an international port city under the administration of Mohan Town of Xishuangbanna Prefecture by Kunming City, marking the formal and comprehensive launch of the joint construction work of Kunming Mill ^[80] . In October, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology approved the establishment of a state-level Internet backbone direct link point in Kunming ^[98] .

Kunming Jinma Biji square

Administrative division

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EDITOR

History of zoning

Since the Republic of China, the administrative area of Kunming has been adjusted several times, expanding from 4.49 square kilometers to 21,473 square kilometers.

In April of the second year of the Republic of China (1913), "the government was abolished and the county was eliminated. Yunnan Province , retain Kunming county Under the direct leadership of the provincial government. The city of Kunming is still under the jurisdiction of Kunming County, but under the jurisdiction of the provincial police Department. Governor in the 8th year of the Republic of China (1919) Tang Jiyao "Abolish the governor and abolish the army, implement the rule of the people", demarcated the provincial capital as a city, set up the Yunnan Municipal office in the middle of the lake pavilion, for the sprout of municipal organs. At that time, Kunming was one of the earliest provincial capitals to set up municipal affairs.

Kunming (16 photos)

In the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), Yunnan Municipal Office was abolished. On August 1, 1922, the Municipal administration was restored, the provincial capital was demarcated, separated from Kunming County, subordinate to the city, and named Kunming City according to the historical geographical relationship. Municipal offices are directly under the supervision of the provincial government, and their supervisors are appointed by the governor. The area under the jurisdiction of Kunming Municipal Office is 5.4 miles long from east to west, 6.3 miles wide from north to south, and covers an area of 4.49 square kilometers, which is administratively divided into 6 districts ^[11] .

On the 23rd of the Republic of China (1934), the Kunming City government submitted to the Brigadier General to assign 27 villages near the suburban villages of Kunming County to the urban jurisdiction. The total area of the municipal district is 19.25 square kilometers.

In November of the 29th of the Republic of China (1939), the Yunnan Provincial Government officially approved Kunming as a municipality directly under the Yunnan Provincial Government ^[11] .

In March 1950, the Chinese People's Liberation Army entered Kunming and established the Kunming Military Control Commission. At the same time, the Kunming People's Government was established. Urban areas were taken over according to the original system of eight districts, and municipal and district authorities were established. At that time, the suburb was Kunming County (Guandu and Xishan districts). In history, Kunming was divided into cities and counties, and after taking over, it was divided into Wuding special district. On the basis of the original 16 townships and towns, according to geographical characteristics and historical factors, six districts were set up and managed by district industrial committees and district offices. Therefore, at that time, the jurisdiction of Kunming City was still relatively small. It starts from Donghua and Jinma Mountain in the east, Hongshan in the northeast, Mayuan in the west, Huangtupo and Diamond Jiao Tang in the south Luosiwan Yunnan spinning Mill, the total area is only about 7.8 square kilometers ^[8] .

On August 30, 1950, the People's Government of Yunnan Province made a decision to replace Kunming County Wuding Special Area Under the jurisdiction of Kunming City, the county has 7 districts.

Urban night scene

In February 1951, the municipal government assigned 5 townships around the city to Kunming County, thus adding a suburb, with a total of 8 districts; Namely: the first district (Chenjiaying), the second district (Guandu), the third district (Dabanqiao), the fourth district (Bolo Village), the fifth district (Datangzi), the sixth district (Gaoyao), the seventh district (Longtan), the suburban district (Baima Temple), the county government is located in Ma Street. At this time, the municipal government directly administered five urban areas (the first district (Shengli Tang), the second district (Yuantong Street), the third district (Xiaojipo), the fourth district (Chongren Street), the fifth district (Shangyi Street)) and one suburban county, with a total area of 1,878.23 square kilometers and a total population of 601,215 people at the end of the year.

Anning County In 1953, with the approval of The State Council, the city and county were merged, and the five districts in the city were adjusted into four districts. The establishment of Kunming County was abolished, and the eight districts under the jurisdiction of the former county were adjusted into five, six, seven, eight, and nine districts under the direct leadership of the municipal government. In November 1953, the district office was transformed into a people's government and a county-level political power. In January 1954, the third District (Haikou) of Kunyang County in Yuxi Special Zone was assigned to Kunming City and changed into the tenth District.

In 1956, the first and third districts were merged into Panlong District ; Districts two and four are merged into Wuhua District ; The former five and six districts were merged into Guandu District ; District Seven was renamed Longquan District ; The former eighth and ninth districts were merged into Xishan District ; District 10 was renamed Haikou district . On October 19, the provincial People's Committee approved the request report of the Kunming People's Committee on the work of the district. That same year, Anning County by Chuxiong special area It was assigned to Kunming City and changed to Anning District . At this time, Kunming Municipality has jurisdiction over 2 urban areas, 5 suburbs, a total of 7 districts, namely: Panlong District, Wuhua District, Guandu District, Xishan District, Longquan District, Haikou District, Anning District. It covers an area of 3,363.36 km2 and had a population of 822,506 at the end of the year.

In December 1958, Longquan District was merged into Guandu District. In 1958, Fumin county by Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture It was assigned to Kunming.

In April 1959, Qujing special area Yiliang county and Songming county Part of the mining area was divided into Kunming City and Mingliang Mining area was established. In September, the area was abolished and returned to the original county. In October, Longquan District was merged into Guandu District, Anning District was abolished and Anning County was re-established. Haikou area changed to starfish People's commune It was assigned to Anning County.

1960, Yuxi district Jining county Divided into Kunming City (before, Yuxi special area Chenggong county Kunyang County and Kunyang County were merged into Jinning County in 1958 and 1959 respectively.

In 1961, the Xingxing People's Commune in Anning County was assigned to Xishan District and renamed Haikou People's Commune. In 1962, five people's communes in Jinning County, including Longjie, Wujiaying, Dayu, Luyang, and Majinpu, were set up as Chenggong District (in 1965, the district was withdrawn and the county was established). By 1965, Kunming was under the jurisdiction of 4 districts and 4 counties, namely Panlong District, Wuhua District, Guandu District, Xishan District, Anning County, Fumin County, Jinning County, Chenggong County. It covers an area of 6,465 square kilometers and has a population of 1,382,536 at the end of the year.

In October 1983, with the approval of The State Council, Yiliang County, Songming County and Qujing Special area were established Lunan Yi Autonomous County Of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture Luquan county Divided into Kunming city, the city's jurisdiction expanded to four districts and eight counties.

Zoning diagram of the Old City of Kunming (central scope)

In June 1985, Luquan County was renamed Luquan Yi and Miao autonomous County .

On October 13, 1995, Anning County was established as a city.

On October 8, 1998, Lunan Yi Autonomous County was renamed Shilin Yi Autonomous County. The name was officially changed in December.

On December 6, 1998, the prefecture level was abolished Dongcheon Dongchuan District of Kunming was established; Xundian Hui Yi autonomous county by Qujing City Under the jurisdiction of Kunming City. It was officially implemented in February 1999. At this point, the formation of today's Kunming administrative region.

On July 22, 2004, Kunming City officially launched the adjustment of the four administrative divisions of Wuhua, Panlong, Guandu and Xishan.

May 20, 2011, Chenggong County Set up districts by withdrawing counties , Kunming People's Government The residence was moved from Dongfeng East Road, Panlong District to Jinxiu Street, Chenggong District ^[12] .

On November 24, 2016, Jinning County was set up as a district.

Map of Kunming
Kunming satellite map	Topographic map of Kunming City	Electronic map of Kunming

Zoning details

By the end of 2022, Kunming has jurisdiction over 7 districts, 6 counties and 1 county-level city, 83 subdistricts, 42 towns and 16 townships (including 4 ethnic townships), totaling 141 townships (towns and subdistricts). According to the arrangement of the provincial Party committee and the provincial government, Kunming trusteeship of Yuxi Chengjiang City in 2010 Yangzong Town In 2022, Kunming City and Xishuangbanna Prefecture will jointly build Mengla County Mohan Town . No.1 Jinxiu Street, Chenggong District, Kunming City ^[96] .

