Macao Special Administrative Region (English: Macao, Portuguese: Macau), short for "Ao", the full name of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, Located in south China Pearl River Estuary West side, yes Chinese mainland With China The South China Sea The intersection of water and land, adjacent Guangdong Province , and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 60 km away from Guangdong Province Guangzhou City 145 km ^[28] . Macao Special Administrative Region by Macao Peninsula , Taipa Island , Coloane island , Cotai As of September 2023, the total land area has expanded to 33.3 square kilometers ^[1] . By the end of 2023, the total population is 684,000. ^[85]

Macao has been Chinese territory since ancient times. Ming Jia Jing Thirty-two years (1553), Portuguese By bribing local officials in Guangdong, they were allowed to dock ships in Macao for trade; In the 36th year of Jiajing (1557), the Portuguese entered and began to settle in Macao. qing Daoguang County Twenty years (1840) Opium Wars Later, Portugal Taking advantage of the defeat of the Qing government, they successively occupied Taipa Island and Coloane Island in the south of Macao. The Government of the People's Republic of China has always stood for a peaceful settlement of this issue left over from history through negotiations at an appropriate time. From June 1986 to March 1987, the government delegations of China and Portugal reached an agreement after four rounds of talks, and officially signed the Joint Declaration on the question of Macao in Beijing on April 13, 1987. On December 20, 1999, China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao and the Macao Special Administrative Region was formally established. ^[70] ^[73]

The Macao Special Administrative Region is a local administrative region directly under the Central People's Government ^[69] , implement Capitalist system Is international Free port , World Tourism and leisure Center , the world's Big Four Gambling town One is also the world Population density One of the highest areas of its Light industry , tourism The hotel industry and casinos have made Macau a prosperous and prosperous place in the world. ^[68] In 2021, Macao Special Administrative Region Gross product That's 239.4 billion Pataca (MOP) . ^[11]

Chinese name: Macao Special Administrative Region
Foreign name: Macao Special Administrative Region ^[88] (English)
Região Administrativa Especial de Macau ^[89] (Portuguese)
alias: City mirror , Bay mirror O , Xiangshan Island , Makang , Mazao
Administrative division code: 820000
Administrative category: Special administrative region
Subordinate region: People's Republic of China South China
Geographical position: Pearl River Delta The southwest, Pearl River Estuary West coast
Area product: 33.3 km² ^[81]
Subordinate area: 7 parishes
Government premises: Macao Peninsula Wind Shun Parish 131 Lakeview Avenue, South Bay

Telephone area code: 853
Postal code: 999078
Climatic condition: Subtropical monsoon climate
Population number: 684,000 ^[85] (End of 2023)
Famous scenic spot: Historic districts of Macau , The Archway of Dashanba , Macau Tower , Casino Lisboa , A-ma Temple
aerodrome: Macau International Airport
License plate code: Guangdong Province (Entering the Mainland)
Gross regional product: 239.4 billion yuan (Patacas)
Incumbent chief executive: He Yicheng
The first chief executive: Edmund Ho Hau-wah

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Footprints of the ancients

Archaeological excavations in the Macao area, especially in 1995 Coloane island Excavated in the sand dunes of black sand Painted pottery and jadeware After identification, it was confirmed that it was a precious ancient cultural relic four or five thousand years ago, and it was unearthed at the same time Stone axe These stone tools belong to the same cultural system as similar cultural relics unearthed in Zhuhai, not far from Macao, in recent years, indicating that they are as early as Neolithic age , Chinese nation Our ancestors have worked and lived in areas around Macao.

in Shang and Zhou Dynasties During the period, ancient residents had already lived in these areas, so among the cultural relics unearthed in Macao and Zhuhai, there are Spring and Autumn Period GUI jie , tank And the Warring States period crockery Let's wait.

Ancient Macao

Preqin of Macao Baiyue County Ground. from Qin Empire It has been a Chinese territory and belongs to South Sea . Ancient name of Macao City mirror Australia, and Guangzhou Xiangshan county The historical relationship is extremely close. As early as Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period , Xiangshan Mountain Already belong to Baiyue County The land of the islands. First Emperor of Qin At the time of the unification of China (about the 3rd century BC), Macao was officially incorporated into the territory of China and belonged to Nanhai County Panyu county Ground. Jin Dynasty Yuan Xi two years (420 years), Macao belongs to Xinhui County Fengle county.

Sui Dynasty Kaihuang County Ten years (590), the abandoned Xinhui County was changed into Baoan County; from the Tang Dynasty to the second year of De (757), the abandoned Baoan County was changed into Guangzhou 东莞县. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, Macao belongs to Xiangshan County, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. According to historical records, the late Song Dynasty Zhang Shijie And the army was stationed in this area; The early settlers in Macao formed small villages that depended on fishing and farming. Yuan Dynasty belongs to Guangdong Road Department of Propaganda Guangzhou Road, road rule Guangzhou, Ming Dynasty belongs to Canton prefecture Before the late Qing Dynasty, it belongs to the Canton House, Dao Zhaoqing , the government of Guangzhou.

Macao Peninsula A large number of Chinese settled in The Southern Song Dynasty When the emperor fell. When hundreds of thousands of troops and civilians of the Southern Song Dynasty retreated from Fujian and sailed to Macao in a long drive, some may set foot on this peninsula to draw fresh water and search for food, and some are more likely to turn this desolate area into a hiding place. Sha Li Tou on the Macau Peninsula named "Wing Fuk Ancient Society" Temple of the land Legend has it that Yong was built The Southern Song Dynasty Last years. From the end of the Southern Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Wangsha and Haojing on the Macao Peninsula were already settled settlements. Since then, Macao has been slightly populated, but due to the small area, lack of arable land, few products, it is not easy to live and multiply offspring. By the middle of the 16th century, that is Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty Jiajing period.

Colonial history

From the seventh year of Zhengde to the eighth year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (Summer 1513 - early 1514), the first Portuguese to arrive in China, Overge, sailed from Malacca to Tuen Mun Ao at the mouth of the Pearl River in Guangdong, and carried out spice trade with local residents.

Macau, China - Daniel Meisner, Germany 1623

Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Macau, 12 June 1630

1929 Portuguese garden house

Design draft of the Macao colonial coat of Arms in 1934

Coat of arms of Macau issued by the Portuguese Colonial Office

Port of Macau in the 19th century

Ming In 1535, in the 14th year of Sejong Jiajing, the Portuguese bribed local officials in Guangdong and obtained the right to dock ships and conduct trade in Macau. In the 32nd year of Jiajing (1553), the Portuguese went ashore to live on the grounds of exposure to water flooding goods, and settled in Macao from the 36th year of Jiajing (1557). In 1622, the Dutch attacked Portugal rent Since the Ming Dynasty, Macau has been defeated ( Battle of Macau ).

Opium Wars Later, Portugal occupied Taipa Island and Coloane Island in the first year of Xianfeng (1851) and the third year of Tongzhi (1864) of the Qing Dynasty. In the 13th year of Guangxu (1887), Portugal forced the Qing Government to sign the" Draft agreement of the Sino-Portuguese Conference "And" Treaty of Beijing "And shoved it in Portugal The "permanent Administration of Macau" clause.

The Republic of China Seventeen years (1928), the Kuomintang government and the Portuguese government signed the "Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friendship and Commerce", the treaty only on customs tariff, commercial affairs and other matters made new provisions, did not involve the status of Macao, Portuguese occupation and administration of Macao did not change the situation.

Since Macao was occupied by Portugal, the Portuguese have always had a privileged or special status in Macao, which has made Macao residents generally dissatisfied; From Daoguang twenty-ninth year (1849) on August 29 Shen Zhiliang Assassinate the governor Yamariu From the "Coloane Massacre" in the second year of Xuantong (1910), to the abuse of Chinese women and the shooting of more than 100 people by Portuguese soldiers in Macao in May 1922, to the "12 · 3" incident triggered by the Cultural Revolution and the Taipa School incident on December 3, 1966, All showed deep dissatisfaction with Portuguese privileges in Macau.

On April 25, 1974, the Portuguese Revolution succeeded in implementing the policy of decolonization and recognizing Macau as the territory of the Republic of Portugal Portugal And for the first time proposed the return of Macao to China. Due to the lack of proper conditions for the handover at that time, the then Premier Zhou Enlai proposed to maintain the status quo of Macao for the time being.

Return to the motherland

On October 3, 1984, Deng Xiaoping First public use of the term" One country, two systems The policy of solving the Macao problem left over from history.

Macao's return to the motherland

In 1986, the governments of China and Portugal began four rounds of negotiations on the question of Macao.

On April 13, 1987, the Prime Ministers of the two countries signed the" Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Portuguese Republic on the question of Macao "And two annexes. The joint statement said that the Macao region (including the Macao Peninsula, Taipa and Coloane) is Chinese territory, and the People's Republic of China will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Macao on December 20, 1999. China promised to implement it in Macau One country, two systems To ensure that Macao people can enjoy the right to "a high degree of autonomy and the right of Australians to rule Macao".

On March 31, 1993, National People's Congress of China (National People's Congress) Yu Peking By" Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ". It was a Chinese territory under the administration of Portugal before 1999. The sovereignty of Macao belongs to China.

At midnight on December 20, 1999, in the presence of the heads of State of China and Portugal, the 127th Governor of Macau The first Chief Executive of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Edmund Ho Hau-wah The handover of Macao power at the venue of the new Port Handover ceremony. On the morning of the next day (December 21), the people of Macao welcomed the Chinese People's Liberation Army troops stationed in Macao; Thus, the People's Republic of China formally resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao.

On December 16, 2015, the Executive meeting of The State Council adopted the" Map of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China As of December 20, 2015. The Map of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China promulgated by The State Council on December 20, 1999 shall be annulled simultaneously ^[4] .

Scenery of Macau

Administrative division

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EDITOR

The Macao Special Administrative Region is entitled" parish As an administrative unit, Macau has seven parishes and one unparried district. However, the "parish" is not a formal administrative establishment and has no legal status. People's Republic of China Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region Fung Shun Parish, Macau Peninsula.

