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Liaodong oak (scientific name:
Quercus wutaishansea
Mary) is a deciduous tree of the genus Fagaceae
[5]
; Bark grayish brown, longitudinally cleft; Young branches green, gray-green when old, with light brown round skin holes. Leaf blade obovate to long obovate, apex obtuse or short acuminate, base narrowly rounded or auricular, leaf margin crenate, perianth dehiscent; A shallow cup-shaped shell containing nuts; Flat tubercles, sparsely pubescent. Nuts ovate to ovate oval, tip with short villi; Fruit umbilical microtubercles; Flowering in June, fruit in September - October.
[6]
Quercus liaodong mostly grows on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in China. Light-loving, cold-tolerant, drought-tolerant, germination strong, is the transformation of secondary forest retention tree species.
[7]
Autumn sowing and spring sowing are suitable for seed propagation.
[8]
A major feature of Liaodong oak is that the wood is hard, which can be used as a selection of wooden furniture, and its leaves can be ground as feed.
[9]
The seeds of Quercus liaodong contain oil, which can be used as raw material for soap and lubricating oil. The leaves and shells of Quercus liaodong contain tannins, which can be used to prepare baking glue.
[10]
- Latin name
- Quercus wutaishansea Mary
- alias
- Liaodong tussah, firewood
- world
- plantae
- The door
- angiospermophyta
- The outline
- Dicotyledonous plants
- Orders,
- Beeches
- Families,
- fagaceae
- Belong to
- Quercus
- subclass
- Primitive perianth
- Namers and years
- Mayr, 1906
- Chinese scientific name
- Liaodong oak
Deciduous tree, up to 15 m tall, gray-brown bark, longitudinally cleft. Young branches green, glabrous, gray-green when old, with pale brown rounded skin holes. Leaf blade obovate to obovate long, 5-17 cm long, 2-10 cm wide, apical obtuse or short acuminate, base narrowly rounded or auricular, leaf margin with 5-7 pairs of rounded teeth, leaf surface green, abaxially light green, hairy along veins when young, glabrous when old, lateral veins 5- (-10) on each side; Petiole 2-5 mm long, glabrous.
[11]
Male flowers are arranged at the base of new branches, 5-7 cm long, perianth 6-7 divided, stamens usually 8; Female flowers, 0.5 -- 2 cm long, usually 6-lobed, form in axils of upper branches. Cup-shaped, containing about 1/3 of the nuts, 1.2-1.5 cm in diameter, about 8 mm high; Bracteoles long triangular, 1.5 mm long, flat tubercles, sparsely tomentose.
Nuts ovate to ovate-oval, 1-1.3 cm in diameter, 1.5-1.8 cm tall, tip with short hairs; Umbilical tubercles, ca. 5 mm in diameter. Flowering in April to May, fruit in September.
[1]
In the Liaodong Peninsula, it is often born in low hilly areas, in North China, it is often born in the mountains at an altitude of 600-1900 meters, and in northern Shaanxi and Sichuan, it can reach an altitude of 2200-2500 meters. It is often born on sunny slopes and semi-sunny slopes, forming small pure forests or mixed forests
[1]
. Warm, cold, drought and barren. Born in the mountain sunny slope, semi-sunny slope, ridge.
[3]
Quercus liaodong is a kind of tree that likes warm, cool and humid environment, and is also the representative of deciduous tree species in northern China. The bioclimatic conditions of the distribution area are: the average annual temperature is 5-10℃, and the average temperature of the coldest month is -12 ℃ to -10℃. The extreme minimum temperature is -26 ° C, the extreme maximum temperature is 38 ° C, and the average annual precipitation is 300-650 mm. Quercus liaodongensis has strong cold resistance and can tolerate extreme low temperatures of -38℃. However, it is sensitive to moisture. The 62-year-old trees on the deep and wet Yin slope of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi are 12.7 meters high and 19.7 cm DBH, while the 57-year-old trees on the dry and barren Yang slope are 4.8 meters high and 12.9 cm DBH.
