In English, Dope means "a kind of opium used by racehorses. narcotize A mixture ". Since most of the first drugs used by athletes to enhance performance were in the category of stimulants, other types of drugs that have since been banned are not all available excitability E.g. diuretic ), and even some have inhibitory properties (such as b- blocker ), the international banned drugs are still used to the title of stimulants. Therefore, what is commonly referred to as stimulants is no longer a single drug that has an exciting effect, but is actually a general term for prohibited drugs.

On November 18, 2019, the Supreme People's Court issued the" Interpretation of several issues concerning the application of law to criminal cases involving smuggling, illegal business and Illegal Use of stimulants "To win anti-doping Fight for Storming of fortified positions Maintain fair competition and protection of sports competition sportsman Strong protection for physical and mental health. the Judicial interpretation It will take effect from January 1, 2020. ^[1]

In February 2021, the Supplementary Provisions of the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate on the Execution of Determined Charges (VII) stipulated Crime of interfering with the control of stimulants The charge. ^[7]

Chinese name: stimulant
Foreign name: Dope

unscramble: A general term for prohibited drugs
Start time: The year 1968

catalogue

sort

broadcast

EDITOR

stimulant

At the beginning of the anti-doping movement in 1968, International Olympic Committee stated Illicit drug Four categories, and then gradually increased, has reached seven categories. Although the expression is different in the classification, it is basically according to these substances Pharmacological action To sort it out.

stimulant

Such drugs press pharmacology Characteristic sum Chemical structure It can be divided into the following categories:

1. Psychostimulants: including amphetamine And its related derivatives and salts .

2. Sympathomimetic nerve Amines: This is a class of imitation drugs endogenous Catecholamines the epinephrine and Norepinephrine Action of substances to ephedrine And their derivatives and their salts.

3. caffeine Class: This class is also called xanthine Class, because of its xanthine group.

stimulant

4. Miscellaneous Central nerve Stimulants: such as amphenazole, pentylenetetrazole , Nikosamine and strychnine Let's wait.

Stimulants are the earliest used, but also the earliest banned a batch of stimulants, but also the most original sense of stimulants, because only this type of stimulants on the neuromuscular pharmacological effect is the real "exciting effect". Before the 1970s, doping by athletes mainly fell into this category. 1960 Rome Olympics and 1972 Munich Olympics Among the stimulants found were amphetamine, ephedrine and normethamphetamine ephedrine And Nikosamine.

Narcotic analgesic

These drugs can be divided into two categories according to their pharmacological characteristics and chemical structure.

1. meperidine Class: demerol The main functional chemical group is pethidine, anodin, diphenazone and methadone, as well as their salts and derivatives.

2. thebaea alkaloid Class: Includes morphine , codeine , Dionine ( ethyl Morphine), heroin Levomoranand tazocine As well as their salts and derivatives, the chemical core group is a morphine alkaloid extracted from opioids.

Anabolic steroid class

Anabolic steroids used as stimulants have a particularly wide variety of derivatives and commercial dosage forms, most of which are androgen A derivative of... This is the most widely used, the most frequently used class of stimulants, but also an important object in drug testing. The International Olympic Committee has banned only a few major varieties, but the spectrum of bans has been expanding.

diuretic

The clinical effect of these drugs is increased by affecting the urine production process in the kidneys Urine volume Discharge, thereby relieving or eliminating symptoms such as edema.

Purpose:

1. Lose weight by quickly removing water from your body.

2. Increase urine volume to reduce fluid and fluids as quickly as possible excrement Medium other stimulants metabolite To fake a drug test Negative result .

3. Accelerate the excretion process of other stimulants and other metabolites, thereby alleviating some side effects.

Beta - blocker

It is mainly used in sports, and is often used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertension arrhythmology Wait, yes propranolol , oxprenolol , propranol , alprenolol and pindolol Let's wait. These substances were added to the list of banned stimulants by the International Olympic Committee in 1988.