Administrative map of Macau^[4]

Macao Peninsula
parish	Included area	position
Flower Field Parish (North District)	Qingzhou, Taishan, Heisha Ring, Chopstick base, reservoir	West of Macao
St. Andoni Parish (Kao Parish)	New Bridge, sand pear head	-
Lobby area	Central, north of New Road, Nam Wan, Shui Hang Mei, New BCP reclamation lot	East to the new port Hong Kong and Macao Pier, the whole road around the island to the south end of Ma Ge
Hope Parish	Holland Garden, East Wangyang Mountain, tower stone	-
Wind Shun Parish (St. Lorenzo Parish)	Ma Ge Mountain, west Wang Yang Mountain, south of the new road	The whole Ma-Ge Peninsula was not reclaimed by Nanwan Lake in the 1980s

Offshore island
parish	Other titles
Kamo Parish	Taipa
St. Francis Parish	Coloane

No parishes divide the area
district	region
Cotai	Reclaimed land between Taipa and Coloane

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Location boundary

position

澳门特别行政区（北纬22°11'，东经113°33'）位于中国大陆东南沿海，地处 Pearl River Delta On the west coast, looking east across the sea Hong Kong northern Macao Peninsula Connecting Guangdong Province Zhuhai City And the South is Taipa , Coloane and Cotai Made up of the big Island, genus Sea Isle City There is no official name. ^[3]

Macao Special Administrative Region

context

Pursuant to the Chief Executive's Notice No. 128/2015 of 20 December 2015: Decree No. 665 of The State Council of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the administrative area of the Macao Special Administrative Region consists of land and sea sections, the land section consists of two sections: the Gate Macao Border Inspection Building section and the Ya Chung River section, and the sea section consists of six sections: the inner port section, the Cotai Waterway section, the south Macao sea section, the East Macao sea section, the artificial island section and the North Macao sea section. It runs from 113°31 '41.4 "east to 113°37' 48.5" east, from 22°04 '36.0 "north to 22°13' 01.33" north. ^[80]

The total area of the Macao Special Administrative Region has been continuously expanded due to coastal reclamation, which has gradually expanded from 11.6 square kilometers in 1912 to 32.9 square kilometers in 2020. The area of Macao Peninsula is 9.3 square kilometers, accounting for 28.3% of the total area; Taipa Island has an area of 7.9 square kilometers, accounting for 24.0% of the total area; The area of Luhuan Island is 7.6 square kilometers, accounting for 23.1% of the total area. Cotai reclamation area is 6.0 square kilometers, accounting for 18.2% of the total area. Area A of the new city covers 1.4 square kilometers, accounting for 4.3% of the total area. Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial island Macao Port Management area of 0.7 square kilometers, accounting for 2.1% of the total area. In addition, the University of Macau covers an area of 1.0 square kilometers.

In accordance with the Chief Executive's Announcement No. 128/2015 of 20 December 2015, Decree No. 665 of The State Council of the People's Republic of China, the Central People's Government has decided to define the maritime area of the Macao Special Administrative Region as 85 square kilometres.

To delineate the coastline of the Macao Special Administrative Region in accordance with the Coastline Map of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, based on the coastline demarcated in 2018 and based on the technical specifications for coastline revision established at that time, the total length of the latest coastline of the Macao Special Administrative Region is 79.5 kilometers, an increase of 2.8 kilometers compared with the coastline length published in 2018. Among them, New City C area is 3.1 km, while Macao Peninsula is 18.5 km, outlying islands (including Taipa Island, Cotai Reclamation area and Coloan Island) is 49.5 km, New City A area is 5.7 km, and Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial Island Macao Port Management Area is 2.7 km. The coastline of Macao Special Administrative Region is divided into two main categories: artificial coastline and natural coastline. Artificial coastline is the main component, mainly distributed in the east and north sides of Macao Peninsula and Taipa Island. The natural shoreline is mainly distributed in the west side of Taipa Island and the southern end of Coloane Island. ^[3] ^[82]

Geological structure

Pre-devonian and Devonian strata exist in Macao Special Administrative Region. The sedimentary rocks seen in the field are exposed on the mid-mountain road south of Shipai Bay, Luhuan Island, in a narrow and long band, and clayy sandstone or argillaceous sandstone is exposed in the north of Taipa. The quaternary system in Macao SAR includes alluvium, Marine deposit, residual slope deposit, colluvium and artificial deposit, which are mostly located on the surface and cover most of the bedrock in this area. ^[5]

The magmatic rocks in Macao Special Administrative Region are widely distributed, and they are all intrusive rocks. There are many rock types, such as medium acid rocks, acid rocks and basic dikes. There are pegmatite, basic rock and quartz vein in Macao area. According to geosynclinal theory, the whole region, including Macao Special Administrative Region, is an intermountain depression and delta basin dominated by fault subsidence, which is the junction area between the Gan-Xiang-Guan-Guang-yue fold belt of South China fold system and the fault fold belt of the southeast coast. Geodetic survey shows that the basin and its two sides still follow the neotectonic characteristics of fault succession activity and fault block differential rise and fall during the vertical and upward crustal movement. ^[5]

landform

The landform of the Macao Special Administrative Region is composed of low hills and peaceful land, high in the south and low in the north. The lowest point of the Macao Special Administrative Region is the sea level of the South China Sea, 0 meters above sea level, and the highest point is Coloane Island Pagoda stone pond mountain (KoloaneAlto), 172.4 meters above sea level. ^[3] ^[5]

The Macao Special Administrative Region used to be a small island at the southern end of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province (ancient Xiangshan County), standing in the sea, no different from the contemporary offshore islands, and later due to the sediment deposition of the Xijiang River, a sand bank (lotus stem, now Guanzha Road) was alluded to between Macao and the mainland due to the convection of sea water, and it was connected with the mainland and became a peninsula. ^[6]

On the Macao Peninsula there are Lianhua Mountain, East Wangyang Mountain, Fortress Mountain, West Wangyang Mountain and Mazu Mountain, on Taipa Island there are Guanyin An, Great Taipa Mountain (Jichen Mountain), small Taipa Mountain, and on Luhuan Island there are Jiuao Mountain and Diestang Mountain. The coastline of the Macao Special Administrative Region is 937.5 kilometers long, forming a number of bay berthing places such as South Bay, East Bay, Shallow Bay, North Bay, Lower Bay (above located on the Macau Peninsula), Great Taipa Bay (above), Kowloon O Bay, Bamboo Bay, Hesha Bay, Lai Chi Bay (above located on Coloane). ^[6]

Climatic environment

Macao Special Administrative Region is located in the subtropical region, north of the Asian mainland, south of the vast tropical ocean, winter is mainly affected by the middle and high latitudes of cold continental high pressure, blowing north wind, the weather is cold and dry, less rainfall. Summer is mainly affected by tropical weather systems from the ocean, with southwest winds, high temperatures, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. Due to the opposite wind direction in winter and summer, coupled with small daily and annual temperature ranges, it is a Marine monsoon climate.

According to the climate average calculated by the World Meteorological Organization based on 30 years of data, the average annual rainfall in the Macao Special Administrative Region between 1991 and 2020 is 1,966.6 mm, with April to September being the months with the highest rainfall. The wettest month is June, with an average of 373.7 mm, and the wettest month is December, with an average of 31.3 mm.

The average annual temperature in the Macao Special Administrative Region is 22.6 ° C, with the lowest average temperature of 15.1 ° C in January, but most years there will be cold weather with the lowest temperature below 5 ° C, but it is generally maintained for a short time. There are as many as 7 months when the average monthly temperature is above 22 ° C, indicating that Macao has short winters and long summers.

The Macao Special Administrative Region is frequently hit by typhoons, and the typhoon season is from May to October every year, with July to September being the months with the most typhoons. ^[3] ^[62]

Natural resources

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EDITOR

Land resources

The land structure type of Macao Special Administrative Region is relatively simple, mainly composed of flat land, platform and hills. Flat land (including reclaimed land) covers 23.8 square kilometers, accounting for 72.3% of the total area; Granite hills 6.0 square kilometers, accounting for 18.2% of the total area; The platform is only 1.2 square kilometers, accounting for 3.7% of the total area. It is the remaining ancient denudation surface, mainly distributed in the Gangding, the White Pigeon Nest Park, the back hill of Guanyin Tang, Wangsha, and the south end of Taipa Island, with an altitude of 20-25 meters above sea level. Although the area is not large, the height and slope are small, so the utilization rate is also high. The remaining land area is about 1.9 square kilometers, including reserve land, monument land, protected forest land, etc., accounting for 5.8% of the total area.

Biological resources

There are more than 1,500 species of vascular plants in MSAR. They are mainly distributed in the forests of MSAR, and are planted in parks and recreational areas. The former consists of evergreen broad-leaved forests, mangrove coppice and coastal mangrove. Common species include myrtle, Mangrove, jackal tree, native honeytree, spring flower and Dicranopteris, while the latter are mainly cultivated plants. It includes plants such as hibiscus, bauhinia, yellow locust and pseudophorus. There are 104 species of bryophytes in Macao, belonging to 34 families and 63 genera. The rare species are Pterygium macauensis, Chinese Leptodactylus, Glandularis, East Asian Brachyhornia, Micromitrium and Hainanum. The terrestrial natural vegetation in Macao has a high community diversity, which can be divided into coniferous forest, coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, evergreen deciduous mixed forest and shrub.

More than 300 species of birds have been recorded in the Macao Special Administrative Region. Since 2006, more than 270 species of birds belonging to 15 orders and 57 families have been recorded. The dominant species are Bulbul (land) and egret (water bird). There are 11 common species, of which 5 are land birds, including the pearl-necked turtle dove, the dark green hydrangea, Myna, the longtail warbler and sparrow, and 6 are water birds, including the ringnecked plover, the reverse-billed Sandpiper, the green-winged duck, the great egret, the heron and the night heron. In 2020, a total of 126 species of birds were recorded in Australia, belonging to 15 orders and 57 families, of which 52 were resident birds, 74 were migratory birds, and the common nighthawk and the black-crowned cuckoo falcon were the new recorded birds in 2020.

Population nationality

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EDITOR

census

At the end of 2020, the seventh National Population Census bulletin showed that the population of the Macao Special Administrative Region was 683,218. The birth rate was 0.81%, down 0.08 percentage points. The mortality rate was 0.33 per cent, a decrease of 0.01 thousand points per year.

At the end of 2021, according to the Statistics and Census Bureau of the Macao Special Administrative Region Government, the total population of Macao is 683,200, with an annual increase of 100 people. The elderly population (aged 65 and above) accounted for 12.2%; The share of the adult population (aged 15-64) fell 0.9 percentage points to 73.3%. The ageing of the population continued, with the ageing index rising to 83.7%. ^[36]

In March 2023, data from the Statistics and Census Bureau of the Macao Special Administrative Region Government showed that the total population of Macao at the end of December 2022 was 672,800 people, a year-on-year decrease of 1.5%, of which 53.2% were women. The proportion of the elderly population (aged 65 and above) increased by 1.1 percentage points year-on-year to 13.3%; The proportion of the adult population (aged 15-64) fell 0.7 percentage points to 72.6%; The birth rate fell to 6.4 per 1,000 births; The mortality rate increased by 1.0 ‰ to 4.4‰. ^[74]

In March 2024, the Statistics and Census Bureau of the Macao SAR Government disclosed information showing that the total population of Macao at the end of 2023 was 684,000, an increase of 1.6% year-on-year. ^[85]

Employment situation

In 2021, according to the Statistics and Census Bureau of the Macao SAR Government, the overall unemployment rate is 2.9% and the unemployment rate of local residents is 3.9%, up 0.4 and 0.3 percentage points year-on-year respectively. The underemployment rate rose 0.6 percentage points to 4.1 percent. The Labour force participation rate was 69.0% and that of local residents was 62.8%, down by 1.5 and 0.7 percentage points respectively. ^[7]

political

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EDITOR

Political system

The people of Australia rule Australia with a high degree of autonomy

Since December 20, 1999, Macau has become People's Republic of China The constitutional document of the Special Administrative Region of the Macao Special Administrative Region Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China It was implemented at the same time.

