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Sarawak (
Negeri Sarawak
), formerly known as Sarawak, referred to as the Sand State, the capital
Kuching City
It is known as the "home of hornbills". The state of Sarawak is located
Borneo
It borders Indonesia to the south and north
Brunei
and
Sabah
, yes
Malaysia
Largest state by area, with a total area of 124,450 square kilometers and a total population of 2,767,600 (December 2017)
[1]
It is composed of 23 ethnic groups and has a tropical rainforest climate, two-thirds of the land is
Tropical rainforest
Ward.
[1-3]
As of January 2018, Sarawak State consists of 12 provinces, namely Kuching, Siriaman, Sepu, Miri, Limmon, Seri Street, Kapau, Samarahan, Minturu, Muggum, Muchung and Serian Provinces.
[4]
Sarawak's per capita income in 2016 was RM44,333, higher than Malaysia's per capita income of RM38,887.
[5]
Sarawak historically belonged to Brunei until the British in 1841
James Brook
He was appointed Governor of Sarawak after helping the Sultan of Brunei successfully suppress the rebellion, and declared Sarawak an independent kingdom from Brunei the following year
Brooke dynasty
. With the outbreak of World War II, Sarawak fell under Japanese rule, and after the surrender of Japan, the British Army established a military control zone in Sarawak, and later became a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 22 July 1963, the British Governor of Sarawak, Alexander Waddell, announced the appointment of Stephen Kalong Ningkan as Chief Minister-designate, and Sarawak was granted self-government. On September 16, 1963, it was officially declared
Malaysia
Part of it.
[6-11]
- Chinese name
- Sarawak [2]
- Foreign name
- Negeri Sarawak [2]
- Administrative category
- state (Malaysian first level Administrative Unit)
- Subordinate region
- Malaysia [2]
- Geographical position
- Borneo The north of
- Area product
- 124450 km² [3] (2017)
- Government premises
- Kuching [2]
- Climatic condition
- Tropical rainforest climate [3]
- Population number
- 2,767,600 [1] (2017)
- aerodrome
- Kuching International Airport [12]
- prescription
- English, Chinese, Malay
- Old name
- Sarawak [13]
- Abbreviated form
- Sand State
- Important festival
- Sarawak Day [14]
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- ▪Early civilization
- ▪Kingdom of Brunei
- ▪British and Japanese colonization
- ▪Malaysian State
- 2Administrative division
- ▪Provinces and counties
- ▪The capital
- 3Geographical environment
- ▪Location boundary
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- 4Population nationality
- 5political
- ▪Head of state
- ▪State chief minister
- 6economy
- ▪summarize
In the 1950s, archaeologists at the site
Miri
(Miri)
Nyadong
The remains and activities of ancient humans and animals have been discovered in and around Sarawak, confirming that humans lived and operated in the land as early as 45,000 BC.
[15]
With regard to
Borneo
The origin of the Austronesian people, according to"
Yunnan (Province)
"It is speculated that around the 4th century, a large ethnic group in Yunnan, China (Padong) traveled thousands of miles from Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, and entered
Malay Peninsula
, channel again
The Strait of Malacca
to
Sumatra
Remigrate to
Borneo
. According to the "Taiwan theory", it is considered
Austronesian people
Originated in Taiwan. The ethnic groups on the island of Borneo are all South Island ethnic groups, at that time the largest ethnic group is the kayan, the Kayan River is their earliest landing area, but also the birthplace of the Kayan, at that time a patriarch
Bornei
It is the ancestor of Borneo and the earliest history of China.
Liang Shu
"Records the country of Boni, Boni is named by the patriarch.
In the 14th century, the Kayang migrated to the Banan River valley, which was also the height of the Kayang Dynasty, in addition to the sovereignty of Borneo territory, its descendants established
Brunei
The kingdom, also owns
Sulu Islands
, Mindanao,
Sulawesi
Sovereignty.
James Brook
In 1837, the people of Sarawak, under the leadership of Batinyi Ali, fought against the Sultan of Brunei and demanded independence from Brunei. In response, Pangeran Muda Hashim was ordered by the Sultan of Brunei to suppress the rebellion, but failed; In 1840,
James Brook
enfeoff
viceroy
In exchange for the title, he agreed to cooperate with Bangentin in solving the rebellion, and commanded the gunboat "Royalist" to suppress the uprising.
[13]
In 1841, James Brooke was appointed Governor.
[13]
In 1842, James Brooke declared Sarawak an independent kingdom from Brunei
Brooke dynasty
He became the first white Raja of Sarawak. The Kingdom of Sarawak was later recognized by the United States, Britain and other countries.
