Collect
Check out my collection
0
Useful +1
A Cruiser is a large surface vessel with strong firepower and many uses, mainly operating in the open ocean
Naval vessels
. Cruisers are equipped with stronger
Attack
And defensive weapons, with high speed and
seaworthiness
It can conduct long-distance operations in harsh weather conditions for a long time.
The main mission of the cruiser is to
Aircraft carrier
and
battleship
Escort, or form a maritime mobile formation as the flagship of a formation to attack enemy surface ships,
submarine
Or target ashore.
With the development of The Times, the cruiser gradually went into decline,
World War II
After the countries have basically no longer built cruisers, only the United States and the Soviet Union have built a few classes, such as the United States
Ticonderoga class
Soviet Kirov class. Into the 21st century, cruisers will gradually be
destroyer
Instead, it will be history.
- Chinese name
- cruiser
- Foreign name
- Cruiser
- Ship type
- Large surface vessel
- Representative ship type
- Ticonderoga class (US), Kirov class (Soviet/Russian)
- Birth time
- 17th century
- Development trend
- Gradually replaced by destroyers
- Branch of service
- navy
- Function orientation
- Surface main combat ship
Cruisers of the sail age [1]
The first "Cruiser" (English as Cruiser) appeared in the 17th century, not so much as a type of warship, but rather to represent the task of a warship, that is, patrol and escort tasks.
In the 18th century, the corvette gradually became the name of a light armed (only single gun-deck) warship capable of long-range cruise, mainly responsible for reconnaissance, escort and breaking combat missions. In the 19th century, steam power began to be used in battleships, and experimental steam-powered cruisers began to appear in the 1840s, and in the mid-1950s, the British and American navies built steam-powered cruisers with larger hulls and large-caliber guns, followed by armor protection.
Armored cruisers were collectively referred to as"
Protect the cruiser
The earliest armor protection was only to lay a layer of horizontal armor in key parts such as the engine room, becoming a "flat-armored cruiser." Because there are many defects in a layer of flat armor, it is improved to a layer of "dome armor" horizontal armor with a high middle and curved sides, which is the "dome armor cruiser". However, there was still no side armor, and the displacement was still relatively small, and the caliber of the main gun was generally less than 152 mm. In addition, there are some cruisers fitted with armor on the sides of the ship, but no dome armor, such cruisers are called"
Armored cruisers
The displacements were often smaller than those of domed cruisers. Beiyang Marine Deng Shichang served as the"
Chih Yuen
She was an armored cruiser, and the later Jingyuan was an armored cruiser with only side armor
[1]
.
In the 17th century,
fleet
The main body is composed of
battleship
The composition of these ships is better than
frigate
Much larger, much more expensive, and much slower, and not suitable for long-distance missions (such as the Americas). And the battleships were too strategically important to carry out
Go the rounds
The mission seemed too risky. Cruisers generally avoided such battleships and did not participate in fleets between such battleships
Sea battle
.
Dutch navy
In the 17th century, the number and configuration of cruisers began to increase,
British navy
And later
France
and
Spanish navy
Catch the trend. In order to protect
Congress
The British enacted the Cruiser and Escort Act, which began to focus the Navy's attention on using cruisers for commercial protection and raids, rather than building more scary and expensive battleships.
In the 18th century,
frigate
It is an excellent cruiser. A frigate is a small, fast, long-range, lightly armed (single gun deck) warship used for reconnaissance, carrying mail, disrupting enemy trade lines, and so on. The other major cruiser species is
A monorail schooner
However, a variety of other ships were also used as cruisers.
In the 19th century, navies began to use steam-powered warships, and in the 1840s experimental steam-powered frigates and monorail schooners began to appear. In the mid-fifties, the British and American navies began to manufacture very long hulls and ships
Heavy artillery
The steam frigate, for example
USS Merrimack
and
HMS Mersey
. In the 1860s,
ironclad
On the stage of war.
France
Starting from the launch of the USS Beluse in 1865, many smaller armored ships have been built to perform open sea patrol duty. These "station ironclad ships" are
Armored cruisers
The beginning of development - a kind of development for speed, independence, arrest and
Go the rounds
An ironclad ship born of the traditional cruiser mission.
The first truly armored cruiser was the Russian General Admiral, completed in 1874. The British HMS Shannon was commissioned a few years later.
cruiser
At that time, the cruiser's primary role was to attack enemy caravans. The cruisers were designed with speed in mind: they were lanky and streamlined
hull
Especially good for high speeds. Their bows and stern are tapered to reduce fluid swirls.
Many smaller protected cruisers were also built between 1880 and 1910. Due to their
armour
Very little, there is no side armor, but rather a bow type of horizontal armor inside the deck.
At the same time, cruisers were incorporated into the main fleet for reconnaissance and patrol purposes.
With the development of shipbuilding technology and the growth of demand, the displacement of cruisers is also increasing.
Sail
It was replaced by steam engines
Armored cruisers
In fact, they could be considered relatively small, fast battleships that could be used as second-class capital ships. The pace of battleship development in the late 19th century was so rapid that within a few years more cruisers were being launched than battleships had been. Columbian
White Fleet
It's already obsolete after a few years in the water. During this time a fleet often consisted of very old ships as well as very new ships, and the new ships were often much larger than the old ships.