The system and policies of the MSAR, as well as the relevant policies, are based on the provisions of the Basic Law. According to the Basic Law, with the exception of defence and foreign affairs, the MSAR exercises a high degree of autonomy and enjoys executive, legislative, independent judicial and final adjudication powers. The executive and legislative organs of the Macao SAR shall be composed of permanent residents of Macao. The Macao Special Administrative Region shall maintain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory, free access to capital and free operation of financial markets and financial institutions of all kinds, and may, in the name of Macao, China, independently maintain and develop relations and sign and implement agreements with other countries, regions and relevant international organizations in the fields of economy, trade, finance, shipping, communications, tourism, culture and sports.

Australians rule Australia It means that Macao people should be the masters of Macao and administer Macao on their own. The Chief Executive, principal officials, members of the Executive Council, members of the Legislative Council, the President of the Court of Final Appeal and the Procurator-General of the SAR must be permanent residents of the SAR, and some of the posts must also be held by Chinese citizens among the permanent residents.

High degree of autonomy The National People's Congress authorizes the Macao SAR to act in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China The Central People's Government shall not interfere in affairs that fall within the scope of the autonomy of the Macao Special Administrative Region. The SAR shall enjoy executive, legislative, independent judicial and final adjudication powers, as well as other powers conferred by the National People's Congress, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the Central People's Government.

However, a high degree of autonomy is not equal to complete autonomy, and the Central people's Government reserves the necessary powers to safeguard national unity and safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity. For example, foreign affairs and defence relating to the Macao SAR are managed by the Central People's Government. ^[51]

Administrative structure

Chief executive

Chief Executive of the Macao Special Administrative Region He is the head of the Macao Special Administrative Region and is accountable to the Central People's Government and the Macao Special Administrative Region. The Chief Executive shall be at least 40 years of age and have ordinarily resided in Macao for at least 20 consecutive years Permanent residents of the Macao Special Administrative Region Among Chinese citizens served. The Chief Executive shall be elected locally or through consultations and appointed by the Central People's Government. The term of office is 5 years, renewable once. ^[51]

On December 20, 2014, Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China The fourth chief executive Cui Shi'an Be sworn in. ^[9]

On December 1, 2019, in accordance with the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China The State Council appointed the principal officials of the fifth Government of Macao and the Procurator-General.

2019年12月20日，由国家主席习近平监誓，澳门特别行政区第五任行政长官 He Yicheng Be sworn in. ^[10]

Successive Chief executives
name	Term of office
Edmund Ho Hau-wah	December 20, 1999 - December 19, 2004
Edmund Ho Hau-wah	December 20, 2004 - December 19, 2009
Cui Shi'an	December 20, 2009 - December 19, 2014
Cui Shi'an	December 20, 2014 - December 19, 2019
He Yicheng	December 20, 2019 -

Special administrative Region government

Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region It is the executive organ of the Macao Special Administrative Region. The head of the government is the Chief Executive. The Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region shall have departments, bureaus, offices and divisions. The principal officials of the Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region shall be Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of the Region and have ordinarily resided in Macao for a continuous period of not less than 15 years.

Organizational chart of the Macao SAR Government

The Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region shall be responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies; To manage various administrative affairs; To conduct external affairs authorized by the Central People's Government as provided for in the Basic Law; To draw up and introduce budgets and final accounts; To introduce bills and motions and draft administrative regulations; To appoint officials to attend Council meetings to hear views or speak on behalf of the Government. The Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region must abide by the law and be accountable to the Legislative Council of the Region; To implement laws passed by the Legislative Council and already in force; To deliver regular policy addresses to the Legislative Council; To answer questions raised by Members of the Legislative Council.

Departments: The Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region has five departments, namely, the Department of Administrative Law, the Department of Economy and Finance, the Department of Security, the Department of Social Society and Culture, and the Department of Transport and Works. Each Division has a Director, who directs the work of the Division and exercises authority in different areas of governance. When the Chief Executive is unable to perform his or her duties for a short period of time, the secretaries of departments shall act as the Chief Executive on an interim basis in order of rank.

Bureau: A unit directly under a department that performs functions within a specific scope.

Office: A subsidiary unit of the bureau, characterized by technical design.

A subsidiary unit of a bureau or office, characterized by the performance of technical work.

The public sector of MSAR also has subsidiary units of sections and sections.

The principal officials of the SAR Government are the Secretaries of departments, the Commissioner against Corruption, the Auditor-General, the principal officers of the police and the Customs and Excise Department. The principal officials shall be Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of the Macao Special Administrative Region and have ordinarily resided in Macao for a continuous period of at least 15 years. ^[51]

Executive council

The Executive Council is the body that assists the Chief Executive in making decisions. The Executive Council is chaired by the Chief Executive and meets at least once a month. Although the matters of the Executive Council meetings are confidential, the Executive Council establishes a spokesman system to announce important decisions to the outside world. ^[51]

Legislative body

Legislative Council structure

According to the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, the Macao Special Administrative Region enjoys legislative power. Legislative Council It is the legislature of the Macao SAR. A bill passed by the Legislative Council may take effect only after it is signed and promulgated by the Chief Executive. The organs of the Legislative Council, including the Chairman, the Executive Committee, the Constitution and Tenure Committee, the Standing Committee, the Follow-up Committee and the Interim Committee. Laws enacted by the legislature of the Special Administrative Region shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. Filing does not affect the effectiveness of such laws. ^[11] ^[51]

Judicial body

According to the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and the Outline Law on Judicial Organization of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, there are two independent judicial organs in the region, namely, courts exercising judicial power and procuratorates exercising procuratorial power.

The Macao Special Administrative Region has a primary court, an intermediate court and a Court of Final Appeal. The power of final adjudication in Macao shall be vested in the Court of Final Appeal of the Special Administrative Region. The organization, powers and functioning of the court shall be prescribed by law. The lower court may establish a number of specialized tribunals as required. The former system of criminal prosecution courts has been maintained in the SAR.

Judges at all levels of the courts are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent committee composed of judges, lawyers and eminent persons. The selection of judges is based on their professional qualifications, and foreign judges who meet the criteria can also be hired. There are several senior Portuguese judges serving at all levels of the courts. The presidents of the courts at all levels shall be chosen by the Chief Executive from among the judges. The President of the Court of Final Appeal shall be a Chinese citizen who is a permanent resident of the SAR. ^[51]

Legal system

Judiciary structure

The legal system of the Macao Special Administrative Region is based on the rule of law and judicial independence. Under the principle of "one country, two systems", the SAR's legal system is based on civil law.

" Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China It was formulated and adopted by the National People's Congress in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, and the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China stipulates the system to be implemented in the region to ensure the implementation of the basic policies of the State regarding Macao. The systems and policies of the Macao Special Administrative Region, including the social and economic systems, the systems for safeguarding the fundamental rights and freedoms of its residents, the administrative, legislative and judicial systems, and the relevant policies, are all based on the provisions of the Basic Law. ^[11]

The laws, decrees, administrative regulations and other normative documents previously in force in the Macao Special Administrative Region shall remain in force as long as they do not contravene the Basic Law. The Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Code of Criminal Procedure Civil code "," Code of civil procedure The Commercial Code is an important part of Macao's legal system. National laws relating to defence, foreign affairs and other matters outside the scope of the autonomy of the Macao Special Administrative Region may be promulgated by the Region or enacted on its own and shall be applied in Macao.

According to the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Outline of Judicial Organization of the Macao Special Administrative Region stipulates that the region has two independent judicial organs, namely, a court exercising judicial power and a procuratorate exercising procuratorial power, and that the region enjoys independent judicial power and the power of final adjudication. The courts adjudicate independently, subject only to the law and free from any interference. ^[11]

The judges of the Macao Special Administrative Region shall conduct trials in accordance with law and shall not follow any orders or instructions, except as provided for in Article 19 of the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Judges shall not be held accountable by law for their performance of judicial duties. The procuratorates of the Special Administrative Region independently exercise procuratorial functions entrusted to them by law and are not subject to any interference.

The three-tier system of courts established in the Macao Special Administrative Region in accordance with the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and the Outline Law on Judicial Organization came into full operation immediately after the establishment of the region. After the establishment of the Macao Special Administrative Region, a primary court consisting of a court of first instance and an administrative court shall be established to exercise the judicial power conferred by the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.

On June 10, 2022, the Executive Council of the Macao Special Administrative Region Government completed the discussion of the draft Administrative Regulation Amending Administrative Regulation No. 28/2001 (MEDALS, MEDALS and Awards). The administrative regulations shall take effect the day after their promulgation. ^[39]

Regional flag and emblem

Regional flag

Flag of the Macao Special Administrative Region For the five-star lotus green flag. The regional flag of the Macao Special Administrative Region is a green flag with five stars, lotus flowers, Bridges and sea water. The ratio of length to width is 3:2. The five stars are arranged in an arc, symbolizing the unity of the country, symbolizing the resumption of the exercise of sovereignty by the People's Republic of China over Macao, which is an inalienable part of the motherland; The budding lotus is the favorite flower species of Macao residents, which is known as "Lotus Island" in ancient times and "Lotus Land" in old times. Lotus stem ", "Lotus peak Mountain" related, but also implied Macao's future prosperity and development; The three petals indicate that Macau is composed of the Macau Peninsula and the two affiliated islands of Taipa and Coloane; The bridge and sea water reflect the characteristics of Macao's natural environment. The background color symbolizes peace and tranquility, implying that Macau is surrounded by China's territorial waters. ^[66]

Flag of the Macao Special Administrative Region

Regional emblem

Emblem of the Macao Special Administrative Region There are five stars, lotus flowers, Bridges, sea water patterns, with green as the background color. In the middle of the regional emblem are five stars, lotus flower, bridge and sea water, surrounded by Chinese characters "Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China", under which is the Portuguese name "MACAU". The meaning of the regional emblem is the same as the regional flag of the Macao Special Administrative Region. ^[67]

Emblem of the Macao Special Administrative Region

Offices in Australia

Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macao SAR ^[75]

Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region ^[76]

Chinese People's Liberation Army Garrison in Macao ^[77]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

Key economic indicators of Macao in 2021

Macao SAR has the highest per capita GDP of any city in China. Mainly by Secondary industry and Tertiary industry Main. The Macao Special Administrative Region is one of the two free ports of international trade in China, with free access to goods, capital, foreign exchange and personnel. It is also one of the regions with the lowest tax rates in the region. It has the status of a separate customs territory, and has close international economic ties, and traditional and special relations with the European Union and Portuguese-speaking countries.

In 2021, the economy of the Macao Special Administrative Region improved from that of 2020, with the annual gross domestic product (GDP) recording 239.41 billion patacas, an increase of 18.0% in real terms. While the export of gaming services increased by 45.0%, the export of services increased by 62.1% year-on-year in real terms; Private consumption expenditure rose by 7.0% year-on-year in real terms; Government final consumption expenditure rose 0.1% in real terms. Exports of goods rose by 91.0% in real terms. Fixed capital formation fell 1.8% year-on-year in real terms; Imports of goods rose by 56.5% in real terms. Services imports rose 13.5 per cent year-on-year in real terms.