[13]
However, the Bruneians opposed Brooke's rule, and the Sultan of Brunei banned the Brunei people from interacting with the British and tried to expel Brooke from Sarawak.
In 1846, with the assistance of the British Royal Navy fleet, Brunei was defeated and signed a treaty that unconditionally ceded control of Sarawak to Brooke. In 1846, the Sultan of Brunei surrendered the area from the Sungai Sarawak to the Sungai Sadong. With insurrections and political problems in 1853, 1861, 1883, 1890, and 1905, the Brooke Dynasty expanded rapidly to form the present-day state of Sarawak.
The Japanese occupation forces, Major General Yamamura, formally surrendered their arms to the Allied commander, Brigadier General Esdik
From December 1941 to August 1945, i.e
World War II
During this period, the Japanese occupied Sarawak.
[13]
The Japanese occupied it on the 16th, 25th and 27th of 1941
Miri
,
Kuching
,
Sibu
Until August 1945
Pacific Theater
After the declaration of surrender, the evacuation lasted three years and eight months.
On June 30, 1946, Charles Wiener Winter Brooke renounced the Brooke name and handed over sovereignty
British Empire
It was ruled by a British governor on 8 December of the same year.
[13]
16/9/1963 Borneo Times newspaper
On 22 July 1963, Sarawak gained self-government from the United Kingdom under the condition of being incorporated into Malaysia
Executive power
. Apart from the executive power, Sarawak has not yet gained formal independence from the law, and its defense, foreign affairs, finance, and home affairs are still governed by the government
British government
In charge.
[16]
September 16, 1963, Sarawak vs
North Borneo
(now
Sabah
),
Singapore
and
The Union of Malaya
Make up
Malaysia
(Short for Big Horse).
[18]
As of December 2017, the state consists of 12 provinces and 40 counties, and the state capital is
Kuching
City.
[4]
|
Province name (Bahagian)
|
Provincial capital
|
Prefectures (Daerah)
|
remark
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Kuching (Kuching)
|
Kuching County, Shilongmen County, Lunle County
|
Formerly known as the First Province
|
|
|
Sri Aman Province
|
Siriaman
County, Rubo Andu County
|
Formerly known as the Second Province
|
|
|
Sibu Province
|
Formerly known as the Third Province
|
||
|
Miri Province
|
Formerly known as the Fourth Province
|
||
|
Limbang Province
|
Formerly known as the Fifth Province
|
||
|
Sarikei Province
|
Si Li Street
|
Sili Street County, Malatuan County, Lu Lou County, Bagan County
|
Formerly known as the Sixth Province, it was separated from Sibu Province
|
|
Kapit Province
|
Kapit
|
Kampo, Sampo, Malacca, Bukit Mabang
|
Formerly known as the Seventh Province, it was separated from Sibu Province
|
|
Samarahan Province
|
Kota SAN Malahan
|
Sanmalahan County, Ashajai County, Shiwenran County
|
Formerly known as the Eighth Province, it was separated from Kuching Province
|
|
Bintulu Province
|
Mindoru County, Dadao County, Sibo County
|
Formerly known as the Ninth Province, it was separated from the province of Miri
|
|
|
Mukah Province
|
Muco gel
|
Mujang County, Lalat County, Madu County, Dahao County, Tanjung Mani County
|
It was divided from Sibu Province
|
|
Betong Province
|
Kinaka
|
Muzhong County, Silazhuo County, Fusha County, Jiawang County
|
It was separated from the province of Siriaman
|
|
Serian Province
|
Siljan
|
Xilian County, Beating law county
|
A new province consisting of parts of Samarahan and Kuching provinces
|
Administrative divisions of Sarawak State
Location of Sarawak State
The coastline of Sarawak is 800 kilometers long and covers an area of 124,4449.51 square kilometers. Sarawak is located north of the equator at 109°36 '-115°40' east longitude and 0°50 '-5° north latitude.
[3]
forest
The rivers of Sarawak flow from southeast to northwest and have the longest river in Malaysia
Rajan Giang
It is about 563 km long.
[3]
Muru Mountain
It is the highest peak in Sarawak at 2,438 metres.
Sarawak is a hot and rainy place with a tropical rainforest climate located on the equator. The temperature is relatively uniform throughout the year, with the daily temperature difference within the range of 23-32 ° C, but in the plateau area, the temperature hovers around 16-25 ° C, and even drops to 11 ° C at night.
[3]
The northeast monsoon usually arrives from November to February and brings heavy rain, while the southwest monsoon arrives from June to October. The average annual rainfall is between 3,300 mm and 4,600 mm, depending on the region. In addition, the humidity is up to 80-90%.