Endogenous peptide hormones

Peptide hormone

Endogenous peptide hormones mostly exist in the human body in the form of hormones

1. Human body Growth hormone (hGH)

2. insulin

3. Erythropoietin ( EPO )

4. Gonadotropin

Blood doping

Also known as blood erythrocyte Retransmission technology, which began to be used in the 1940s, was originally used allosome Homogeneous blood transfusion to achieve short-term increase in the number of red blood cells, so as to enhance the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. In the 1980s, blood transfusion was invented. There are reports of blood transfusions causing the number of red blood cells and so on Blood index The increase can last for up to three months. 1988 Seoul Olympics It was officially banned by the International Olympic Committee.

jeopardize

broadcast

EDITOR

Scientific research It has been proved that the use of stimulants can cause many direct harms to people's physical and mental health. The use of different types and different doses of prohibited drugs, the degree of damage to the human body is not the same. Generally speaking, the main hazards of doping are as follows:

1. Physical hazards: severe personality changes

Step 2 Generate Drug dependence

3. Causes abnormal cell and organ function

Step 4 Generate anaphylaxis Damage immunity and cause various infections

The harm of using stimulants mainly comes from hormone And stimulants. What is particularly worrying is that many Harmful effect It only shows up years later, and even doctors can't tell which athletes are suffering crisis , which will not be a problem for a while.

2. Psychological harm

Doping is immoral

Hazard of stimulant

The use of performance-enhancing drugs by athletes is a form of cheating. Because, use Illicit drug And the method will give the user an advantage in the game, this Illegal act Not consistent with honest and fair play sportsmanship . Modern sports emphasize above all the principle of fair play. Fair play means "clean play," proper methods, and aboveboard behavior. Doping is a violation Sports law And it runs counter to basic sportsmanship. The use of doping makes sports competitions unfair and athletes are no longer on the same starting point as equals.

The use of stimulants will cause great harm to people's physiology and psychology, so that users Heart failure , agitated manic, adult female virilism premature Become bald , prostatitis , Hypertrophy of prostate Suffer from diabetes , Heart disease And seriously damage people's physical and mental health.

Can activate or enhance Central nervous system An active preparation. include amphetamine , cocaine Caffeine and others xanthine Class, nicotine And synthetic appetite inhibitor Such as fenmetrizine or methylphenidate . Stimulants can cause toxic symptoms, including tachycardia Dilated pupils, elevated blood pressure, hyperreflexes, sweating, shiver , nausea or vomiting, and Abnormal behavior Such as fighting, exaggeration, hypervigilance , agitation and impaired judgment. Long-term application often leads to Personality change Such as impulsiveness, aggression, irritability And suspicion can also lead Delusional insanity . Disuse after long-term or heavy use, can produce Withdrawal syndrome Symptoms include depressed mood, fatigue, Sleep disorder And dream a lot.

In order to improve Competitive ability While the use of temporary changes in physical conditions and Mental state Drugs and technology. The use of stimulants is not only damaging Olympic spirit , to disrupt athletic competition Principle of equity And seriously harm the health of athletes. The International Olympic Committee prohibits doping among athletes.

Drug name

broadcast

EDITOR

International Olympic Committee Some of the drugs already regulated as stimulants are:

Chloro-tristyrene

Medical use: promote egg discharge, treatment Female infertility Illness.

Sports use: as an extra supplement or in intake testosterone It is then supplemented by a response that stimulates the production of "natural" testosterone.

Risks: headache , neuroticism And depression.

nitroglycerin

Nitroglycerin injection

Medical use: Dilates blood vessels and enhances the function of the heart, is used for prevention and treatment Angina pectoris and Heart failure .

Sports use: Excitement during sprints Explosive power It shortens the time of excitement, is used preventatively by elderly athletes, and is now "fashionable" again.

Risk: headache, hypertension And nausea.

corticosteroid

Medical use: Antiphlogistic drug , treat rheumatism and asthma .

Sports use: to relieve pain, eliminate fatigue and make people excited. It's very difficult to detect.

Risks: diabetes , osteoporosis .

Protein anabolic steroid

Medical use: Treatment of severe cases Nutritional deficiency And osteoporosis, for AIDS The sick, the chronically bedridden and the severely burned.

Sports use: To promote muscles Growth and development , with large doses nandrolone When combined, it eliminates unwanted side effects.