In 2021, local economic activities of Macao Special Administrative Region residents have basically recovered, with private consumption rising by 7.0%, with domestic final consumption expenditure rising by 8.4% year-on-year, while overseas final consumption expenditure falling by 0.1%. Government final consumption expenditure rose 0.1%; Employees' compensation increased by 1.2%, while the net value of goods and services purchased decreased by 1.1%. Gross fixed capital formation fell 1.8% year-on-year. A decrease in new residential projects and a decline in casino investment led to a 6.0% decline in private investment, with construction investment falling 11.8% and equipment investment rising 16.3%. Government investment, on the other hand, rose 12.1% year-on-year, with construction investment rising 15.7% and equipment investment falling 5.8%. ^[2]

Table of the gross Domestic Product of the Macao Special Administrative Region
category	time
A given year	The year 2018	2019	The year 2020	The year 2021
Gross domestic product	440316	434670	194398	239406
Growth rate (%)	4.7	4.7	56.3	18.0
Gross Domestic Product per capita (Patacas - current prices)	565301	554619	285314	350445
Note: Unit: millions of patacas. ^[8]

Manufacturing industry

The Macao Special Administrative Region's manufacturing industry is dominated by the textile and garment industry, which is labor-intensive and export-oriented, and most of its products are sold to the United States and Europe. The manufacturing industry in Macao has a long history, and in the early days, it mainly focused on firecrackers and incense. The textile and garment industry, the main manufacturing industry in Macao, began in the 1960s and entered the golden period in the 1970s and 1980s. In addition to the textile and garment industry, toys, electronics and rayon flowers also flourished. In the 1990s, Macao was affected by economic weakness in its two major export markets in Europe and the United States, rising local wages, and competition on product prices from newly industrialized countries, and the pace of manufacturing development slowed down significantly.

With the transformation of the global manufacturing supply chain and the differences in production costs within the region, Macao's economic development has been transitioning to the service industry since the 1990s. Total exports in 2021 rose 19.9% year on year to 12.96 billion patacas. In terms of imports of goods, the total value of imports increased by 66.2% year-on-year to MOP153.88 billion. ^[2]

In 2021, CEPA exports of goods totaled 100 million patacas, an increase of 32.6%. Tax exemption was 5.557 million patacas, up 36.1% year on year. ^[2] Over the past 18 years, the total value of goods imported into the Mainland under CEPA zero-tariff concessions amounted to $1.23 billion, with a total duty reduction of $81.62 million. ^[52]

Retail business

In 2021, the total retail sales in the Macao Special Administrative Region will reach MAC$73.96 billion, up 63.5% year-on-year; Among them, communication equipment rose 128.8% to 3.45 billion patacas; Watches and jewellery rose 126.6% to 16.48 billion patacas; Leather goods rose 111.0% to 13.44 billion patacas; Department stores rose 81.8% to 12.04 billion patacas; Chinese food sales rose 78.8% to patacas 570 million; Adult apparel fell 45.0% to 6.08 billion patacas; Supermarkets fell 2.0% to 5.04 billion patacas. ^[2]

Gambling industry

Of the Macao Special Administrative Region Gambling industry Has a significant impact on its economy, and Monte Carlo , Las Vegas It is also known as the world's three major gambling cities, and in 1847 Macau has legalized gambling laws. Gambling monopoly, established by the government. In February 1961, the Portuguese Overseas Department issued a decree granting Macau the right to use gambling as a "special form of entertainment".

In 2021, the economy of the Macao Special Administrative Region gradually recovered, and the annual gaming revenue was about 87.56 billion yuan, an increase of 43% over the same period in 2020, of which the gross revenue of Lucky gaming was about 86.86 billion yuan. ^[2]

The main types of gambling permitted to operate legally in the Macao Special Administrative Region are: lucky betting, interactive betting, mutual betting and lotteries. The classification of various gambling is mainly defined by the Legal System of Casino Lucky Gambling Operation. Lucky gaming is the most important component of the Macao Special Administrative Region's gaming industry, with the gross revenue of Lucky gaming accounting for 99.2% of the total gross revenue of the gaming industry in 2021. A total of six Lucky gaming assignee companies have been granted the right to operate casino lucky gaming as independent legal persons in the Macao Special Administrative Region. ^[54]

Conference and exhibition industry

In 2021, the Macao Special Administrative Region will host a total of 449 exhibitions. Among them, 386 conference activities, an increase of 41, the participants increased by 9.0% to 43,000 people, the average duration of one day, the same as last year; There were 55 exhibition activities, an increase of 21 items year-on-year, and the number of visitors increased by 55.0% to 1.356 million people. The average exhibition period was 3.1 days, a decrease of 0.3 days year-on-year; There were 8 reward activities, 6 more than the previous year, and the participants increased by 308.6% to 2,468 people, with an average duration of 2.9 days, an increase of 1.4 days. ^[2]

tourism

In 2021, the total number of inbound visitors to the Macao Special Administrative Region will reach 7.706 million, up 30.7 percent year-on-year. The number of visitors from Hong Kong decreased by 30.1% to 589,000, accounting for 7.6% of the total number of visitors.

The total consumption of tourists in the Macao Special Administrative Region in 2021 will reach 24.45 billion patacas, up 104.8% year on year. The per capita consumption of tourists was 3,173 patacas, an increase of 56.7% year-on-year.

In 2021, the Macao Special Administrative Region will have 81 hotels in operation, an increase of 1 over the previous year, providing 38,000 rooms, an increase of 3,587; Among them, there are 34 five-star hotels, with an increase of 1, providing a total of 25,000 rooms, an increase of 13.1%. In 2021, the hotel occupancy rate was 50.4%, up 22.0 percentage points from the previous year, and the number of guests was 6.49 million, up 71.6% from the previous year. ^[2] ^[55]

On February 12, 2024, Macau received 217,000 arrivals, the highest number of arrivals in a single day since 2023 and the second highest number since single-day statistics became available. ^[83]

Banking industry

1. The banking system

The financial institutions of the Macao Special Administrative Region include banks, insurance companies, finance companies, financial leasing companies, financial intermediary companies, exchange shops, cash Courier companies, non-bank credit institutions and representative offices of overseas financial institutions.

As of December 31, 2021, The financial institutions permitted to operate in the Macao Special Administrative Region are 33 banks (including 1 Postal Savings Bureau owned by the SAR Government), 25 insurance companies, 2 pension fund management companies, 1 foreign reinsurance agent office, 1 finance company, 2 financial leasing companies, 2 financial intermediary companies, 11 exchange shops, 6 exchange counters and 3 Cash Courier company, 1 non-bank credit institution, 2 payment service agencies, 1 financial asset trading company and 1 representative office of foreign financial institutions. ^[54]

In 2021, the financial industry jumped to become the second largest industry, accounting for the proportion of the total value added of the overall industry, expanding by 8.5 percentage points from 6.9% in 2019 to 15.4% in 2021. ^[47]

In 2021, the 32 established banks in the Macao Special Administrative Region will have total assets of RMB2,679.8 billion, total deposits of RMB1,286.5 billion and total loans of Rmb1,303.4 billion, with a loan-to-deposit ratio of 101.3%. ^[54] Banking earnings were MOP16.42bn, down 3.2 per cent from a year earlier. Total deposits rose 2.1% to 1,286.46 billion patacas, while total loans rose 11.1% to 1,303.41 billion patacas. Non-performing loans were 9.45 billion patacas, up 107.7 per cent year on year. During the period, newly approved residential mortgage loans amounted to 36.22 billion patacas, down 21.4% year-on-year; Newly approved commercial property loans amounted to 67.67 billion patacas, up 78.0% year on year; Newly approved loans to small and medium-sized enterprises amounted to 31.45 billion patacas, up 34.2% year on year. In terms of RMB business, RMB deposits totaled 79.72 billion yuan, up 20.3% year on year. The RMB settlement of cross-border trade totaled 52.40 billion yuan, up 35.1% year on year. ^[2]

In 2021, Macao SAR's gross premium income increased by 23.7% to 35.89 billion patacas, and gross compensation increased by 56.9% to 20.05 billion patacas. ^[2]

2. Currency

Subject article: Pataca (MOP)

The official monetary unit of Macao SAR is the PATACA (PATACA). Banknotes are available in denominations of $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 and $1000; The coins come in six types: 1, 2, 5, 1, 2 and 5 yuan. Two note-issuing banks: Bank of the Atlantic and Bank of China . The Macao Special Administrative Region does not have any exchange controls. Charges for goods sold and services provided in Macau are calculated in Macau dollars, but may also be used Hong Kong dollar Or other currency in circulation. Up to now, the Macao dollar is still called "Portuguese currency" by some locals.

Since September 2002, the Bank of China's branches in some major cities in Guangdong Province have started the business of deposit, inward remittance and exchange of patacas. Macao adopts a currency board system, and the issuance of patacas must be backed by 100 percent of foreign exchange reserves. The issuing agent bank is required to deliver to the Monetary Authority of Macao the equivalent amount of Hong Kong dollars at a fixed rate of 1 MOP 1.03 in exchange for the Certificate of non-interest bearing Liability U.S. dollar Pegged, the exchange rate is about 8 patacas to 1 US dollar. ^[54]

pataca

Insurance industry

By the end of 2021, there are 25 insurance companies licensed to operate in the Macao Special Administrative Region, of which 12 are engaged in life insurance business and 13 are engaged in general insurance business. In terms of the source of insurance companies, 11 were locally established companies and the remaining 14 were overseas subsidiaries. In addition, there are two fund management companies authorized to engage in pension fund management business in Macau, and one reinsurance company with its head office in another country (agency office).

By the end of 2021, a total of 728 people are employed in the insurance industry in the Macao Special Administrative Region, and there are 8,385 licensed insurance intermediaries, of which 6,510 are individual agents, 1,786 are salesmen, 78 are corporate agents and 11 are insurance brokers.

The premium income of the Macao SAR insurance industry in 2021 will be $35.9 billion, up 23.7% from 2020. The premium income of life insurance accounts for about 92% of the total premium income of the market, with the remaining 8% coming from general insurance. Life insurance premium income rose 25.8% year-on-year to reach 33 billion yuan. General insurance premium income rose 3.7 per cent to $2.9 billion. ^[54]

Real estate industry

In 2021, a total of 1,303 residential units will be approved for commencement and 2,393 residential units will be approved for use in the Macao Special Administrative Region, of which 1,282 are located in Coloane. ^[54]

In 2021, the number of units sold and sold in the Macao Special Administrative Region decreased by 2.2% to 8,802 and the total transaction value decreased by 2.6% to 49.77 billion patacas, of which the number of residential units sold and sold fell by 7.4% to 6,001 and their transaction value decreased by 5.0% to 40.08 billion patacas. ^[2]

Military affairs

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EDITOR

In 1623, Portugal sent its first troops to Macau. In 1974, after the April 25 Revolution in Portugal, the new Portuguese government renounced colonialism and recognized Macau as a territory of China. By the end of 1975, all Portuguese troops in Macau had withdrawn. ^{12 - [13]}

After the withdrawal of Portuguese troops, on the basis of the former Portuguese military headquarters in Macao, the Macao Security Force was established to be responsible for both the defense of Macao and the maintenance of social order, and the Portuguese military officers on active duty were responsible for the formation of the upper echelons and branches of the security force. ^[12] ^[14]

Chinese People's Liberation Army Garrison in Macao (hereinafter referred to as the "Macao Garrison") has been stationed in Macao since 20 December 1999, the day of the establishment of the Macao Special Administrative Region. According to the Garrison Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Under the principle of non-interference in the local affairs of the Macao SAR, the Macao Garrison shall be responsible for defence work, and the SAR government may, when necessary, request the Central People's Government to assist the Macao Garrison in maintaining public order and disaster relief. ^[72]

Chinese People's Liberation Army Garrison in Macao

Social undertaking

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EDITOR

Educational cause

Not in higher education

Various subsidy and subsidy schemes

The Macao Special Administrative Region is the first in Greater China to offer 15 years of free education In 2006, after the promulgation and implementation of the Macao Non-Higher Education System Outline Law, non-higher education is divided into Formal education And continuing education two types. Formal education includes Early childhood education , Primary education , Secondary education and Special education ; Continuing education includes Family education , Return education , Community education , Vocational training And other educational activities. Vocational and technical education It is only offered at the high school level and can be implemented in both formal and return education. The school system of the Macao Special Administrative Region consists of public schools and private schools, and the free education school system consists of public schools and private schools that receive subsidies and provide free education.

