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Orthodox Church

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The Eastern Orthodox Church, commonly known internationally as the "Orthodox Church" or "Orthodox Church" Eastern Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox Church (official name: Orthodox Catholic Church) Greek language : Ο rho theta ό delta &western factor eta Κ alpha theta &western lambda ι kappa ή predominate Ε kappa kappa lambda predominate predominate eta sigma ί alpha, Russian: П р а kind guide о с л а kind guide н а second К а т о л и discusses some related problems е с seem а second Ц е р seem о kind guide ь, English: Orthodox who Church), and Catholicism , Protestantism Be called together Three schools of Christianity Is based on Orthodox theology And emphasize their own legitimacy Apostolic succession The church.

Orthodoxy Greek civilization the The Redeemer Faith, cause Roman Empire East of the line The Byzantine Empire , Russian Empire the State religion Famous. First century A.D., Greek Christian Jerusalem , Antiochus , Constantinople , Alexandria , Roman The five-city Federation was born. ^[1] In the 4th century, Constantinople become Roman Empire the State church The capital. In the 11th century, The Great schism between East and West , formed Eastern Roman Orthodox Church . ^[2] In the 15th century, Eastern Roman Empire Due to the Battle of Constantinople Defeat. Greek Orthodox Church with Russian Orthodox Church chief Eastern Orthodox Church The system is established. The original Soviet republics The Orthodox Church, mostly by Russian Orthodox Church the Patriarch of Moscow Governing, there are 160 million believers, too Vatican hind Christian Second largest single political and cultural ethnic group. ^[4]

As of 2014, there are nearly 400 million Orthodox Christians worldwide, including Ecumenical Patriarch 250 million believers of different denominations in communion. ^[3]

Chinese name: Orthodox Church
Foreign name: Ο rho theta ό delta &western factor eta Ε kappa kappa lambda predominate predominate eta sigma ί alpha (Greek), П р а kind guide о с л а kind guide н а second Ц е р seem о kind guide ь (ru), Orthodox Church (in English)
alias: The Orthodox Church, the Orthodox Church, the Orthodox and Catholic Church
Founding figure: Jesus
Founding place: Palestine, Asia Minor
Initiation time: The 1830s
The first Apostle: St. Peter. St. Paul
apostolic: Saint John

Religious claim: monasticism Nationalism, egalitarianism
Religious basis: The Bible, the Bible
Involved field: religion , church and state, ART , culture , economy, etc
Faith population: 305 ~ 385 million ( China About 50,000)
Main distribution: Eastern Europe , the Near East
Main church: Hagia Sophia, Cathedral of the Saviour, Vasily Cathedral of the Ascension , Church of the Resurrection
Pilgrimage site: St. George's Church (Constantinople), Resurrection Hall (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)
First leader: SAN Andre

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Form background

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EDITOR

Orthodox religion

Eastern Orthodox, original meaning Christianity Of Orthodoxy, "East" is the geographical direction in which Christianity was born, and Eastern Christianity is represented by Eastern Orthodoxy Church The system. ^[5]

The Roman Empire "double-headed eagle" flag and church flag

" legitimacy In English, it is written "orthodox (traditional sample θ = d - ruhl.ks)", from Greek language "Ο rho theta ό delta &western factor &western ς (orthodoksos)", by "rho theta ό ς '(continue) and" delta ό factor alpha "(idea) of two parts. ^[6]

In the case of the Early Church and apostolic succession, it means "full", "complete", and "without omission". Belong to Christianity An ideology that has always existed. ^[6]

The entity of Eastern Orthodoxy is generally called the Orthodox Church (Orthodox Church) and the full name Orthodox Catholic Church.

The symbol of the 1st - 11th century Christian church and the overall style of the fusion Jerusalem Antioch, Alexandria, Byzantium ( Constantinople The five original autonomous churches of Rome.

With Christianity Roman Empire Legalization and nationalization, Constantinople It became the capital of the "New Roman" church of the Empire, as well as the capital of the entire Christian Church. After the fall and disintegration of the Roman Empire, the concept of an independent church organized under an independent regime was born.