Risks: acne , hirsutism , migraine , nose bleeding, tendinitis (swelling of the muscles rather than the tendons), muscle rupture, Prostate cancer , insanity Or even death.

nandrolone

Medical use: for the elderly Nutritional deficiency Emaciation is used for people with severe burns and who have undergone surgery.

Sports use: Promote muscle growth and development, increase training endurance and Training load The effect has never been proven.

Risks: acne, women virilism Large doses may cause cancer Diabetes, severe mental disorder, etc.

Erythropoietin

Medical use: added erythrocyte The number used for anaemia , tissue disconnection, Premature infant , used in cancer and hematology The way.

Sports use: Increase training endurance and training load, which in the current inverse Doping control It is often used (some give an athlete five times the dose of a serious patient).

Risk: thrombosis, death.

testosterone

Medical use: For patients with insufficient and severe testosterone secretion Nutritional deficiency .

Sports use: Increase the amount of muscle. Some people who exercise to increase muscle mass use up to 250 times the therapeutic dose.

Risks: acne, edema, reduced sperm count, death.

Bronchodilator

Medical use: treatment and prevention of asthma.

Sports use: can play Stimulating effect ( salbutamol approach epinephrine ), can be improved Respiratory function .

Risks: Increased heart rate, high doses can cause headaches and digestive system Chaos.

Protein synthesis hormone

Medical use: anti-aging, since heitonin (i.e., acetyl Methoxy - tryptamine The use of such drugs in the United States has become popular since the listing of anti-aging hormones.

Sports use: to promote the growth and development of muscles.

Risk: Like others Protein synthesis hormone Again, it could result in death.

Nolone phenylacetate

Medical use: strengthen athletes' muscles and reduce fatigue. Belong to synthesis hormone testosterone .

Detection

broadcast

EDITOR

As we all know, implement Doping control Need to purchase a large number of high-tech instruments and equipment, the establishment of special Doping testing laboratory Hiring and training a large number of professionals who master detection and analysis technology is costly. Therefore, the harm of stimulants should also include it to International Olympic Committee Etc. International sports organization And the enormous financial burden imposed by governments and anti-doping agencies, resulting in staggering waste.

Prohibited stimulant

in Olympic Games And various major world competitions for athletes Doping control The cost is staggering, and small countries generally cannot afford it. 1988 Seoul Olympics Doping tests were conducted on 1,600 athletes at a cost of $3 million, or about $1,875 each. According to the statistics of the International Olympic Committee, in 1989, the world's countries inspected a total of 52,371 people, a rough calculation, at that time the world's doping control cost of about 100 million US dollars. After entering the 1990s, due to the needs of the international anti-doping fight, each year accepted International Sports Federations The number of athletes tested in and out of competition has soared (93,680 in 1994 and 105,250 in 1998), and the annual cost of doping testing worldwide has doubled. only International Association of Athletics Federations In 1996 it was used against Illicit drug The cost alone was $17 million. Imagine if you put Summer Olympic Games twenty-eight Major event and Winter Olympic Games All international sports federations in seven sports spent on drugs, the International Olympic Committee, The World Anti-Doping Agency As well as governments and National anti-doping organizations For all the anti-doping purposes Appropriation expenditure Together, how big should it be Astronomical figure !

Blood sample detection

Blood sample analysis: The purpose of blood sample detection is mainly to supplement the deficiency of urine sample analysis method, which is still in the research and exploration stage, and currently only used for blood transfusion. Erythropoietin , Growth hormone , Chorionic gonadotropin , testosterone The measurement of etc.

Urine test

Urine test: Urine test is Doping detection The ideal sample. Its advantages are: easy to sample; No harm to people; The concentration of drugs in the urine is higher than that in the blood; Less other distractions in the urine.