Private schools in the Macao Special Administrative Region are divided into two categories: local and non-local. In the 2021/2022 academic year, there are 77 schools in MSAR, including 10 public schools and 67 private schools. Of the 67 private schools, 64 operated formal education schools and 3 operated only return education schools; Of the 74 schools offering formal education (including 10 public schools and 64 private schools), 69 are in the free education system, 4 are in the non-free education system and 1 is in the non-local school system. Of the 112 schools in the formal education system, 107 are in the free education school system, with a coverage rate of 95.5%.

In the academic year 2021/2022, the total number of non-higher education students in MSAR is 85,783, of which 84,771 are receiving formal education, including 18,109 (21.1%) in early childhood education. 36,791 (42.9%) in primary education; 28,186 (32.8%) were in secondary education, 775 (0.9%) in vocational and technical education, and 910 (1.1%) in special education (excluding integrated education). The number of students returning to education was 1012, including 61 in primary education (0.1%); Secondary education was 674 (0.8%) and vocational and technical education 277 (0.3%). The total number of teaching staff in non-higher education fields in the academic year 2021/2022 is 7,615, an increase of 0.7% over the 2020/2021 academic year. ^[58]

Higher education

The oldest Western-style institution in Macau was St. Paul's College, founded by the Jesuits in 1594, which was burned down in 1835. ^[35] Modern higher education in Macao has been developing for more than 40 years. In the early days, due to the small number of institutions of higher learning, the courses and academic areas offered were relatively simple. However, with the increasing number of institutions and the demand for different professional knowledge, the types of courses have become more diversified. In 1981, it was the first modern higher education institution in Macao University of East Asia Established; On March 31, 2000, Return of Macao Later, he founded a new university entirely owned by the Chinese Macau University of Science and Technology Set up ^[37] ; On July 20, 2013, University of Macau Located in Guangdong Province Zhuhai City Xiangzhou District Hengqin Island The new campus was handed over to the Macao SAR Government.

There are 10 institutions of higher learning in the Macao Special Administrative Region, including 4 public institutions and 6 private institutions. In the academic year 2021/2022, there were 2,784 teaching staff, 43,964 students enrolled in higher education programmes, and 338 higher education programmes in operation, including doctoral, master's, bachelor's, post-degree and higher education diploma (including Associate degree diploma) programmes. Overseas higher education institutions are approved to offer 15 higher education programmes in the Macao Special Administrative Region in 2021. ^[58]

University of Macau

Macau University of Science and Technology

Macao Polytechnic University

City University of Macau

Macau Institute of Tourism

Universities and colleges in Macao
category	School name
Public institutions of higher learning	University of Macau	Macao Polytechnic University	Macau University of Tourism ^[84]
Public institutions of higher learning	Macau Security Forces Higher School	-	-
Private institutions of higher learning	Macau University of Science and Technology	City University of Macau	Macau Jinghu Nursing College
Private institutions of higher learning	Macau Institute of Management	University of St. Joseph	Midwest Institute of Innovation

Cultural undertaking

In August 1990, the Macao Special Administrative Region promulgated the Publication Law, which regulates the freedom of publication and the exercise of the right to information, as well as the activities of newspapers and periodicals, editors and printers, and news and communications enterprises ^[15] . In 2016, 12 new publications were registered with the Information Bureau, including weekly, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, monthly, bimonthly and quarterly.

Radio and television

Electronic media outlets in the Macao Special Administrative Region include 1 television station ( Macau Radio and Television Co., LTD ), 2 radio stations ( Radio Macau , Luk tsuen radio ), 1 cable TV station ( Macau Cable Television Corporation Limited ) and three Macau-based companies providing satellite television broadcasting services (Macau Satellite TV Co., LTD., Macau Asia Satellite TV Co., LTD., Macau Lotus Satellite TV Media Co., LTD.). ^[60]

Newspaper publication

The newspaper industry in the Macao Special Administrative Region has a history of more than 100 years. From 1839 to 1840 Lin Zexu During the period of the ban on smoking in Guangdong, he ordered an excerpt from the English "Macao Monthly" to be published in Guangzhou. Macau newsprint "For the reference of administration; On July 18, 1893, Sun Yat-sen In cooperation with the Portuguese native of Macao Fei Nan Di and others, he founded the "Chinese and Portuguese" Mirror Sea report "; On February 22, 1897, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao founded the book Zhixin Pao "; Xinhai Revolution Since then, the Chinese-language press in Macao has developed vigorously, and many newspapers such as Macao Times, Haomirror Evening News, Macao Bulletin and Haomirror Daily have been launched.

Macao Special Administrative Region Chinese daily newspaper Macao Daily News "" Overseas Chinese Daily "And" Popular daily "And other 17, with a total print run of more than 200,000 copies; The main Chinese weekly newspapers are "News" and "News". Pulse of Macau "And" Macau Entertainment News ", etc.

Macao Special Administrative Region Portuguese daily newspaper has "Full Stop", Macao Tribune Daily "And" Macau Today "; The Portuguese weekly newspapers are Clarin and the Macao Platform, which is published in both Chinese and Portuguese.

Macao Special Administrative Region English daily newspaper Macau Post Macau Daily Times and MacauBusinessDaily. ^[60]

Media based in Australia

Xinhua News Agency The Portuguese Press Agency has a branch office or representative office in the Macao Special Administrative Region; People's Daily and China News Service Has a branch office in Australia; China Central Television , China National Radio , China Radio International , China Radio and Television, Shanghai Wen Wei Po, Letter financial News , Asia New News Agency, Radio Television Hong Kong , Hong Kong Wen Wei Po Other media organizations have correspondents stationed in the Macao Special Administrative Region. ^[60]

Cultural venue

In 1982, the Macao Cultural Institute was established to assist the authorities in formulating and implementing cultural policies. Macao has 14 public libraries, 6 museums, 9 exhibition halls and 18 sports venues. The largest library in Macao is the public library, and the Nanwan Reading Room is a larger Chinese library. The museums of Macao are the largest in the preservation and collection of cultural relics and materials of the Macao Special Administrative Region Macao Museum It opened in 1998.

Cultural exchange

Large international Awake lion The "MGM Grand Lions Competition - Macau International Invitational Tournament 2011" closed in Macau on August 22, 2011. ^[30] In November 2013, Guangdong Provincial CPPCC 10th "Four Continents Cup" Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Cantonese music The final of the singing competition was held at Macau Wing Lok Theatre. In June 2019, Macao large-scale original Cantonese opera " Soul of Mirror Sea "Appeared at the 30th Macau Art Festival, followed by the Guangzhou Art Festival. ^[29]

Sports cause

In 2005, The 4th East Asian Games Held in the Macao Special Administrative Region. In 2006, The first Portuguese Games Held in the Macao Special Administrative Region. In 2007, The 2nd Asian Indoor Games Held in the Macao Special Administrative Region.

Major sporting events in the Macao Special Administrative Region include the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Regatta & Macau International Regatta, WTT Macau International Table Tennis Tournament, Macao Art Festival , Macau International Dragon Boat Race, Macau World Women's Volleyball Grand Prix, Wushu Elite Games, Macau Open Golf Tournament , Macau Grand Prix And Macau International Marathon and so on.

In 2025, the 15th National Games will be held in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, which is the first time that the National Games will be jointly held by Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. ^[86]

Medical and health care

According to the Statistics and Census Bureau in 2021, there are 2.6 doctors and 3.8 nurses and 2.5 inpatient beds for every 1,000 people in the Macao Special Administrative Region. The death rate in 2021 is 3.4 per thousand and the infant mortality rate is 1.8 per thousand. The average life expectancy at birth (2018-2021) is 81.3 years for men and 87.1 years for women, a world-leading level.

According to the tenth Edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), cancer is the number one urban killer disease in Macao SAR, followed by circulatory diseases and respiratory diseases. Statistics for 2021 show that the proportion of deaths from these three diseases in the annual population is 38.1%, 23.9% and 14.2%, respectively. There are 8 health centres and 3 health posts in Macau.

Since 2009, the SAR Government has introduced the Medical Subsidy Scheme, which provides medical vouchers to every permanent resident of the Macao Special Administrative Region every year. In 2018, the SAR Government introduced electronic medical vouchers. ^[59]

Communication network

By the end of 2021, there will be 99,474 fixed-line telephone lines across Australia. There are a total of 515 public telephones installed in streets and public places on the Macau Peninsula and two outlying islands. These public phones can be used for direct international calls. The Macao Special Administrative Region can make direct international calls to 246 countries and regions.

By the end of 2021, there are four mobile telecommunications network operators in the Macao Special Administrative Region, namely Macau Telecom Limited, China Telecom (Macau) Limited, Hutchison Telephone (Macau) Limited and Digitcom Mobile (Macau) Limited, all of which provide 3G and 4G mobile telecommunications services. With the continuous popularization of information and communication technology and the increasing demand of users for mobile data, 4G services have become mainstream. By the end of 2021, there will be 1,274,747 mobile subscribers, with a mobile penetration rate of about 187%.

By the end of 2021, the number of registered customers using broadband in the Macao Special Administrative Region will be 205,524, an increase of 2% over 2020. The number of broadband residential users reached 183,029, accounting for about 90% of the total number of households. ^[60]

Municipal construction

In November 2009, the Central People's Government officially approved the Macao SAR Government's reclamation of about 350 hectares of land. In 2013, the reclamation of Area A of the new city was started.

According to the information of the Land, Works and Transport Bureau of Macao, the Land, Works and Transport Bureau followed up a number of public projects in 2020, with 73 and 76 projects carried out and completed respectively during the year. Among them, 61 projects had a project cost of less than $2.5 million and 12 projects involved more than $2.5 million.

The Zhuhai raw water supply system to the Macao Special Administrative Region consists of two main parts: the South System, which began operation in 1988, and the Zhuyin Water Supply System, which began partial operation in 2007, connected by the Guangchang Pumping Station. Macau has five sewage treatment facilities with a total treatment capacity of 356,000 cubic meters per day.