This is when people start to differentiate
The light cruiser
and
The heavy cruiser
. Both concepts were defined in various arms limitation treaties after the First World War. Light cruisers had guns of up to 6.1 inches (155 mm), while heavy cruisers were limited to 8 inches (203 mm). in
Washington naval treaty
The upper limit for heavy cruisers was 8 inches. Only five cruisers had guns of higher caliber: three German
Deutsch-class armored ships
And two used by the United States Navy in World War II
Alaska-class large cruisers
. In fact, none of the five ships were entirely cruisers in nature, but were simply called cruisers for various reasons.
Britain
Royal Navy
Particular emphasis is placed on cruisers. The reason lies in
Britain
Be abundant in
colony
A large number of cruisers were needed to keep the colony safe. These cruisers could spy on the enemy, protect battleship fleets from the distance, and attack large enemy warships in groups. For example, in May 1941,
The heavy cruiser Norfolk
and
The heavy cruiser Suffolk
Trailing Germany
The battleship Bismarck
Until the British battleships and aircraft carriers arrived and eventually sank Bismarck. And in December 1939
Naval Battle of the mouth of the La Plata
Middle, British
The heavy cruiser HMS Exeter
And two ships
Leander class light cruiser
To disperse Germany.
The Admiral Graff Spee
The pocket battleship
Superior firepower. Although the British ships were damaged, the German ships did not dare to fight, and finally decided to flee to port.
[2]
The First World War (1914-1918) and the Second World War (1939-1945) were the largest wars in human history. The number of countries involved in these two wars, the wide scope of operations, and the great disasters brought to mankind are incomparable to any other wars in history. In these two wars, land and sea battlefields were intertwined and interdependent, and large-scale battles were carried out again and again on the ocean, which accounted for seven tenths of the earth's area, leaving behind tragic scenes. In this fight between blood and fire, the cruiser, as one of the main forces of the fleet, bathed in blood, wind and bullets, leaving a stirring chapter.
After the outbreak of the First World War, Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Russia seven countries about 259 ships
Battlecruisers
,
The heavy cruiser
And light cruisers, into the sea battle field. The main operational tasks are: first, to destroy and defend maritime lines of communication; Second, attacks on ports and coastal forts; Third, offshore ambush operations; Fourth, the Battle of the main fleet.
The Second World War was an unprecedented struggle in human history.
pogrom
Whether it is the vastness of the battlefield and the scale of the battle, it is incomparable to the First World War.
The naval battle field in World War II was an important battlefield that decided the outcome of the war, covering the Atlantic Ocean,
Mediterranean
The Indian and Pacific Oceans. In naval battles, all types of naval ships and ship-borne weapons have tended to perfect and become hot,
radar
Advanced technologies such as sonar and rockets have enhanced the wings of warships, and aircraft carriers have replaced battleships to become the "hegemon" of the sea, bringing new changes to naval warfare. The traditional method of warfare in which warships confronted each other with artillery at visual range, which has been followed for more than 200 years, has come to an end, and carrier-based aviation has brought great threats to ships. Cruisers re-" choose the master and from ", began to escort the course of aircraft carrier vigilance.
At the outbreak of the Second World War, more than 190 cruisers from seven countries, Britain, the United States, Japan, France, Italy, the Soviet Union and Germany, killed each naval battle field, broke exchanges, attacked ports, landed anti-landing, guarded escort, and ambushed at sea... He fought again and again.
The so-called breaking of the communication is to destroy the enemy's lines of communication to defend their own lines of communication. In 1939, within four months of the outbreak of the war, the Allies lost 509,320 tons of merchant ships and auxiliary ships: 2,477,56 tons by the end of 1940, and 6,546,271 tons in 1942 alone, as much as during the Second World War
The merchant Marine
And auxiliary ships on the summit.
In the vast sea battle field of World War II, the main fleet engaged in a battle again and again. Compared with the previous sea battle, the main fleet in World War II fought in a one-dimensional space, often under water, on the surface and in the air
Three-dimensional space
Together with the application of new technologies and new weapons, naval battles have become more intense and spectacular.
The heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen
Over the next three days, Bismarck was attacked by British aircraft carriers,
battleship
, cruisers,
destroyer
The "wheel war" was finally outnumbered, with eight torpedoes and multiple shells sinking to the bottom of the sea with the flag still flying, 2,000 sailors and Admiral Lutjens, the fleet commander, except for 100 people rescued, the rest were all buried in the fish.