Administrative divisions of Kunming City
name	Code zoning	area (km²)	Government premises	Subordinate area
Kunming City	530100	21473	Chenggong District	-
Wuhua District	530102	398	Huashan street	Huashan street , Huguo Street , Daguan Street , Longxiang Street , Fengning street , Lianhua Street , Heirin paved the streets , Streets of Phuket , Xizhu Street , Hongyun Street
Panlong District	530103	340	Longquan Street	Longquan Street , Tuodong Street , Gulou Street , Donghua Street , Union street , Jinchen Street , Qingyun Street , Ciba street , Songhua Street , Shuanglong Street , Dianyuan street , Aziying Street
Guandu District	530111	552	Guandu street	Guandu street , Close the street , Taihe Street , Wujing street , Jinma Street , Xiaobanqiao Street , Yiliu Street , Liujia street , Dabanqiao Street , Ala Street , Changshui Street , Xiaoshao street ^[121]
Xishan District	530112	791	Xiyuan Street	Xiyuan Street , Ma Jie Street , Jinbi Street , Yongchang Street , Avant-garde street , Fuhai Street , Palm Tree Camp Street , Biji Street , Haikou street , Tuanjie Street
Dongchuan District	530113	1674	Tongdu Street	Tongdu Street , Bigu Street , Towndam , Inmin , Avant Town , Wulong Town , Hongdi town , The town of Tobuka , Shepean township ^[104]
Chenggong District	530114	541	Wujiaying Street	Wujiaying Street , Longcheng Street , Luolong Street , Dounan Street , Wulong Street , Yuhua Street , Qidian Street , Luoyang Street , Dayu Street , Markin paved the streets ^[105]
Jinning District	530115	1391	Kunyang Street	Kunyang Street , Baofeng street , Jincheng street , Erjie Town , Shanggarlic Town , Liujie Town , Shuanghe Yi Township , Sunset Yi Township
Anning City	530181	1313	Lianran street	Lianran street , Wenquan street , Taiping New City street , Qinglong Street , Grass-paved street , Lu 脿 Street , Eighth Street , County street , Jinfang Street
Fumin county	530124	1030	Yongding Street	Yongding Street , Daying Street , Rumea , Chivulture Town , Dongcun Town , Finance village , Sandan Town
Yiliang county	530125	1880	Kuangyuan Street	Kuangyuan Street , Tangchi street , Nanyang Street , Northern ancient town , Gujie Town , Jhushan Town , Majie Town , Gengjiaying Yi and Miao township , Jiuxiang Yi Hui township
Songming county	530127	1442	Songyang Street	Songyang Street , Yangqiao Street , Xiaojie town , Yanglin Town , Niulanjiang Town
Shilin Yi Autonomous County	530126	1777	Lufu street	Lufu street , Shilin Street , Banqiao street , Gweishan Town , Long Lake Town , Xijiekou Town , Dake township
Xundian Hui Yi autonomous county	530129	3966	Rende Street	Rende Street , Tangzi street , Jinsuo Street , Yangjie Town , Ifandian town , Kedu Town , Gongshan Town , Seven Star Town , Hekou Town , Vanguard town , Jijie town , Fenghe Town , Diansha township , Jinyuan township , Liushao township , Lianhe Township
Luquan Yi and Miao autonomous County	530128	4378	Pingshan Street	Pingshan Street , Chongde street , Sayingpan Town , Zhuanlong Town , Maosan Town , Tuanjie Town , Zhongping Town , Kyaukpyindu Town , Wudonde town , Cuihua Town , Jiulong Township , Yunlong township , Tanglang township , Malutang Township , Chey Hei Country , Wumeng township , Xueshan township

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Location boundary

Kunming City is located in the central region of Yunnan Province, 102°10 '-103 °40' east longitude, 24°23 '-26 °33' north latitude, 237.50 kilometers long from north to south, 152 kilometers wide from east to west, with a total area of 21012.54 square kilometers China-asean Free Trade Area It is the frontier and important gateway of China facing South Asia, Southeast Asia and even the Middle East, Southern Europe and Africa. It has the unique location advantage of "connecting the coastal areas of Guizhou and Guangxi to the east, entering the Central Plains through Sichuan and Chongqing to the north, reaching Thailand and Cambodia to the south, and connecting Myanmar to India and Pakistan to the west" ^[97] .

Kunming City

landform

The city center of Kunming is about 1,891m above sea level. Gongwangsan Horse Mane Ridge It is the highest point in Kunming, 4247.7m above sea level, Jinsha River with Purdue The confluence is the lowest point in Kunming, 746m above sea level. City location Yunnan-guizhou Plateau The overall terrain is high in the north and low in the south, and gradually decreases in a ladder shape from north to south. Central bulge, lower east and west sides. Lake basin Karst plateau landform The main, the red mountain landscape second. Most of the area is between 1500 and 2800m above sea level ^[13] ^[94] .

climate

Seagulls fly in flocks

Kunming belongs to the low northern latitudes subtropical - plateau mountain monsoon climate, due to the Indian Ocean Southwest warm moist air With long sunshine, short frost period, average annual temperature of 15 ° C, average annual sunshine of about 2200 hours, and frost-free period of more than 240 days. The climate is mild, with no heat in summer and no cold in winter, All seasons are like spring. The climate is pleasant, and the annual precipitation is 1035mm, which is typical Temperate climate Characteristics, urban temperature between 0~29℃, year Temperature difference It is the smallest in China, and such climate characteristics are rare in the world. Flowers are open all year round, and plants are evergreen all year round. It is a famous "spring City" and "flower city". ^[14] .

The temperature difference in Kunming throughout the year is small, the annual average temperature in the urban area is about 15℃, the average monthly temperature in the hottest time is about 19℃, and the average monthly temperature in the coldest time is about 8℃. The highest extreme temperature in the past year was 31.2 ° C and the lowest was -7.8 ° C. Due to the appropriate temperature, humidity, long sunshine, short frost period, so the flowers do not thank all the year round, the grass and trees are evergreen, Kunming "spring city" reputation from this. Kunming daily temperature difference is large, UV intensity is high, there are four seasons in a day, there is rain into winter, in winter and spring, winter daily temperature difference can reach 12~20℃, summer daily temperature difference can reach 4~10℃ ^[14] .

The main characteristics of Kunming's climate are as follows: 1. Spring is warm, dry, less rain, vigorous evaporation, and large diurnal temperature variation; 2. Summer without heat, rainfall concentration, and heavy rain, heavy rain, precipitation accounted for more than 60% of the whole year, so vulnerable to flood disasters; 3. Autumn is cool, the sky is high and the air is cool, and the rain is less. Autumn temperature is fast, the weather is dry, and the temperature in most areas is about 2 ° C lower than that in spring. Precipitation is less than half of that in summer, but more than in winter and spring, so autumn drought is rare; 4. There is no cold winter, plenty of sunshine, sunny and little rain. 5. Distinct dry and wet seasons. The annual precipitation in the time distribution, obviously divided into dry and wet two seasons. From May to October Rainy season Precipitation accounts for about 85% of the whole year; From November to April of the following year Dry season Precipitation accounts for only about 15% of the whole year ^[14] .

Although Kunming city is located in the northern latitudes of the subtropical zone, but most of the areas within the summer without heat, winter without cold, known as the "spring city" known at home and abroad. It is characterized by warm spring, dry and little rain, and large diurnal temperature changes. The average monthly temperature is mostly below 20℃. Second, there is no hot summer in summer, and the rainfall is concentrated, accounting for more than 60% of the annual rainfall, and the average temperature is 22℃. Third, autumn is warm and cool, the sky is high and cool, the rain is reduced, and the frost period begins. Fourth, there is no cold winter, plenty of sunshine, sunny and little rain. The average monthly sunny day is about 20 days, the sunshine is about 230 hours, the rain day is about 4 days, and the monthly rainfall accounts for only 3-5% of the whole year ^[14] .

On February 15, 2022, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment informed the media of the air quality ranking of China's key cities in January, and Kunming ranked third among 168 key cities.

Annual mean Climate Data of Kunming (Source: China Meteorological Administration)
month	one	two	three	four	five	six	seven	eight	nine	ten	11	12
Average temperature ℃	9.3	10.9	14.3	17.7	19.7	20.7	20.6	20.1	18.5	16	12	9.1
Mean maximum ℃	15.3	17.2	20.7	23.8	24.4	24.1	24.4	24.2	22.7	20.4	17.4	15.1
Mean minimum ℃	3.3	4.1	7.3	11.7	14.3	16.6	17.3	17	15.7	12.2	7.3	3.1
Extreme maximum ℃	23.9	26.3	28.2	31.7	32.4	30.4	30.4	30.2	28.5	27.1	25.2	25.1
Extreme minimum ℃	5.4	2.9	5.2	1.0	5.5	9.9	11.6	9.9	6.2	2.4	2.9	7.8
Precipitation mm	15.8	15.8	19.6	23.5	97.4	180.9	202.2	204.0	119.2	79.1	42.4	11.3

hydrology

Kunming City boundary in Jinsha River , Nanpan River and Yuanjiang The watershed area of the river is divided into three major river systems.

Natural resources

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EDITOR

Water resources

Kunming has Dianchi Lake, Yangzong Sea and other plateau freshwater lakes and many large and small rivers. The annual average surface water resources are 6.495 billion cubic meters. Dianchi Lake is the sixth largest fresh water lake in China, covering an area of about 300 square kilometers ^[100] .

Biological resources

Kunming is rich in plant resources, which are distributed in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, mixed coniferous forest, temperate coniferous forest, alpine shrub and meadow. There are more than 400 traditional flower varieties. In recent years, a large number of new flower varieties have been widely sown in Kunming ^[100] .

Mineral resources

Kunming mainly has phosphorus, salt, iron, titanium, coal, quartz sand, clay, silica, copper and so on, the most abundant phosphorus, salt ore proved reserves of 2.277 billion tons, Kunyang phosphate ore is one of the three major phosphate ores in China, rock salt reserves of 1.22 billion tons, salt reserves of 1.08 billion tons, Dongchuan is one of the six copper production bases in China ^[100] .

