Gaius Julius Caesar (July 13, 100 BC - March 15, 44 BC) ^[1] Historically known as Julius Caesar, also translated as Gaius Julius Caesar, Gaius Julius Caesar, etc., Roman Republic (now Mediterranean The late outstanding military commander, politician, and with his superior ability to become Roman Empire The founder of...

Caesar was born a noble man and served in many offices quaestor , pontiff , Grand justice , pretor , censor , autocrat Class, class.

60 BC vs Pompeii , Crassus Clandestine formation The First Triumvirate And subsequently served as Gaul Governor, conquered in eight years Gaul The whole territory France One belt), and attacked Germanic and Britain . In 49 B.C., he led an army that captured Rome and defeated Pompeii , gather power in one body, implement dictatorship Rule. Formulated the" Julian calendar ".

On March 15, 44 BC, Caesar was captured Burutu Led by curia He was assassinated at the age of 56. After Caesar's death, his nephew and adopted son Octavian defeat Anthony start Roman Empire He became the first emperor of the Empire.

Full name: Gaius Julius Caesar
alias: Julius Caesar , Gaius Julius Caesar , Gaius Julius Caesar
age: Roman Republic telophase
Place of Birth: Roman
Date of birth: July 13, 100 BC
Date of death: March 15, 44 BC
Major achievement: It laid a good foundation for the founding of the Roman Empire

Major achievement: Defeat the barbarians of Gaul
Beat the main opponent Pompeii
Major work: Gallic Wars , The Civil War
Foreign name: Gaius Julius Caesar/Jules Caesar
occupation: Military commander, politician, dictator
Have faith in: polytheism
constellation: Cancer
Cause of death: Be assassinated

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biography

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Early experience

Characters (portraits, sculptures, commemorative badges, etc.) (3 photos)

Julius Caesar was born on July 13, 100 BC Roman . His father served as treasurer, chancellor, and governor of Asia Minor. Mother Aurelia is from the O 'Reilly Cota family. In 119 BC, his grandfather Lucius Aurelius Cota served in the imperial Court pretor .

Caesar was sent to a school for the children of the nobility. As a teenager, he published The Exploits of Hercules and the tragedy Oedipus. He is crazy about Ancient Greek Culture, especially Greek classical literature. In addition to literature, Caesar also likes sports, he is proficient in horseback riding, fencing, etc., muscular development, the body is very strong.

Caesar is recorded to have been sober and serious in his handling of military affairs; In discussions, he was well-spoken and personable; When dealing with people, he is generous and kind, cheerful and generous. But Caesar was also more dictatorial, eager for knowledge and greatness.

In 87 BC, according to Roman custom, Caesar began to wear the white robes of an adult. ^[2]

From 86 to 84 BC, Marius After the death of Chyna, Caesar was seen as a supporter of Marius. In 84 BC, Caesar married Cornelia, daughter of Chyna. Gave birth to daughter Yulia (a translation of Julia) and obtained curia Popular members support it.

In 82 BC, he won the Civil War, Saola Demanding a divorce from Cornelia, Caesar refused and left Rome, escaping exile and the threat of death. ^[2]

Head east

Full body of Caesar

Between 82 and 79 BC, Caesar traveled to the East, and in 81 BC he accompanied Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus Asia Minor . Accepted the mission to Bitila to find the ship, and successfully completed the mission.

In 80 BC, Caesar accompanied his army to Mytiles and was awarded the crown of flowers for bravery. From 79 BC to 78 BC, he participated in the suppression Chirichia The battle of pirates. ^[2] In 78 BC, Saola After his death, Caesar returned to Rome, where he had been absent for some years. To defend or prosecute oneself or an advocate, etc., in court.

In 78 BC, after the failed rebellion of the consul Leipid, he demanded amnesty for his supporters; In 77 BC, he prosecuted his political opponent Dolabella for corruption; In 76 BC he defended the Greeks against Caius Antonius. In 76 BC, he again embarked on a journey to the East.