Urine test

The analysis can be divided into two processes: screening and confirmation. Screening is the screening of all samples, and when a sample is found to be suspected of having a certain drug or other metabolite The sample is then analyzed for confirmation of the drug. During the confirmatory analysis of the drug, the urine sample is reextracted, and this extraction process is carried out in conjunction with blank urine (that is, urine that definitely does not contain the drug) and positive urine (that is, urine that remains after taking the drug) to ensure that the confirmation is foolproof. Analytical process According to the chemical characteristics and analysis methods of drugs, all drugs are divided into four categories, namely: the first category: easy excretion in the urine in the free form volatility Nitrogenous compound (mainly) stimulant ); The second type: uric acid or Glucuronic acid Binding of non-volatile nitrogen compounds (mainly Narcotic analgesic beta blockers and a few stimulants); The third category: Chemical structure And specific stimuli ( caffeine , pemoline ) and diuretic ; Class 4: Anabolic steroids and testosterone. The urine sample enters the laboratory, and the ph of the urine sample and urine are first performed Specific gravity determination Then according to the above four categories of drugs are divided into four groups for screening analysis, mainly chemical extraction and Instrumental analysis Two steps, finally by the computer to print the test report.

The difficulty of doping testing

Doping testing is a very difficult and responsible job. The difficulty is as follows:

Athletics and doping detection

1. Drugs and their metabolite More than 100 kinds of banned drugs exist in human body fluids in the form of protosomes or one or more metabolites, so there are as many as hundreds of compounds that need to be detected and confirmed. In addition, the concentration of these compounds changes continuously at different times after medication until they are excreted from the body.

2. The concentration of drugs in human body fluids is very low, and the concentration of drugs in human body fluids is often at the level of nanograms (that is, billionths of a gram) or less, so the sensitivity of the detection is very high. For example, if a spoonful of sugar is added to a 25*50m standard swimming pool, it is required that the presence of sugar can be measured anywhere in the pool.

3. It requires accurate qualitative and quantitative, without the slightest omission and error. Doping testing works on athletes Movement life Be responsible for Legal responsibility . The tester has to test for each drug pharmacokinetics and Spectral analysis Have a thorough understanding and sufficient analytical reference material. Therefore, it is a difficult task to accurately quantify and determine whether the permissible level is exceeded.

anti-doping

broadcast

EDITOR

As early as the early days of the Olympic Games, some athletes participating in the competition in order to achieve good results, drink a mixture of wine and acetylene to increase the drink Central nerve It's the primal stimulant. By the middle of the 20th century, the types of drugs athletes were taking to enhance their performance were constantly changing. Johnson was disqualified from the 1988 Seoul Olympics for taking the synthetic internal alcohol Conliron, which boosts physical strength and builds muscle.

On account of International sports organization The firm anti-doping stance and increasing anti-doping efforts have led doping users to switch to other types of drugs that will not be detected. Today's stimulants may be no better at enhancing performance than they were 20 years ago, but they are better at hiding themselves. So inspection experts are using more advanced and sophisticated instruments. In a sense, the rivalry between doping and testing has become so much greater that it is no longer possible to use traditional urine tests to prove whether an athlete has taken a banned substance.

On 10 November 1999, the World Anti-Doping Agency Lausanne Set up

This marked the beginning of coordinated international action against doping. Its main tasks are to review and adjust the list of banned substances, identify drug testing laboratories, and conduct anti-doping research, education, and prevention.

The WADA Board will consist of between 10 and 35 members who will serve three-year terms, renewable twice; The board is currently composed of the International Olympic Committee, International Sports Federations , athletes, European Union State sum Supreme Council for Sport in Africa A total of 12 deputies; The IOC proposed that Pound, a Canadian who is currently the first vice-president of the International Olympic Committee, head the board. Until a suitable city is found for its headquarters, WADA's office is temporarily located International Olympic Committee Headquarters The building.

The IOC promised nothing else at WADA Source of funds Previously, the International Olympic Committee will provide the World Anti-Doping Agency for the next two to three years to check doping Total cost . Funding for the first year, provided by the International Olympic Committee, was $25 million.

The World Anti-Doping Agency held its first official meeting in Lausanne in January 2000

World Anti-Doping Agency Conference

The meeting decided to set up a working committee to handle the daily affairs of the agency and draft an annual report; Set up a special committee to take charge Out-of-competition doping control To draw up a list of prohibited stimulants; Set up a research team, dedicated to research including EPO And artificial hormone doping problems, with high-tech achievements to guide anti-doping work. The issue of WADA's permanent office address was also discussed. At present have Switzerland Of Lausanne, Portugal the Lisbon Spanish Madrid , Austria the Vienna , German Bonn , French Lille , Greece the Athens and Luxembourg Some cities, such as Luxembourg, have expressed a desire for WADA's headquarters to be located in their respective cities.