Land resources

Kunming is a plateau red soil area, mainly red loam, Purple soil and Paddy soil Three kinds. Geothermal resources are widely distributed, and there are more than 50 hot springs exposed ^[100] .

population

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EDITOR

Population number

By the end of 2023, the permanent resident population of Kunming is 8.68 million, with an urbanization rate of 82.32%. ^[120]

By the end of 2022, Kunming's permanent population was 8.86 million, 6.975 million in urban areas, and 1.625 million in rural areas, with the urbanization rate of permanent residents reaching 81.1%, 0.6 percentage points higher than that at the end of 2021. ^[108]

As of 2021, Kunming has a permanent population of 8.502 million. Among them, the permanent urban population of 6.844 million, accounting for 80.5% of the permanent population. The total registered population of the city is 5.88600 million. Among them, the urban population of 4,099,500, accounting for 69.6% of the registered population ^[101] .

Bulletin of main data of permanent resident population of Kunming in 2023

The permanent resident population of Kunming City (2017-2022) changed

Reference source ^[66] ^[101] ^[108] ^[111-114]

Ethnic composition

The majority of Kunming's population is Han, accounting for 86.16% of the city's permanent population. The ethnic minority population accounts for 13.84% of the city's permanent resident population, and there are 8 ethnic minorities with more than 10,000 people The Yi nationality 391,337 people, 7.7% of the total population, The Hui nationality 146,922 people, accounting for 2.9% of the total population; 71,443 Bai people, accounting for 1.4% of the total population; 4,013 Miao people, accounting for 0.89% of the total population; 17,289 Lisu people, accounting for 0.34% of the total population; 13,835 Zhuang people, accounting for 0.27% of the total population; 13,101 Dai people. It accounts for 0.27% of the total population and 10,649 people of Hani nationality, accounting for 0.21% of the total population. There were 58,796 births in the year, Natural rate of population growth It is 6.23‰.

political

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EDITOR

Principal Leaders of Kunming City (as of April 2024)
job	Roll call
Member, Standing Committee and Secretary of Kunming Municipal Committee	Liu Hongjian ^[15] ^[70]
Deputy Secretary and Mayor of Kunming Municipal Committee	Liu Jiachen ^[16-17] ^[71]
Deputy Mayor of Kunming People's Government	Dai Huiming , Wang Ya ^[109] ^[119]
Kunming City People's Congress Standing Committee DIRECTOR	vacancy ^[18]
Kunming Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference chairman	Xiong Ruili ^[19]
Deputy Director of the Standing Committee of Kunming People's Congress	Chen Jiang ^[118] ^[122]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

Kunming City

Located in the southwest border of China, Kunming is China's "bridgehead" city facing Southeast Asia and South Asia. It has successfully hosted international conferences such as the 1999 World Horticultural Exposition, the Second GMS Conference (Greater Mekong Subregion Leaders' Meeting) in 2005, the World Congress of Anthropology and Ethnology in 2009, and the World Potato Congress. It has established sister city relations with more than ten cities. hold China International Tourism Fair (held every year, one year in Shanghai and one year in Kunming) and Kunming Import and Export Fair.

In 2021, the gross regional product of Kunming was 722.25 billion yuan, an increase of 3.7% over the previous year and an average increase of 3.0% in two years at comparable prices. The value added of the primary industry was 33.312 billion yuan, up by 6.9%; The added value of the secondary industry was 228.771 billion yuan, down 0.3%; The added value of the tertiary industry was 460.167 billion yuan, up by 5.4%. The structure of the three industries is 4.6:31.7:63.7, and the contribution rate of the three industries to GDP growth is 8.8%, -2.6% and 93.8%, respectively, driving GDP growth by 0.3, -0.1 and 3.5 percentage points ^[101] .

In 2022, the gross regional product of Kunming was 754.137 billion yuan, an increase of 3%. The value added of the primary industry was 32.696 billion yuan, up by 4.4%; The added value of the secondary industry was 241.339 billion yuan, up by 3.2%; The value added of the tertiary industry was 480.102 billion yuan, up by 2.7% ^[106] .

Change of Kunming's gross regional product (2017 ~2022)

Reference source ^[101] ^[110-114]

Primary industry

In 2021, the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in Kunming will reach 55.268 billion yuan, an increase of 8.7% over the previous year at comparable prices. Of this total, the output value of agriculture was 34.954 billion yuan, up by 8.8%; The output value of forestry was 2.746 billion yuan, up 7.5%; The output value of animal husbandry was 15.148 billion yuan, up by 10.9%; Fishery output value was 582 million yuan, down 36.3 percent; The output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery professional and auxiliary activities was 1.837 billion yuan, up 9.3%. The annual grain planting area was 233,900 hectares, with an output of 1,040,200 tons. The planting area of vegetables and edible fungi was 121,700 hectares, with an output of 3.6082 million tons; The flower planting area was 12,900 hectares, and the output of fresh cut flowers was 7.314 billion ^[101] .

In 2022, the added value of the primary industry will reach 32.696 billion yuan, an increase of 4.4%. ^[110]

Secondary industry

In 2021, the total industrial added value of Kunming is 157.195 billion yuan, an increase of 6.2% over the previous year. The value added of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 7.0 percent. By economic type, the added value of state-owned enterprises grew by 6.8%, joint-stock enterprises by 6.8%, enterprises invested by foreign investors and enterprises from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan went up by 11.1%, collective enterprises by 17.9%, and joint-stock cooperative enterprises by 5.4%. By category, the value added of mining increased by 20.4 per cent, manufacturing by 4.9 per cent, and electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply by 17.7 per cent. The operating income of industrial enterprises above designated size reached 565.515 billion yuan, an increase of 13.0% over the previous year. Operating income profit margin of 5.64%, down 0.3 percentage points year-on-year; The sales rate of industrial enterprises was 98.2%, down 1.9 percentage points year on year; The cost per 100 yuan of revenue was 81.25 yuan, an increase of 0.16 yuan year-on-year; The corporate asset-liability ratio was 55.1 percent, down 0.7 percentage points year-on-year ^[101] .

In 2022, the added value of the secondary industry will reach 241.339 billion yuan, up by 3.2%. ^[110]

Tertiary industry

In 2021, Kunming's fixed asset investment (excluding rural households) decreased by 7.8% from the previous year. By industry, investment in the primary industry grew by 19.0 percent, that in the secondary industry by 3.5 percent, and that in the tertiary industry by 9.4 percent. In terms of key areas, industrial investment increased by 3.3%, infrastructure investment decreased by 18.7%, and real estate investment decreased by 5.1%. In terms of key industries, investment in agriculture increased by 20.9 percent, water conservancy by 0.7 percent, education by 8.9 percent, transportation by 29.7 percent, culture by 16.5 percent, and commerce and trade by 28.9 percent ^[101] .

In 2021, the total retail sales of consumer goods in Kunming will reach 338.64 billion yuan, an increase of 10.3% over the previous year. According to the areas of operation, the retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas reached 316.544 billion yuan, up by 10.3%; Retail sales of consumer goods in rural areas reached 22.096 billion yuan, up by 10.4%. Statistics by types of consumption, the retail sales of commodities were 274.43 billion yuan, up by 10.2%; The revenue of catering industry was 64.211 billion yuan, up by 10.6% ^[101] .

In 2021, the RMB deposit balance of financial institutions (including foreign capital) in Kunming was 1,616.099 billion yuan, down 1.0% from the beginning of the year. Specifically, the household deposit balance was 649.544 billion yuan, an increase of 8.9% over the beginning of the year; The balance of deposits of non-financial enterprises was 486.097 billion yuan, down 9.3% from the beginning of the year. The outstanding balance of RMB loans from financial institutions (including foreign capital) was 2,185.683 billion yuan, an increase of 10.7% over the beginning of the year. Of this total, household loans totaled 568.345 billion yuan, up 12.7 percent from the beginning of the year; Loans to enterprises (services) were 1.688.432 billion yuan, an increase of 9.8% over the beginning of the year ^[101] .