In 75 BC, he was Rhode Island , take sb. as one's master Millon Under the son of the eloquent master Apollonius. During his journey, he was kidnapped by Chirichian pirates, who demanded a ransom of 20 talents. Caesar mocks them for not knowing who they have captured, and demands 50 talents from the pirates. During the 38 days he waited for the ransom, he had to stay with the pirates, joking to them that he would deliver them all when he was released cross . The first thing he did when he was released was to organize a fleet and capture all the pirates who were holding him. Perhaps because the pirates had been kind to them, Caesar, to ease their suffering, slit their throats before crucifying them. ^[2-3]

Political career

Gaius Julius Caesar

In 74 B.C., he returned to Rome and succeeded Aurelius Cota as king priest . In 72 BC, he was given military authority Tribune .

In 70 BC, he stood for election again and was elected Treasurer of 69 BC for a one-year term, automatically qualifying as a member of the Senate. Caesar went in 69 BC Spain He took office as deputy governor in charge of the finances of the province. During the city tour, request to be relieved of duty and leave Spain. ^[2]

Upon his return to Rome, in 66 BC Caesar was given the title of "Governor of the Avenue of Apia", responsible for the maintenance of the route between Rome and Rome Brindisi The thoroughfare of the city. He recommended himself for the post of new alderman the following year and was elected. He was responsible for the construction and maintenance of the city's public facilities (especially the temples), the management of markets and other aspects of daily Roman life. To please the common class, Caesar offered many games to the public, renovated many public buildings, and ended his one-year term as aedile in glory, but with hundreds of talents in debt.

63 BC was the year of Cicero's consulship, which broke with the plebs and resulted in a period of inactivity. On the contrary, Caesar triumphed. At this time, the Roman high priest Pius died, Caesar ran for office, and was successfully elected to this post for life. Later, he was given another post, Lord Chancellor. In the same year, Caesar and Saola The granddaughter of Pompeia was married. Caesar divorced Pompeia on the grounds that "Caesar's wife cannot be doubted". ^[2]

In 61 BC, the term of office of the Chancery expired, and Caesar was removed Spain Governorship of the province. Meanwhile, Pompeii Return to Rome from the east. Caesar was once again in financial trouble, Crassus Had to pay off his loan. arrive Iberia Caesar launched an attack against the Lusitans and Galaessians, an operation that brought rich booty. After restoring order to the province, he hurriedly left the province and returned to Rome with two demands: triumphal and pretor Position. He eventually gave up his triumphal status in exchange for his candidacy for consul.

In 60 BC (say 59 BC) Caesar was elected by the Council of Sentulia Roman Republic the pretor . At this point, Pompeii He fought unsuccessfully for land to resettle his veterans; Crassus Is also to gain confrontation Parthia The need for control of the army; Caesar needed Pompey's prestige and Crassus's money. As a result, Caesar succeeded in making peace between the two men (Pompey and Crassus were at loggerheads after their joint consulship in 70 BC). The three men entered into a covenant in 60 B.C., with the aim that "no measure of this state shall be taken against the will of one of them" (p. Suvitonius Words).

Caesar's expedition to Gaul and Britain

Historians refer to this alliance as" The First Triumvirate ". To cement that political union, 50-year-old Mr Pompeii He married Julius Caesar's only daughter Julia, who was only 14 years old. After the three allied, their power increased. Bibulus retired from all political activities as consul until the end of his term. With Caesar in power, "the year of Bibulus and Caesar" became "the year of Julius and Caesar."

complete pretor After his term, Caesar was granted the governorship of northern Gaul (present-day southern France) and Mountain Illyria (now Balkan Peninsula The Adriatic Sea Coastal areas) five years (58 to 53 BC) of power. As soon as it arrived, it started Gallic wars (58 BC - 49 BC).

In nine years of fighting, Caesar captured the whole Gaul Area (approximately equivalent to contemporary France ), and put to The Pyrenees , Alps , Severn Hill, Rhine and Rhone The area, with a perimeter of more than 3,000 miles (except for some of the cities of the Allies), became a province (the province of Gaul), which was also mandated to pay a large amount of money each year. Caesar became the first to cross Rhine To the other side ( Germania ) to attack The Germans the Roman .