In February 2000, China became a member of the Council of the World Anti-Doping Agency

China is due in Canada on February 18 Montreal Was elected at the meeting of the World Anti-Doping Agency Asia It is one of the four members of the Council and will become a member of the Executive Committee of the body.

After a two-day meeting, representatives from more than 30 countries agreed that 17 countries would become members of the World Anti-Doping Agency's council, with Asia having four members: China, Japan, South Korea and Indonesia. The geographical distribution of the other 13 members is America 4, 4 in Europe, Africa Three, Oceania 1 and the host of the 2000 Olympics Australia These countries will become members of the agency's executive board.

Also, Australian anti-doping experts revealed that in 2000 Sydney Olympic Games On, taking the banned drug EPO ( Blood cell Athletes who have found a test for EPO are expected to use it at the Sydney Olympics. In charge of the study Sport in Australia Mr. Hahn of the Institute said that after initial testing, their detection method had an error of one in 100,000. The International Olympic Committee is giving the institute $1 million to carry out a second phase of research.

" World Anti-Doping Code "

The World Anti-Doping Code was created in 2003, came into force on January 1, 2004, and has since been amended twice, in 2009 and 2015. This revision work began in December 2017 and will be completed on November 7, 2019 Poland Katowice Adopted at the World Anti-Doping Conference. The new regulations take into account recent developments in sports, society, medicine and science and technology, and will come into force on January 1, 2021. ^[2]

(Note: About the Anti-doping code Please refer to the resources for more details: ^[3] )

Representative event

broadcast

EDITOR

world

The year 1896 Modern Olympic Games Before the birth of the mid-19th century, there were already reports of athletes taking performance-enhancing drugs. 1865, in Netherlands Doping was found in one of the swimming competitions. In 1879, there was another story about cycling Reports of doping at the six-day games.

At the 1908 Olympics, Italy Marathon runner Dolando Petry passed out at the finish line, thought to have taken the stimulant strychnine. Ever since, strychnine has been used as a stimulant in small doses. In order to win the competition, athletes imitate each other, and drug abuse is getting worse. 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway hold skating During the game, the track staff discovered that the athlete Changing room Empty used medicine bottles and syringes were thrown around in a terrible mess.

In 1968, Mexico For the first time, the International Olympic Committee conducted doping tests at an Olympic Games -- and the results were found Bulgaria one Greco-roman wrestling The athlete was expelled after he was found to have taken a stimulant.

In 1960, Denmark Cyclist Knut Jensen is doing it Road cycling Died suddenly. He almost certainly died from exhaustion caused by doping.

In April 2003, Carl Lewis He admitted that he tested positive for urine three times before the 1988 Olympics, but was cleared by the U.S. Olympic Committee and eventually escaped investigation by the IAAF.

In 2004, she won two gold MEDALS in women's Athletics World Championships in Paris White Admitted to doping.

1500m women's indoor World Championships and World record Holder Jacobs was banned for four years, while world indoor women's 200m champion Collins was banned for eight years.

Prior to December 2005 Men's 100m world record The holder, the United States Sprint Great women's sprinter Alain Montgomery and women's sprinter Alain Gaines have been banned for two years for doping. In addition, the development of new stimulants and pyramid marketing United States government Conte, the "tainted witness" of the prosecution, disclosed that he witnessed the American "female flying woman" who won three gold MEDALS and two bronze MEDALS in the Sydney Olympic Games. Jones Injecting stimulants into his thighs. Women's 100m Joyner, the double world record holder in the 200 meters, died of a heart attack on September 21, 1998, and was also accused of doping. But they were all let off the hook.

23 August 2005, France L 'Equipe "Said the retired American cancer patient, created Tour de France The seventh-peat miracle Armstrong Suspected of doping in 1999. On August 23, 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency announced that Armstrong had been stripped of seven The Tour de France Championship and a lifetime ban.

In July 2006, Gatlin announced that his urine sample had tested positive.