In 2022, the added value of the tertiary industry will reach 480.102 billion yuan, up 2.7 percent. ^[110]

transportation

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EDITOR

highroad

Kunming - North City

Kunming is one of the most important transportation hubs in western China. As the road transportation center of Yunnan, it has built a backbone network of "four rings and twenty-five shots" and basically built regional supporting roads. There are Beijing-Kunming expressway, Shanghai-Kunming expressway, Shanzhou-Kunming expressway, Guangzhou-Kunming expressway, Chongqing-kunming expressway , Hangzhou-rui Expressway Kunming Expressway, Kunming Expressway, Kunhe Expressway, Kunjian Expressway, Kunming-Manchu Expressway and other high-speed transit have been completed Kunming-bangkok highway The planned Trans-Asian railway, starting from Kunming, can reach neighboring countries and regions.

expressway

expressway
designation	High-speed name	methodically
G5	Beijing-kunming Expressway	Namely Kunwu - Yuanwu Expressway, (Beijing via Taiyuan, Xi 'an, Chengdu to Kunming);
G56	Hangzhou-rui Expressway	Namely Quxuan -- Kunqu -- Kunda -- Dabao -- Baolong -- Longrui Expressway (Hangzhou via Jiujiang, Changde, Zunyi, Kunming to Ruili);
G60	Shanghai-kunming Expressway	Namely Kunqu - Qusheng Expressway (Shanghai via Hangzhou, Nanchang, Zhuzhou, Guiyang to Kunming);
G80	Guang-kunming Expressway	That is, Kunshi -- Shisuo -- Pingsuo -- Pingyan -- Yanguang -- Fuguang -- Luofu Expressway (Guangzhou via Nanning to Kunming);
G78	Shantou - Kunming Expressway	Namely Kunshi-Shixing Expressway (Shantou via Shaoguan, Liuzhou, Xingyi To Kunming);
G85	Chongqing-kunming Expressway	Namely, Kunsong - Song waiting - Zhaobai - water hemp expressway (Chongqing to Kunming);
G8501	Kunming ring Expressway	It is composed of inner ring and outer ring around the city, and the outer ring passes by Anning -- Song Ming -- Yiliang -- Chengjiang River -- Jinning -- Haikou -- Anning;
G5611	Kun-xiang Expressway	Namely Kunan -- Anchu -- Chu Da -- Dali -- Lixiang highway;
G8011	Kunhe Expressway	That is, Kunshi - Shimong - Mengxin - Xinhe Expressway (Kunming via the estuary to Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam);
G8511	Kunming-bangkok Highway	That is Kunyu - Yuyuan - Yuan Mo - Mo Si - Si Xiao - Xiao Mo high-speed (Kunming via Laos to Bangkok, the capital of Thailand);
S	Kunming Expressway	Namely Kunyu - Yujiang - Jiangtong - Tongjian high-speed (Kunming to Jianshui high-speed);
S	Central Yunnan Ring Road	via Yuxi , Kunming, Chuxiong , Qujing Through Kunming City, Xundian county and Luquan County.
--	Kun-chu expressway highroad	Kunming - Chuxiong ^[75]

The main roads in the city are: Ring Road, second Ring Road Express system, third Ring Road Express system, Beijing Road (North-South main axis), Renmin Road - Airport Expressway (east-west main axis), Longquan Road - Qingnian Road - Guannan Avenue (north-south sub-axis), Bailong Road - White pagoda Roads - Chuncheng Road (North-South secondary axis), Phuji Road - Yunnan-Burma Avenue - Xichang Road - Haigeng Road - Qianxin Road (North-South secondary axis), Xiba Road - Jinbi Road - Tuodong Road (east-west secondary axis), Dongfeng Road (east-west secondary axis), Caiyun Road (Kunluo Road) (Xincheng District main axis), in addition to Fengyuan Road, Dianchi Road, Xuefu Road and Xiyuan Road and other major roads.

The bus terminal

Kunming bus passenger station It is divided into north Kunming bus terminal, South Kunming bus terminal, West Kunming bus terminal, Kunming northwest bus passenger station Kunming East bus passenger Station.

railway

The first railway in Kunming was built by France Yunnan-vietnam railway (now known as Kunhe Railway), to Vietnam, opened in 1910. Until 1966, this meter-gauge railway has been the main channel for Kunming to communicate with the outside world, and Kunming has become the only provincial capital city in China that has "no train from home to abroad". Eighteen strange people in Yunnan "One of them. The Kunhe Railway is the only one in China Meter gauge railway Kunming North Station is located in the north of Kunming city, once a daily train to the mouth of the Sino-Vietnamese border, there are two trains a week to the Vietnamese capital Hanoi (capital of Vietnam) . The railway mainly freight, passenger transport has basically stopped, only the Shi Tsui via Kunming north to Wangjiaying suburban train, morning and afternoon each. After 1966, several railways from Kunming to other provinces were opened, including the Kunming to Guiyang railway Guizhou-kunming railway (opened to traffic in 1966, a total length of 640 kilometers), Kunming to Chengdu Chengdu-kunming railway (opened to traffic in 1970, a total length of 1100 km), Kunming to Neijiang Neikun railway , Kunming to Nanning ( Nan-kunming railway ) (total length 900 km), etc.; In addition to the construction of provincial lines such as Guangtong to Dali Extensive railway Kunming to Yuxi Kunyu Railway It will be used as the terminus of the South Route of the Trans-Asian Railway in the future.

Kunming is an important node in the national railway network Yunnan railway The focal point of the artery is the railway hub station composed of 12 railway branch lines, the main lines are: Shanghai-kunming railway Cheng-kunming Railway, Nan-Kunming Railway, Nei-Kunming Railway, Kung-Li Railway, Kunhe Railway Chengdu-kunming Express Railway (under construction) and Ring Dianchi Lake Railway are under construction. Kunming Station has a total of 90 trains to Beijing, Chengdu, Shanghai, Chongqing, Xiamen, Zhengzhou, Nanning, Nanchang, Xi 'an, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Guiyang, Changsha, Hangzhou and other directions. There are Nan-Kunming high-speed rail, Shanghai-kunming high-speed railway .

Main railway station
Kunming South Railway Station	Kunming North Railway Station	Kunming East Railway Station	Kunming West Railway Station

aviation

Kunming Changshui International Airport It is China's gateway airport for Southeast Asia, South Asia and connecting Europe and Asia. Kunming Changshui International Airport is the seventh airport in China with a throughput of more than 20 million, and has opened more than 100 domestic, international and regional routes.

Public transport

Kunming rail transit

Kunming Rail Transit is an urban rail transit system serving the city of Kunming in Yunnan Province and its surrounding areas. The system includes the Kunming metro system built and operated by Kunming Rail Transit Co., LTD., and the municipal railway system built by Kunming Municipal Railway Co., LTD.

line	Marker coloration	Start-stop station	Number of stations (seats)	Mileage (km)	marshalling	First opening time
Kunming rail transit Line 1	red	Huancheng South Road station - University City South Station	18	29.9	6B	April 30, 2014
Kunming rail transit Line 2	blue	North Bus Stop - Huancheng South Road station	14	22.8	6B	April 30, 2014
Kunming rail transit Line 3	Rose red	Xishan Park Station - East Bus station	20	23.4	6B	August 29, 2017
Kunming Metro Line 4	orange-yellow	Jinchuan Road Station - Kunming South Railway Station	29	43.4	6B	September 23, 2020
Kunming rail Transit Line 5	green	Expo Park Station - Baofeng Station	22	26.5	6B	June 29, 2022
Kunming rail transit Line 6	cyan	Airport central station - Tangzi Lane station	8	26.6	6B	June 28, 2012

Kunming public transportation

Kunming overpass

As of 2021, Kunming has a total of 367 bus lines, around the first ring road and the second Ring road, a total of 2,600 bus stations and about 1,100 public chairs. Kunming is the first in the country to put forward the "bus priority bus preferential" policy, in 1999 launched the first bus lane in the country, Kunming bus lane line length is the first in the country, the first to launch unmanned ticketing and bus IC card card ride, Kunming has the largest bus yard in the southwest and three-dimensional bus parking garage, there are four bus companies bear Kunming bus transport. In 2012, Kunming became the national" Transit city The first batch of pilot cities. Kunming took the lead in implementing the "BRT" bus system in China, and built 9 rapid bus lines: Guangfu Road; Jinbi Road -- Tuodong Road; Renmin Road; Beijing Road; Xichang Road -- Yunnan-Burma Avenue; Xuefu Road (single); 121st Street (single), Jinxiu Street, North Jingming Road. There are two main bus companies operating Kunming Bus Company and Kunming City Bus.

As of 2021, Kunming has more than 310 bus lines, with a daily traffic volume of 2.8 million passengers, the main models are 12m and 18m long cars, the ticket price of the basic lines in the city is 1 yuan, the ticket price of the tourist line, the new city line and the line leading to the five passenger stations is 2 yuan, the ticket price of the outer suburbs line is 6 to 12 yuan, and all the implementation of unmanned ticket system. Kunming has 362 bus lines in five districts of the main city, 14 new bus lines and 923 new bus vehicles, with an average daily passenger volume (including rail transit) of 2.790,600, and a share rate of public transport motorized travel of 54.3%.

taxi

As of 2021, there are 10,254 taxis in Kunming, of which 9,137 are in the main urban area ^[101] .

Social undertaking

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EDITOR

Educational cause

In 2022, there will be 52 institutions of higher learning in Kunming, with 777,200 students and 33,500 full-time teachers. There are 77 secondary vocational education schools with 141,300 students and 4,138 full-time teachers. There are 349 ordinary middle schools with 372,400 students and 3,500 full-time teachers. There are 717 regular primary schools with 551,500 students and 33,200 full-time teachers. There are 1,627 kindergartens with 307,600 children and 20,500 full-time teachers. There are 13 special education schools with 1,239 students and 334 full-time teachers.

