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The Black Sea is
Europe
and
Asia
Between an inland sea, which is located in the inland, the water is narrow
Istanbul Strait
The overflow covers an area of about 424,000 square kilometers.
[1]
The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Turkish Strait. Important rivers that flow into the Black Sea are the Danube and the Dnieper. The coastal states are Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia and Georgia.
[2]
Major coastal cities include Sochi,
Istanbul
,
Burgas
,
Varna
,
Constanta
,
Tulcea
,
Odessa
,
Sevastopol
,
Batumi
Let's wait.
- Chinese name
- The Black Sea
- Foreign name
- Black Sea
- Geographical coordinates
- (44°N, 35°E)
- Area product
- 436402 km²
- North-south span
- 704.7 km
- East-west span
- 1206km
- Mean depth
- 1.253 km
- Maximum depth
- 2206m (Abyssal Plain)
- Mean salinity
- 3.5%
- impoundment
- 531,300 cubic kilometers
- Neighboring countries
- Bulgaria, Russia, Turkey, etc
- Surrounding water
- Sea of Marmara, Sea of Azov
- Main port
- Constanta, Istanbul, Sochi
- Main island
- Jaregach Island. Snake Island
- Main feeding stream
- Danube, Dnieper, Leoni
- Main outlet
- Dardanelles, Bosphorus
catalogue
Southeastern Europe and Asia
Asia Minor Peninsula
between
Intercontinental sea
It gets its name because the water is dark and stormy. The Black Sea flows west through the Istanbul Strait,
Sea of Marmara
,
The Dardanelles
with
Mediterranean
Connecting, heading north
Kerch Strait
with
Azov Sea
Connected. The Black Sea is oval in shape, with the longest east to west 1,150 kilometers, the widest north to south 611 kilometers, and the narrowest central 263 kilometers, covering an area of 422,000 square kilometers and a coastline of about 3,400 kilometers. The average depth is 1315 meters, and the maximum depth is 2210 meters. On the north coast is Ukraine, on the northeast coast is Russia, on the east coast is Georgia,
Türkiye
On the south bank, Bulgaria,
Romania
On its west coast.
The Black Sea
Because of the salt content of the Black Sea water
Mediterranean
Therefore, the sea water here has a special water exchange phenomenon, that is, the surface 10-20 meters of water to the Mediterranean Sea, the bottom of the water to the Black Sea. The strait is navigable all year round. Because of its economic and military strategic importance, the Black Sea Strait was once the object of contention among the great powers.
Black Sea region
Annual precipitation
600 ~ 800 mm, while bringing together some of the larger rivers in Europe
Volume of runoff
The average annual water inflow into the sea reaches 35.5 billion cubic meters (of which
Danube
The total amount of fresh water is much more than the evaporation from the sea surface, desalting the salt content of the surface water, so that the average salinity is only 12 to 22‰. The surface salinity is small, forming a density jump layer between the upper and lower water layers, which seriously prevents the exchange of the upper and lower water layers, and the deep water is seriously hypoxic.
Black Sea satellite image
The Black Sea is a large and anoxic oceanic system. It has been observed that there is no oxygen in the water layer below 220 meters. In the absence of oxygen and organic matter, after the action of special bacteria, the sulfate in seawater is decomposed to form hydrogen sulfide, etc
Hydrogen sulfide
It is toxic to fish, so the Black Sea has some Marine plants and animals in addition to the marginal shallow waters and the upper waters.
Abyssal area
And the bottom of the sea is almost a dead world. At the same time, hydrogen sulfide is black, causing deep water to appear black. The intake of fresh water in the Black Sea is greater than the evaporation of sea water, so that the sea surface of the Black Sea is higher than that of the Mediterranean Sea, and the less salty sea water in the Mediterranean Sea flows from the surface of the strait to the Mediterranean Sea, and the saltier sea water in the Mediterranean Sea flows into the Black Sea from the lower part of the strait. Due to the shallower strait, the water flow into the Black Sea is hindered and the water flow into the Black Sea is less than the water flow out of the Black Sea. Maintains a dynamic balance of water in the Black Sea.