[3]
Local residents are performing
According to the database of the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the total population of Sarawak in 2017 was 2.7676 million,
[1]
The population of Malaysia is 8.64%.
[20]
There are 27 ethnic groups in Sarawak, mainly the Iban (also known as Hadaya), with a population of 710,000, accounting for 30.3% of the total population of the state; Next came the Malays with a population of 577,000, accounting for 24.5% of the state's total population. Chinese ranked third, with a population of 568,000, accounting for 24.1%; The Bidayu (also known as Ludaya) and Marano groups comprise 200,000 and 120,000 people, respectively, making up 8.3% and 5.2% of the state's population.
[21]
By sex, 1.443,300 were males and 1.324,300 were females, giving a male-to-female ratio of 1.09.
[1]
.
Indigenous people of Sarawak
The Sarawak Longhouse
Bidayuh: Originally from the coast, but later driven inland by pirates, most of them now live inland.
Melanau: Most of them fish for subsistence.
Most of these groups settled along the great rivers. They lived in a large longhouse, and the whole village could be said to live "under one roof". They are a very friendly people and many visitors choose to stay in their longhouses.
Taiyimama
Abonzohari
According to 2016 data from the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the service sector is an important pillar of Sarawak's economy, accounting for 34.4% of the state's economy, along with manufacturing (27.7%), mining and quarrying (21.2%), agriculture (13.5%) and construction (2.7%).
[5]
Sarawak is rich in natural resources, its coastline is rich in oil fields,
petroleum
and
Liquefied natural gas
It is one of the main sources of the state's economy.
Sarawak is vast, with about 32 per cent or 40,000 square kilometres of land deemed suitable for agriculture, although less than 9 per cent of the land is planted with productive permanent crops. So far, rice has grown over 16,000 square kilometers, and other cash crops include
Oil palm
,
sago
, pepper,
rubber
Let's wait. Sarawak's pepper production accounts for 90% of Malaysia's total production.
Sarawak is also one of the world's largest exporters of tropical hardwood, and large-scale logging has led to the decline of the state's rainforests. According to United Nations statistics, Sarawak's average annual export of sawn logs in 1996-2000 was 14.109 million cubic metres.
Since the 1980s, Sarawak has embarked on an economic transformation, with a focus on economic diversification and industrialisation.
In February 2008, the Malaysian government launched
Sarawak Renewable Energy Corridor
The Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) is a regional economic development project in the central region, including Binturu, Kapur, Sibu, Mugjang and Seri Street, which is scheduled to be implemented until 2030. The core areas of focus are energy resources, particularly hydropower, coal and natural gas.
[25]
In 2016, Sarawak's total agricultural output was RM14.7 billion, accounting for 13.5% of the state's economy and 16.5% of the national economy.
[5]
Compared to 2015, Sarawak's total agricultural output was RM15.1 billion, and the contribution of agriculture to the state economy decreased by 1.2% in 2016.
[26]
In 2016, the manufacturing industry in Sarawak had a total output value of RM30.1 billion, accounting for 27.7% of the state economy and 11.8% of the national economy.
[5]
Compared to 2015, Sarawak's total manufacturing output was RM28.8 billion, and the share of manufacturing in the state's economy decreased by 0.5% in 2016.
[26]
In 2016, Sarawak's mining and quarrying industry had a total output value of RM21.8 billion, accounting for 21.2% of the state's economy.
[27]
Sarawak's mining and quarrying sector contributed 0.9% to the state economy in 2016 compared to 2015.
[26]
In 2016, Sarawak's total service sector output value of RM37.3 billion accounted for 34.4% of the state economy and 6.2% of the national economy.
[5]
Compared to 2015, Sarawak's total service industry output of RM35.3 billion, the contribution of the service industry to the state economy increased by 1.3% in 2016.
[26]
Primary school in Sarawak is six years and secondary school is five years. Students studying in public secondary schools take the SPM examination in Year 5 (equivalent to
O-Level
And apply to public or private schools based on test scores
pre-college
, or choose to continue with the sixth form, take the STPM examination (equivalent
A-Level
And use the test scores to get into public universities. Apart from public secondary schools, there are 14 Chinese schools in Sarawak
Independent secondary school
.