In the South Pacific, fierce naval battles are also taking place between American and Japanese cruiser formations. October 26, 1944
The Great Battle of Leyte Gulf
It was the largest naval battle in human history. The United States has 16 light and heavy aircraft carriers, 18 escort carriers, 12 battleships, 24 light and heavy cruisers, 111 destroyers, 29 submarines, and 1,400 carrier-based aircraft, with a total tonnage of 1.33 million tons and a total personnel of 140,000. Japan has four aircraft carriers, nine battleships, 28 light and heavy cruisers, 36 destroyers, 116 carrier-based aircraft,
Luzon
It will provide 300 aircraft with a gross tonnage of 730,000 and a total personnel of 43,000. The entire naval battle took place on four battlefields: Sibuyan, Cape Ngroo, Surigao, and Samar. As a result, the United States lost one light aircraft carrier, two escort carriers, three destroyers, and 100 aircraft, while the Japanese lost three aircraft carriers and three aircraft carriers
battleship
Ten cruisers, 11 destroyers, 150 aircraft, 10,000 dead, 10 times the number of American troops killed. It was the last major naval battle of World War II. The American fleet then marched north in a whirlwind toward the Japanese mainland.
After the baptism of World War I and World War II, the cruiser bathed in the blood and rain of many sea battles, which also laid the status of the cruiser in the sea battle field, and at the same time, it also ranked the cruiser in the world ship family.
[3]
After World War II, the number of cruisers was drastically reduced, mainly to improve quality. From the perspective of technological development, it mainly adopts nuclear power devices, equipping missile weapons and carrying helicopters for combat. The development of nuclear-powered cruisers is mainly the United States and
Former Soviet Union
In the Navy, the United States has nuclear propulsion in five of its eight classes of cruisers, while only one class of the former Soviet Union has
Nuclear power
Device. From the tonnage point of view, the tonnage of cruisers built after World War II is basically about 10,000 tons, and only the former Soviet Navy has developed a class
Kirov
The class, with a displacement of 28,000 tons, is the largest Class I cruiser in the world.
Due to the rapid development of missile technology, cruisers that have always been equipped with dozens or hundreds of naval guns as the main attack weapons began to replace missiles, and naval guns were only used as auxiliary weapons. Former Soviet Navy
Kirov-class cruisers
It is the first ship in the world to adopt a missile vertical launching device. After adopting this device, the missile carrying capacity of the ship increases and the missile launching rate increases significantly. The Kirov-class is equipped with more than 250 anti-aircraft, anti-ship and anti-submarine missiles of the United States
Ticonderoga class
Although the tonnage is only one-third of its size, the payload has reached 122 bombs. In addition, in order to carry out anti-submarine operations, the ship can also carry two helicopters.
In the Second World War
Air arm
The emergence of the Sea dramatically changed the nature of naval warfare. Even the fastest cruisers were not as fast as aircraft, and the range of aircraft was expanding until they could finally leap into the open ocean. This reduced the chances of a single ship or small force fighting independently. In the late 20th century, only very large fleets operated together, and such fleets could withstand almost any air attack. This has led most navies to focus on designing ships that accomplish only one mission, especially anti-submarine and anti-aircraft vessels. Most of the fleet's multi-purpose ships disappeared.
Ticonderoga class guided missile cruisers
The most famous Soviet-Russian cruisers are the four Kirov class, built in the 1980s and 1990s. Its nuclear power system can provide the ship with more than 30 knots of high speed and almost unlimited endurance. Except the latest"
Peter the Great
"In addition, the other three ships are in poor condition, the first two ships."
Ushakov
"(formerly")
Kirov
") and "Lazarev" (formerly "Lazarev")
Frunzhi
"No.) has even been prepared for demolition.
The center of the U.S. Navy after World War II was
Aircraft carrier
. Ticonderoga class built in the 1980s
The guided missile cruiser
Originally designed as
destroyer
Their main intention was to provide extremely powerful air defenses. The ships were misnamed cruisers for public relations reasons, in order to emphasize the combat capabilities of the Aegis combat system. However, since the launch of the cruiser Ticonderoga in 1981, the ships of this class have received a series of improvements, making their anti-submarine and ground attack power (use
Cruise missile
(Greatly strengthened. Like their Soviet counterparts, these Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruisers could also serve as the center of an entire battle group.
Since 1990, since 40 years
Cold war
At the end of the world situation, there was a trend of disarmament, and the cruiser faced another big test. It has been found that the weapons used by large cruisers of two or three thousand tons and destroyers of several thousand tons are not much different, and they are all missiles,
Naval gun
And helicopters, the only difference is the amount of carry. As a result, people questioned the need to continue building new cruisers. The United States retired all nuclear powered cruisers before 2000 and began to develop new CGX cruisers, but for various reasons had to shelve the research and development plan and instead developed DDG1000 destroyers. Russia has plans to develop a new one
Storm class cruisers
However, due to the decline of the Russian economy, it is difficult to continue to build large warships, coupled with the lack of shipyards capable of building large warships, the actual only for the existing
Kirov-class nuclear-powered cruisers
The modified cruisers will enter service by 2020.
After entering the 21st century, the United States, out of its own strategic needs, made great efforts to develop
Theater missile defense system
The Ticonderoga class guided missile cruiser is also an important part of the anti-missile system, of which the Lake Erie guided missile cruiser carrying standard III anti-aircraft missiles has participated in ballistic missile interception tests many times.