Caesar made his fortune north of the Alps and forged a large and loyal army. In addition to the fact that he spent many of the proceeds of the war to buy people's hearts, it was easy to gain popular support within Rome.

The Gallic war pitted the Senate against Pompeii Feel uneasy. In 54 BC Caesar married an ally Pompeii His daughter Yulia died in childbirth. Plus 53 BC, the Eastern expedition Parthia the Crassus Lost and dead, political instability among the three heads, curia Get Pompey on his side.

By 52 BC, the instability in the city of Rome was triggered by a murder. To quell the unrest, the Senate decided to make Pompey a dictator. Supportive of its emergence Kattu And I was like, autocrat The term of office was only six months long, which was neither suitable for long-term action against Caesar nor likely to foster Pompey's personal ambitions. It was proposed that Pompey be appointed Consul alone, allowing him to do so for a year, and that the resources of the two provinces be given to keep Caesar in check after his departure. Pompey did not like this. But there is no better solution. He then ordered the investigation of a 20-year anti-graft bill that specifically targeted Caesar and his core Allies. Many people were persecuted and rushed to Gaul to warn them.

Although the situation was unfavorable to him, Caesar did not intend to escalate the conflict. He publicly praised Pompey's actions and demonstrated his sincerity to the Senate. In private, they buy Tribune They promoted the bill so that they could attend by default pretor To ensure that they are not completely defeated by corruption lawsuits and political crackdowns.

After completing the promotion of the anti-corruption bill, Pompey voluntarily gave up the exclusive title of consul. He appointed his father-in-law, Meterus Scipio, as a colleague, and he ruled with him until the end of his term. It was a gesture of deference to the Senate, a gesture of respect for the republican system. The senators were not fools, and immediately gave him an extension of the governorship and the privilege of dispatching two legions. As a result, Pompey retired to the background and prepared for further confrontation with Caesar.

As for the overt work, it was left to Marcellus, Pompey's successor. The radical anti-Caitharian, in his capacity as consul, refused Caesar's request for a proconsul's extension. He then revoked the Roman citizenship granted by Caesar to the city of Neocombe, and imposed a non-citizen penalty on the city administrator who came to ask for an answer. And he kept sending this man to Caesar to humiliate and provoke him. Finally, he proposed a motion to replace Caesar before the end of his term. Pompey, on the other hand, stood up at this juncture and released a smoke bomb, paralyzing Caesar by vetoing the proposal, in the hope that Caesar would feel that he was still a firm ally.

However, Caesar was no stranger to reading the political winds in Rome. Knowing that Pompey had allied himself with the Senate, he paid Paulus, the consul elected in 50 BC, to remain neutral. And the Tribune Gaius Scribernius Curio Pay off huge debts to make them their own henchmen.

Soon enough, Caesar's bribe had its effect. Before the end of his term as governor, Consul Claudius proposed a successor, but this did not win widespread support. His colleague Paulus was silent, while Curio spoke out and proposed that Caesar and Pompey give up their military powers at the same time, so that the republic would not be threatened by any magnate. This gained Curio the support of the common people and many senators, especially those who had been convicted of crimes by Pompey. At the same time, it is a disguised relief for Caesar, throwing the problem directly to Pompey. If the offer was accepted, Caesar could rely on the support of bribed officials and take office through the normal process. If Pompey refused, Caesar could justifiably not disband his army.

Pompey pretended to write to the Senate, offering to end his term early and disband his army. But he never took any action, and Curio, who spoke for Caesar, attacked him even more fiercely, while proposing that the two be treated as public enemies. This made Pompey, who was always proud of himself, furious and retired to the outskirts of Rome. Even within the Senate, there was real concern that he might become a careerist no different from Caesar.

In the heated discussions that followed, the Senate's opinion wavered. They rejected Curio's proposal, but later voted by a majority in favor of disarming both sides. Curio and Claudius, the opposing consul, each used their powers to dissolve the council, so that the Senate could never make a final decision.

