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Of the Illyrians Clan name Strictly speaking, it comes from Albania Scodra (today Shkoder ) and Mati Between a small tribe. The name Illyrian was first used by the ancient Greeks (Greek Ιλλυ ριοι) and later by the ancient Romans to refer to other tribes with whom they had regular contact. However, as in the childhood of other ancient peoples, the history of the ancient Illyrians is still chaotic and unclear, often lost in the illusory and blurred mythological fog.

On the basis of Greek mythology According to legend, Poseidon is the son of the sea god one-eyed giant Polyphemus He had three sons with the goddess Galatia: Celtus, Illyrias, and Celtus Galas . supposedly Three sons They later ruled over the peoples that bear their names: the Celts, the Illyrians and the Galatians. This attaching of national origins to certain real or fictional celebrities and persons deity The concept of descendants is common in many ancient peoples, which is the origin of the so-called name of the ancestor god. Ancestors are not only considered "kinsmen, but also gods," and tribes or nations "take their names from the great ancestor or ruler." We know, of course, that the Galatians were only a branch of the Celts, according to present-day scholarship. However, Greek mythology lists these three as brothers, which seems to indicate a relatively close relationship between the Illyrians and the Celts and Galatians.

The Illyrians' special relationship with the Celts was, in fact, primarily shared with them in prehistoric Central Europe Hallstatt culture (Hallstatt Culture). This culture has always existed Austria and Germany Centered in the south, it began to rise around 1100 BC and then expanded in all directions, including later periods Bronze Age Especially Iron Age content. Its origins can be traced to the Urnfield Culture and Aunjetitz Culture, and may be related to some other cultures, such as the Lausitz Culture. Among... Indo-European Among the peoples, the Illyrians probably also passed through Central Europe during the Bronze Age and Iron Age Culture, and The Germans There's some kind of connection.

The formation of the early Illyrians, probably before Hallstatt culture Times. They had settled in the western Balkans by the late 2nd century BC, and some have pushed their activity to about 1800 BC or before.

According to the place names, long before the Illyrians entered, Balkan region Probably settled by non-Indo-European peoples. Within the scope of the Glasinac Culture, which has been identified as Illyrian, there are clues to the development of its civilization. With the evolution of culture and the large-scale movement of peoples in Europe, the early Illyrians probably moved from their original homes Central Europe Began to migrate outward, on a wider geographical scale Internal diffusion Gradually took over Balkan Peninsula Almost the entire western half (about present-day Slovenia, Croatia , Serbia , Bosnia , Albania And part of Macedonia), roughly distributed in the north Danube From the Ionian Sea to the Gulf of Ambrakia in the south to the west The Adriatic Sea Within the area of the Eastern Dashar Mountains.

Archaeological evidence suggests that some part of the Illyrians may have traveled south to control the Acseus River between the 8th century BC and 650 BC The Vardar River The lower banks occupied the Vergina and extended into the Strimont River basin. Romania Scholars believe that the Illyrians may have also crossed Danube It crossed into the southwestern part of present-day Romania.

In addition, parts of the Illyrians moved into northern Italy and separated into local tribal groups, such as the Veneti; The other part is about now Albania Let's go. Cross east to west The Adriatic Sea , in Italian peninsula The southeast coast landed and settled, formed The Mesapi (Messapii) a kind of clade. Such migration and diffusion, just like similar activities of other nations in history, naturally not only manifested as the displacement of space, but also meant the deep contact and mutual penetration of personnel and culture, and the Illyrians were local wherever they went Indigenous people Historical intermingling took place (including among the ancient non-Indo-Europeans).

In the 6th century BC, Ancient Greek settler Began to establish a settlement in Illyria. Relations between the two peoples were not always very peaceful, but the Illyrians began to accept Greek culture . Greek luxury became a symbol of Illyrian aristocracy. in Lake Ohrid Beside the luxurious tribal cemetery archaeologist Found goods imported from Greece.