28 - [29]
Chinese Independent secondary School
[29]
-
Kuching Chinese No. 1 Secondary School
-
Kuching Chinese No. 3 Secondary School
-
Kuching Chinese No. 4 Secondary School
-
Shek Kok Minli Secondary School
-
West Lane People High School
-
Shiwu Guangmin Middle School
-
Sibu Wong Nishang secondary School
-
Shiwu Jianxing secondary School
-
Sibu High School
-
Sibu Civic High School
-
Mintoku Kai Chi Secondary School
-
Merriman Middle School
-
Mallory Law High School
-
Siri Kumin Lee Secondary School
collegiate
[30]
-
University College of Technology Sarawak
-
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak/UNIMAS)
-
Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Sarawak
-
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Bintulu Campus
-
Universiti Utara Malaysia
-
Curtin University Sarawak
-
Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus
The main public hospitals are: Sarawak General Hospital, Sibu Hospital, Miri Hospital. There are hospitals and clinics in the main towns, and a monthly flying medical service (FDS) is available for villages that are not covered by clinics.
Newspaper: Sarawak Newspaper
Sin Chew Daily
","
Shihua Daily
", Borneo Post, Borneo Forward, New Sarawak Tribune.
Radio stations: Sarawak FM, cats FM, TEA FM.
TV: RTM (TV1, TV2), Media Prima (TV3, ntv7), Astro
[31]
Telecom service provider:
Telecommunications companies of Malaysia
(Telekom Malaysia Berhad), Celcom, DiGi, Maxis, TuneTalk, etc.
[31]
Broadband service providers: Streamyx, JARING, Celcom, Maxis, Digi, REDTone, deConnexion.
[31]
Kuching International Airport
Malaysia Airlines (MAS) offers daily round-trip flights from Kuching to Singapore, Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur, Miri and Sibu; Malaysia's AirAsia (AirAsia) also offers direct flights from Kuching to Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Kota Kinabalu, Penang, Miri, Bintulu and Sibu.
[33]
Pan-borneo Road map
In 2016, the Malaysian government launched a plan to build the Pan-Borneo Avenue, a 2,239-kilometre road spanning the state of Sarawak
Sabah
Cities and towns, expected to be completed by 2025.
[34]
Major towns in Sarawak such as
Miri
,
Bintulu
,
Sibu
,
Kuching
There are various public transport services between them, including
bus
,
taxi
and
sedan
Service.
[32]
As of December 2017, Sarawak has 55 navigable rivers with a total length of 3,300 km. Rivers are the lifeblood of transport in Sarawak and are of great importance to both inland and coastal residents. Speedboats are a solution to the inability of land transport to reach the inland countryside.
[32]
The main port of Sarawak is
Port Kuching
, Sibu Port,
Port of Mindoru
And Port Miri. With the exception of Bintulu Port, which is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government, all ports are managed by the Sarawak State Port Authority.
[32]
All ethnic groups have different religious beliefs. The Malays believe in Islam, the Iban, Bidayu and other indigenous peoples mostly believe in Christianity and Catholicism, and the Chinese believe in folk faith, Buddhism, Christianity or Catholicism.
[45]
The official languages of Sarawak are Malay and English, while Chinese is widely spoken. The Hokkien and Hakka dialects are also widely spoken among Chinese.
[45]
|
Mulu National Park
(Gunung Mulu National Park)
Covering an area of 544 square kilometers, it was certified by UNESCO in 2000 and is Malaysia's first World Heritage Site. The main tourist attractions in the park are the four display caves - Wind Cave, Qingshui Cave, Deer Cave and Lang Cave. The park is mainly made up of three mountains, namely Mount Mulu (2376 m),
Abbey Hill
(1750 m) as well
The Ponara Mountains
.
[35]
|
Mulu National Park
|
|
State Capital (Astana)
: Located on the north bank of the Sarawak River, looking across the river to Kuching Riverside Park. The state capital was built in 1870 by Raja Charles Brooke, Sarawak's second white man, as a wedding gift to his wife Margaret. It is now the official residence of the Governor of Sarawak and is therefore not open to the public.
[36]
|
Capital of Sarawak State
|
|
Sarawak Museum
: The new and old pavilions are located on either side of Dunhaji Opin Road. The old pavilion opened in 1891 and was designed in the style of a Normandy terrace house. There are special folk collections, exhibits on natural and geographical history, and an introduction to Sarawak's oil industry. The exhibition of traditional wood carvings on the first floor is spectacular. The new building is used for events and exhibitions and is connected to the old view by a footbridge. On the ground floor there is an aquarium, a botanical garden and a monument to heroes.
[37]
|
Sarawak Museum
|
|
Semenggoh Nature Reserve
In the past, orangutans who lost their mothers or were rescued from captivity have been trained to survive in the wild and will return to the forest. The conservation program has been moved to Madang Wildlife Conservation Center.