Over time, the senators gradually reacted. Following Curio's example, they asked Caesar and Pompey to send an army each Syria Take precautions against The Parthians . Fair as it may seem, Caesar had borrowed from Pompey the legal right to recruit a legion, so he was the only one weakened. To make matters worse, Pompey never actually intended to send legions to the Syrian frontier, instead remaining in Italy as a political pawn. So Caesar had to hand out 250 drachmas to each soldier to discourage them from carrying out the orders. While retaining troops, they also maintained a high pressure posture on the Italian mainland.

Soon Caesar's men were spreading rumors all over Italy that they were ready to cross with all their forces Alps Heading south. Pompey, who had already left Rome, used the emergency to raise an army. Curio, who could not leave Rome because of his position, resigned himself to such a move. Finally, near the end of his term, he took the initiative to defect north to Caesar.

Despite the seriousness of the situation, there were still many people in the Republic who refused to engage in civil war. They either refused to be drafted by Pompey, or they were listless in their barracks. Cicero Others mediate, hoping not to break the last layer of window paper. Even Caesar himself, at this stage, did not want to resort to force before his forces were fully assembled. So he sent Curio overnight to deliver his letter to the next Tribune Anthony Let him read it in the Assembly and in the Senate. This included Caesar agreeing to a compromise, offering to allow himself to retain the provinces of Sannamental Gaul and Illyricum as governor, as well as the necessary two legions, until he was elected Consul.

Pompey was impressed, but not entirely satisfied. Cicero continued to lobby Caesar for a further compromise, retaining only the province of Illyricum and one legion. However, Caesar's calculations were still being made Kattu Scipio and Consul Liantulus saw through it. They realized that Caesar intended to turn the pressure of civil war on the Senate and use the buffer period to concentrate his forces. So this most promising proposal was quickly rejected by most people.

In this context, the situation inevitably slips into civil war mode. Caesar still tried to buy time at the last moment, but the determined Senate was completely unmoved and declared him an enemy of the people. Meanwhile, Lucius was sent north with 4,000 new soldiers to take Caesar's place. Knowing their lives were in danger, Antony, Curio, and Cassius disguised themselves as slaves and fled north in their cars. Their discomfited appearance was used by Caesar to incite militancy among the soldiers. The old republic of Rome was about to collapse in a bloody storm.

Civil war breaks out

In 49 BC, Caesar brought his army to the border Rubicon And crossed the Rubicon, opened Roman Civil War . Caesar's movements shook Pompeii and curia Republican Senator, Pompey is here Battle of Sium, Burundi After a little resistance, he fled with his belongings Italian peninsula . Caesar entered Rome bloodless and asked the remaining senators to elect him autocrat .

Roman Civil War After the outbreak, under Caesar's command Gaius Scribernius Curio Sent to North Africa to deal with the Pompeians and their Allies there Numidia King Juba I of Numidia. In 49 BC, Curio captured Sicily and in August of the same year landed in North Africa and won the war The Battle of Utica But in the later Battle of the Bagladas River Killed in battle.

After the capture of Rome, Caesar decided to annihilate Pompey's main force in Spain (seven legions) in order to ensure the security of the rear and seize the strategic initiative. He marched into Spain with six legions Battle of Ilerda Victorious, Pompey's army, leaderless, surrendered without serious resistance, and Caesar occupied all of Spain; At the same time, Caesar's generals Decius Brutus and Treponius were in The Siege of Marsilla He won the war and conquered the Pompeiologists Massalia .

Then Caesar marched into Greece and was briefly defeated Battle of Durakium But in 48 BC The Battle of Fasaro Beat to death Pompeii Chase down Egypt . Egyptians After assassinating Pompey, he presented Pompey's head to Caesar. Caesar proclaims Egypt Throne by Ptolemy XIII With his sister Cleopatra, i.e Cleopatra ) Sharing. This angered the Egyptians and led to the Battle of Alexandria.