In the renovation of fortified highland settlements into Urban center The process of Central Greece The impact of these cities on economic accounting continues to intensify Social structure Changes have also taken place. urban Handicraft industry And the influence of commerce expanded, and the Illyrians also began to grow in Aegean Sea Seafaring (commercial and pirate).

In the 5th century BC, small states formed in some of these cities, but these were often short-lived.

At the beginning of the 4th century BC, more and more Greeks historian Start writing about the Illyrians. then Kingdom of Macedonia There were frequent wars with the Illyrians.

In 359 BC, King Padicus III of Macedon was killed in battle against the Illyrians. The son of Pardecus Philip the Second They were able to defeat the Illyrians, but they were not Alexander the Great Incorporate into Kingdom of Macedonia .

In the 3rd century BC, a number of Illyrian Kings were established regional A powerful country.

In 229 BC, the Illyrians were also very famous Pirate . A Greek colony on the coast of Achen Ancient Rome Apply for protection. in The First Illyrian War (229-228 BC) in the middle of Rome The Dalmatian Coast Build a bridgehead. in The Second Illyrian War (218-201 BC) Illyria was largely occupied by the Romans.

In 168 BC the last Illyrian king was Roman Defeated, captured and brought back to Rome. The Romans divided Illyria into small Roman states.

In 67 BC, Pompey vs The Illyrian pirates There was an effective crackdown.

Caesar formally incorporated Illyria Roman Empire . Octavian Danube The boundary divides Illyria into Dalmatia and Pannonia Two provinces.

In 9 BC, after the outbreak of insurrection in Illyria, Rome began to Romanize the region strongly. The later armies of the Roman Empire consisted largely of the Romanized Illyrians here. multiple Roman emperor It's the Illyrians, including Claudius the Second Aurelian, Probus, Diocletian and Constantine the First .

In the 6th century, the Slavs began to invade The Byzantine Empire The Illyrians and Thracians of the Balkan territories. Over the centuries most of them merged with the Slavs Yugoslavia The man.

The Illyrians themselves were ethnically complex, according to archaeological excavations. Here are some from Austria the Hallstatt representativeness The long head type of the site cranium , which Brow ridge Slightly convex, moderately inclined forehead, protruding occipital bone, Parietal bone Flat, flat cheekbones, mandible Deep-set, slightly taller, and typical of the Nordic type. These Hallstatt series of ethnic characteristics, on the one hand inherited from the native Central Europe Bronze Age and Neolithic age The former population, on the other hand, is closely related to the influence of the Germanic Reihengraber that followed the Celtic hiatus.

We'll shift our sights to the southeast, along Dinara Alps Below, explore the Balkan hinterland. There are not many Hallstat-Nodic types that can be seen in the mountains of southern Austria. Craniocephaly (also known as brachycephaly) accounts for almost half of the skull samples from the Kaniola region in western Slovenia, as well as mesocephaly. While... Croatia Among the bone samples found, there were both long - and brachycephalic types. Bosnia Some excavations at the famous site of Grassinac related to late Illyrian remains once again show a mixture of colors of various types. The increasing number of brachycephaloids belongs to the Dinaric type, or Adriatic species, which is still widespread in the western Balkans. Apparently, in the Illyrian distribution, since Austria Up to Former Yugoslavia Within the Republics, the ethnic characteristics of the inhabitants show some variation, from the long-headed Nordik to the short-headed Dinarik.

According to analysis, at that time quite representative Bronze Age The prototype of the resident, about Danube The basin's agricultural inhabitants and jomon The product of successive fusions among Corded invader cultures. "The Illyrians seem likely to have come through urn The descendants of the inhabitants of the Auenyetes culture formed through cultural intermediation, or of a mixture of persons of similar physical characteristics and persons of exactly the same ethnic composition." In short, the Illyrians themselves should be seen as a mixed ethnic group made up of multiple factors.

When the Illyrians first entered the Balkans, they encountered and intermingled with the Pelasgi. The Pelaskis are Ancient Greece The earliest known indigenous people, Herodotus , Thucydides And Homer's epic. They are said to be in Thrace, Argos, Halchides and Crete Lived in other places. Even in the "Mediterranean coastal zone" outside Greece there is a distribution, including Asia Minor Even Italy.