The gross enrollment rate of senior middle schools is 98.84%, that of junior middle schools is 104.42%, that of primary school children is 101.13%, that of pre-school children is 99.98%, and that of children with disabilities is 98.38% ^[110] .

category	School name	Stats
Public university	Yunnan University	Double first-class ^[78] , 2011 Plan , Project 111 , The provinces and ministries jointly build universities , Central and western universities basic capacity building project , Central and western universities comprehensive strength improvement project
	Kunming University of Science and Technology	Universities jointly built by provinces and ministries, basic capacity building projects for universities in central and western China, Excellent engineer education and training program
	Yunnan Normal University	Universities jointly built by provinces and ministries, basic capacity building projects for universities in central and western China, Excellent teacher training program
	Southwest Forestry University	Provincial university, excellent engineer education and training program, Excellent agriculture and forestry talent education and training program
	Yunnan Minzu University	The provinces and ministries jointly build universities
	Kunming Medical University	Basic capacity building project for central and western universities, Excellent doctor education program
	Yunnan Agricultural University	Excellent agriculture and forestry talent education and training program, Excellent engineer education and training program
	Yunnan University of Finance and Economics	Provincial colleges and universities
	Yunnan Police College
	Kunming University
	Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine ^[20]
	Yunnan Arts University
	Yunnan Vocational and Technical College of Transportation
	Kunming Metallurgical College
	Yunnan Forestry Vocational and Technical College
	Kunming Institute of Industry and Technology
	Yunnan Judicial police Vocational College
	Yunnan National Defense Industry Vocational and Technical College
	Yunnan Land Resources Vocational College
	Yunnan Agricultural Vocational and Technical College
	Yunnan Vocational College of Finance and Economics
	Yunnan Mechanical and electrical vocational technical College
	Yunnan Culture and Art Vocational College
	Yunnan Sports Vocational and technical College
	Yunnan Tourism Vocational College
	Kunming Railway vocational and technical College
	Yunnan Water Resources and hydropower vocational College
	Yunnan textile Vocational College
	Yunnan Vocational College of Special Education
	Yunnan Polytechnic of Industry and Trade
	Yunnan Vocational College of Transportation
	Public security fire force college
	Kunming preschool Teachers College
Private university	Yunnan Technology and Business University
	Yunnan University of Economics and Management
	Kunming College of Arts and Sciences
	Kunming City College ^[62]
	Yunnan Vocational College of Science and Technology Information
	Yunnan Engineering Vocational College
	Yunnan Foreign Language Vocational College
	Yunnan Xinxing Vocational College
	Yunnan Trade and Foreign Affairs Vocational College
	Yunnan Business Vocational College
	Kunming Art Vocational College
	Kunming Health Vocational College ^[79]
	Yunnan Urban Construction Vocational College
	Yunnan Medical and Health Vocational College
	Yunnan Polytechnic Vocational College
Independent college	Yunnan University Dianchi College
	Jinqiao College, Kunming University of Science and Technology
	Haiyuan College, Kunming Medical University
	Wenhua College, Yunnan Arts University
Military academy	Border and Coastal Defence College of the PLA Army (Kunming District)

List of main secondary schools in Kunming
School name	Municipal district	School name	Municipal district
High school affiliated to Yunnan Normal University	Wuhua District	Kunming Guandu District No. 1 Middle School	Guandu District
Kunming No.1 Middle School	Wuhua District	Kunming Guandu District No. 2 Middle School	Guandu District
Kunming No. 3 Middle School	Chenggong District	Kunming Guandu District No. 5 Middle School	Guandu District
High School affiliated to Yunnan University	Wuhua District	Kunming 12th Middle School	Guandu District
Kunming No. 8 Middle School	Wuhua District	Kunming Experimental Middle School	Panlong District
Kunming No. 10 Middle School	Panlong District	Kunming No. 14 Middle School	Wuhua District

Science and technology

In 2022, Kunming will implement 299 science and technology plan projects throughout the year, including 10 major science and technology plan projects. 24,822 patents were authorized, and 17,134 effective invention patents were held. During the year, 5,335 technical contracts were registered, with a turnover of 8.426 billion yuan. Scientific and technological achievements were registered throughout the year (4) 73 items, including 1 item of basic theory and 72 items of applied technology. There are 1,786 high-tech enterprises in the city, of which 473 are newly identified this year. There are 144 key laboratories at all levels, including 7 at the national level. There are 176 engineering and technology research centers at all levels, including 4 national ones ^[110] .

Sports cause

In 2021, Kunming athletes won 10 gold MEDALS, 9 silver MEDALS and 4 bronze MEDALS in national competitions ^[101] . In 2022, Kunming athletes won 3 gold MEDALS, 2 silver MEDALS and 7 bronze MEDALS in national competitions ^[110] .

Cultural undertaking

Local media in Kunming include Yunnan Daily , Chuncheng Evening News , Yunnan Information Daily , Yunnan Television station , Kunming TV station and Kunming People's Radio Station Let's wait. Kunming TV Station now has six channels of comprehensive, economic life, culture and entertainment, sports, film and television and public information, broadcasting news, economy, culture and entertainment and sports programs for a total of more than 90 hours every day, with a TV audience of about 3 million people, which is the highest rating TV station in Kunming area. Kunming People's Radio Station has four sets of frequencies, sunshine frequency (FM100.8), happy 1028 (FM102.8), car radio (FM95.4), happiness channel FM105. Chuncheng Evening News, founded in 1980, is a branch of Yunnan Daily Evening paper It is the newspaper with the largest circulation in Yunnan province. National first-class library has Yunnan provincial library , Kunming Library , Guandu District Library Wuhua District Library, Panlong District Library, Xishan District Library, Anning City Library ^[21]

By 2021, Kunming has 37 registered museums, 15 public libraries, 15 cultural centers and 141 cultural stations. There were two professional cultural and artistic performance groups, and 3,127 amateur cultural and artistic performance groups registered at the end of the year ^[101] .

Medical and health care

By 2021, there are 5,608 health institutions in Kunming. Among them, there were 317 hospitals, 93 township health centers, 370 community health service centers (stations), 3,185 clinics (clinics and infirmaries), and 1,265 village clinics. The number of health technicians is 9600. Among them, 34,200 were practicing physicians and assistant practicing physicians, and 47,900 were registered nurses. There are 65,100 beds in medical and health institutions. By the end of the year, there were 798 community service stations. The city has 30 rural nursing homes with 3,658 beds. There are 14 urban public institutions for the elderly, with 3,715 beds; 81 institutions for the elderly, with 16,500 beds, were set up by non-governmental organizations. There are 388 urban and rural community home care service centers (stations), with 5,031 beds ^[101] .

By 2022, there are 5,818 health institutions in the city. Among them, there were 321 hospitals, 92 township health centers, 369 community health service centers (stations), 3,352 clinics (clinics and infirmaries) and 1,266 village clinics. 98,800 health technicians. Among them, 35,800 were medical practitioners and assistant medical practitioners, and 49,000 were registered nurses. There are 66,500 beds in medical and health institutions. By the end of the year, there were 816 community service stations. The city has 30 rural nursing homes with 3,658 beds. 21 urban public institutions for the elderly, with 4,426 beds; 79 institutions for the elderly, with 16,000 beds, were set up by non-governmental organizations. There are 499 urban and rural community home care service centers (stations) with 5,100 beds ^[110] .

Social security

In 2021, the number of people participating in basic old-age insurance for urban workers in Kunming will reach 2.199,800, 141,700 more than at the end of the previous year. The number of people participating in basic old-age insurance for non-working urban and rural residents was 2.180,600, a decrease of 14,900. The number of urban workers covered by basic medical insurance was 2.189,300, an increase of 103,600. The number of people participating in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents was 4.328,900, a decrease of 85,900. The number of urban residents covered by unemployment insurance reached 1.3462 million, an increase of 93,800. The number of workers covered by work-related injury insurance reached 1.615,300, an increase of 94,400. The number of people receiving the minimum living allowance for urban residents was 48,800, the number of people receiving the minimum living allowance for rural residents was 62,000, and the number of people receiving the five guarantees for rural residents was 5,169. Last year, 708,800 urban and rural residents were subsidized to participate in basic medical insurance ^[101] .

History and culture

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EDITOR

Origin of geographical names

A glimpse of the spring City

The word "Kunming" as a place name, in Tang Dynasty It used to be hard to check. There are various theories about the origin of the word "Kunming", but most scholars believe that "Kunming" was originally an ethnic name of an ancient people in southwest China. "Kunming" is written as "kun", "Kunmi" or "Kunlin" in ancient Chinese literature. In the early days, it was not the name of a city, but the name of an ancient people who lived in southwest China, that is, today's western Yunnan and southwest Sichuan.

According to records, the appearance of the word "Kunming" can be traced back to Emperor Wu of Han Time. Famous historian of the time Sima Qian In... Shih Chi , The biography of Southwest Yi "Wrote:" West from the same division (today Baoshan) east, north to Ye Yu, called 嶲, Kunming, all braided hair, migration with livestock, not often, not long, local countable thousands of miles." It can be seen that the word "Kunming" is an ethnic name of an ethnic minority in ancient Yunnan.