Caesar led the Sixth Army with reinforcements and completely defeated the Egyptian army. Battle of Alexandria ), Ptolemy XIII Killed, Cleopatra ascended to the throne of Egypt. During the battle, a rocket fired by Caesar's soldiers hit The city of Alexandria Great library, over 600,000 books destroyed. After the battle, Caesar and Cleopatra A two-month journey across the Nile followed by a campaign against the Kingdom of Pantes, which had broken its treaty with Rome. Kingdom of Pontus ), in The Battle of Zeela Get the victory, leave behind" I come, I see, I conquer "The bold words.

In 46 BC, Caesar returned to Rome, gathered an army, attacked and fled to North Africa In alliance with Juba, king of Numidia Pompeii The rest of the party, at one time Battle of Aspina He was defeated by Quintus Rabinus, but fought at Tarsus. The Battle of Tapsus Won a resounding victory. After that, Caesar returned to Rome for ten days triumphal . ^[2]

Returning to Rome, Caesar pushed for various reforms, including the granting of the North Italy and Sicily People's Roman citizenship, please expert production Julian calendar And build a peace square.

In 45 BC, two of Pompey's sons fled to Spain to launch a rebellion, and Caesar went on another expedition Spain , to The Battle of Atgua and The Battle of Munda Defeat the rebels, Pompeii The eldest, Rouse, was killed, the second Pompeii the Younger Go into exile Sicily . After his return, Caesar declared his life in 44 BC autocrat .

Death of Caesar

Assassination of Caesar (44 BC)

In 44 BC, Caesar announced an expedition to save 9,000 Roman soldiers who had been captured at the Battle of Calais Parthia . However, the soothsayers of the time said that "only a king can conquer Parthia", which further increased the unease of the Republican senators, believing that Caesar would eventually become king. In February, at a ceremony, Consul Antony presented Caesar with a wreath and addressed him as king. Although Caesar refused, the anti-Caesar faction became more fearful and plotted to murder him.

Some sixty men took part in the plot against Caesar, led by Caius Cassius, Marcus Brutus Dekimus Brutus. The Liberators, as they called themselves, had met with Cassius before the assassination of Caesar, and Cassius had told them that they would have to kill themselves if they were exposed. On March 15, 44 BC, a group of senators called Caesar curia Read a petition written by the Senator asking Caesar to return power to the Council. But this petition is fake. When Mark Antony heard the news from a liberator named Casca, he hurried to the steps of the Senate to stop Caesar. But the elders who were involved in the plot Pompeii Before the theater was built, Caesar was found and led to the east porch of the theater.

While Caesar was reading the false petition, Casca took off Caesar's coat and stabbed him in the neck with a knife. Caesar, alert to Casca, turned and seized Casca's hand, with Latin Say: "Wicked Casca, what are you doing?" The frightened Casca turned to the other senators and said, in Greek, "Brothers, help me!" All at once, including Brutus, began to stab Caesar. Caesar tried to escape, but he could not see because he was bleeding so much that he fell, and the men killed him as he lay on the ground. According to the historian Eutropius, more than 60 people were involved in the murder.

The conspirators wanted to dump his body Tiber But afraid of the consul Mark Antony Cavalry officer Rapida And did not do so.

Screenshot from the movie Julius Caesar (11 photos)

Caesar's will was opened and read at the house of Mark Antony at the request of his father-in-law. The will had been made on September 13 of the previous year, and had remained in the possession of the Vestal High Priestess. In this will, Caesar named three of his sister's grandchildren as his heirs: Give Octavian Three quarters of the property, the remaining quarter shared between Lucius Pinarius and Cventus Petius; Appointed guardians for his possible children, several of whom turned out to be murderers in the plot; He named Octavian as a member of his family, gave his name to him, and appointed Dekimus Brutus as his second heir; In addition, he left the gardens of the River Tiber to the people and gave each citizen 300 sestertius.

Few of the men who plotted to kill him lived more than three years after his death. All were found guilty and died in different ways: some were killed in shipwrecks, some were killed in the ensuing wars that Octavian and other Caesar's generals waged, and some killed themselves with the same dagger used to assassinate Caesar.