At the end of the second millennium B.C., the Pelaschi were taken from Balkan The Achaans, Aeolians of the northern Greek system, The Ionians Conquered one after another, assimilated most. According to Herodotus, the Greeks were in Religious belief The aspect may have been inherited and absorbed from the Pelasji. Up to Classical age Classical writers were impressed by the fact that the remaining Pelasgis in Greece retained their cultural identity and spoke their unique non-Greek language in the 5th century BC. According to the Herodotus Say, Greco-persian Wars Period, Xerxes command Persia On the way to Greece, the army also passed through the Pelasgian cities in Asia Minor.

The ethnic background of the Pelasji is not known, and it seems to fall into that category Indo-European the Mediterranean race Group. Some scholars believe that they shared a common culture with the Iberians, The Etruscans (Etruscans), etc Ancient nation Close. Thucydides The Pelaschi were referred to as "Tyrrhenian", or Etruscan. from Cretan civilization Some of the murals left behind show that its local residents were "slender and dark-skinned" and had "black hair. Mediterranean Bloodline ", possibly derived from North Africa . Homer mentions ancient times Crete There are many nationalities, among them the "brave Pelasji". If, as has been speculated, the Pelasgis, along with the Carians and others, were involved in the creation of Cretan civilization, then Physical characteristics It should probably fit with that. The Pelaschi people had a relatively wide distribution and lived in what is now mainland Greece and Greece The Aegean Islands For the most part, it has gradually integrated with the Greeks; Some of the Pelasgians, who settled in the interior of the Balkans slightly north, were probably eventually mixed by the Illyrians, as mentioned earlier.

Another group the ancient Illyrians came into contact with as they moved south into the Balkans was the Thracians. The Thracians differ from the Pelaskis in that they speak a certain language Indo-European . Their physical characteristics are not directly recorded in historical records, but it is said that the Thracians claimed that the god they worshipped "was Blue eyes Redhead. Ancient peoples generally shaped their spiritual idols according to their physical appearance, so it follows that the racial physical characteristics of the Thracians should not deviate too much from the stereotypical Europa image of the red hair. The Thracians were another very active ethnic group in the ancient Balkans, which is generally considered to be located in the east, "in The Morava River East of the basin, from Aegean Sea Extend to Danube The north side, "i.e Balkan Peninsula From the centre to the North-East, a small number of Thracians inhabited the area Asia Minor The northwest. Actually, the Thracians are Balkan Its western boundary had earlier reached as far as the Adriatic coast, that is to say, covering the present Yugoslavia , Albania The state of... "The Illyrians came later, and they drove the Thracians east into the Balkans Central region ".

Some date the Illyrians' eastward drive of the Thracians to about 1300 BC. It is believed, however, that the land west of the Acseus River was occupied by the Illyrians at least until 1100 BC, after which the Illyrians became the protagonists of historical activity in the area. However, the Thracians have also attacked in the opposite direction. Around 650 BC, the Thracians were joined by a tribe native to the northern shores of the Black Sea nomad The invasion of the Balkans by the Cimmerians had greatly undermined the Illyrians' position and caused divisions within them. In fact, the Thracians also left a historical influence in the western Balkans, where their descendants still live Albania On individual islands along the coast, the Thracians may have lived side by side with the Illyrians, "even forming a mix at certain adjacent locations. Residential area ". Due to today Albanian There are still some Thracian words in it, so that there are linguist It is stated that "Albanian is a sub-language of Thracian", and that "Albanian is a mixture of Illyrian and Thracian". Nevertheless, in general, the Albanian national and Language and culture In the formation of the Illyrian factors are still dominant; The ancestors of the Albanians are mainly Illyrians, and the Albanian language is mainly developed from the old Illyrian language, but it should not be ruled out that some Thracian and Thracian culture may have been incorporated into it. However, the exact timing of the Illyrian and Thracian fusion in this area remains uncertain.