"Kunming" as a place name appeared in the Tang Dynasty. " Martial morality Two years, in the town set up Kunming County, the south of Kunming, hence the name." According to this disposition of Kunming County, not today's Kunming, but Sichuan Dinglong town (today Yanyuan county Border). Why the Tang Dynasty named Dinglong town "Kunming", the records have written clearly, it is close to Kunming. Kunming here still refers to the Kunming ethnic group, before the Han and Tang Dynasties, most of the Kunming ethnic group settled in western Yunnan. until Nanzhao, a feudal regime in ancient China , Dali State Period, Uman , Bai Man After the rise, the Kunming nationality lived in a place owned by Wu Man and Bai Man, and the Kunming nationality moved east The central part of Yunnan Province Concentrate in The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province) Around. Song Baoyou two years (1254), the Yuan dynasty Dali After the establishment of "Kunming Thousand Households" in Shanshan, "Kunming" began to appear as a place name and continues to this day. Jin Changju explained the meaning of the word "Kunming" : "The Yi people grow large, grow small, grow old." This phrase can be interpreted as referring to the large population of the Kunming ethnic group ^[102] .

Customs and people's feelings

Kunming is a multi-ethnic city, living 26 ethnic groups, forming concentrated villages or mixed village streets are Han, Yi, Hui, Bai, Miao, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Lisu and other nationalities. In the long period of production and life, all ethnic groups have influenced and integrated each other, while maintaining their own national traditions and continuing many unique ways of life, folk customs, culture and art. The ethnic compatriots living in Kunming are hospitable, good at singing and dancing, and simple in folk customs. Whether it is their manners, unique food, colorful costumes, residential buildings with different styles, or interesting marriages, people can feel their distinctive national characteristics.

Among the many ethnic festivals, the Yi's" The Torch Festival ", the Bai nationality" Sanyue Street "," The Three Souls ", Dai" The Water-sprinkling Festival ", Miao" Treading Huashan ", Lisu" Tool post section "And other prestigious, rich and colorful festival activities. Every festival, people of all ethnic groups will wear their own hand-embroidered national costumes and gather together from all directions to hold wrestling, bullfighting, singing and other activities. According to the time of year, many customs such as the Xishan tune pageant on the third day of the third lunar month, the Golden Hall spring outing on the ninth day of the first lunar month, the snail peak climbing on the ninth Double ninth day of the ninth lunar month, and the grand viewing of the moon on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival are very popular among the people.

There are many kinds of local art in Kunming. Yunnan opera , Huadeng Opera After hundreds of years of development and spread, folk songs and minor tunes, as well as minority operas, folk narrative poems, folklore, etc., are popular with the masses of the people.

Yi Torch Festival

During the day, bullfighting, wrestling and other entertainment activities are held; At night, they lit torches and marched in groups on the edge of the village, mountains and ridges.

Dragon Lantern Festival

All the men, women and children in the village dressed in costumes, carrying lamps to the well outside the village or the source of the river to burn incense and kowtow, singing and dancing, playing dragons and lions.

The Lantern Festival tramping street cultural activities

Since 1990, the number of people participating in the street cultural activities has been increasing, 42,000 people in the whole eight streets town, and nearly 30,000 people participated in the activities in 2003, which is very popular with the people.

Cultural heritage

By 2021, Kunming has 703 intangible heritage projects at all levels, including 7 at the national level, 75 at the provincial level, 270 at the municipal level and 351 at the county level. There are 844 representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage at all levels, including 7 at the national level, 76 at the provincial level, 213 at the municipal level and 548 at the county level. There are 5 provincial non-genetic inheritance bases, 14 municipal non-genetic inheritance bases, 6 county (district) level non-genetic inheritance bases, and 62 non-heritage study halls (institutes) ^[103] .

Scenic spot

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EDITOR

Kunming cultural map

Kunming is one of the first China's excellent tourist city Governments at all levels have protected more than 200 cultural relics Stone forest World geopark, The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province) , Anning hot spring , Jiugo , Yangzonghai , Sedan chair snow mountain And other national and provincial famous scenic spots, as well World Horticultural Exposition Park and Yunnan ethnic village There are more than 100 key scenic spots and more than 10 national tourist routes, forming a tourism system with Kunming as the center, radiating the whole province, connecting Southeast Asia, and integrating tourism, sightseeing, vacation and entertainment.

In 2021, Kunming received 173,518,500 tourists from home and abroad, an increase of 27.2 percent over the previous year. Among them, the number of domestic tourists was 173.4794 million, an increase of 27.3 percent. Total tourism revenue was 230.846 billion yuan, up 21.5 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the revenue from domestic tourism reached 230.675 billion yuan, up by 21.6% ^[101] .

Scenic spot
name	intro	picture
Stone forest	Stone forest Scenic area, located in Lunan County, 86 kilometers away from Kunming City, the scenic area is composed of 7 scenic areas: large and small stone forest, Naigu stone forest, Daishui, Long Lake, Moon Lake, Zhiyun Cave and Qifeng Cave. The county has a total area of 400 square kilometers of stone forest, is a karst landform as the main body, well-known at home and abroad in the scenic area, known as "the first wonder in the world".	Stone forest
Jiuxiang Cave	Jiuxiang Cave It is a national scenic spot, located in Yiliang County, Kunming, more than 40 kilometers away from Yiliang. It is said that the reason for the name of Jiuxiang is different. Jiuxiang is a national key scenic area. It is a newly emerging comprehensive scenic area in Yunnan Province with karst cave landscape as the main, natural scenery outside the cave, cultural landscape and ethnic customs as one.	Jiuxiang Cave
Expo Park	Kunming World Horticultural Exposition Park is the site of the 1999 Kunming World Horticultural Exposition. The park as a whole is based on the mountain, scattered and magnificent, collecting the local characteristics of provinces, districts and cities across the country and 95 different national styles of garden and horticulture. The garden architecture and science and technology achievements are in one park, reflecting the theme of The Times of "harmonious development between man and nature". It is a garden with "Yunnan characteristics, Chinese style and world class". ^[22]	Kunming World Horticultural Exposition Park
The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province)	The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province) Located at the foot of the West Mountain in the south of Kunming City, its northern end is close to Kunming Daguan Park, the southern end to Jinning County, 5km away from the city, historically here has been a holiday sightseeing and summer resort. Shaped like a string moon, Dianchi Lake is 39km long from north to south and 13.5km wide from east to west, with an average width of 8km. The lake shoreline is about 200km long; The lake area is 300k square meters, ranking first in Yunnan Province, the maximum depth of the lake is 8m, the average depth is 5m, and the water storage capacity is 1.57 billion, known as "five hundred miles Dianchi Lake". It is the sixth largest inland freshwater lake in China.	The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province)
Yunnan ethnic village	Yunnan ethnic village Located in the southwest suburb of Kunming Dianchi Lake in the national tourist resort, is the national AAAA level tourist attraction, the National ethnic culture base of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, the folk traditional culture base of CIOFF China Committee, the National Ethnic Affairs Commission one of the first ethnic work contact points. It covers an area of 89 hectares and is 8km away from the urban area, backed by Dianchi Lake and facing the famous scenic spots such as Xishan Forest Park, Daguan Park and Zheng He Park across the water. It is an emerging tourist resort in Yunnan Province and a window to display the society, culture and customs of 26 ethnic groups in Yunnan.	Yunnan ethnic village
Daguan Tower	Daguan Tower Located in the west of Kunming city, about 6km from the city center. It was built in the Kangxi period, because it faces Dianchi Lake, looks far west Mountains, and gets its name. After entering the garden can visit the Chung moon Pavilion, coagbi Hall, Range Win Pavilion, watching the field hall and other pavilions. The most valuable Grand view tower in the garden is built by the water, the building is three floors, among which there are many excellent inscribed plaques and couplets. The 180-word long couplet made by the famous scholar Sun Zuweng in the Qing Dynasty hangs on both sides of the gate post on the water side of the Daguan Tower, known as "the first long couplet in ancient and modern times".	Daguan Tower
Big Stack Water Falls	Big Stack Water Falls Located 20 kilometers southwest of Lunan County, Dade Waterfall is also known as Feilong Waterfall, known as the "first waterfall of the Pearl River". The water source of the waterfall is Bajiang, a tributary of the Nanpan River, with a drop of 88 meters and a maximum flow of 150 cubic meters per second. There are roads connected to the stack hydropower station, and it can be reached by walking two or three kilometers. The mountains in the scenic area stand tall, the vegetation is rich, everywhere green. Qingshuihe Valley is steep and steep, deep and quaint, and full of the rich atmosphere of the deep nature ^[23] .	Big Stack Water Falls
Western Hill	Western Hill It is a national forest park, a national AAAA scenic spot, and one of the core scenic spots of the National Dianchi Lake Tourism Resort. It is located 15km from the western suburbs of Kunming and is surrounded by Huating Mountain, Taihua Mountain, Nahan Mountain Equal composition. Its peaks stretch for more than 40 kilometers, with an altitude of 1900~2350m. According to legend, in ancient times there was a phoenix stop, see people do not know, called green chicken, it is also called green chicken mountain. And because of its shape like Reclining Buddha, it is also called Lying Foshan.	Western Hill
Cuihu	Cuihu Located at the west foot of Mount Wuhua, Kunming, it covers an area of 352 mu. In the northeast of the lake, there are "nine springs out of the pool", so it is also called "nine dragon pool". The bank is covered with weeping willows, the willow branches are touching the face, the lake has a variety of lotus flowers, lotus flowers fragrance, the old "ten acres of lotus fish world, half the city Yangliufu Lou Tai", known as "Jasper in the city". There are pavilions, platforms, cloisters, winding Bridges and other buildings, its architecture is exquisite and exquisite, pavilions have plaques, singing the landscape of the garden.	Cuihu
Jinma Biji Square	Jinma Biji Square Located in the center of Kunming city three city street and Jinbi Road convergence, carved liang painting building is exquisite, east side of Jinma Mountain and called Jinma Fang, west side by Bi Ji Mountain and called Bi Ji Fang. North and commemorative race Dianchi Lake "loyal love square" match, collectively called "three square", become Kunming downtown scenery; The south is set against the East and west Temple towers built in Nanzhao, showing the ancient civilization of Kunming. Jin Ma Biji Fang was founded in the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty and has a history of nearly 400 years.	Jinma Biji Square
Dongchuan red land	Dongchuan red land It is considered by experts to be the most imposing red land in the world except Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and its scene is more magnificent than the Brazilian red land. Dongchuan Red land refers to Xintian Township, located more than 40 kilometers southwest of Dongchuan District, Kunming City. There is a place named "Flower Stone" (at the 109km monument). The area around here is the most concentrated, most typical and most characteristic red land on the Yunnan red soil Plateau.	Dongchuan red land
Yutong Zen Temple	Yunnan (Province) Yutong Zen Temple Located in the city of Kunming, Yuantong Street is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Kunming, with a history of more than 1,200 years. It is also the largest monastery in Kunming. It was built in the Nanzhao era of the Tang Dynasty and was initially named Butuo Temple. Yuan Dynasty five years (AD 1301) built Yuantong Temple, the Yuan emperor "gave the seal book Jia". The expansion project lasted 18 years, and was not completed until the sixth year of Yuan Yanyou (1319 AD). In the Ming Dynasty, Yuantong Temple was expanded, and a new hall was built on the top of the hill. It was rebuilt several times during the Qing Dynasty ^[24] .	Yutong Zen Temple
Buddhist temple of true celebration	Buddhist temple of true celebration Originally named "Zhenwu Temple", it was built in the Yuan Dynasty and is a well-known Taoist temple at home and abroad. Zhenqing Temple is also a relatively complete Taoist ancient building group with the largest area and the largest number of buildings preserved in Ming and Qing dynasties ^[25] .	Buddhist temple of true celebration
Guandu ancient town	time-honored Guandu town Located in the southeast suburb of Kunming, it is one of the famous historical and cultural ancient towns in Kunming area. Guandu Ancient Town gate (big Archway) is located in the southeast suburb of Kunming 8 kilometers away, is located The Dian Lake (in Yunnan Province) The north bank, the lower reaches of the Baoxiang River, covers an area of 17 square kilometers. Guandu Ancient Town has many cultural monuments and rich cultural landscape, with Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties within an area of less than 1.5 square kilometers Gozan , six temples, seven pavilions, eight temples and many other landscapes.	Archway of Guandu Ancient Town