Universal pastoral area

Ecumenical Communion of the Archduke of Constantinople
Political faction	faction
Greek Orthodox Church (5 photos) The Greek Orthodox Church, the first apostles of St. Peter and St. Paul, was founded in Antioch in the 1st century. Use Greek and Julian calendar, including Roman Empire Official Archdiocese of the Old capital Rome, Archdiocese of the new capital Byzantium . The former resembled the "president" of a parliamentary state, while the Byzantines were the "prime ministers" of the actual administration. Jurisdiction is determined by the extent of the empire, and after the dissolution of the Empire, he becomes the symbolic leader. Including 50% of the Greek population, mainly in the eastern Mediterranean.	The reign of St. Andrew the Apostle, the capital of the New Rome Constantinople The Patriarchate of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Patriarchate of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, is autonomous Finland Estonia, the independent islands of Crete, Mount Athos, Patmos, Thyatira and Great Britain, Italy And Malta, America, Australia , The Philippines Western European Cardinals in Russia.
	Apostle Saint Margus (Mark), the Most Blessed Pope and the Great City Alexandria, Libya, the Five-City Federation, Ethiopia, Egypt The patriarchs and the people of all the land and all Africa abbe Priest of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, Bishop of the Bishops, Pastor of the Pastors, successor of the Thirteenth Apostle and judge of the Archduke. ^[7]
	Patriarchate of St. Peter, Patriarch of Antiochus and all Eastern countries, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antiochus, under independent North America. ^[8]
	Apostle Saint James (James), Holy City Jerusalem All of Palestine and Syria, Arabia Beyond the Jordan, in Galilee Canaan With the Patriarch of the Holy Land of Zion, the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem is governed by the autonomous Mount Sinai. ^[9]
	The Apostle St. Peter, Patriarch of all Westerners. It's not in the jurisdiction. See "Catholicism" for details. ^[10]
	Apostolic Order of St. Barnabas, Archbishop of the New City of Justinian and of all Cyprus, Diocese of the Church of Cyprus, established by Justin II.
	Apostle St. Paul, Archbishop of Athens and all Greece, diocese of the Greek Church. ^[11]
	Apostle St. Paul, Archbishop of Tirana and all Albania, diocese of the Albanian Orthodox Church. ^[12]
	The Apostle Saint Andreas, Archbishop of Bucharest, Metropolitan of Winlo-Wallachia and Patriarch of all Romanians, Roman Orthodox parish, under the independent territory of Bessarabia. ^[13]
Slavic Orthodox Church (16 photos) The Slavonic Orthodox Church, based on the Kievan Rus and Church Slavonic languages of Old Rus. ^[14]	apostle St Andrew's (Andre) system, Moscow The Patriarchate of all Russia, the Moscow Patriarchate, governed autonomous Japan, China, independent Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Estonia, East America and the United States New York , Belarus . ^[15]
	Apostolic Saint Sava, Archbishop of Pecs, metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, Patriarch of the Serbs, Serbian Orthodox parish, under the autonomous Ohrid. ^[16]
	St. Andrew the Apostle, Sophia Metropolitan and Patriarch of all Bulgarians, diocese of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church
	Patriarchate of St. Andrew and Saint Nino, Patriarch of all Georgians, Archbishop of Mkheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan of Abkhazia and Pisda, diocese of the Georgian Orthodox Church.
	Saints Cyril and Methodius, the apostles, Warsaw Metropolitan Bishop of all Poland, diocese of the Polish Orthodox Church. ^[17]
	The Apostle Cyril and Medotus, Bragg Archbishop of Preshov, Metropolitan of all Czech and Slovak states, Czechoslovak Orthodox Diocese. ^[18]

pan-orientalist

Major churches in Eastern countries
Political faction	faction
The Assyrian OrthodoxChurch was the state church of the Sassanid Empire. Continued by St. Peter the Apostle. The Third Council broke away from the Roman Empire and the pastoral world with the title of "Begotten Daughter" of Mary. See "Nestorianism" (Nestorianism). ^[19]	The Most Holy Apostles to the Public Assyrian Church of the East (East Syrian Catholic Church), referred to as the East Syrian Church. Continued by the Apostle Saint Aggai, Patriarch of the Babylonians (East Assyria) to the Duke, Patriarchate of Seleucid and Tessi, 323,000. WCC member. ^[20]
	Holy Apostles of the Ancient East to the Public Assyrian Church (Ancient Assyrian Catholic), 100,000. He broke away from the Assyrian Church in 1964. ^[21]
Oriental Orthodox Church. After the nationalization of the Roman Empire, Christianity was formed in the Fourth Ecumenical Council in Alexandria and Antiochus, which broke away from the influence of the Empire on faith through the theory of monsexualism. See also" Eastern Orthodox Church ". ^[22] Oriental Orthodox Church (6 photos)	The Apostolic Church of Armenia, the State Church of the Kingdom of Armenia, the Apostolic communion of Saint Bartholomew and Saint Datus, all Armenians to the Commune. 8.02 million people. ^[23] 1930 Granted independence to the Holy See of Cilicia, 1.28 million people.
	Caucasian Albanian Orthodox Church, State Church of the Kingdom of Caucasian Albania. In the 5th century, it gained independent recognition from the Armenian Orthodox Church. In 1828 or 1836, the Russian government and the Church exterminated the church.
	It is the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, under the Patriarchate of St. Margol. There are 12 million Copts in Egypt. ^[24] In 1959 and 1996, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Church were granted independence and autonomy, and the two formed the United Church (Tewahedo Church), 38.95 million and 2 million. ^{[25 to 26]}
	Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, ruled by St. Peter. 1.43 million people. Indian Orthodox Church under the Apostle Saint Thomas, 2 million. ^[27]
	The Autonomous churches in communion, affiliated with one of the above Autocephalous churches in communion. Independent Communion Churches all joined the WCC.
	Churches not in communion include the Malabars, the Maldomites, the Kelites, and the American Antiochists.