The Illyrians were a people who lived in the Balkan region of ancient Europe Indo-European The national group has a very long history Cultural tradition . However, due to the lack of written material, accounts of Illyrian activities are mainly obtained from the Greeks and later the Romans. The Illyrians and their various branches have been described or recorded by classical writers Herodotus , Thucydides , Syrax , Hecataeus, Pomponi Mela, Appian , Strabo, Plutarch Polybius, Pliny the Great and others.

In general, little is known about the Illyrians compared to other ancient groups. Due to the lack of data, modern times Europe and America The Illyrian question has not been systematically studied by many scholars. Some scholars are often committed to Indo-European In the course of the overall study of the early history of the languages and their interrelations, the question of the origin of the Illyrian languages and peoples is incidentally concerned.

In Western academia, the earliest concern about ancient India - Europa It was the famous orientalist in England in the 18th century who paid attention to language William Jones It was first proposed by William Jones in a speech at the Asiatic Society in Calcutta, India, in 1789 Ancient India Sanskrit The belief that there is a correspondence or kinship with certain European languages. Since then, the German linguist Franz Bao Pu (Franz Bopp) slave language Comparative study The perspective proves the homology of these languages.

In 1823, H.J. Kraprote Heinrich Julius Klaproth first referred to it as Indo-Europa or India Germanic languages . And people assume from that, Ancient times There existed an ancient Indo-European group that included all inhabitants who spoke these homologous languages.

In 1845, the German scholar A. Kuhn (Adalbert Kuhn) on the ancient Indo-European Cultural studies A worthwhile first attempt was made. There has been a lot of controversy in the academic circles about its birthplace.

In 1878, Th Perscher confirmed that the native land of the ancient Indo-Europeans was Baltic Sea with The Black Sea Between. The general tendency is to believe that its exact location is approximately on the north coast of the Black Sea steppe The arc. By about the third millennium BC, the Ancient Indo-European group began to split due to the outward migration, and later gradually formed many branches. The Illyrian language and its inhabitants are the result of this separation.

European linguists such as Hans Krahe, E.C. Polome, Radoslav &S226; Radoslav Katicic and others are among the few scholars who have made a special study of the Illyrian language. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the study of Illyrians in the international academic community has developed to a certain extent.

World War II Later, related to history - linguistics and archaeology The research work in this field has entered a new stage. Albania and Yugoslavia Scholars use its convenience as a location, focusing more on excavations through archaeology First-hand information To explore. In particular, Albania, with a strong sense of exploring the historical origins of its people, has devoted great enthusiasm to the field of Illyrian studies and has gradually become an important center of contemporary Illyrian scholarship. Its archaeological centers grew from 25 before 1946 (of which 8 or 9 were probably related to the Illyrians) to around 200 by the 1970s. For example, the histories of the Illyrians have been found in Risua, Juma, Petrig, Corudi, Matte, Yerma, etc Cultural site . Albanian scholars have put forward a lot of unique views on the origin and historical and cultural evolution of the Illyrians, and they have highlighted the independent development of the Illyrians in history and their cultural contributions in many aspects. Albania Renowned scholars of Illyrian studies include Skender Annamali, Ann Costallari, Kochi Renku, Selim Isrami, and Ezerim Kabeche.

In 1972, an important academic conference on Illyrian studies was held in Tirana, where many European scholars attended and presented their research papers, and the relevant media provided timely and adequate coverage. Among the contemporary scholars who have made in-depth exploration of the Illyrian problem, there are the famous British Balkan history and Greek history expert N.G.L.Hammond (Hammond), Yugoslavia A.Stipcevic, as well as Kovic (B.ovic), Wilkes (J.Wilkes) and so on. Due to various constraints, the information available to us in this regard is still quite limited. In terms of the general situation of the study of Illyrian problems abroad, there have been some monographs published, but the overall number of results is still small, but after all, it can provide us with certain research clues. Look at the domestic academic circles Related research , has barely dabbled in it.