Macao Electric Power Company Limited (CEM) is a public service provider that distributes, distributes and sells high, medium and low voltage electricity to the Macao Special Administrative Region. Cem also has a total power generation capacity of 408 MW. Macao's transmission network consists of 26 main substations and 8 high-voltage switching stations, as well as 1030 km of 66 kV, 110 kV and 220 kV high-voltage cables.

In 2021, about 19.3 kilometers (about 57%) of the Macao Peninsula natural gas main pipeline network (about 34 kilometers) has been laid. ^[65]

Main water supply plant

Overall layout of Macao's water supply system

Municipal construction

Social security

In November 2008, the Macao SAR Government announced the "Social Security and Pension Security System Reform Plan", and Macao's social security system is divided into mandatory contribution system and voluntary contribution system. ^[16]

In 2021, the SAR Government, through the Social Work Bureau, will continue to provide elderly care grants to Macao permanent residents aged 65 or above, with a payment amount of $9,000 per person in 2021, and 107,579 eligible cases (including 4089 replacement cases in previous years), with a total payment amount of about $968 million. At the same time, disability allowance will continue to be paid to Macao permanent residents who hold the Disability Assessment Registration Certificate. In 2021, the amount of ordinary disability allowance will be $9,000, and the special disability allowance will be $18,000. A total of 16,222 cases (including 991 cases in previous years) eligible for the above disability allowance will be paid, involving more than $196 million.

In 2021, the Macao Special Administrative Region has 64 nurseries, of which 41 are regularly subsidized by the Social Work Bureau. By December 2021, the total number of childcare places in Australia will be 9,643.

In 2021, there are 24 Rches providing residential care services for the frail elderly in the Macao Special Administrative Region, 14 of which are regularly subvented by the Social Work Bureau, providing a total of about 2,510 places. ^[59]

Social security

The Macao Special Administrative Region has a stable public order and a crime rate lower than that of many other cities in the world. The Macao Branch of the Interpol China National Central Bureau is located in the region. The Macao Police Headquarters, which is responsible for directing and directing the enforcement operations of the Security Police and Judicial Police, was formed after the formation of the SAR Government and is part of the internal security system of the SAR, which was put into operation in October 2001. The Macao Special Police Force was officially established in 1979 and has 688 members.

The Macao Judicial Police Department is a police department dedicated to crime prevention and investigation, and assists the judicial authorities and other departments of the SAR government in criminal investigations.

Macau Security Forces by Macau Security Forces Bureau Macau Public Security Police, Macau Fire Department and Macau Security Force Higher Education Institute. By the end of 2021, there will be 6,616 customs officers and 1,010 civilian and other personnel working in the Macao Security Forces, for a total of 7,626.

The organizational structure of the Macao SAR Customs includes the leadership, the Operations Management Office, the Port Supervision Office, the Intellectual Property Office, the Maritime Supervision Office, the Information and Communications Office, the Administrative and Financial Department, and the Internal Review Office. The Macao SAR Customs and Excise Department was officially put into operation on 1 November 2001, and the inauguration ceremony and the opening ceremony of the Customs Building were held on 6 November 2001. November 6 every year is the anniversary of the establishment of the Customs.

The Maritime Supervision Department of Macao Customs is responsible for the patrol of Macao's customary waters, through the cooperation with Guangdong Provincial Public Security Frontier Corps Cooperation and liaison with the Guangdong Coast Guard Corps to combat smuggling and smuggling activities. At present, the Customs fleet has 20 patrol vessels, 41 patrol speedboats and 3 water motorcycles. ^[56]

transportation

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EDITOR

highroad

On December 16, 2016, the Macao Special Administrative Region Government and the Zhuhai Municipal People's Government of Guangdong Province announced that the new policy for the entry and exit of Macao single-plate motor vehicles in Hengqin, Zhuhai was officially implemented on December 20, 2016, and the first batch of Macao motor vehicles that meet the eligibility for application and pass the examination and registration can enter Hengqin. The Macao SAR Government and the Zhuhai Municipal People's Government of Guangdong Province have simultaneously promulgated the Interim Measures for the Administration of the Entry and Exit of Motor Vehicles in Hengqin of Macao and the Detailed Rules for the Administration of the Entry and Exit of Motor Vehicles in Hengqin of Macao. ^[17]

The total length of roads in the Macao Special Administrative Region is 344.3 kilometers, 190.0 kilometers on the Macau Peninsula, 89.5 kilometers on Taipa Island and the reclaimed area of Taipa and Coloane Island, 44.4 kilometers on Coloane Island, 1.9 kilometers on the New City Area A and the bridge connecting the New City Area A, 8.7 kilometers on the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial Island Macao Port Administration Area. In addition, the University of Macau (including the special tunnel under the river) is 4.6 kilometers, and the Hengqin Port Australian port area and related extension areas are 1.5 kilometers.

The Macau Peninsula is connected to the islands of Taipa and Coloane by four Bridges and reclaimed land. The Governor Kalobe Bridge (commonly known as the Cotai Bridge) opened in October 1974 and is 2.5 km long. The Friendship Bridge is 4.4 km long and was completed in April 1994. The 2.1-kilometer-long Sai Wan Bridge was completed in December 2004 and opened to traffic in January 2005. In addition, the Lotus Bridge, which was completed in December 1999 and officially opened to traffic in March 2000, is 0.8 km long, connecting the Cotai reclamation area and Hengqin Island in Zhuhai City, and connecting with the Guangzhou-Zhuhai Expressway, which is the second land route connecting Macao and neighboring cities. In March 2024, the SAR government officially named the fourth Macao Taipa Cross-Sea Bridge as "Macao Bridge". ^[87] .

The total length of traffic roads in the Macao Special Administrative Region is 462.5 kilometers, of which 203.6 kilometers are on the Macao Peninsula, 147.6 kilometers are on Taipa Island and the Taipa Reclamation area, 68.7 kilometers are on Coloane Island, 5 kilometers are on the Governor Kalobe Bridge, 10.2 kilometers are on the Friendship Bridge, 4.2 kilometers are on the Xiwan Bridge, 1.6 kilometers are on the Lotus Bridge. The New City Area A and the bridge connecting the New City Area A is 3.7 kilometers, and the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Zhuhai-Macao Port artificial island Macao Port Management area is 17.9 kilometers. In addition, the road length of the University of Macau (including the special tunnel under the river) is 14.0 kilometers, and the Australian port area and related extension area of Hengqin Port are 3.0 kilometers.

By the end of 2021, the number of vehicles operating in the Macao Special Administrative Region was 247,603. Of these, 127,197 were motorcycles (motorcycles), 113,344 were light private cars, and 7062 were heavy vehicles. A total of 12,489 vehicles were newly registered in the year, an increase of 0.88% over 2020. The vehicles registered were mainly motor bikes and light vehicles, 6812 and 5454 respectively. ^[61]

Sea transport

The Macao Special Administrative Region has maritime terminals such as Outer Port, Inner Port, Taipa Temporary Passenger Terminal, Jiu-ao Port, Jiu-ao Container Terminal and Jiu-ao Oil Depot.

In 2021, the Macao Special Administrative Region will receive 200,924 passengers by sea, down 53.0% from 2020. Among them, there were 42,782 inbound passengers through the outer port terminals. The number of inbound passengers through the inner harbour terminal was 46,919. The number of inbound passengers through Taipa Ferry Terminal was 111,223.

In terms of container transport, a total of 85,089 containers were actually transported by sea in 2021, with a total sea container throughput of 124,075 20-foot standard container units (TEUs), up 2.12% and 2.2% respectively from 2020. ^[61]

aviation

Subject article: Macau International Airport

Macau International Airport is located at the eastern end of Taipa Island and its adjacent waters. The passenger terminal building was built on the blasted flat land of Chicken Neck Hill, while the apron was built on reclaimed land.

As of December 31, 2021, there are three airlines registered and providing flight services in the Macao Special Administrative Region, namely Air Macau Limited, Asia Pacific Airlines Limited and International Business Airlines (Macau) Limited.

A total of 1,147,015 passengers used Macau International Airport in 2021, down 2.2% from 2020, and cargo volume was 48,595 tonnes, up 45.7%. Aircraft movements were 15,791, a decrease of 6.9%. The number of private and business charter flights decreased by 68.8% from 453 in 2020 to 141 in 2021. ^[61]

Major airlines of Macau

Number of pilots licensed by the Civil Aviation Authority

Public transport

Macao Special Administrative Region transport system is relatively complete. The Macau Peninsula and outlying islands have a good road network and a full range of public transport, with bus, taxi and taxi services for residents and tourists. ^[61]

Public bus services in the Macao Special Administrative Region are operated by two bus companies, namely Macau New Welfare Bus Company Limited and Macau Bus Company Limited.

By the end of 2021, a total of 967 buses will be in service in the Macao Special Administrative Region, including 166 minibuses, 163 minibuses and 638 buses, covering 86 bus routes. The total number of passengers carried in 2021 will be 19,3238,315, an increase of 16.11% compared with 2020; The total number of kilometres travelled was 50.8 million km, an increase of 12.01% over 2020. ^[61]

taxi

By the end of 2021, the Macao Special Administrative Region has 1,407 black taxis and 300 special taxis. A total of 23,160 people held valid professional work certificates for taxi drivers. ^[61]

rail traffic

Subject article: Macau light rail

Macao Light Rail Taipa Line construction project broke ground on February 26, 2012, and Macao Light Rail Taipa Line was officially put into operation on December 10, 2019. With a total length of 9.3 kilometers, it has 11 stations, covering the main residential areas, old urban areas and tourist areas of Taipa City center, and connects with three important sea, land and air ports of the Macao Special Administrative Region. ^[71]

History and culture

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EDITOR

Due to the unique geographical location and historical background of the Macao Special Administrative Region, the culture of Macao has deep traditional connotations Chinese culture Yoyi Portugal The concurrent culture of Western culture with culture as its characteristic is a kind of parallel culture Chinese culture Lord, inherit Lingnan culture Continue with Hakka culture , compatible Portugal A culture of communion with diverse colors. ^[64] ^[79]

Origin of name

Macao Special Administrative Region formerly known as "Oyster Mirror", later "oyster" refinement For "Hao", then called "Hao mirror". "Oyster" is derived from the abundance of oysters (oysters) on the beach; The "mirror" is the reason why the peninsula bay is flat like a mirror. Early Qing Dynasty The south of the Lingnan region Scholar Qu Dajun In his book Cantonese new language He said, "The mirror of dreams... 120 miles southeast of Xiangshan, there are two bays in the north and south, which are surrounded by sea water." ^[38]

The English name of the Macao Special Administrative Region derives from Goddess Matsu . " Macau Chronicle "In retrospect Mazu Pavilion When the history pointed out: "Set up temple temple day Concubine, the name of the ground said Niangma corner. Mother, Min language day Concubine also ". Fishermen in Macau said Goddess Matsu It is "Amah", that is, "mother Angle" is "Amah Angle". Portugal It was in Niang Ma Kok that the people landed, and they called it Amaqua or Amacuao according to the fishermen, which was simplified to maquao, and then simplified to Macau, English writing Macao. The name Macau first appeared in Portuguese letters in 1555. With the expansion of the Portuguese in Macau, Macau changed from the place name of the corner of Macau to the full name of Macau. ^[38] ^[64]

In the frequent social and economic exchanges, simple and easy to remember, the image of the most easy to spread, Macao was quickly widely accepted, the name of the mirror is hidden in the dust of history. ^[38]

Macau

Language and literature

Language

The official language of the Macao Special Administrative Region is Chinese and Portuguese . In 2001, the Cantonese dialect of Chinese ( Cantonese (85.7% of the residents spoke the daily language, 4% were Hokkien dialects, 3.2% were Mandarin, and 2.7% were other Chinese dialects. Use Portuguese 0.6% of the population; Rest of the population English (1.5%), Tagalog (1.3%) and other languages.