Local specialty

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EDITOR

Local specialty
Specialty category	Special product introduction
tea	Kunming, Yunnan Province is the most famous Xiaojintuo, good for health, beauty, bright eyes, refreshing, Shou Yi Xuan Xiaojintuo, Kunming representative enterprises, colorful Yunnan, Shou Yi Xuan ^[26] .
Camellia flower	Yunnan camellia, flowers big color, some one in full bloom ten thousand flowers, like a fire, a red glow. Camellias were discovered more than 1,300 years ago. Cultivation began in Sui and Tang dynasties, increased gradually in Song Dynasty, and increased after Yuan Dynasty. Known as "Yunnan camellia world" ^[26] .
Kunming ivory carving	With a long history and exquisite craftsmanship, there are three-dimensional and flat tooth carving points, and it is worth mentioning that the engraving group image is vivid, the carver is fine, the design is exquisite, and it is a rare craft collection treasure. Small ivory carving is about tens of yuan, and the larger one is about hundreds of yuan ^[26] .
Tea carving	Using Yunnan big leaf sundried green tea as raw material, the Pu-erh tea was pressed into tea carving works with various styling styles by carving pure steel molds ^[26] .
batik	Batik is a folk manual dyeing and printing handicraft popular in minority areas of Yunnan province. Kunming batik fabric integrates the culture of Yunnan minority nationalities with unique and novel patterns, simple and elegant. The price of a piece of batik cloth is about 15 yuan ^[26] .
Lunan cross-stitch	Lunan cross-stitch is a traditional handicraft of Sani people (a branch of Yi nationality) in Shilin Yi Autonomous County, with a long history. The main products are backpacks, tablecloths, curtains, clothing and so on. Cross-stitching techniques are diverse, there are single-sided pick, double-sided pick: there are plain cross-stitching, there are new color silk cross-stitching. Some products have pick, embroider and mend. Its finished products are exquisite or extensive, fully expressing the wisdom and artistic creativity of the Sani people ^[26] .
Woodcarving crafts	It is a variety of handicrafts carved with more precious wood, simple and unique, favored by tourists. One of the more concentrated sales points of wood carving crafts is the flower and bird market, and the other is the numerous crafts shops on Cuihu South Road ^[26] .
Black copper is silver	This is the unique arts and crafts of Yunnan. The product takes black copper as the tire, carving various patterns on the tire, with gold or silver cold embedded in it, that is, showing black and yellow or black and white clear decorative effect, the color state is extremely elegant. If the combination of black copper silver and spot copper and tin handicrafts, the decorative effect appears more bright and bright ^[26] .
Tin craft	Tin handicraft use Gejiu The production of high purity fine tin, after melting, pressing, cutting, modeling, turning and other processes, and then finely carved, engraved with a variety of patterns, carefully made. The finished product is as white as silver, as bright as a mirror, and has the characteristics of acid and alkali resistance, non-toxic and tasteless, anti-corrosion, and not easy to oxidize. Tin handicrafts are a variety of large and small, in addition to daily necessities, there are many exquisite and beautiful art, appreciation, gifts and prizes ^[26]
Yunnan copper	Kunming has a long history of bronze manufacturing. As early as the Warring States Period and the Western Han Dynasty, Kunming area created a bronze culture with distinctive national characteristics, strange regional colors and unique artistic styles. The spot copper process is a wonderful flower that grows up on the basis of absorbing bronze and copper drum production technology. Spot copper production process is complex, it uses a unique process to make copper and other metals mixed and inconsistent, showing a variety of magnificent edge spot pattern, golden color staggered, luxurious and elegant, so named spot copper ^[26] .
Yunnan edible fungi	Yunnan is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, mountainous forest, mild climate, abundant rainfall, summer and autumn, sunny and rainy, for the growth of edible fungi to provide extremely favorable natural conditions. Yunnan edible fungi, with various varieties and different flavors, is a precious "mountain treasure" in Yunnan cuisine. One of the most economically valuable is Albuminous fir , Tricholoma matsutake , Bamboo shoots In addition to boletus , morel , Greenhead fungus , Dried pasteuria , Hericium ericium Etc. ^[26] .
Yunnan fruit	All kinds of fresh fruits, a wide variety of four seasons, Kunming street all year round supply. Famous fruits are Jinggu ivory fruit, Xinping, Yuanyang, Yuanjiang , pineapple, Red River , Yuxi , A surname Sesame banana, banana, banana, jackfruit, Baozhu pear, big tree arbutus, green apple, yellow peach, Kunming, peach, Huize, pomegranate, tamarind Etc. ^[26] .
Cloud and mist	Yunnan Hongyun Honghe Group production of "Yunyan", "Hongshan tea", "Camellia"," The Double Ninth Festival in ancient China ", "Spring City" and other products, to win the trust of consumers ^[26] .
Yunzi	Yunnan Weiqi has a history of more than 500 years. In the early years, Yongchang Mansion (today Baoshan City Production of high quality chess pieces, also known as Yongzi, Ming and Qing dynasties to pay tribute to the royal family, Yunzi simple and thick, feel comfortable, soft color, suitable for players for a long period of viewing and thinking. The white son is as white as jade, the black spot is painted black on the chessboard, and the fingers are pinched to the light to see it is turquoise, known as "national treasure" ^[26] .
snack	crossing-the-bridge noodles , Greenhead fungus Yunnan stinky tofu, Bean flowers and rice noodles , Cold rice noodles , cans of stinky tofu, Canned chicken Pickle bag, salted rot (fermented bean curd), Baozhu pear, salted duck, small white fish, sea pressed, Yiliang roast duck , Tricholoma matsutake , Flame mashed potatoes, chicken, modern poo, fur belly, Cold chicken rice noodles , Spiced bait silk , Beancurd in paste , ghost chicken, wok beef, Asparagus in oyster sauce Black pepper steak, thick slices, spicy fish hot pot, pepper sausage, golden cake, back cake, anise cake, fire tree white flower, rice cloth, rice wine, boletus , Tribute ball , Papaya milk , Pumpkin dumplings , Tender beef, lemon egg milk, Cabbage in chicken soup Chicken oil, see hand green, fried eggplant, gold hanging roast chicken, golden sand jade, thin bean flour with gold bars, stir-fried caraway root powder with leeks, purple rice Baba, black pudding, roast chicken tendon, Dried pasteuria Corn pulp, dry pot shrimp, cold fish skin, rice milk baba, glutinous rice mound, hot and sour powder, fried milk, stewed pig's feet, Guandu poo

