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Fighter aircraft, i.e.
Fighter plane
Is mainly used for protection
Air supremacy
And destroy enemy military aircraft capable of using air superiority. It is characterized by excellent flight performance, flexibility and strong firepower. Modern advanced fighters are equipped with a variety of search, targeting and fire control equipment, and can attack all air targets in all weather.
- Chinese name
- warplane
- Foreign name
- Fighter
- alias
- Fighter plane
- dominance
- Types of military aircraft
According to the purpose, it can be divided into two categories: air fighter and multi-purpose fighter. According to weight, can be divided into heavy and light two. More broadly, it also includes interceptors dedicated to territorial or regional air defense and fighter-bombers for both air-to-ground use.
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At the beginning of World War I, France was the first to mount ground machine guns on aircraft for air combat, followed by the emergence of specialized fighters. During this period, the fighter aircraft were mostly biplane wooden construction, using piston engines, and the main weapon was machine guns.
Before the Second World War, the fighter structure was developed into a single-wing all-metal structure with an onboard gun or aircraft machine gun, which was installed in the aircraft
Radio communication
Equipment. During World War II, the piston fighter flew at 750 km/h with a ceiling of 12,000 m. More famous fighters include the American P-51, the British Spitfire, the Soviet Union's La-7, the German Fw.190, and the Japanese Zero. At the end of World War II, jet fighters began to enter service, such as the German Me-262, which reached speeds of around 900 km/h.
By the early 1950s, jet fighters had largely replaced piston fighters. By the 1960s, the maximum speed of jet fighters was about M2.0, the practical ceiling was close to 20,000 meters, and began to equip air-to-air missiles, and the airborne equipment was becoming more and more perfect. The more famous fighters are the F-104 and F-4 of the United States, the mig-21 and mig-23 of the Soviet Union, and the "Mirage" III of France. In the 1970s, according to the experience of many local wars, a number of fighters with good mobility and strong fighting ability were developed, such as the United States F-15 and F-16, France's "Mirage" 2000, and the Soviet Union's mig-29 and Su-27. These aircraft have been heavily armed. Since the 1980s, new fighter aircraft have been tested or equipped with the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Spain jointly developed "Typhoon", France's "Rafale", Sweden's JAS.39 "Gripen", Russia's Su-37 and the United States F/A-22, F-35 and so on. The common characteristics of this type of fighter are novel layout, engine thrust exceeding the weight of the aircraft, relaxed static stability, strong firepower and maneuvering ability, short take-off and landing slippery distance, F/A-22 also has stealth characteristics and the ability to conduct supersonic cruise without opening force.
China established an aviation industry in the mid-1950s to produce fighter aircraft. In July 1956, the test flight of J-5 fighter aircraft was successful. In 1958, the J-6 fighter made its first test flight. In 1966, production of the J-7 fighter began. In July 1969, the J-8 fighter aircraft made its first test flight. The J-8II all-weather fighter developed on the basis of the J-8 was successfully tested in June 1984. In the 1990s, a new generation of fighter aircraft was successfully developed. All these aircraft were put into production and equipped with troops. In the 1950s and 1960s, some countries called fighter jets equipped with radar and suitable for all-weather combat, mainly used to intercept enemy aircraft interceptors. At that time, the interceptor rose faster than the general fighter, the growth rate was good, the combat radius was large, but the fighting ability was poor. Because modern fighters are basically equipped with radar, there is a large combat radius, can complete the task of interceptor. After the 1970s, other countries except the Soviet Union no longer developed dedicated interceptors. In the early 21st century, Russia still maintained and developed the original mig-25 and mig-31 interceptors. ① The body. In addition to some of the main force components commonly made of alloy steel, other parts of the multi-use aluminum alloy. Since the 1970s, the application of carbon fiber composite materials has gradually increased. New alloy materials, such as aluminum-lithium alloy, have been applied. The fuselage or wings are usually fitted with retractable speed retarders that can be used to slow down the flight if necessary. ② Power plant. Generally, small bypass ratio turbofan engines are used, with 1 to 2 installed in the rear fuselage, and the total thrust is about 100% to 120% of the normal takeoff weight of the aircraft. Engine air intakes are located on either side of the fuselage or on the belly. In the 1990s, some fighters used rectangular binary nozzle, which could weaken the infrared radiation of jet stream at a certain azimuth Angle. Some use deflector jets to facilitate the use of deflected jet flow technology (known as thrust vector technology) to improve fighter mobility and takeoff and landing performance. ③ Flight control system. It has been developed into telex control and fiber optic control, and can be cross-linked with other systems for unified management by computer. All kinds of information needed by the pilot to operate the aircraft can be displayed on the head-up display and the multifunctional downlook display according to different flight modes. Helmet sights were also used. Radio communication and navigation equipment. Ultrashort wave call is the main, many models are also equipped with FM shortwave radio and other communication equipment. It can communicate directly with the army and navy forces, and can also use the global communication satellite system. Many fighter aircraft are equipped with fully autonomous inertial navigation systems and satellite positioning systems. ⑤ Fire control system. It is composed of target parameter measurement equipment, computer, load parameter measurement equipment, display equipment and aiming control equipment, etc., which is mainly used to ensure that various airborne weapons play the maximum role. Fighters in the 1980s all had radars, and some were fitted with laser rangefinders or other photoelectric detection devices. ⑥ Electronic countermeasures equipment. It has become an indispensable part of the airborne equipment of modern fighter planes. The radar warning device and infrared warning device can warn when the enemy radar is tracking or when the air-to-air missile is approaching, and can display the orientation and type of the tracking radar. In addition, some aircraft are also equipped with infrared, laser and other electronic jamming equipment, as well as friend or foe identification devices.