Caesar died at the age of 58, and after his death was included in the ranks of the gods by decree and honored as "Divine Julius."

Encyclopaedia x Mixology: Illustrating Julius Caesar

Administrative measures

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political

During the administration, it was strengthened centralization Consolidate the foundation of governance.

First of all, he destroyed the old aristocratic republican system in a way, centralized the military and political power in one body, basically completed the transition to the monarchy dictatorship, and did a neat and uniform work on the old system that encountered problems at any time during the development of the past several hundred years, and made repairs at any time. ^[5]

Secondly, he attempted to gradually abolish the privileges left by old Rome as a city-state, raise the status of Italian towns to that of Rome, raise the status of the provinces to that of Italy, and gradually give citizenship to the provinces of sub-Rome, so as to further expand and consolidate the foundation of the ruling group of this great Empire. But the job is only partly done. After Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, his eldest son, grandson of his sister Octavian On the foundation laid by Caesar, the complete completion of the slavery the Roman Republic The task of building an empire. ^[5]

Finally, he decreed against the extortion of provincial officials, expanded the granting of Roman citizenship, established veteran colonies, introduced the law of municipalities, and increased the ranks of high officials.

Military affairs

As a military commander, he was good at using political and military means to divide and destroy the enemy. Attach importance to the role of cavalry and emphasize the coordination of cavalry; Reserves have been established in troop deployment to increase the depth and stability of battle formations. ^[6]

culture

In addition, he revised the calendar to implement the" Julian calendar ".

science

In addition to his military and political exploits, Caesar also invented a means of secure communication. The idea is to move each letter down three places to hide the information in the text. When the recipient receives the ciphertext, they move each letter forward three places, making the text readable again. Although this type of concealment (the technical term is encryption) is not at all secure in today's high-tech society, it was an improvement at the time. Even so, people who are not exposed to the concept of encryption today can be ignorant of ciphertext. This story, is the vast majority of people engaged in computer science know and respect, because this encryption principle is used in many fields, but more complex. Whether this encryption principle was invented by Caesar, I am afraid people will not know, but in the history of mankind, he is also the first person to use encryption.

Family member

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Family member
His wife	In 84 BC, Cornelia Cinnilla (daughter of Cinnilla) died during childbirth. In 63 BC, Pompeia Sulla (granddaughter of Sulla), divorced in December of the same year; Calpurnia Pisonis in 60 BC; 47 BC, with Cleopatra Cleopatra VII .
female	Julia Caesaris, married to Pompey.
The child	Ptolemy XV (Little Caesar, Caesarion, Caesarion), Pharaoh of Egypt ; adopt Octavian Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, emperor of the Roman Empire.

Major work

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Book catalogue

" Chronicles of the Civil War " ^[4]

" The Gaulish War " ^[4]

The Battle of Alexandria ^[4]

The African War ^[4]

The Spanish War ^[4]

The Exploits of Hercules ^[2]

Oedipus ^[2]

Publish a book

Chronicles of the Civil War

Author name Gaius Julius Caesar

Work time The 2007-4-1

The Civil War is a book published by the Xuelin Press by Julius Caesar

Artistic image

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Film and television works

	title	director
movie	Julius Caesar ^[7]	It's Uli Ed
movie	Julius Caesar ^[8]	Joseph L. Mankiewicz
teleplay	Spartacus: A terrible battle ^[9]	Jesse Warn

Literary works

Julius Caesar is Shakespeare One of three plays based on the story of Rome, this work is about the noble but unrealistic Brutus, because of his obsession republicanism The ideal, exploited by others, participated in the plot to kill Caesar, resulting in a national and personal tragedy. Brutus is a Shakespearean fit humanism The ideal person. Some people call Brutus "in the embryonic state. Hamlet They all often wavered between thought and action. Brutus was a man who had the qualities to bear heavy burdens. He is determined and level-headed. The greatest obstacle to his action was the excessive goodness of his character. He wanted to fight, but he did not want to shed blood, which constituted an irresolvable contradiction. This was the main cause of his inner unrest and agitation.