[38]
|
Mongolia Wildlife Conservation Center
|
|
Kuching Tua Pek Kong Temple
It is one of the few buildings that survived the Great Kuching Fire of 1884. With official records dating back to 1843 and from 1876, it is said that this place has the best feng shui in the city. Many traditional festivals are held here, including the Wangkang Festival, which commemorates the dead.
[39]
|
Da Bogong Temple in Kuching
|
|
Anna Rais Longhouse
: The Bidayuh, the second largest ethnic group in Sarawak
longhouse
It has about 120 portals and is located in Padawan district, about 60 km from Kuching city. They started living here as early as 1834, and there are still three kampung settlements, namely Saba, Sijo and Trakan. Today, it completely retains the original style and is a good place for tourists to learn about the life and culture of Bidayou people.
[40]
|
Bida Youannales Longhouse
|
|
Fort Margherita
It was built in 1879 to defend against pirates. In the early years, the fort would fire a cannon in the evening to represent the closing hours of government departments. The fort is the most iconic landmark on the banks of the Sarawak River and takes its name from Ranee Margaret, Charles Bullock's wife. As the fort is located in a police training camp, visitors are required to show relevant identification when visiting.
[41]
|
Fort Maglida
|
|
Kuching Post Office (Main Post Office)
Built in 1931, it belongs to the neoclassical style of the early 19th century and the Corinth Stand, and is one of the examples of Kuching's international architectural mix. The post office is opposite the Pavilion.
|
Kuching Post Office
|
|
Rajan Giang
(Rejang River)
: is the longest river in Sarawak. Travelling up the Rajan River, usually from Sibu to Kapau, will take you through the tribal areas along the banks of the Kanayat and Sampo rivers, which are mainly inhabited by the Iban. Further upstream, you reach the Pelagus Rapids, followed by the Orang Ulu Aboriginal settlement. The average visitor can end the expedition in Braga, where nomadic Pyonans often come to sell items they have gathered from the forest. Some visitors also visit the Kayan and Kenyan communities further inland.
Visitors can also choose to embark on a river adventure on the Krang, Lemanak and Batangai rivers.
|
Rajan Giang
|
|
Pepper Plantations
Sarawak is the largest pepper exporter in the country. Along the entire road from Kuching to Shek Lian, you will find many pepper gardens planted on both sides of the road. The pepper produced in Sarawak is known for its delicious taste and high quality.
|
|
|
Satok Weekend Market
The area is famous for Bidaya women who set up stalls selling fruits and vegetables, but there are also many Chinese and Malay stalls. The merchandise includes handicrafts, bush products (including delicious wild honey), a variety of pets, Hu Ji flowers, fish, and authentic snacks and delicacies.
[42]
|
Sadul Weekend Market
|
|
Kuching Mosque
: is the Old Sarawak State Church, also known as the Old State Mosque (Old State Mosque), the modern structure was built in 1968 to replace the 1852 wooden structure, its gilded dome is the main highlight of the church.
[43]
|
Kuching back to church
|
|
Santubong
: The attractions include natural tropical rainforests, mangroves, rivers, pools and mudflats around Sandu Wang Shan. It is home to a variety of wildlife and is the stronghold of Sarawak's watchful wildlife. The rare Irrawaddy dolphin (Irrawaddy dolpin) can be seen in the Mountain View area, which inns in rivers, estuaries and shallow coastal waters. In very special cases, you can see the finless dolphin and the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin in the waters of Samubo. On the Sanduwang Peninsula you can see some interesting coastal villages. The most accessible village from Damai district is Sanduwang Village, which is a well-preserved Malay village.
[44]
|
Sanduwang
|
|
Sarawak Cultural Village
Covering an area of 17 acres, it is a lifestyle museum that introduces the local culture and way of life, with different replicas of buildings representing every major ethnic group in Sarawak. Each model has a storyteller who will tell you about these traditional cultures and ways of life. Enjoy a multicultural dance performance at the Culture Village theatre. You can also dine at restaurants and shop at craft shops there. Sarawak Cultural Village also hosts main dinners and parties, and outsiders can even host weddings here in the traditional Iban, Bidayu, Malay or Ulu style.
|
Sarawak Cultural Village
|
-
Taiyimama - Chief Minister of Sarawak
-
Li Jingsheng - Politicians.
-
Wan Ziren - Director, writer, producer
-
Lin Yuzhong - Actor, singer
-
Zhong Shengzhong - Actor, singer
-
Zhong Xiaoyu - Actor, singer
-
Ji Xiaowei - The singer.