Black Sea Waters of Ukraine
The average temperature in January is 8 ° C (46 ° F) in the middle of the Black Sea and 2 ~ 3 ° C (36 ~ 37 ° F) in the west. The average temperature throughout the region in spring is 16 ° C (61 ° F), rising to 24 ° C (75 ° F) in summer, and the absolute minimum temperature in winter in the northwest reaches -30 ° C (-22 ° F). In winter, the surface water temperature is -0.5 ° C (31 ° F), the middle water temperature is 6 ° C (43 ° F), and the bottom water temperature is 9.1 ° C (48.4 ° F). In summer, the surface water temperature is 26 ° C (79 ° F), the middle layer is 7 ° C (45 ° F), and the bottom layer is still 9.1 ° C (48.4 ° F).
The prevailing northerly wind in the Black Sea in winter, and the fierce polar cold air constantly strikes, setting off rough waves in the Black Sea, especially in the northwest sea area, which is a very spectacular scene and has become a special scene of the Black Sea. Strong cold air also rapidly cascades along some mountain passes and passes, and the wind speed can reach 20 to 40 meters/second, forming a rare strong wind
bora
.
The Black Sea
The Black Sea is the deepest in the world
Internal sea
One of them. The Black Sea itself is very deep, and the water that flows into the Black Sea from rivers and the Mediterranean Sea is less salty and therefore lighter, and they float on water with high salinity. There is no communication between the deep and shallow waters. The junction between the two layers of water is between 100 and 150 meters deep. It takes thousands of years for two layers of water to communicate completely. At the bottom of the sea, carcasses can't replenish the oxygen they consume as they decompose. In this severely hypoxic environment only
Anaerobic microorganism
Can survive. Their metabolic release
Carbon dioxide
And poisonous
Hydrogen sulfide
(H)
2
S). Other creatures can only actually survive in water above 200 meters deep.
The Black Sea is
Ancient Mediterranean
A remnant of the sea basin,
Paleocene epoch
telophase
Asia Minor
Uplift occurred, and the Black Sea separated from the Mediterranean Sea, gradually forming an inland sea. 25 million years ago, the Black Sea was connected to the Mediterranean Sea. With crustal movements and ice ages, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea were repeatedly isolated and connected, forming a connection after the Great Ice Age 6,000 to 8,000 years ago.
-
Marine resources
The Black Sea covers an area of 420,300 km² and is 1,180 km long from the southern edge of the Crimean Peninsula to the southern coast of the Black Sea.
Black Sea mountains
The west bank is slightly flat near the Istanbul Strait, and the southwest corner is
The Istranja Mountains
To the north is the Danube Delta, and the northwest and north coasts are low-lying, with only the Crimean Mountains forming steep cliffs along the coast to the south. The coastal continental shelf only accounts for 25% of the entire water area, and the continental slope reaches the submarine basin, which accounts for 25% of the entire water area. The bottom of the basin is flat and gradually deepens towards the center, reaching a maximum depth of over 2200 meters.
The average depth of the Black Sea water is 1,271 meters, and the upper layer is from the surface to a depth of 200 meters, where almost all Marine life is concentrated. Below 200 meters is the lower layer, because the sea water contains a lot of hydrogen sulfide, and there are few organisms.
-
Natural gas resources
Black Sea basin
Can generate
Natural gas hydrate
It covers an area of about 2,818,080 square kilometers, which is about 6,815% of the entire Black Sea area (421,080,000 square kilometers). Hydrates are formed in 90% of deep water. The total area of the seabed (including the continental shelf 2915276km²) containing gas hydrates is 2915.08 million square kilometers.
The Black Sea
Gas hydrate stability zone
The thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone varies according to the sea floor depth. The greater the sea floor depth, the greater the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone, and vice versa. The average thickness of the gas hydrate stabilization zone is 160 meters (varying between 80 and 300 meters) at the seabed depth of less than 1 kilometer. The depth of the sea floor is 1500 meters, and the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone is 260 meters (varying between 110 and 650 meters). The depth of the sea is 2000 meters, and the thickness of the stability zone is 350 meters. In the deepest deep water area, the water depth is 2240 meters, and the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone varies between 450 and 500 meters. According to the deep-sea drilling program, the lower limit of the gas hydrate stability zone in the Black Sea can reach 450 meters below the seabed. Vasilev calculated the stable thickness of gas hydrates in the Black Sea at 454 meters.