Based on the classical books and the scattered research materials of modern European and American scholars, the author attempts to outline the history of Illyrians from the point of view that they should occupy a place in the history of European nations.

Due to the lack of written relics in the ancient period of Europe, it is a useful attempt to describe the history of its inhabitants from the perspective of linguistics. People seem to be able to pass on the ancient Indo-European To determine the degree of affinity between each branch language and explore the possibility of primitive ethnic differentiation.

Compared to other European languages, Illyrian Direct material Extremely rare, but the existence of this language, after all, is a fact, can be Greek language Some of the remaining notes in the text and the names of people and places have occasionally been attested. To be sure, Illyrian is an Indo-European language. Such a contrastive analysis has been made, for example, showing that the name of the Illyrian queen Teuta and the tribe of the same name, Teuta, in the third century BC, are clearly related to the words of the following Indo-European languages, as ancient Irish t 'ath (" the people "), Welsh tud (" country, land "), Old Scottish touto (" people "), The Umbrian language totam (" common people "), pj (" people ") in Old Norse, Old English p od (" people "), Old High German diot (" the people "), Gothic The piuda (" people "), ancient Prussian The tauto (" country, land "), ancient Lithuanian The tauta (" people "), Latvian The tauta (" people "), etc. It is thought that they all originate from Indo-european languages Of teuteh.

The Illyrian language is thought to be extremely ancient. It is often classified as Proto-Indo-European In the class K language (centum), but like ancient Central Asia The Tocharian language B, like B, "belongs to an ancient form of Indo-European language that probably predates the apparent separation between K and S languages (satem)." It has been speculated that Illyrian may be close to Aegean Sea Language or Pelaschi, which forms the basis of the Greek language. But in the context of the more ancient linguistic history, some argue for looking north, pointing out that "Illyrian languages are closely related to the Baltic languages; This relationship is better than with Greek and Latin The relationship is much closer ", even thought Albanian (The existence of the Old Illyrian language remains ) and Finland - There is "lexical consistency" between the Ugric languages. It is also mentioned that it is of Illyrian origin topography The name was also there The Sudetenland And East Germany. If the above view is true, we may imagine the general direction of the Illyrian language: the language and the people who spoke it may have first existed in the vicinity Indo-european languages Base camp on the north coast of the Black Sea in Northeast Europe, with the ancient The Baltic language family Through quite dense, mutual influence; Later, it seemed to move westward, in what is now East Germany and Bohemia Stop a little, roll over to Central Europe, and maybe stay there for a long time, and then southing Into the Balkans. Illyrians evacuate Danube In the north area, large-scale southward migration occurred, the cause of which is unknown. It may have been caused by pressure from other outsiders, including the steppe peoples. The Illyrians flowed into the Balkans and came into contact with the Thracian, Aegean Sea The influence of the language of the Pelaschi people. Therefore, the various heterogeneous factors contained in Illyrian language are only the result of its foreign communication and absorption under different time and space conditions.

To what extent was the ancient Illyrian language used? The academic community is still divided. According to Germany linguist Hans Krahe's research, which seems to have covered the Balkans, southeastern Italy, Saxony, Poland , Hungary And even the west of little Asia Troy The neighborhood. However, this argument has not been universally accepted, and it has been argued that some of the Central European geographical names that Klahe focuses on, which are believed to belong to the Illyrian language, probably do Indo-european languages It's an old European language. To be sure, the most visible influence of Illyrian was largely concentrated in the Balkans, with some relict sites in the northern and southern parts of Italy. The Illyrian language is thought to have survived until about the 5th or 6th century AD at the latest.

The Illyrian language has no writing, but is known primarily by certain notes and loanwords found in other languages. For example, Latin words such as liburna (ship of war) and panis (bread) are derived from Illyrian. Celtic Also borrowed from the Illyrian language, "borrowed not only iron from the Illyrians, but also the name of this new metal." It has also been noted that Illyrian place names often contain suffixes _nt_, _st_, and _on_, for example, Danube The valley of Carnuntum (in the present day Austria Near Petronel), Tarentum in southern Italy (now Taranto ), Tergest in Istria, and so on; The _on_ form is shared by the Illyrian and Pelaschi languages, and the famous religious center of Epirus, Dodona, is located The Dalmatian Coast Salona, in the present Croatia Such names as near Split) are of this type.