In the 1970s, the United States also designed a number of nuclear-powered cruisers such as
Virginia-class nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers
However, after use, it is considered that the cost performance is not outstanding. Most modern cruisers differ so little from destroyers that the traditional distinction between destroyers and cruisers in terms of displacement and firepower is no longer applicable.
In order to conceal their military purpose, some countries have named some large surface ships close to the cruiser indicator as destroyers. Typical examples include Japan's Kongo class and South Korea's guided-missile destroyer the Great Sejong. Their full load displacement is close to 10,000 tons, the latest in the United States
Arleigh Burke
The class destroyers also have more than 9,000 tons, while the new DDG1000 destroyers reach 14,000 tons. And relative
Ticonderoga class cruisers
It's also more than 9,000 tons.
The CGX cruiser is a new generation of cruisers for the U.S. Navy, an upgraded version of the Zumwalt-class destroyers, with an estimated displacement of 10,000 to 30,000 tons and possibly a nuclear-powered unit. Still in the research and development stage.
From the foreseeable situation, the development trend of cruisers in the future can be summarized in the following aspects:
1. The position of cruisers in the naval ship family tree will not change; in
Aircraft carrier
The position in the formation will not change.
2) The total number of cruisers in the world will tend to decrease, and the number of countries with cruisers will also tend to decrease.
3. The tonnage of cruisers will be maintained at the current level and developed towards quality.
4. The functions of the cruiser will be with
destroyer
Convergence. For example, the cruiser is required to have stealth function, theater missile defense function, cooperative combat function with aircraft carriers and amphibious ships, and powerful land attack function, in short, has a variety of combat capabilities against air, land and anti-submarine, attack various targets, fire support in landing operations, and serve as a maritime formation command ship.
[4]
5. Particle beams, lasers,
Electromagnetic gun
And other new concept weapons will be first tested on cruisers and first equipped,
6. The new generation of cruisers will adopt a modular design and its degree of information will be higher.
The oldest of the modern cruisers, gunships that still retain their sails. No armor protection.
Protect the cruiser
The predecessor of the light cruiser, equipped with lightweight horizontal armor protection, was almost replaced by the light cruiser before World War I.
Armored cruisers
The predecessor of the modern cruiser, a cruiser with armored protection at the waterline, was the most capable of combat of its generation, and some were used as second-class main ships.
Generally superior in displacement, armor, and firepower
destroyer
But weaker than
The heavy cruiser
The ship.
*
Washington naval treaty
During this period, light cruisers were specifically defined as cruisers with main guns of 155 mm (6 in) or less (treaty signatories).
Light cruisers (CL), small tonnage, flexible, 127-155 mm gun caliber, these cruisers are equipped with both range and rate of fire main guns, can effectively neutralizer destroyers, their anti-aircraft fire relies on their own dual-purpose main guns (Atlanta is the most typical example).
[7]
Generally a ship superior in firepower and armor to a light cruiser but second only to a battleship.
*
Washington naval treaty
During the period, heavy cruisers specifically referred to cruisers with main guns of 155 mm (6 in) to 203 mm (8 in) caliber (treaty signatories).
in
destroyer
In place of the cruisers, the primary armament was changed to
Anti-ship missile
Modern cruisers replacing the main guns, equipped with modern radar and electronics, and enhanced air defense and anti-submarine capabilities.
Large cruisers are a rare class, with more firepower and armor than cruisers, but not as much
battleship
It was also faster than standard battleships. Since the line between heavy cruisers and battleships has been blurred, there are some elements of both
Battle line
Cruisers are often difficult to identify, and many of the closest ships are classified as battlecruisers, so this category exists only as an official government designation. The only ones actually built are American ones
Alaska-class cruisers
.
Strictly speaking, the battlecruiser is generally regarded as a separate ship class rather than a cruiser branch. An unwritten rule at the time of the design of battleships was that their armor should be able to withstand their own fire at a conventional engagement distance for such designs to be considered acceptable. Before the First World War there was a design to disrupt this equilibrium. The aim was to design ships much faster than the battleships, but with the same firepower as the battleships, whose role was to pursue the enemy's cruisers, especially the armoured cruisers active in the oceans and mainly used to break up the engagement. First Sea Lord in England
John Arbuthnot Fisher
Under the auspices of the first ship of this warship known as the battlecruiser was at Alvik on 14 April 1907
shipyard
In the water, it is
Battlecruiser Invincible
.
These ships, between battleships and cruisers, had the same tonnage and firepower as battleships, but their
armour
It was weak, only cruiser level, and the weight saved was invested in engines and firepower. The result is a vehicle with high mobility
warship
More firepower than any cruiser, but faster than a battleship. The Father of the War Patrol praised this ship, because it was second only to
battleship
The main force of the navy --
Armored cruisers
When faced with a battlecruiser at speeds above 25 knots, only carnage awaited the former.
The battlecruiser Hood
In 1940, the British fleet pursued Germany during World War II
The battleship Bismarck
The process also revealed the vulnerability of the battlecruisers' armor. Anglican
The battlecruiser Hood
On fire with
The Bismarck
Just as powerful, but much weaker in armor. in
Naval Battle of Denmark Strait
Before she could hit Bismarck, Hood was hit by Bismarck's gunfire, which punctured her armor and caused an explosion in her ammunition magazine, breaking her in half, and rapidly sinking. Only three of the 1,419 sailors survived.