There are two regions where the gas hydrate stabilization zone has the greatest thickness. One is
Danube
In the center of the alluvial mound, the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone is 865 meters. The other is the Caucasus slope, where gas hydrate stability zones are predicted to be up to a kilometre thick at some points. The average thickness of the whole Black Sea gas hydrate stability zone determined by the temperature method is 303 ~ 365 m, and the corresponding Black Sea gas hydrate is stable, with the sediment volume between 85,310 ~ 100280km³.
In the 1990s, the Black Sea was known as the "Black" sea. Environmental experts pointed out that 17 countries in Europe, 13 industrial cities and 160 million people of industrial wastewater, domestic sewage, all into the Black Sea. At the time, 20,000 kilograms of waste could be pulled from every cubic kilometer of water in the Black Sea.
Fish catches in the Black Sea peaked at 850,000 tons in 1985, but fell to 300,000 tons in the next five years because of pollution. Due to the improvement of the ecological environment, the production of Black Sea fish has increased year by year, and has increased to 450,000 tons in 2001. Black Sea crabs were accidentally brought to the Black Sea in the early 1990s via the ballast water of ocean-going freighters coming to Romania. These in recent years
Crab
It reproduces very quickly, which is the best example of the remarkable improvement in the ecology of the Black Sea.
In 1992,
Black Sea countries
And relevant countries have gradually realized the importance of protecting and managing the ecological environment of the Black Sea. In Bucharest, they signed an agreement on the protection of the Black Sea and the control of pollution, and began the control of the Black Sea and its biggest source of pollution, the Danube River. Since 1995, the pollution situation of the Black Sea began to change significantly, the discharge of fertilizers and pesticides in the rivers has decreased significantly, and the oil spill of vessels sailing in the Black Sea has also decreased significantly. In addition, cities along the Black Sea coast have established domestic sewage treatment plants. Today, the polluted "black" sea is quietly changing. Thanks to the efforts of European countries, the ecological condition of the Black Sea is improving.
Romania lies on the west coast of the Black Sea. The famous Danube River is in
Romania
Into the Black Sea. But about 60 percent of the nitrogen phosphide in the Black Sea comes from this "blue Danube." Thanks to the efforts of the six countries along the Danube, the time is not far for the Danube to regain its "blue" charm. If the biggest source of pollution becomes clean, the "black" of the Black Sea should not be far away.
Sudak Bay
The Black Sea has a low salinity, but in some waters 155-310 meters deep, life is almost extinct, fish are afraid to swim there, it has become a dead zone. Through sampling surveys, experts found that Marine life there is difficult to survive because of the sea water
Hydrogen sulfide
While the Black Sea, in convection with the Mediterranean, loses its lighter water through the surface to its neighbors, in exchange for salty, heavy currents flowing in from deep. Coupled with the slow flow rate of the Black Sea water, the upper and lower convection is poor, and the polluted sea area will naturally become a "dead zone".
The Black Sea
Since the Black Sea connects the interior of Eastern Europe with Central Asia,
Caucasus region
It is the main sea route out of the Mediterranean, so its strategic position is very important. The Black Sea waterway is ancient
Silk Road
The northern route from Central Asia to Rome. Especially for the Tsarist dynasty that had risen since the 17th century, the Black Sea and
Baltic Sea
Are the lifeblood of the country's ties to Europe. Recent history has also seen wars and military campaigns over control of the Black Sea.
The Black Sea in
shipping
, trade and strategic importance, is linked
Ukraine
, Bulgaria,
Romania
,
Georgia
The main shipping route between southwest Russia and world markets.
North coast
especially
Crimean Peninsula
, yes
boreal
The holiday and health resort.