[2]
The soils in the distribution area of Quercus liaodong are brown soil, common gray brown soil, carbonate gray brown soil, mountain brown forest soil, chestnut soil, gray calcium soil, stony soil and so on
[2]
. Liaodong building should be mixed with many kinds of trees and shrubs, such as Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus huashan, Platycypress, birch, pear, oak, aspen, maple tea, hawthorn, tiger hazelnut, water citron, Beijing lilac and lespedeza hu. It is advisable to mix blocky and ribbon.
[2]
It is distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan and other provinces and regions. It is also found in northern Korea.
[1]
Autumn sowing and spring sowing are suitable for seed propagation.
[8]
Generally, sprout forest begins to bear fruit in 4-5 years, and the solid forest will bear fruit in about 10 years. Seeds can be harvested when the seed shell changes from green to grayish-brown and shiny. After picking the seed, it should not be exposed to the sun or baked, and should be dried in the shade to prevent germination, heat and mold due to high water content. After 1-2 weeks of natural drying.
[2]
Autumn harvest with sowing, do not need storage, can also prevent moth. Seeds for sowing the following spring need to be stored by:
- 1.
- 2.
Running water storage: basket filled with seeds (about 25-30 kg), placed in a slow flowing river or stream, with wooden stakes fixed basket to prevent being washed away by the running water. And often turn check, to avoid mildew and loose.
- 3.
Mixed sand storage: Choose a dry, ventilated room or shed, first lay a layer of 6-8 cm thick wet sand, and then a layer of seeds a layer of wet sand, stacking, stacking height of 0.7 meters, can also be according to the ratio of 1:2 seeds and wet sand mixed pile storage, this method should be planted sand buried in the pit, should be checked frequently. [2]
Sow in rows 20-25 cm apart on the planted beds. Seeds with 95% germination rate, 2000-2500 kg/ha per sowing amount, and a soil cover thickness of 2-3 cm. Autumn sowing and spring sowing can be, with the pick and sowing as well.
[2]
Management should be strengthened after sowing, the initial soil should be shallow, the hoe depth of 2-3 cm can be, and the seedling growth period needs to be loosened 4-5 times. When the seedlings are 5 cm tall, keep the seedlings at a spacing of 10-15 cm. Because the oak taproot is developed, the vertical taproot grows quickly, and the lateral roots are often few. Therefore, when the seedling grows 2-3 months, the root should be cut, and the taproot can be cut off by inserting a spade into the soil, promoting the multiple side roots and fibrous roots of the seedling, and the afforestation is easy to survive.
[2]
The production of Quercus liaodong mainly adopts direct afforestation. It is also one of the main afforestation methods. Autumn is the late rainy season soil moisture condition is good, high temperature, germination fast, easy to root. The technology is also relatively simple. No need to store seeds and seedlings, saving work and time, more economical.
For example, the construction of shelterbelts, energy forests, and fireproof forest belts, the requirements for opposing conditions are not strict. In addition to saline-alkali land, low-lying (easy to collect water) land, all kinds of terrain and soil can be live. If the forest is cultivated, the Yin slope, semi-yin slope and semi-yang slope with deep and moist soil should be selected.
[2]
Afforestation is selected with direct planting. According to the terrain and soil conditions, fish scale pit, horizontal step, level ditch and block land preparation. In order to stretch the root system and avoid root-rootting, the taproot should be pruned too long, and it is appropriate to retain 20-25 cm in length. It is best to afforestation with 1-year seedlings.
The initial planting density of timber forest, plant row spacing of 1.5×2 meters or 1×2 meters, 200-300 plants per mu, shelter forest, energy forest initial planting density of 300-400 plants per mu, plant row spacing of 1×2 meters or 1×1.5 meters.
[2]
After afforestation, the care and management mainly consisted of soil thinning and weeding and hole expansion, which was carried out once between June and July of the same year. In the second and third years, it was carried out once in May-June and July-August respectively to increase the nutrient area. If the forest is cultivated, it can be stubbed after 4-5 years to cultivate a good dry form. For energy forest, rotation cutting can be done every 4-5 years, and 5-6 strong sprout strips can be maintained per hole (cluster). It is necessary to remove diseased wood, pressed wood and bent wood in time.