Fighter jets after the 1980s, the maximum speed at altitude is more than 2000 km/h, the maximum speed allowed at ultra-low altitude is 1350 km/h, and the ceiling is about 18,500 meters. Most fighter jets have a maximum range of about 2,000 kilometers without fuel tanks, and 5,500-6,000 kilometers with fuel tanks. The combat radius is greater than 800 kilometers. It takes about 2 minutes and 30 seconds to go from Mach 0.9 to Mach 2.0. It takes about one minute and 30 seconds to rise from sea level to 10,000 meters. The maximum sea level climb rate is over 300 m/s. Low altitude slow circling minimum radius of about 450 meters. The allowable load factor of the aircraft is 9.0g. Some fighters have an instantaneous circling angular speed of 30 degrees per second. The nose can be deflected at a large Angle in a short time, which is conducive to launching combat missiles. The new fighter is easy to maintain, and 60% of the body skin can be opened for quick maintenance or replacement of parts. Replacing an engine can be completed by 3 people in 1 hour. Some aircraft re-dispatch time, including refueling, hanging bombs, etc., the single does not exceed 15 minutes. Important components (such as engines, radar, etc.) adopt the unit structure, which can be replaced by the unit in case of failure. Each system on board has an automatic detection function, after the fault can be used to inform the pilot with characters or sounds, and automatically record for future reference. Due to the continuous improvement of the automation, integration and intelligence of the equipment and systems on board, the fighter aircraft is equipped with flight and combat software, and the software is constantly maintained, corrected, modified and developed during the use of the aircraft to adapt to the changes of the enemy situation and the combat environment. Each of the new fighters can be equipped with two to four medium - and long-range missiles and two to four combat missiles, with additional aircraft guns as auxiliary weapons. The airborne fire control system ensures that multiple air-to-air missiles can be used to attack multiple targets simultaneously. In combat, the pilot can use radar and all onboard weapons (called two-rod technology) without leaving the throttle and steering stick, which makes it easy to focus on the target and improve combat effectiveness. The target information can be shared among all the aircraft in the unit, and can be directly provided by the ground, early warning aircraft and satellites. Some fighters also have strong ground attack capabilities, can hang several tons of bombs or a variety of air-to-ground missiles, and the overall combat effectiveness is far more than the light bombers of the 1950s. ① Increase the average combat speed of the aircraft, in the case of no afterforce, the aircraft can fly at supersonic speed. (2) Further improve the comprehensive working capability of airborne systems and equipment, and improve information transmission and display modes. ③ Increase the ability to cooperate with unmanned combat aircraft. (4) Optical transmission control may gradually replace teletype control, replace electrical information with optical information, and replace cables with optical fiber, which can greatly reduce the risk of electromagnetic shock wave damage and improve anti-interference ability. ⑤ Improve the aerodynamic performance after stall, so that the aircraft can make some "over stall maneuvers", improve agility and close combat ability. Electronic countermeasures will continue to develop. ⑦ Reduce the impact of stealth technology application on fighter configuration. In addition, the reliability and maintainability of fighter aircraft will continue to be improved.
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Regarding the generation of fighter aircraft, there have been several methods such as "traditional four generation division", "Russian five generation division" and "American five generation division".
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Traditional four-generation division
Covering only supersonic fighters, the double speed fighters in service in the early 1950s are listed as the first generation, the double speed fighters in service later are listed as the second generation, the fighters that began service in the mid-1970s with high maneuverability as the main feature are listed as the third generation, and the fighters with higher overall performance that began service in the 21st century are listed as the fourth generation.
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Russia is divided into five generations
It is roughly the same as above, but the second generation of variable swept-wing aircraft (mig-23, F-111) in the "traditional four generation division" is listed as a single generation, called the third generation; Other divisions are the same, so there is an extra generation. This division has been adopted by the Soviet Union and has been used in Russia.
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America is divided into five generations
The jet fighter is listed as the first generation, the high subsonic, swept-wing fighter is listed as the second generation, the low supersonic fighter and the Ma2 level fighter are listed as the third generation, and the fourth and fifth generation are mainly divided by comprehensive performance improvement.
It can be called the "new five generation division method", and the typical characteristics and representative models of each generation are summarized as follows:
First generation fighter
Including early jets and subsonic and high subsonic fighters of the 1930s and 1940s (MA0.6-0.98), representing the mig-15, F-86, and Chinese J-5.
Second generation fighter
The Ma1 first class, low supersonic fighter (Ma1.3 ~ 1.5) entered service in the early 1950s, representing the mig-19, F-100 and Chinese J-6.
Third-generation fighter
The Ma2.0 class entered service in the late 1960s, representing the mig-21, F-4, F-104 and Chinese J-7 and J-8.
Fourth-generation fighter
A fighter aircraft with high mobility and significantly improved overall performance that entered service in the mid-1970s, represented by mig-29, Su-27, F-14, F-15, F-16 and Chinese J-10 and J-11.
A fifth-generation fighter
A new generation of fighter aircraft entering service in the 21st century, represented by the F-22, F-35, Su-57 and Chinese J-20.
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