Another type of ship called a "cruiser" is
Auxiliary cruisers
In fact, they were merchant ships quickly equipped with small guns after the outbreak of war. They are practically useless. In both World wars, Germany used small merchant ships equipped with cruiser guns to attack Allied merchant ships. These ships, often disguised as neutral or even Allied merchant ships, achieved some successes. Some large ocean ships were also modified in this way. During World War I, the French and Germans used these ships to attack the enemy, and the advantage of these ships was their high speed (around 30 knots).
World War II
Germany and Japan used such ships again. In the early years of World War I and World War II, the British also used such ships to protect the merchant fleet to make up for the shortage of destroyers.
America is what the world has
The guided missile cruiser
The largest number of countries. Since the 1960s, a total of 54 cruisers in 8 classes have been developed, and 9 nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers in 5 classes, including 1 Long Beach class, 1 Bainbridge class, 1 Traxton class, and 1 Trxton class.
California
"Class 2,"
Virginia
"Class 4 ships;
Conventional power
45 guided missile cruisers in 3 classes, including 9 Lehi class, 9 Belknup class, and 27 Ticonderoga class. The Ticonderoga class is also the only first-stage guided missile cruiser in service; the others have been retired.
-
"Long Beach" class
Only one ship of this class was built, the ship named Long Beach, by the United States
Bethlehem Steel
Construction began in November 1957, it was launched in 1959, and it was officially commissioned in 1961. It was the first in the world
Nuclear-powered cruisers
It is also the world's first nuclear-powered surface ship, and its birth is not only in the history of cruiser development, but also in
Nuclear power
The history of the ship is of great significance, and at the same time, it is also
Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
The development provides a successful example of feasibility. Is the world
Surface ship
A leap in the history of development.
"Long Beach" class nuclear-powered missile cruiser standard displacement of 15,540 tons, full displacement of 17,525 tons; The ship is 219.9 meters long, 22.3 meters wide, and 9.1 meters in draft; Power: 2 C1W pressurized water reactors, 2 gas turbines, 80,000 HP; Speed 30 knots; The number of 825 people, another 68 flagship command personnel can be arranged.
The background of the construction of the Long Beach. After the Second World War, the United States increased its power in order to achieve world domination
Great ambition
The United States pursues a policy of "strategic deterrence" and "control of the seas." To make warships regularly cruise the world's oceans, a new source of power is needed without refueling in the middle, so nuclear power is favored. On January 17, 1955, Nautilus, the world's first nuclear-powered ship, was launched
Nuclear submarine
After sea trials, the U.S. Navy decided to build nuclear power after several controversies
Aircraft carrier
It also plans to build a nuclear-powered cruiser to carry out escort and warning tasks. Thus, the "Long Beach" began to be conceived.
The ship is highly self-sustaining. In 1964, the "Long Beach" aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier "Enterprise" on a 65-day voyage around the world, without any logistics. The ship's first nuclear fuel replacement took place in 1965 after a voyage of 165,700 nautical miles. The ship underwent an extensive refit in 1980-1985, removing the outdated "Brass Knight" ship-to-air missile system and replacing the "Beagle" ship-to-air missiles with advanced "standard" long-range missiles. In 1979, Long Beach was equipped with two four-mounted Harpoon ship-to-ship missile launchers. During the overhaul in 1985, the ship was equipped with two four-mounted Tomahawk long-range cruise missiles, making the ship truly capable of long-range attack. The ship was originally planned to be equipped with the Aegis weapon system, but it did not materialize due to other reasons. On the rear upper platform, the ship is newly equipped with two 20mm "Vulcan" phalanx close-in defense guns, which greatly improves the short-range defense capability. The ship was also equipped with two additional 127-mm guns. The gun was suitable for attacking coastal targets and engaging on the surface. The ship is also equipped with an eight-mounted Aslok anti-submarine missile launcher and two MK32 triplet anti-submarine torpedo tubes. The modified "Long Beach" is far better than the prototype in weapons, and truly has the comprehensive combat capability of ship, air, submarine and shore. The ship has advanced electronics. The original SPS-32 and SPS-33 phased array radars were removed along with the Brass Knight ship-to-air missile system. Meanwhile, the SPS-48C
Three-coordinate radar
The SPS-49CV sea and air search radar also replaced the older horizontal directional radar. The ship has an advanced combat command center and a flagship command facility attached to it. The ship's rear deck has been modified to provide a helicopter platform for helicopter replenishment at sea, and the ship has no hangar and does not carry it in peacetime
Antisubmarine helicopter
. The ship was decommissioned in 1994.