The Black Sea is the main shipping route of Eastern European countries, and also the outlet of major rivers in Europe (including the former Soviet Union), including the Dnieper River with a total length of more than 2,100 kilometers and the Don River with a total length of 1,860 kilometers
Ukraine
The river Dniester, which is about 1,000 kilometers long, and the Danube, which originates in southern Germany, are part of the river. The Black Sea coast has important ports of Ukraine
Odessa
Burgos, Bulgaria, Romania
Constanta
And Turkish
Istanbul
And other important ports. It is cool in summer, warm in autumn, short in winter and long in spring.
(Counterclockwise, starting from Turkey, the country's major seaports are bolded, and the ports of the Crimea region are assigned to Russia)
Turkey:
Istanbul
,
Yuskudar
,
Karasu
,
Zonguldak
,
Sinop
,
Babra
,
Samson
,
Charchamba
,
Ordu
,
Giresun
,
Trabzon
,
Riese
Russia:
Sochi
,
Tuapuche
,
Gliengik
,
Novorossiysk
, Taman,
Yeysk
,
Azov
,
Rostov-on-Don
,
Taganrog
,
Kerch
,
Feodosia
,
Yalta
,
Yevpatoria
,
Sevastopol
The sixth largest river in the world has been discovered at the bottom of the Black Sea: 800 meters wide in parts
On August 3, 2010, British scientists discovered a river at the bottom of the Black Sea that dwarfs the Thames River. Like surface rivers, these underwater rivers have channels, tributaries, flood areas, rapids and even waterfalls. One river found at the bottom of the Black Sea was 35 meters (115 feet) deep in parts and as much as 804 meters (half a mile) wide.
Scientists estimate that if it were on land, the as-yet-unnamed river would be the sixth longest in the world. Using a remote-controlled submarine to scan the seafloor off Turkey
University of Leeds
The researchers point out that the river is
The Thames
350 times larger, carrying high concentrations of salt water and sediment. It is the only active underground river found so far, with highly saline water that overflows from the Mediterranean through the Istanbul Strait into the Black Sea (which has a lower salt content). This allows this high density of water from the Mediterranean to flow along a coastal bed like a river, forming channels and deep embankments.
While the deep ocean is nowhere near as nutrient-rich as seawater closer to land, the finding could help explain how life survives in the deep ocean, as these rivers carry sediment and nutrients. Dr Dan Parsons, who led the research team at the School of Earth and Environment at the University of Leeds, said: "The water in these waterways is denser than the surrounding seawater because it is higher in salinity and carries more sediment. Like rivers on land, it flows along the marginal sea and forms a abyssal plain similar to rivers on land."
Marine
Abyssal plain
Like submarine deserts, however, these waterways transport nutrients and other components necessary to sustain life in these deserts. Parsons said: "This suggests they could be very important, like the arteries that inject life into the deep ocean." What we found is that the important difference between these rivers and terrestrial rivers is the swirl of water, the direction of the swirl of water is opposite to that of terrestrial rivers."
Scientists have long suspected the existence of undersea rivers, as scans have revealed meandering waterways in many of the world's oceans. But these undersea rivers had never been discovered before. The largest of these channels is the number
Brazil
Coastal channels,
Amazon
From here it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Most people believe that these channels formed when sea levels were fairly low, and that these channels were 4,023 kilometers (2,500 miles) long and several miles wide. Although smaller, the Black Sea channel is the only one found that is still flowing, and it also proves that these mysterious channels are formed by underwater rivers.
Submarine channels are different from ocean ditches, geological structures formed in the deepest part of the ocean by the movement of tectonic plates. They meander like rivers on land and form embankments in the same way that they erode the silt at the bottom of the channel. Dr Parsons found that the Blacksea River flows at 6km (4mph) per hour and 22,000 cubic metres of water per second, making it the largest river in Europe
Rhine
Ten times as big. The Heihai River is only about 60 kilometers (about 37 miles) long before it reaches the edge of the marginal sea and flows into the deep sea. Dr Parsons said the data would also be important for oil companies looking for drilling sites in areas where these rivers exist.
In August 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a new version of the State Maritime Doctrine.
In the direction of the Atlantic Ocean, Russia believes that the maritime activities of Western countries in the Black Sea "seriously affect Russia's maritime security and national interests", and Russia will "protect the maritime rights and interests in this direction" through rights protection actions and military construction.
.
[3]