[2]
The wood of Liaodong oak is dense, hard, and has strong corrosion and moisture resistance. It can be used for buildings, utensils, sleepers, pillars, axles, ships, shipyards and underground buildings. It is also suitable for high-end furniture, plywood, interior decoration, wine barrels and other liquid containers, especially for floor plates.
[2]
The starch content of the seed is 50.43%, which can be used as sizing and brewing raw materials, and can also be used to make cold powder, vermicelli and soy sauce. The contents of tannin in the leaves and leaves of the tree are 15.26% and 7.33% respectively, which can be used to prepare baking gum.
[2]
Its branches are excellent wood bioenergy, which has the characteristics of high calorific value, strong firepower, resistance to combustion and little pollution. Its calorific value is 19330 kilojoules/kg, such as the volume of heat calculation, according to the determination, oak per cubic meter is roughly equal to pine 1.5 cubic meters, poplar 1.7 cubic meters. If the heat per cubic meter of pine is 100, oak is equivalent to 146, larch is 133, birch is 128, spruce is 90, red pine is 88, and fir is 83. The calorific value of oak is 6500-7500 calories/kg, which is an excellent firewood.
[2]
Although it grows slowly and its dry shape is not ideal, Quercus liaodong plays an important role in preventing soil erosion, improving soil, resisting wind and fire, maintaining ecological balance and improving natural environment. It is an excellent tree species for shelterbelt, timber forest, economic forest and energy forest.
[2]
A major feature of Liaodong oak is that the wood is hard, which can be used as a selection of wooden furniture, and its leaves can be ground as feed.
[9]
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Chestnut weeder
Harm symptoms: larvae eat in the seed, it is not easy to find wormholes outside, only a small black spot can be seen, the victim seeds often fall early, if there are more than 3 larvae harm, the seeds lose germination. In particular, when the temperature of seeds is increased, the young insects eat the most seriously, and the damage rate is more than 90%.
Prevention and control methods: ① Soak the seeds in warm water, soak the seeds in warm water at 50℃ for 15-30 minutes, and the insecticidal effect is excellent. ② After soaking, remove it and dry it in the sand. ③ Bromomethane resteam, put the seeds in a closed container, the temperature is 23℃, 37.49 per cubic meter of medication, fumigation for 40 hours, the killing rate can reach 100%. It can also be fumigated with carbon disulfide and treated with 30 ml per cubic meter for 20 hours at 25℃, with a 95% killing rate. ④ The adult can use 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution, or 2.5% deltamethrin 6000 times solution, 75% caprythion 1000-2000 times liquid spray tree crown. Continuous spraying 2-3 times can control adult insect damage.
[2]
Harm symptoms: oak palm moth is harmful to oak leaf eating pests, larva group eating leaves, large occurrence of leaves can eat light, seriously affecting tree growth and oak yield. Also harm tussah silkworm production.
Control methods: ① light trapping and killing adult insects, autumn digging pupa insect control; (2) Young larvae in the harmful period, spray 90% of trichlorphon original 800 solution, or 50% of dichlorvos cream, 50% of malathion cream, 50% of trichotrone cream 1000-2000 times of liquid control (3) Spray trichotrone or thuringibacillus and other preparations, can also be applied to trichogramma control, the number of bees per mu is about 50,000.
[2]
Harm symptoms: harm oak leaves, light eat into nicks, heavy can eat up the whole plant.
Prevention and treatment methods: ① The nuclear polyhedrosis virus was used. The infected larvae collected can be mashed, diluted and sprayed with water to achieve certain results. ② Protect natural enemies. The parasitism rate of the flies in the pupal stage was up to 24%, and the predatory predators of the larvae were insectosa, Chrysophora and Ichneumonella, which had certain inhibitory effect on the larvae. ③ With 90% trichlorfon 800-1200 times liquid or 5% high-speed cypermethrin 5000-7000 times solution spray, the prevention effect can reach 90%. ④ At the end of August and the beginning of September, adult insects are lured by lights, larvae are artificially killed, and cocoon is cut off.
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