-
Ticonderoga class
The ship is hailed as "the most advanced cruiser of the contemporary era" and "has epoch-making combat effectiveness and vitality." It is the first ship equipped with the Aegis system in the United States, solving the problem of fleet air defense that has long plagued the United States Navy, and taking the lead in modern military technology.
in
Cold war
Period,
Former Soviet Union
In order to compete with the United States in the sea, a complete set of naval strategy and development has been developed
Exhibition equipment planning. One of their mace is to attack the US aircraft carrier formation as the main goal, and strive to develop
Anti-ship missile
. There are as many as 17 or 18 types of missiles developed, with different guidance methods, different ranges, different altitudes and speeds, and they are not only equipped on surface ships, but also equipped on surface ships
submarine
And on the plane. Once the war broke out, the anti-ship missiles of the Soviet army were like a swarm of locusts, and they could be used in all directions.
Multidimensional space
At the same time towards the US aircraft carrier. This type of attack is called "saturation attack" by the Americans. By contrast, the American cruisers are outfitted
Antiaircraft missile
For example, "Beagle", "Beagle"
Tatars
"And" Standard Type I ", etc., against a small number of incoming anti-ship missiles can still cope with more or less, the incoming missiles are more and more, and it is impossible to defend against this. Their slow reaction problem is mainly reflected in
radar
Search, measurement, and tracking are also present in missile guidance methods and launch systems. Usually, the air warning radar needs 12-24 seconds from finding the target to determining the heading, speed, flight altitude and other parameters of the target, and then transmits the measured target data to the target
Fire control system
Since it takes at least 1 minute for the air radar to track, calculate the design parameters and then launch the missile, coupled with the semi-active radar homing method used by the United States for air missile guidance, the tracking and irradiation radar on the ship needs to consistently align the target to launch a beam to it, which is solved
A goal
Then we can move on to the next target. That way, you can't deal with multiple targets at once. In addition, the missile launch system also has a complex procedure from loading, aiming to launching, which takes at least 20 seconds. In this way, it is indeed difficult to deal with the "saturation attack" of Soviet anti-ship missiles. Therefore, the Americans designed the Aegis system and began to build a new cruiser equipped with the Aegis system - "Ticonderoga".
There are 27 ships of this class in service, the ship number is "CG47-73, the ship names are:" Ticonderoga ", "Ticonderoga", "Ticonderoga".
Vincennes
"York City," "Valley Forge," "
Gates
", "Bunker Hill","
Mobile Bay
"SAN Jacinto", "SAN Jacinto"
Antietam
","
Leyte Gulf
"Hue City", "Champland Lake", "Hue City"
Philippine sea
"Princeton", "Princeton"
Normandy
"Monterey," "Chancellorsville," "Cowpens,"
Gettysburg
", "Qiu Xin","
Shiloh
", "Anzio", "Cape SAN Giorgio","
Vicksburg
"Lake Erie," "Wella Bay," and "Lake Erie."
Port Royal
". The first ship, Ticonderoga, began construction at Ingalls Shipbuilding in January 1980, was launched in April 1981, and was commissioned in January 1983. The ship is 172.5 meters long, 16.8 meters wide, and has a draft of 9.5 meters. Standard displacement 7260 tons, full load displacement 9600 tons; The power plant is 4 LM2500 gas turbines with 80,000 HP. Over 30 knots. If it's 20 knots
Sailing speed
Degree calculation, endurance up to 60,000 nautical miles; It has a total strength of 395, including 37 officers. The class is equipped with strong offensive and defensive firepower, and is the most comprehensive combat capability of current U.S. cruisers. The ship is equipped with two MK41 missiles
Vertical launch system
. The vertical launch system usually stores the missile, and when it is launched, as long as the deck launch port cover is opened and the launch power is switched on, the missile can soar into the air. The launch port cover is made of plastic, and the missile can be launched without lifting the cover in an emergency, and the missile can break the cover and react very fast. The two missile libraries can hold 122 missiles according to the vertical launch plan, and can be mixed with Tomahawk missiles, Standard Type 2 anti-air and Aslok missiles.
Antisubmarine missile
. The ship has two quad Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers. The class is also equipped with two novel MK45 127-mm guns and two Phalanx 6-barrel 20mm short-range defense systems, which can fire 3,000 rounds per minute.
Antisubmarine weapon
There are "Aslok" missiles, two MK32 triple torpedo tubes, equipped with two anti-submarine helicopters.
The ship is notable for being equipped with the world's most advanced Aegis system. The Aegis system consists of six components: phased array radar, command and decision system, weapons control system, and missiles
Fire control system
Missile launching system and combat readiness inspection system. It is characterized by: reflecting very fast, with a variety of functions such as search, tracking and guidance, and can simultaneously track and process nearly 100 targets in the air, water or underwater, which is beyond the reach of other current combat command systems.
In addition to Aegis, the ship is equipped with a long-range air alert
radar
, one ball-headed sonar, one
Towing sonar
And a fully integrated automatic electronic warfare system with a fast chaff decoy launcher.
Another unique feature of this class is that it is improving
Ship vitality
Efforts have been made. In order to prevent fire, the ship is divided into fire zones, and special electromagnetic doors can be isolated. The superstructure is made of steel and covered with firefelt,
Key position
With high strength thick steel plate protection. The fire control piping and damage control arrangement of the ship fully consider all kinds of battle damage can still carry out effective rescue, and maintain combat effectiveness.