Illyrians, as Balkan In fact, it is composed of many large and small tribes and branches, and people call themselves according to the name of the tribe they belong to, while the ancient Greeks, Ancient Rome The people gave them the collective name "Illyrians". Some Greek and Roman writers have noted the existence of different branches among the Illyrians and have tried to give some interpretation of their origin.

Appian In his History of Rome, it is mentioned that Illyrias, the legendary patriarch of the Illyrians, had six sons: Encilias, Otalias, Dadanas, Miedus, Dauras, and Pehibas, and daughters Bato, Daotto, and Dacero. According to Appian, their descendants formed the following branches of the Illyrians: The Taulantii/Taulantians/Tallanii, the Perrhaebi, the Enchelees/Encheleae, the Otaliens, the Taulantians and the Tallanii, Autarienses/Autariatae/Antariatae), Dardani (Dardani), Batini (Partheni/Parthini), Dassaretii (Dassaretii) Dassaritae and Darsii.

We now know that the center of Enkili activity is Drin Upstream, Lake Ohrid To the north, its ruling family probably originated in legendary Greece Thebes City founder Cadmus and Harmonia A descendant of Ares and Aphrodite. The Otalines live mainly in Drina Tributary Tara River area, gradually expanding. The region of the Batini was probably centered on the site of Pachok, where important archaeological discoveries were made. The Dolandys were found in the present Albania Middle part Mati To the Shkumbe River basin. The Dardani, also known as the Dardanians, were distributed roughly in Upper Messiah (about present day Yugoslavia In the southeast). But with... Homer's epic Mentioned in the Dardanians of the same name, the latter inhabited Asia Minor Northwest, seems to be said to be Trojans The royal family of the same vein. Some have even speculated whether this ethnic lineage might be related to an ancient migration from the hinterland of the Balkans.

The Pessis are said to be a Thracian people.

Reside in The Adriatic Sea An Illyrian tribe along the coast is associated with the Albani. And in present-day Albania Drin The Chelidonii (Chelidones, or in present-day Cukes), the Sesarethii, and the Abri (Abri) to the northwest, near the coast, lived in the middle and upper reaches Croatia The Savus River valley of Sishia (now Sissac It was inhabited by the Colapiani (Colapani), the Breuci who led the great revolt against Rome in the 1st century AD Pannonia obliquely Oman The Tini (Amantini), the Azali (Azali), the Daorsi/Daorizi (Daorizi) of Dalmatia, in The Neretva River The Ditiones (Ditiones, distributed in The Dinara Mountains Both sides), the Andizetes (south of Zagreb) in present-day Croatia, the Cornacates (east of Slavonia), and the Catari (in present-day Slovenia) Ljubljana Nearby), the Docleatae (Docleatae) in present-day Montenegro Titograd The Vardaei of the Posner River basin (today Bosnia Within the territory), As well as the Maezaeans / Maezaei, Arrianes, Celegeri, Daversi, Deraemestae, Deuri, Dindari, Eravisci, Grabai Grabaei, Iasi/Jasi, Melcumani, Oseriates/Osseriates, Perestae / Penestae, Plearaei, Sardeaties, Scirtari, Seleiitani, Siculotae, Soirtones, and so on. today Albania The southern OS River (now O Sum North of the river) the Bylliones, Pannonia The Latobici in the southwest and the Brygi/Bryges in northern Macedonia are also often referred to as Illyrians.

These branches make up roughly the main body of the Illyrians. The western Balkan region, where they concentrated, was thus named "Illyris" by the Greeks and later "Illyricum" by the Romans.