The American track star Marion Jones has admitted to taking a banned substance

August 2006, before the United States Olympic champion Jones admitted to testing positive for drugs. in Sports in America In the wake of the world's doping scandals, the image of American sports has sunk to an all-time low. The Americans, who have long blamed others for doping, now face accusations from the international sports world. The former United States Olympic Committee was in charge Drug test A black doctor sued the U.S. Olympic Committee, alleging racial discrimination. It wasn't long before America's biggest Sports magazine " Sports Illustrated "Was published here Famous doctor The 30,000-word letter details the cover-up of doping by American athletes. According to the letter, between 1988 and 2000, there were more than 100 cases of U.S. athletes taking drugs, but only a few were suspended. And athletes who took drugs without any punishment won 19 world championships during that time, including the famous Track and field Sportsman Carl Lewis . After this matter was revealed, the first one was stripped of the men's 100 meters gold medal in the 1988 Olympic Games because of doping Canada Humanity? Johnson, who has said he wants to Sue Lewis to get justice. And the arrogant Lewis at this critical moment not only did not restrain to maintain the image of American sports, but said shamelessly: "That was more than a decade ago." I've been retired for five years and now that they're talking about it, I don't think anyone can take this gold medal away from me."

Olympic Games One of the biggest doping scandals in history was the Johnson affair. Jamaica Born Canadian male sprinter Ben Johnson The year 1987 World Athletics Championships He won the 100-meter race and broke the world record with a time of 9.83 seconds, becoming the world's first flying man. 1988 Seoul Olympics In the 100-meter race, he won the title again, and broke the century record again with the result of 9.79 seconds, which attracted the attention of the world. As people cast admiring glances on him, the International Olympic Committee made the decision that Johnson failed the drug test, withdrew the gold medal and canceled the record. Johnson quietly returned home. Subsequently, Canada began a series of investigation meetings and hearings, which confirmed that Johnson not only committed the crime at the Seoul Olympics, but also several years ago Illicit drug . As a result, his world record set in 1987 was also revoked and he was banned from teaching for life.

Italian local time February 2004, 1998 The Tour de France Champion, Italian Pantani Sudden death in Italy Rimini In a nearby hotel, 34 years old. Pantani, who has not had any outstanding results since winning the Tour de France in 1998, was found to have a higher than normal red blood cell count during a routine drug test in 1999.

In August 2005, Armstrong had just won the Tour de France for the seventh time, shortly after the French authority Sports media L 'Equipe revealed that Armstrong had used doping when he first won the Tour de France in 1999, and on August 23, 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency announced that Armstrong had been stripped of seven The Tour de France Championship and a lifetime ban.

At the end of June 2006, just before the start of the new Tour de France, Spain The press broke that there was an operation on Spanish soil Bicycle race There is a large-scale doping phenomenon, in the list of people involved, 97 Tour de France champion Ulrich, Italian famous Basso and other people prominent in the list, this incident also directly led to Ulrich and other people missed the Tour de France that year.

Beijing, August 15, 2008 The International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that two more doping tests at the Beijing Olympics have resulted in the disqualification of two North Korean men's shooters Kim Jung-soo and Vietnam Women's gymnastics player Du Shiyan Shang . North Korean athlete Kim Jong Soo competed in the men's on August 9 and 12 10 meter air pistol And the 50m pistol final, won the bronze and silver MEDALS respectively.

In the wake of a series of doping scandals this year, the IOC has introduced new technologies for the summer of 2008, the winter of 2010 and 2012 Summer Olympics The participants were re-tested for drugs. According to the results, 14 Russia The athletes, including the winners of nine MEDALS, violated the rules of Anti-doping code Among them was Chermosasskaya. The International Olympic Committee has cancelled the retest of Russian athlete Yulia Chermosansskaya after she still tested positive 2008 Beijing Olympic Games The gold medal won by Russia in the women's 4×100 meter relay. ^[4]

China

The year 1992 Women's volleyball Wu Dan incident

1992 Barcelona Olympic Games During the women's volleyball tournament, Chinese Women's volleyball team The chief warlock has been found guilty of taking banned substances pectoral He was banned from the game and was not further punished after the cause was found out.

1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima

At the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, Chinese swimmers were found guilty of doping, and drug-taking athletes on the Chinese team were stripped of their MEDALS.