On July 3, 1988, the Vincennes, which was in the Persian Gulf, mistook an Iranian A-300B airliner for an F-14 fighter jet. As a result, a missile flew into the air, killing all 290 innocent passengers on board. In January 1991
Gulf War
Ten ships of this class took part in the battle. In the early morning of January 17, the "SAN Jacinto" launched the first "Tomahawk" missile, firing the "Desert Storm" first shot. The Princeton was damaged by a mine in the bay.
-
Artillery cruisers
Russia's most famous cruiser
The Lovell
Now, the battleship that fired the first shots of the revolution was a Parada-class protected cruiser.
The first cruisers built by the Soviet Navy after the last Admiral Nakhimov class cruisers of the Tsarist Russian Navy were the Kirov-class cruisers (Project 26) in 1935 (this class was a light cruiser armed with 180 mm guns, not the nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers that followed)
Xia Boyang class cruiser
After World War II, he designed the Sverdlov-class cruisers, the last of which was an artillery cruiser.
[5]
Then the Soviet Union began building missile cruisers.
Kirov-class ships
Russia has four classes of seven ships, of which the "Kirov" class is nuclear-powered and the rest is conventionally powered.
The guided missile cruiser. Italian and
Peru
One each, all conventionally powered guided missile cruisers. Due to the increasing size of destroyers and increasing firepower, coupled with a light aircraft carrier that has "grafted" the functions of cruisers and aircraft carriers together, some countries such as Britain and France have replaced cruisers with destroyers and light aircraft carriers. The United States and Russia, especially the United States, continued to retain powerful cruisers due to the need for ocean-going operations. After the Second World War, the former Soviet Navy has always attached importance to the development of cruisers, and has built seven classes of cruisers, respectively.
Sverdlov
"Class," Kenta "class,"
Cresta I "class
"Cresta II" class, "Kara" class, "Glory" class, "Kirov" class, of these seven classes only "Kirov" class is a nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser, the other classes are conventionally powered cruisers.
The Kirov-class nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser is the world's largest guided missile cruiser and the world's first surface ship equipped with a missile vertical launch system. The first ship "Kirov" started construction in 1975, launched in December 1977, and entered service in July 1980; The second ship, Frunzhi, was commissioned in November 1983; The third ship."
Kalinin
Commissioned in 1988; The fourth ship."
Andropov
She was launched for sea trials in late 1991. All four of these ships were built by
Baltic Sea
Shipyard built. The first ship served in the Northern Fleet, the second in the Pacific Fleet, and the third in the Pacific Fleet
The Baltic Fleet
The fourth ship was incorporated
Caspian Sea
The fleet.
The ship is 248 meters long, 28 meters wide, and has a draft of 8.8 meters. Standard displacement of 24,000 tons, full load displacement of 28,000 tons (there are data reports: standard displacement of 27,000 tons, full load displacement of 37,000 tons), so some people call it
Battlecruisers
. The power plant is:
Nuclear reactor
2 units, 2 steam turbines, 8 motors, total power 150,000 kilowatts; It has a speed of 32 knots and a range of 150,000 nautical miles at 25 knots.
In addition to the United States and Russia, Italy and Peru each have one guided missile cruiser, the only guided missile cruiser in the Italian Navy at present, in fact, can also be called
Helicopter carrier
It can be used for both air defense and anti-submarine
Combat mission
.
The cruiser Admiral Grau
Cooperation between China and Japan
On April 12, 1929, the National Government explicitly established the Ministry of the Navy; On June 1, the Naval Department of the Nanjing Nationalist Government was formally established under Yang Shuzhuang (in January 1938, the Naval Department was ordered to be abolished and reorganized into the Naval General Command). In 1930, the Admiralty ordered two new 2,600-ton cruisers: signed a contract with the Japanese Soho Shipyard, and the ships were delivered in stages at the discount of Northeast soybeans; The drawings were designed by Japan and built in China and Japan respectively. In 1932, the Ninghai, built in Japan, was completed and set sail for China. Built by Jiangnan Shipbuilding, the "Heihai" began construction in August 1931, sailed to Japan in 1936 to install weapons systems, and returned to China in April 1937. These two cruisers became China's most advanced warships at the time. In 1931, Jiangnan Shipyard also built a 1,500 ton light cruiser "Yi Xian".
Anti-Japanese War period
In the Japanese War of aggression against China in 1937, the Republic of China Navy only had nine cruisers, namely "Haiqi", "Haichen", "Hairong", "Haichao", "Pinghai", "Haihai".
Yonghae
The "Yixian", "Yingrui" and "Zhaohe" were ordered to set up a blockade in the Yangtze River channel at Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province; On 25 September, four old cruisers, Haiqi, Haichen, Hairong, and Haichao, were sunk behind the main blockade line to act as auxiliary blockades. These four cruisers would have sunk without a fight. Almost at the same time, in a fierce battle with Japanese aircraft at the same location, the three cruisers "Flat sea", "Ninghai" and "Yi Xian" were also sunk. On 23 October, the cruiser Ying Rui, which was retreating from Jiangyin to Caishiji, Anhui Province, was also sunk by Japanese aircraft. In late September of the same year, another cruiser, the Zhaohe, was sunk by Japanese aircraft during a fierce battle at Humen Fortress in Guangdong Province. At this point, all the cruisers of the Chinese Navy have been lost and martyred under the water.