Macanese (Macanese, Portuguese It is called Patua by Portuguese , Malay , Cantonese , English , Old Portuguese And a little Dutch , Spanish and Italian It's a mixture Macanese dialect It used to be Macau Native Portuguese The common language is almost extinct. The last native Portuguese writer in Macau to write in the native language of Macau was Joseph Santos Felilla.

Cultural activity

literature

Macao literature can be traced back to 1590, the 18th year of Wanli. Ming Dynasty to write" Peony Pavilion The famous dramatist Tang Xianzu After being banished to Guangdong, he made a special detour to Macau the following year and wrote his novel impression of Macau into five poems entitled "Meeting Jiahu in Fragrant Hills". Later, he also wrote "ghosts" (foreign merchants) and "ministers" (translators) into the legend" Peony Pavilion ".

Return of Macao H, U Wen Yiduo The poem Song of the Seven Sons · Macau The adapted song has touched countless people. Song of the Seven Sons consists of seven poems "Macao", "Hong Kong", "Taiwan", "Weihaiwei", "Guangzhou Bay", "Jiulong Island" and "Lushun · Dalian", according to Wen Yiduo in 1925 Liang Shiqiu The letters of this group are known poesy It took place one night in March. In May of that year, Wen Yiduo boarded a ship to return to China. In June, Wen Yiduo arrived in Shanghai, ending his three-year study in the United States, and realizing the phrase "Mother, I want to come back, mother," which he repeatedly intoned at the end of each chapter of the Song of the Seven Sons. ^[40]

Food culture

Macao Special Administrative Region catering staple Guangdong Cuisine And Portuguese-Australian food. Most residents of the Macao Special Administrative Region migrated from Guangdong Province, so the tradition of Cantonese cuisine has been preserved in Macao, and Western cooking techniques have been integrated to give Cantonese cuisine a special flavor ^[33-34] . In addition, the Portuguese intermarried with the ethnic groups in the above regions and with the local Chinese in MSAR, so that local and local ingredients, dishes and cooking methods were gradually integrated into the traditional Portuguese cuisine in MSAR. Macao's native Portuguese cuisine cooking skills were included in the intangible Cultural Heritage list of Macao in 2012. ^[46]

Special diet: Macao roast pork , Portuguese egg tart ( Portuguese egg tart ), Bacalhiu , Water crab congee , Minzhi, shrimp bisque, Coconut milk jelly Sweet potato cake, Pork chop bun ^[46]

Immune treatment

Macauan golden macauan

Shrimp bisque

Coconut milk jelly

Sweet potato cake

Religious culture

The religions of the Macao Special Administrative Region fully embody the characteristics of the integration of Chinese and Western cultures. In addition to the folk beliefs of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, there are also imported Catholicism, Christianity and Islam, which have a long history. ^[63]

Buddhism

Buddhism Faith plays a very important role in the social life of the Chinese community in the Macao Special Administrative Region. In the minds of many residents of the Macao Special Administrative Region, Buddhism is a very broad concept, which may also include Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional customs and beliefs of the Chinese people.

There are many Buddhist organizations in the Macao Special Administrative Region, the main one being the Buddhist Association of Macau, which was established in 1997. The Macao Special Administrative Region has more than 40 temples, dozens of land temples and sacred houses, in large and small temples, to the goddess of Mercy, Tin Hau and Guan Di. After the establishment of the SAR Government, "Buddha's Birthday" on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month was designated as a public holiday every year. ^[63]

Taoism

According to the Records of Xiangshan County In the 3rd century, Taoism It has spread to Panyu and Xiangshan in Guangdong Province. In the Macao Special Administrative Region, many Chinese families still inherit Daoism-related folk sacrificial habits. After hundreds of years of evolution, there are three main Taoist venues in Macao Special Administrative Region: Taoist temple, Zhengzi Huoju Monastery and Daojiao Temple. The main Taoist group is the Macau Taoist Association, founded in 2001.

In 2009, "Macao Daoist Keyi Music" was included in the intangible Cultural Heritage list of Macao by the SAR government, and in 2011, it was announced by The State Council and included in the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. Daoist organizations organize Taoist cultural festivals and Taoist music appreciation events every year, and also participate in the Macau Temple Festival and Cultural Festival. ^[63]

Catholicism

The Catholic Diocese of Macau was established by decree of Pope Gregory XIII on January 23, 1576, becoming the first diocese in the Far East in modern times. When the Diocese of Macau was established, it covered a wide range of areas, including China , Japan , Vietnam and Southeast Asia Coastal islands.

The actual scope of the Diocese of Macau is limited to the city of Macau, with a total of nine parishes. There are 18 large and small churches in the form of independent buildings, and 55 small churches in the buildings of Catholic institutions.

According to the statistics of the Catholic Diocese of Macau, by the end of 2021, the Diocese of Macau had 16,974 members, There are about 15,227 members of the religious community temporarily residing in Macao (including workers and their families from Portugal, English-speaking technicians and their families from other parts of the world, employees and their families from the Philippines, and workers from the Mainland and other parts of Asia), totalling about 32,201. ^[63]

Christianity (Protestantism)

Christianity It was introduced into China a total of four times, respectively in the Tang, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and the last two times were related to Macao, which was called the first place of Gospel in modern Christian history. 1807 - First Christian (Protestant) missionary Robert Morrison He came to Macau from the London Missionary Church and began the history of the fourth Christian visit to China. The Macau Baptist Church was founded in 1904, and the Chidao Church of the Christian Church of China was built in 1906 in Hoi Sha Wan. In 1938, the Anglican Church began its work in Macau. The main Christian denominations in Macau are: Church of Christ in China , Baptists , Episcopal Church , Missionary Church, Missionary meeting, Baptist Missionary meeting, Assembly of God Association, association, preaching, etc. There are nearly 60 churches in Macau, with more than 150 pastors, about 8,000 followers living in Macau, and about 4,400 worshippers regularly attending. ^[63]

Islam

The Islamic Society of Macau was established in 1935 with plans to build a mosque and an Islamic centre, the blueprints of which were approved by the Australian and Portuguese governments. The planned mosque, with an area of about 1,250 square meters, can accommodate 600 worshippers. ^[63]

Cultural heritage

Cantonese opera

During the reign of Qing Xianfeng and Tongzhi, it was found in Macao Cantonese opera Show. In the 1880s, Pearl River Delta The first modern theatre in the region, Qingping Theatre, was opened in Macau, where many famous Cantonese opera performers had performed, and Cantonese opera was once a prosperous scene in Macau. Macau Cantonese opera performance groups mainly include Macau Cantonese Opera Arts Association, Macau Kai Fong Association Cantonese Opera Training Center, Macau Lijin Cantonese Opera Association, Macau Workers Cantonese Opera Troupe, etc. Since 2003, the governments of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao have been planning the application of Cantonese opera as a World Heritage site, and have designated the last Sunday of November every year as "Cantonese Opera Day". ^[29]

Folk custom

" Dancing Drunken Dragon "And" Lion dance It is the traditional culture of the Macao Special Administrative Region, and every year on the second day of the Lunar New Year, the "Drunken Dragon and Lion Awakening Conference" will be held. Drunken dragon dance originated from Shiqi, Zhongshan City, "drunk dragon" and common dragon dance is different, only the dragon head and tail, no dragon body. The martial artist dancing drunk dragon was drunk while dancing, so that he was somewhat drunk and danced uninhibited. " Awake lion Is to open the eyes of a new "lion", the ceremony is very grand. ^{[32] 31 -}

Intangible cultural heritage

By the end of 2021, the Macao Special Administrative Region has included 11 items on the List of Representative Projects of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage, including: Cantonese opera, herbal tea preparation, wood carving and idol carving, Nyin rap, Taoist Keyi music, Fish Walking Drunken Dragon Festival, Mazu and Nezha, indigenous Portuguese cuisine cooking skills, indigenous drama and land and faith customs. ^[57]

Intangible cultural heritage of the Macao Special Administrative Region
category	Magnum opus	Declare the project approval time
UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity	Cantonese opera	2009 Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao joint declaration
National intangible cultural heritage list	Herbal tea preparation	2006 (First batch)
	Cantonese opera	2006 (First batch)
	Wood carving - Statue carving	2008 (Second Batch)
	Nanyin rap	May 2011 (Third batch)
	Macao Daoist ritual music
	Fish drunk dragon Festival
	Mazu of Macao believes in custom	December 2014 (Fourth batch)
	Macau Nezha believes in custom	December 2014 (Fourth batch)
	Native Portuguese cuisine cooking skills	2021 (Batch 5)
	Native language drama
	Land belief in customs
Macao intangible cultural heritage project	Mazu of Macao believes in custom	June 2012
	Macau Nezha believes in custom
	Native Portuguese cuisine cooking skills
	Native language drama

Public holiday

The Executive Order No. 60/2000 of the Macao Government, which came into force on 1 January 2001 (promulgated on 29 September 2000), stipulates that the annual public holidays shall be New Year's Day , International Workers' Day , National Day (National Day, Day after National Day), Remembrance Day , the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, the Establishment Day of the Macao Special Administrative Region, Christmas (the day before Christmas, Christmas Day); Spring Festival (the first to third day of the first lunar month), Qingming Festival , Easter (Good Friday and the day before Jesus' Resurrection), Buddha's Birthday, Dragon Boat Festival , Double Ninth Festival , The Winter Solstice Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival (i.e. the day following the Mid-Autumn Festival) A total of 15 holidays totaling 20 days are public holidays. ^[57]

On September 3, 2015, the Macao SAR Government made it a compulsory holiday.