In addition, as the Illyrians moved outward and spread, there were also notable groups living in areas of the Balkans that intersected with other groups, either as some branches of the Illyrians separated from the main body, or as mixed groups with a certain degree of mixing with other surrounding groups, such as the South Italy Cause of The Mesapi , Japy An Apulian ethnic group consisting of the Iapyges/Yapigi and Salentini in northeast Italy Alps The Venetians in the foothills, they might have something to do with it kinship The Raeti people, the Carni people, the Taurisci people, are active in the mountainous areas with complex backgrounds and differing opinions Danube catchment Pannonia People, the Paeones or Paeonians, and the inhabitants of the Epirus region of mixed background, etc., need to be sorted out and studied in detail. There was also a great deal of interaction between the Illyrians and other inhabitants of the Mediterranean world, especially the Greek and Roman classical societies. Limited to space, the author will be another article again, here is not superfluous.

The Greeks referred to Illyris only as the region directly adjacent to Epirus, Macedonia, and the Greek colonial city-states on the southern Adriatic coast Albania The northern and central part of the north of the Osum River. The Romans' Illyricum was larger in scope and included the present Yugoslavia Most of the area inside.

Even after entering the period of written history, Europe has had numerous events of varying sizes Ethnic migration Activities, many people have been involved in it, in different regions printed their own cultural footprints. The Illyrians' range of travel is relatively limited compared to those who have traveled long distances. As already mentioned, except at some time in the distant past when we are not sure, the ancestors of the Illyrians may have participated in the revolution Eastern Europe Apart from the great westward migration that began in the ancestral lands of the interior Indo-Europeans, their position was more stable once they settled in the western Balkans. The Illyrians' main body, leaving aside the immediate extension to the north and south, was largely free of long-distance movement and division, and their position as masters of the western Balkans was maintained for a long time. Up to Classical civilization After the rise, especially from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century BC, under the overwhelming trend of Roman expansion, the relatively independent ancient culture of Illyrians and their activity area were continuously eroded, and they underwent different degrees of Romanization transformation, and they also rushed into a new historical course in this process.

About the Illyrians Social system Due to the lack of historical materials, very little is known so far. Ice age, Illyrian Economic basis locally Geographical condition The difference is Animal husbandry And agriculture. From 2000 to 1000 BC Transitional period Also based on animal husbandry, in Balkan Peninsula The western mountains were still dominated by animal husbandry, and in the plains agriculture became the main economic base.

Illyrian society during the Ice Age was organized mainly by tribes and families. It is speculated that around the 5th century BC, its Primitive commune system Have given way to Class society .

modern Albania Scholars believe that it was born among the Ardiaeans (Ardiaei/Ardei) Sparta typological slavery ; The Dadani also plundered slaves through wars of conquest and distributed them among themselves. Excavations of cemeteries have shown that each tribe was composed of one Nobleman The ruling of the noble family was greater than that of other resident families Social status It's much higher. But generally speaking, Illyrians everywhere Social development It was not balanced, and there were many "non-slave" tribes during this period. The emergence of the organization of states and the hereditary succession of kingship, some argue, seems to have occurred in the fourth century BC. Albanian scholars go further back to the 5th century BC and say that the name is original Celtic Place names [See Courtlandt Canby,Encyclopedia of Historic Places, New York, 1984, p. 157, "Carnontum" article]. It is also said that the area was originally an Illyrian-Celtic mixed place.

It is assumed that at this time a kingdom arose among the Enkili and the Dolandis. The Illyrian kingdom centered on Skdera, founded by the Ardeans in the third century BC, is relatively certain; It has had a certain influence in history, after the classics The Illyrian War and Macedonian Wars Destroyed by Rome.

From archaeological excavations, we can infer roughly the economic and economic relations of the Illyrians at that time Social life Status. They are engaged in Agricultural production , planting wheat, millet, Apple , Grapes , beans And take animal husbandry as an important source of revenue. In the present Albania Many iron or bronze implements were found in the territory, including pickaxe , sickle, hand axe, hammer, shield, spear, sword, knife, nail, shackles And gold and silver earrings, rings, Belt buckle Bracelets, badges, these objects show the handicraft skills of the Illyrians. They dig halite , in Austria Found in the territory Salt mining Shovels, salt buckets, lighting chips, etc. There is mining in the Dalmatia region Iron ore A long tradition.