Character evaluation

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EDITOR

Caesar is Roman Empire It is considered by some historians to be the founder of the Roman Empire The King without a crown Known as Julius Caesar. Some historians even regard him as the first emperor of the Roman Empire, with the date of his inauguration as a lifetime dictatorship as the birth day of the Roman Empire. There were Roman monarchs who took their name "Caesar" as the title of emperor; thereafter German Empire and Russian Empire The monarch also took the title "Caesar" as emperor.

Caesar's life struggle is nothing more than Slave-owning class The struggle between one ruling group and the other over whether to change the way they rule, although this improved for a time Slave state The slave economy was further developed, but the beneficiaries were still only the slave-owning class, and the fate of the vast slave class at that time was not affected at all. In the second place, the success of his life is chiefly due to the fact that he happened to be in such a country as the Roman Republic, in such a historical epoch, when a moment of good fortune and chance allowed him unconsciously to accomplish what history required of him, and in which his personal qualities of firmness, boldness, tact, etc., played only a very limited part. It is therefore inappropriate to overpraise Caesar. Like a revolutionary teacher Friedrich Engels He said, "It happens Napoleon this The island of Corsica People do war worn out French Republic The military dictators that are needed -- that is an accident. But if there had been no Napoleon, his role would have been played by someone else. This is demonstrated by the fact that whenever there is a need for such a person, he appears: Caesar, Oh, Augustus , Cromwell And so on." ^[10]

On the contrary, there were those who blamed Caesar for the suppression of the democratic movement, the dismantling of his guilds and the restoration of Italy tariff . The reduction of rations to the poor, etc., is said to betray the civilian population. These censure were often the result of an excessively modern interpretation of the Roman term "plebs," "democratic movement," and so on. An analysis of the so-called plebariat who inhabited Rome at the end of the Republic, their composition, their political role, their economic position, etc., is a more complicated task, and it is not one to be carried out here, but it is at least certain that they were by no means the industrial proletariat of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Marx In... The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte Quoted in the preface to the second edition Sismondi Famous quote - "Roman proletariat Living by society, modern society lives by the proletariat "- this is the most pertinent conclusion about them. For a century or two BC, they never produced a representative of their own in politics, never proposed a political program of their own, and they have been the instruments of various political activists. Just as it is not possible to regard them as the modern proletariat, it is not possible to regard Caesar as Louis Napoleon or even Thiers A kind of person. Caesar was here only doing more or less what other activists of the time had done, and the most that could be blamed on him was that he had first used them and then left them. Leaving them, or even harming them, was inevitable once the pro-democracy activist came to power at that time. Caesar, in particular, had only to look at the work to which he had devoted himself, briefly listed above, to see that this was the inevitable result of his work. The vagabonds of the capital had long been a heavy burden on the state, and in order to reduce the search of the provinces and the privileges of the city of Rome, some measures had to be taken against these vagabonds, such as the free rations distributed to the citizens, which Caesar suddenly reduced from 320,000 to 150,000, and severely restricted this privilege, which had always been considered to be the privilege of the citizens. Turning into real social assistance is one example. And having established strong personal rule, Assembly of citizens The loss of even its role as a rubber stamp, and the end of the political position of the nomad class, without the need to expend all the resources of the Treasury to please them, is a logical development and the inevitable result of the transition from a republic to an empire. While there is much to be said for Caesar's actions throughout his life, it is not in this respect. ^[10]

In addition to his military and political exploits, Caesar also invented a means of secure communication. The idea is to move each letter down three places to hide the information in the text. When the recipient receives the ciphertext, they move each letter forward three places, making the text readable again. Although this type of concealment (the technical term is encryption) is not at all secure in today's high-tech society, it was an improvement at the time. Even so, people who are not exposed to the concept of encryption today can be ignorant of ciphertext. This story is known and respected by most people who are engaged in computer science, because this encryption principle is used in many fields, but it is more complex. Whether this encryption principle was invented by Caesar, I am afraid we will not know, but in the history of mankind, he is still the first person to use encryption.

To sum up, he was an outstanding military commander and statesman in the late Roman Republic.

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