Scenic spot

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EDITOR

Scenic spot	introduce
Historic districts of Macau	Historic districts of Macau It is a historic district with the Old Town as the core, which is connected by adjacent squares and streets, including 22 buildings and 8 square fronts. In 2005, Historic districts of Macau It is included in the World Cultural Heritage List. ^{18 [19]}
World heritage site	A-ma Temple , Port authority building , In front of Yappa well , Zheng family big house , St. Lorenzo's Church , St. Joseph's Convent and Church , The top of the hill , Hilltop theatre , Hotung Library Building , St. Augustine's Church , Home Affairs Department building , In front of the Council House , Third Street House (Guandi Temple), Mercy Church building , lobby (Cathedral), Lu's big house , Chapel of the Rose , The Archway of Dashanba , Nezha Temple , Ruins of the old city wall , barbette , St. Anthony's Church , The Eastern Foundation , Christian cemetery , East Ocean battery (including East Wangyang Lighthouse and Our Lady of Snow Temple) ^[43]
Museums and exhibition halls	Macao Museum , Macau Maritime Museum , Macau Wine Museum , Macao Museum of Art , Macau Handover Gift Exhibition Hall , Macao Science Museum , Church of the Rose Biological Treasury, St. Joseph's Collection, Catholic Art Museum , Macao Founding Father Memorial Hall , Lin Zexu Memorial Hall in Macao , Macau Fire Museum Etc. ^[42]
ecclesia	The Archway of Dashanba , lobby (Cathedral), The Church of Our Lady of Snow , Bishop's Hill Chapel , Church of St. Francis of Assisi, Coloane , St. Michael's Chapel , The Church of Our Lady of the Model , Church of Our Lady of Huadima , Nine O Seven Bitter Lady Chapel , Morrison Church , St. Anthony's Church , St. Augustine's Church , Chapel of the Rose , Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi, Wangsha , St. Joseph's Convent and Church , St. Lorenzo's Church , Church of Our Lady of Hope ^[41]
temple	A-ma Temple , Guanyin Hall, Lianfeng Temple, Lianxi Temple , Bodhi Monastery , Tam Kung Temple , Guandi Temple ( Third Street House ), Nezha Temple
park	White pigeon Nest Park (Jameez Garden), He Xian Park (Xiangshan Park), Song Yusheng Park , Art garden, Erlong Throat Park , Screw Hill Park , Lulanjo Park , South Bay Garden (Garthlane Gardens), Memorial Sun Yat-sen Municipal Park , Victory garden , Waschgu Da Gama Park, Wangxia Mountain Park, Taipa Municipal Park (Kamo Park), Huacheng Park , Shek Pai Wan Country Park , Lu Huan hilltop Park And Mazu statue, Heisha Reservoir Country Park ^[44]
fort	barbette , Wangha Fort , Garth Bar Battery , East Ocean battery (including Our Lady of Snow Sanctuary and Lighthouse)
Other attractions	Macao Panda House, Macau Tower Exhibition and entertainment center, Macau Fisherman's Wharf , Mazu Cultural Village , Switch off , Golden Lotus Square , Guanyin Lotus Garden , Hua Shi Gu Da Jiama Memorial Statue, Xian Xinghai Memorial bronze statue, Archives of Macau Islamic mosques and cemeteries ^[45]

Some tourist attractions in Macau

External communication

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EDITOR

Central Government of the People's Republic of China To be responsible for the foreign affairs of the Macao Special Administrative Region. After the establishment of the Macao Special Administrative Region, the Central People's Government was established in Macao Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region To handle foreign affairs related to Australia. At the same time, the Central People's Government also authorizes the Macao Special Administrative Region to conduct relevant external affairs on its own in accordance with the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. ^[52]

According to the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China The provisions of Macau are available in economy , trade , finance , shipping , communication , travel , culture , Science and technology , Physical education In the name of "Macao, China", and other appropriate areas, separately maintain and develop relations and conclude and implement relevant agreements with all countries, regions and relevant international organizations in the world. ^[11]

As a non-sovereign entity, the Macao Special Administrative Region has established extensive and close relations with all countries and regions in the world. ^[52]

External relations

Mutual visa exemption

As of April 2022, 144 countries and regions have granted visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to Macao SAR passports. In addition, a total of 14 countries grant visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to the Macao Special Administrative Region.

In addition, the Macao SAR also grants visa-free treatment to nationals of 81 countries and regions. Nationals of these countries and regions with valid passports can generally stay in the Macao SAR for 14 days to 90 days, and some can stay for up to 6 months (such as the United Kingdom). ^[52]

Consular offices in Australia

As of the end of December 2021, the Chinese government has reached agreements with foreign governments to establish consulates in the Macao SAR or their consular territories in the Hong Kong SAR include the Macao SAR or can perform consular duties in the Macao SAR.

Four countries have established consulates general in the Macao SAR: Angola, Mozambique, the Philippines and Portugal.

There are 60 countries where the Consulate General's territory in the HKSAR includes the Macao SAR or where consular duties can be performed.

Nine countries have appointed honorary consuls in the MSAR: Cape Verde, Estonia, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Peru, Tanzania and the United Kingdom. (Note: The Honorary Consulate of Tanzania in Australia has not yet opened.)

There are 18 countries under the territory of the Honorary Consulate in Hong Kong SAR, including the Macao SAR: Cote d 'Ivoire, Cyprus, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iceland, Kenya, Lithuania, Maldives, Morocco, Namibia, Norway, Rwanda, SAN Marino, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sudan and Uruguay. ^[52]

International convention

By 2021, there are 736 multilateral international conventions applicable to Macao. It includes 65 items in foreign affairs, national defense, 15 in civil aviation, 10 in customs, 20 in drug control, 8 in economic and financial affairs, 8 in education, science, technology, culture, and sports, 43 in resources and environmental protection, 6 in health, 19 in human rights, 10 in intellectual property, 16 in international crime, 2 in international trade, 36 in labor, 403 in maritime affairs, and private international law 10 conventions, 4 road traffic conventions, 12 postal and telecommunications conventions, and 49 conventions on the establishment of international organizations.

In 2021, according to Article 138 of the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region, the Legal Affairs Bureau will issue opinions on 26 international treaties or amendments that are appropriate for Macao; The SAR Government has received notification from the Central People's Government of 26 international instruments applicable to the MSAR, of which 16 are multilateral treaties and 10 are UN Security Council resolutions and/or sanctions lists, and 38 international instruments have been published, including 29 multilateral treaties and 9 UN Security Council resolutions. ^[52]

Links with the European Union

Official relations between Macao and the EU are based on a trade and cooperation agreement signed between the two sides in 1992. After its establishment, the Macao Special Administrative Region has maintained good relations with the EU in economic and trade cooperation. The Macao Special Administrative Region has set up the Macao Economic and Trade Office in the EU in Brussels, the headquarters of the EU, to further consolidate the relations between Macao and the EU.

According to the agreement, Macao and the EU can cooperate in various fields such as industry, investment, science and technology, energy, information and training. The two sides set up a mixed committee to meet once a year, alternating between Macau and Brussels, to review the implementation of the agreement and discuss future developments. The Mixed Committee has held 23 meetings to date.

In 2021, the value of Macau's exports to the EU was $190 million, while the value of Macau's imports from the EU was $49.8 billion. Macao SAR passport holders can stay visa-free in the 27 EU member States for 90 days or 3 months.

Mr Edmund Ho, the first and second Chief Executive of the Macao SAR, visited four EU member States, namely Portugal, France, Belgium and Germany, in 2000, 2001 and 2004 respectively. In 2006, Edmund Ho again led a delegation to visit the European Union, Portugal and Belgium. In 2012, Chief Executive Chui Sai On led a delegation to visit the European Union. ^[52]

Links with Portugal

After the establishment of the Macao Special Administrative Region, Macao maintained friendly relations with Portugal. The Macao SAR has established the Macao Economic and Trade Office in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, to further consolidate the relationship between the two countries.

In May 2014, Portuguese President Anaco Silva visited Macao and the two sides signed the Agreement on the Amendment of the Cooperation Program Agreement between the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Portugal, further deepening the bilateral cooperation mechanism and changing the biennial bilateral meeting to an annual one. In 2010, 2016 and 2019, Chief Executive Chui Sai On led delegations to Portugal.

In 2021, the value of Macao's imports from Portugal was 278 million yuan, and the value of its exports to Portugal was 2.06 million yuan. ^[52]

Links with Portuguese-speaking countries

Due to the historical origin, Macao was excluded from the Portugal Have a close connection with Portuguese Other members of the national community also have traditional and special relationships.

Chief Executive of the Macao Special Administrative Region Edmund Ho Hau-wah He led a delegation to visit China in September 2002 and June 2005 Mozambique and Brazil , expand Macau and Portuguese The bilateral ties of the state in the areas of economy, culture and tourism have further consolidated the ties with Macao China and Portuguese The platform role of the state.

On the other hand, by Central Government of the People's Republic of China The Forum on Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and Portuguese-Speaking Countries (Macao), hosted by the Macao Special Administrative Region, was held in mid-October 2003 Macau, China Hold. In addition, to strengthen the relationship between Macau and Portuguese Department of National sports Exchange, held in Macao in October 2006 The first Portuguese Games .

The first and second Chief executives, Edmund Ho Hau Wah, visited Mozambique and Brazil. In 2021, the value of Macao's exports to the Portuguese-speaking countries is 6.38 million yuan, and the value of imports from the Portuguese-speaking countries is 720 million yuan. ^[52]

The connection with the United States

After the return, both the Macao SAR and the United States expressed their desire to promote trade and investment. In 2021, the value of Macao's exports of goods to the United States will be 680 million yuan, while the value of Macao's imports from the United States will be 10.51 billion yuan.

After the liberalization of gambling rights in Macau, three of the companies that have been granted or "sub-granted" contracts for the operation of Macau Lucky Gaming have the capital of US companies. ^[52]

Sister city

Sister city
city	Signature time	city	Signature time
Portugal Lisbon		Sweden Linkoping
Portugal Porto		Brazil Sao Paulo
Portugal Coimbra		Australia Sydney
Cape Verde Praia		America California
Britain London		Belgium Brussels
Vietnam Da Nang		Angola Luanda
Cambodia Siem Reap	March 2018 ^[50]	SAO Tome and Principe Biagua Grande region	August 2022 ^[48]
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	In August 2019	Phuket, Thailand	May 2018 ^[49]

Honorary title

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EDITOR

Part of Macau city honors
2005-2006 "Most Promising City for Economic Development" in Asia ^[20] Top 10 Chinese cities for Cultural Heritage Protection and inheritance in 2015 2017 Top 200 Attractive Cities with Chinese Characteristics (December 24, 2017) ^[21] Top 200 Most Attractive Cities in the World 2017 (29 December 2017) ^[22] Awarded "Most Popular Emerging Tourism Destination" at "India Outbound Travel Exhibition 2015" "The 26th TTG Tourism Awards Presentation Ceremony" "Best Government Tourism Organization Award" One of the "Top 10 Places to Visit 2015" (CoolHunting) 10 Best Places to Visit in 2015 (LonelyPlanet) Ranked 146th in global Sustainable Competitiveness in 2019 ^[23] China 2025 "East Asian Cultural Capital" ^[90]	2015 China's most distinctive tourist city UNESCO "Culinary Capital of Creative Cities" South Korea won the "Best Tourism Promotion" award at the 18th Busan International Travel Fair 2015 Memorial Awards "Best Leisure Destinations" Top Destinations in Asia most wanted by Japanese travelers in 2016 (H.I.S.) Top 50 Cities with the Most Investment Potential in China 2017 (26 December 2017) ^[24] 2017 Global Food Culture Creative City Network ^[25] 2018 China-Eu Green Smart City Award ^[26] Ranked 122nd on the list of Top 500 Global Cities in 2019 ^[27] 2023 "M&C Asia Stella Awards - Best Convention City (Asia)" ^[78]

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