7 April 2000 Yin Lili Wait for the four

On April 7, 2000, the Field Management Center announced the investigation of Yin Lili, Song Liqing , Liu Yunfeng , Cui Danfeng The four and their coach were suspended for two years for testing positive and fined $10,000 from the date the samples were provided. Their coaches Yin Guozhong, CAI Hongwei, Zhang Fuxin and Ma Junren And so have been "dealt with" accordingly.

July 12, 2000 female swimming star Wu Yanyan incident

On July 12, 2000, Chinese female swimming star Wu Yanyan was suspected of doping. in Jinan (in Shandong Province) National swimming championships After qualifying for the Olympic Games, Wu Yanyan tested positive for drugs. Good at women's 200 meters Individual medley Wu Yanyan is at risk of losing her place on the Chinese team at the Sydney Olympics. In the end, the Chinese Swimming Association banned Wu Yanyan for four years, and Wu Yanyan missed the Sydney Olympic Games.

March 2001 Men's sprint Zhou Wei And Yang Chunlei incident

In March 2001, the Chinese Athletics Association announced its decision to punish the men's sprinters Zhou Wei (Jiangxi) and Yang Chunlei (Jilin) for doping, among which Zhou Wei was the famous Chinese men's "100-meter King" in the past five years. A paper judgment of the Chinese Athletics Association made the 100-meter champion of the eighth National Games walk down from the altar.

July 17, 2001 Athletics Li Ji incident

On July 17, 2001, Liaoning (Province) Provincial track and field athlete Li Ji has tested positive for an out-of-competition doping test conducted by the International Olympic Committee's anti-doping Commission. Chinese athletic association On 1 March 2002, in the draft resolution on the issue of Liaoning Province Disciplinary Decision on Athletics athlete Li Ji et al. 's violation of prohibited doping Regulations.

October 2001 Women's hurdler Liu Jing incident

In October 2001, Liu Jing, a famous female hurdler, was banned from the 9th National Games for two years because of doping.

The fifth National City in 2003 Sports event

In 2003, there were two positive drug tests in the fifth National City Games.

The year 2009 The 11th National Games incident

11th of 2009 The National Games Three athletes tested positive for doping. Inner Mongolia municipality shooter Li Jie Wang Jing, who won the women's 100m championship, Henan (Province) Provincial rower Guo Linna All tested positive in urine tests. This is the National Games in the history of the largest number of inspections, the highest level of detection, the most severe punishment.

High school students sports meeting doping incident

On August 10, 2012, National Middle School Track and Field Championships Conducted in Shanghai Xingzhi Middle School, in the competition inspection, from Shandong Longkou No.1 Middle School Liu Yuxiu urine test failed to pass, A bottle of urine sample Stanazol Positive. It's the first case of doping at a high school sports meeting. ^[5]

In March 2018, State General Administration of Sport anti-doping Center The first batch of violation information in 2018 was published on the official website. Two of them were women Middle school track and field athletes In college sports special student enrollment During the examination Was found to have used illegal drugs. ^[6]

Related report

broadcast

EDITOR

On November 18, 2019, the Supreme People's Court issued the" Interpretation of several issues concerning the application of law to criminal cases involving smuggling, illegal business and Illegal Use of stimulants To win the fight against doping Storming of fortified positions Maintain fair competition and protection of sports competition sportsman Strong protection for physical and mental health. the Judicial interpretation It will take effect from January 1, 2020. ^[1]

In February 2021, the Supplementary Provisions of the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate on the Implementation of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China to Determine Charges (VII) stipulated Crime of interfering with the control of stimulants The charge. ^[7]

June 25, 2021, Tianjin, Beijing Sports jurisprudence The organization co-sponsored doping Illegal act Online seminar on the theory and practice of punishment. ^[8]

On October 19th, 2021, Law of physical culture and sports Revised draft first submitted The 31st session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress Consider. The revised draft currently has 11 chapters, which are general provisions, National fitness , School physical education , Competitive sports , Anti-doping, sports organization, security conditions, Sports arbitration Supervision and management Legal responsibility And supplementary provisions. ^[9]

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001