Illyrians and begin Batch production Pottery, pottery found in archaeological excavations with two ears, the shape is very unique. Illyrian craftsmanship was clearly inspired by the Greeks, The Etruscans The influence of the style, but on the whole, the level of its craft is still far less than the latter, and it is still crude.

The Illyrians have been able to use large stone blocks to build castles in modern times Yugoslavia A wide range of such ancient city ruins are found in the territory, represented by the Castellian culture.

A Liburni/Liburnians of the Illyrian ethnic group, who lived near the border The Adriatic Sea He was famous for his ability to sail and build ships. According to Hecataeus, Libnian men wore large cuffs Woolen fabric The blouse is called a "Mandier", and the women wear a "Sero Maktra", which is similar to a scarf or veil. In the 9th century BC, the Libnians became the leading maritime power in the Adriatic Sea. The ships they built, called liburna or liburnica, had a single deck with OARS fixed under the ship, most of them Climatic condition Are navigable, with good resistance to wind and waves, mobility It was also strong, easy to handle, and fast enough to chase all kinds of merchant ships, which the Libnians often used for maritime raiding. Roman times The Illyrian pirates, who once ran the sea, had no less than 220 warships at their peak. In view of the many advantages of Illyrian ships, it attracted the Greeks and Romans to imitate, and later the main Roman navy Type of ship "Libnia" is actually a slightly modified version of "Libna". With more adequate means and capabilities of maritime communication, the Illyrians began to build and External world A network of trade links, exchanges are often the same Mediterranean The countries of the region, first of all with the Phoenicians, Romans and Greek cities, exported goods famous for salt. Strabo, based on the sources of Posidonius, mentions the existence of a human transporter among the Illyrians Inland waterway transport An organization dedicated to bringing goods from the northern end of the Adriatic Sea to the colonial cities established by the Romans Aquileia All the way to the Savus River (now Sava ) and Danube Area.

Little is known of the religion and mythology of the Illyrians, except their connection with Indo-european languages There are many similarities among other nationalities, which belong to a complete system. Indo-europeans probably originated from The Black Sea North shore of the prairie ethnic group, to Animal husbandry For the main economic life, very early use Horses Invented the vehicle. Worship of the sun and god is the religious characteristics of the grassland people, people use The sun, moon and stars The guidance, in the vast grassland to find the direction, and thus seek superhuman divine power. In the ancient myths of both Europe and India, the sun is depicted as a large disk being dragged by horses. this Sun worship The symbols are often associated with the humanoid god or the king of the world. This is about the prevalence of males among Indo-European peoples Supreme God Deos, the god of the sky, often appears in the image of deiuos Patr, the God of the Father. The name varies slightly among Indo-European peoples, but stem Have both homology . For example, Dyaus pitar among the Indians and Dyaus Pitar among the Greeks Zeus pater, the Romans called Iupiter, Diespiter, Italian Umbria It is called Iupater, while the Illyrians call it Deipaturos or Daipat (" Dapturis ").

Roman Empire The late military emperor Aurelian, who was born in the Illyrian ethnic group, strongly advocated the national worship of the god of heaven and the sun Sol (Sol); This was his "personal god," which he originally enjoyed in the Illyrian garrisons on the Danube Dominant position The "most respected God" is probably inherited from its tradition National religion Yes. from Indo-european languages The names Ner-/Nor- associated with the earth mother or the goddess of fertility among the peoples, show that the Illyrians also had their own divine names similarity For example, The Germans Nerthus, Neria, Neriena for the Sabines, Noreia for the Illyrians, and so on.

The Illyrians

catalogue

Origin of clan name

National history

Primitive period

Hellenistic period

Roman period

Racial composition

National integration

The Pelaschi

Thracian

Language family

Language

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National branch

Social system

Religion and mythology