Chungking
After the victory in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Chinese Navy received a group of warships as gifts from the British Navy, of which the "Chongqing" cruiser was the largest (displacement 7,500 tons).
[6]
. The ship, originally known as HMS Aurora or Dawn, was a British light cruiser built in 1936 (at a cost of £2,259,951). In World War II, the ship served as the flagship of the British Navy's Mediterranean k Fleet, sinking more than 10 enemy ships and more than 20 merchant ships, and was known as the "silver ghost" by the British Army. In 1943, the ship transported the King of England to Malta; In 1944, Admiral Dwight D. Eisenhower, commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, commanded the attack on the island of Bantarella from the ship. After the war, the Chinese ships were delivered to China in 1948 as compensation for British requisitions during the war.
[2]
The main technical data of the ship are: the ship is 154.03 meters long, 15.56 meters wide, 4.2 meters draft, standard displacement of 5,274 tons, full displacement of 7,500 tons, using four turbine engines, the propulsion power of 64,000 horsepower, the maximum speed of 32.25 knots, the endurance of 4000 nautical miles, the crew of nearly 600. The main weapons on the ship are three dual-mounted 152mm guns, four dual-mounted 100mm guns (all capable of automatic loading), two 40mm anti-aircraft guns, three dual-mounted 20mm machine guns, two triple-mounted 533mm torpedo tubes and depth charges. The ship is equipped with a radar director to control the air fire of the gun.
[2]
The cruiser "Chongqing" can be called the latest equipment and the most powerful warship in the history of the Chinese Navy, and was hailed as "the new birth of the Chinese Navy" by the Kuomintang military and political leaders at that time. However, the "good scenery" was not long, on February 26, 1949, the "Chongqing" sailed from Wusongkou in Shanghai to Yantai port under the control of the Communist Party, and went to the new owner; Soon after, because of the bombing of the Kuomintang air force and sank in the waters near Huludao, Liaoxi. Since then, the Chinese no longer have their own cruisers.
[2]
In order to receive warships from Britain, the Kuomintang Navy Department recruited college and middle school students to train in Britain three times in advance. On May 26, 1948, the cruiser Chongqing, led by Captain Deng Zhaoxiang, set sail from Portsmouth, England, sailing more than 10,000 nautical miles, and arrived in Shanghai on August 20. Due to the tension of the civil war, in October, the Kuomintang Admiralty Minister GUI Yongqing ordered the Chongqing ship to Huludao to participate in the Liaodong Campaign, and Chiang Kai-shek had personally summoned the generals on this warship to command the Liaodong campaign. The ship soon sailed back to Shanghai.
[6]
In 1946, the Kuomintang reactionaries tore up the armistice agreement between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and launched mad attacks on the people's liberated areas. In October 1946, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China reiterated to the whole Party that it was necessary to strengthen the leadership of mass struggles in the areas ruled by the Kuomintang. Intensify the work of disintegrating the Kuomintang army. There are already two fronts in China; the People's War of Liberation is the first; in the areas under the rule of the Kuomintang, an extremely broad united front of the whole nation has been formed as a result of the upsurge of the student movement and the upsurge of the revolutionary movement of the masses of the people. In this favorable situation, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China also issued instructions within the party: "The focus of intelligence work in the national control area should be turned to comprehensively engage in counter-insurgency and grasp the strength." The former Southern Bureau of the Central Committee and later the Central Shanghai Bureau, as well as the relevant Party committees and democratic personage under their leadership, have, in accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee, done a great deal of work on some Kuomintang government functionaries and patriotic officers and men in the land, sea and air forces. The glorious uprising of the "Chongqing" is one of the products of the implementation of the central instructions by the Shanghai Bureau. On February 25, 1949, in the situation of the imminent victory of the liberation War, the largest cruiser of the Kuomintang Navy "Chongqing" in Shanghai Wusongkou glorious uprising, the next day safely sailed to the liberated area of Yantai port. Caused a great shock of public opinion at home and abroad.
The "Chongqing" warship has more than 300 soldiers returning from training in Britain. When they were trained in Britain, they were discriminated against and bullied, and when they returned home, they saw the corruption and incompetence of the Kuomintang, the soaring prices of goods, and the very hard life of some officers and soldiers, they felt great disappointment, dissatisfaction, depression and hesitation, and many soldiers found another way out. Among the officers, there had always been factional strife in the Kuomintang Navy, and many were excluded. Captain Deng Zhaoxiang and others are Fujian Mawei Navy personnel, but also by GUI Yongqing sidelined. GUI Yongqing sent his confidant Navy Qingdao Department Mou Bingjian as deputy captain, monitoring Deng Zhaoxiang and other officers and soldiers, and ready to let Mou take over the position of Captain Deng Zhaoxiang at the appropriate time. These circumstances are undoubtedly favorable conditions for turning the ship.
[6]