Kunming flavor

External communication

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EDITOR

Consular agency

Serial number	Consular agency	Territorial scope	Establishment time	address
1	Consulate General of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in Kunming	Yunnan and Guizhou	1 September 1993	99 Yingbin Road, Kunming City ^[86]
2	Consulate General of Laos in Kunming	Yunnan (Province)	25 November 1993	No. 6800 Caiyun North Road, Kunming ^[87]
3	Consulate General of Thailand in Kunming	Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan	1 July 1994	18 / F, Shuncheng East Tower, 11 Dongfeng West Road, Kunming ^[88]
4	Consulate General of Malaysia in Kunming	Yunnan, Sichuan, Chongqing	November 4, 1999	Room 1503, 15 / F, Building B, South Asia Style First City, Dianchi Road, Kunming ^[89]
5	Consulate General of Cambodia in Kunming	Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan	February 2004	14th floor, Guanfang Building, 258 Baiyun Road, Kunming City ^[90]
6	Consulate General of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Kunming	Yunnan (Province)	January 2005	Room 507, Hongta Building, 155 Beijing Road, Kunming City ^[91]
7	Consulate General of the People's Republic of Bangladesh in Kunming	Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing	May 21, 2013	3F, No. 1399 Dianchi Road, Kunming ^[92]
8	Consulate General of the Republic of Maldives in Kunming	To be opened	To be opened	To be announced ^[56]

Sister city

city	Home country	Knot time
Fujisawa	Japan	1981.11.05
Zurich	Switzerland	1982.02.17
Sand temperature	Morocco	1985.05.14
Denver	America	1986.05.15
Waga Waga	Australia	1988.08.14
Cochabamba	Bolivia	1997.09.25
Chiang Mai	Thailand	1999.06.07
Mandalay	Burma	2001.05.10
New Plymouth	NZ	2003.08.11
Chittagong	Bangladesh	2005.08.18
Jyvaskyla	Finland	2008.09.18
Rangoon	Burma	2008.10.10
Panorama	Laos	2009.08.21
Polonnaruvo	Sri Lanka	2010.08.27
Schneckeddie	America	2010.08.27
Burnaby	Canada	2011.10.28
Akma	Netherlands	2013.03.29
The city of Pokhara	Nepal	2013.07.06
Calcutta	India	2013.10.23
Note: On April 14, 2020, the Australian city of Wagawaga severed its sister city relationship with Kunming. On April 22, the Wagawaga City Council passed a resolution to rescind its previous decision to terminate the sister-city relationship between Wagawaga and Kunming ^[57] .

Famous person

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EDITOR

Scenery of Kunming

Zheng He : Jinning, Kunming, formerly Ma Sanbao, Hui nationality. Seven voyages to the West, through 39 countries, as far as Africa, the Red Sea coast. It is a feat in ancient China and even the world's maritime history ^[27] .

Yang Yiqing : Kunming Anning people. Ming Chenghua years of Jinshi. Officials to the imperial master, the Ministry of Official Affairs, Huagai grand bachelor. Calendar Chenghua, Hongzhi, Zhengde, Jiajing four dynasties, so called the four dynasties elders. Because of the total system of Yansui, Gansu, Ningxia, it is called the three sides of the total Rong, because born in Yunnan, Hunan, old in Jiangnan, it is called the three south lay.

Honorary title

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EDITOR

China (mainland) the best international image of the city	First batch National historical and cultural city	China's excellent tourist city
National garden city	National health city ^[5]	National advanced collective in reform and opening up
Top 10 dynamic cities in China	National water-saving city	China's best ecology habitable city
Advanced cities in building civilized cities nationwide	China's top 10 cities for investment and entrepreneurship	The first batch of civilized cities in Yunnan Province
National e-commerce demonstration city	China's most soft power city	United Nations Livable Eco-City
National intellectual property demonstration city	China's most caring city for people's livelihood	United Nations Cities for People to Live in
China Cultural Industry Creative City Demonstration Award	National low-carbon transport pilot city	Top 200 charming cities with Chinese characteristics in 60 years of the Republic
Digital city management pilot city	The most investment potential city in 60 years of the Republic	Top 10 Harmonious and sustainable cities in China
National low-carbon city pilot	China's best leisure livable green ecological city	International Sister City Exchange and Cooperation Award
National experimental zone for integration of informatization and industrialization	2004-2009 China's Outstanding City of Volunteer Work	Top 10 happiest cities in China in 2008
2008 China's best manufacturing investment city	In 2009, China's top ten people's livelihood decision-making cities	2009 China's top ten cities for Economic and scientific development
2009 China's Most Innovative City	China's top 10 happiest cities in 2009	2009 Top 10 Safe Cities in China (9th)
Top ten cities in China in 2009	2009 China's Best retirement City	Top 10 most beautiful cities in China 2010
China's most influential overseas city in 2010	2010 World's top 200 most attractive cities	China's top 10 happiest cities in 2010
2011 China Green Development Index Top 10 cities	2011 China's happiest City Gold Award	2011 China Charm City
2011 China Logistics City Award	The most internationally influential city in 2011	2011 United Nations Liveable Cities
2011 China's most internationally influential tourist city	Top 30 international sister cities in 2011	2011 International Image of the best city
China's Top ten innovative cities in 2011	Top 30 international cities in China in 2011	2011 in China Urban comprehensive competitiveness thirty
In 2011, the national urban air quality ranked second	Top 10 cities in Climate Change competitiveness in 2011	Special Honor Award for the 5th Anniversary of China's Happiest City in 2011
In 2012, the national triple play integration pilot city	2012 China Summer tourism city list	2012 Charm China - Fifth of the top 10 most attractive cities in the eyes of foreign talents ^[28]
Top 200 charming cities with Chinese characteristics	Top ten summer tourist cities in China	List of famous summer tourism cities in the world
Top 200 charming cities with Chinese characteristics ^[29]	Top 50 cities with the most investment potential in China ^[30]	Visit 100 cities in China ^[31]
The city's industrial competitiveness ranked 47th in China ^[32]	"China National Tourism" Best quality tourism city. ^[33]	Top 100 in the overall Well-off index of Chinese cities ^[34]
中国大陆最佳商业城市排名第23 ^[35]	China's urban Science and Technology Innovation Development Index ranks 25th ^[36]	China's top 100 foreign trade cities in 2018 ^[37]
China's Top 100 Cities in 2019 twenty-eighth ^[38]	Chinese cities ranked 39th in green competitiveness ^[39]	Top 100 of China's prefecture-level cities Overall Well-off Index in 2019 ^[40]
Ranked 11th among the top 50 Chinese health cities in 2019 ^[41]	"China City Science and Technology Innovation Development Index 2019" No.38 ^[42]	Ranked 456 on the 2019 Global Top 500 Cities list ^[43]
National demonstration city of ethnic unity and progress ^[6]	"Seventh Five-Year Plan" advanced city of popularization and law ^[44]	The national "Safe agricultural machinery" demonstration city in 2019 ^[45]
2019-2020 "Top 10 Cities with a Good Life in China" ^[46]	No. 1 on the Summer City List 2020 ^[47]	National sports consumption pilot city ^[48]
Pilot areas for deepening reform of the rural road management and maintenance system ^[49]	Ranked 13th in the "2020 China Tourist Cities List" ^[50]	2020 National double support model city ^[51]
The sixth National civilized city was selected as a city ^[52]	The first batch of national culture and tourism consumption demonstration cities ^[53]	Advanced province (city) award of unpaid blood donation ^[54]
2020 Characteristic Information Consumption Demonstration City (Life category) ^[55]	Ranked 454 on the 2020 Global Top 500 Cities list ^[58]	# 33 in "Top 100 Most Attractive Cities for Talent in 2020" ^[59]
The fourth batch of national public cultural service system demonstration zones ^[60]	In August 2021, the national bus city construction demonstration city ^[64]	In September 2021, it was selected as a "megacity" (sorted by urban population) announced by the National Bureau of Statistics. ^[67]
2020 China's top 100 foreign trade cities ^[68]	2021 Top 100 Cities for Digital Transformation ^[69]	Information consumption Demonstration in 2021 city ^[72] ^[74]
2021 Most Attractive city for investment ^[73]	Ranked 41st in the "Top 100 Dynamic Cities of China 2022" ^[77]	Pilot project for building development-oriented cities for youth in China ^[81]
The second batch of demonstration cities will systematically promote the construction of sponge cities in the whole region ^[82]	In 2022, it will be selected into the list of the first batch of demonstration zones for inclusive financial development supported by the central government ^[83]	The first batch of national pilot areas for rapid handling of intellectual property disputes ^[84]
Key cities in the construction of waste recycling system ^[85]	The State Intellectual Property Office named the national demonstration city of strong intellectual property rights construction. ^[93]	In 2022, the first batch of national comprehensive freight hub chain reinforcement strong chain list ^[95]
First United Nations Charming city with biodiversity ^[99]	2023 "City Business Charm Ranking" New first-tier cities " ^[115]	National food safety demonstration city ^[116]

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