Not ecumenical

The Orthodox Church is upright and sectarian
Political faction	faction
Non-universally recognized churches are those that are not in communion because they oppose the Ecumenical Patriarch, are not certified by the Ecumenical Patriarch, or have been excommunicated by the Ecumenical Patriarch. For religions that recognize the Vatican City State and go "orthodox" but maintain Orthodox cultural characteristics, see the Eastern Rite Catholic Church.	Old Calendarists are churches that emphasize adherence to the original Julian calendar and resist revision of the Julian calendar. ^[28]
	Old Believers, a group of churches who protested against Nikon's reform of the Russian liturgy in the 17th century.
	autocephalous churches, These include the Abkhaz Orthodox Church, the Belarusian Autonomous Orthodox Church, the Bulgarian Alternative Conference, the Holy Orthodox Diocese of North America, the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Montenegrin Orthodox Church, the Italian Orthodox Church, the True Russian Orthodox Church, the Turkish Orthodox Church, the Kiev Patriarchate, the Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church, and the Canonical Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church. ^[29]

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Greek church

In the 130s, it is said that Jesus, the father of Christianity, was crucified cross Three days later Revive , Go to heaven So the disciples of Jesus who remained in the world were Jerusalem Organized a Jewish group called Nazarias.

SAN Andre

St. Andrew's Cross

Saint Andrew's Feast

In 37 AD, he began to call himself a Christian in Antioch. And one of the twelve apostles St Andrew's (Andre) First general Good news Spread to Asia Minor and Scythian groups, and along The Black Sea He went to the Volga River and became the patron saint of the Romanians and the Russians.

In 38 AD, Andrew arrived Byzantium He preached that he was executed on an "X-shaped" cross in Achaia, Greece, after being captured, which is the origin of the "St. Andrew's Cross"; The Byzantine church was established, and St. Staph took over as bishop.

In 43 AD, St. Peter, Andrew's brother and the head of the Twelve Apostles, and the accompanying interpreter of the Gospel of Mark, St. Margaux, preached in Alexandria, the church establishment in Africa. Margu became the first bishop.

In 45, Marchus preached in Cyprus with her cousin, St. Barnabas, and St. Paul (Pavlo) and Peter, the Gentiles who wrote the Epistles of Paul, preached in Antioch. Peter became the first bishop of Antioch. Because Paul and Peter adopted a strategy of adaptation that respected local customs and national culture, the Gentiles converted and the church grew stronger, but it became increasingly at odds with the strict observance of the law of Jerusalem.

In 48 or 49 AD, Antiochus and Jerusalem were divided elder St. James presided over the Torah dispute, determining the four precepts against Gentiles without having to observe the Jewish custom of circumcision as the head. Jerusalem James was elected the first bishop of the Church. After the conference, all localities set up independent churches, autonomous churches and autonomous church districts in accordance with national, ethnic and regional customs. An orthodox church system was established.

In 53 Peter went Roman Empire The capital of Rome was preached, the Church of Rome was established, and became the first bishop. Saint Evodius took over as Bishop of Antioch.

Between 64 and 67 AD, Peter and Paul were martyred in Rome and became the two chief Pontifical apostles of the Orthodox Church.

In 70 AD, the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews scattered all over the world. The five archdioceses of Byzantium, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Rome were formed, and the focus of preaching shifted from the East to the west of Rome. ^[19]

Orthodox church

The early Christians used the Julian calendar and Greek, and their teachings were based on the basic principles of Orthodox theology. They were mainly divided into three factions: the Hebrews, who respected Jewish tradition, oriented to Jews and emphasized authority; the Paulists, who respected pagan tradition, oriented to Gentiles and emphasized faith; and the Gnostics, who respected independent thinking, oriented to intellectuals and emphasized mysticism. The Paulists dominated. Some later merged with the Paulines, while the rest developed into the Katrians, Bogmillites, remained in Judaism, or were organized Enlightened religion .

At the end of the 2nd century AD, the 14th Bishop of Rome was chosen by Victor I Roman Empire The official language is Latin Mass Words. And against the predecessor in 154 with Paolonga Easter Date dispute, then made in Sunday Celebrating the hardline policy of excommunication. This caused controversy among all bishops, including moderate Eastern Sunday supporters. The Orthodox Church was formed culturally and ideologically legitimacy There were two factions of the Greek Byzantine Church and the Catholic Roman Latin Church.

In the 3rd century, as Christians grew in different cultures, there was a gradual diversification of thought within the Orthodox Church, and the determination of who was orthodox and who was heterodox intensified.

In 313 AD, the Western Orthodox Emperor Constantine I and the eastern Orthodox Emperor Licinius issued the Edict of Milan, which legalized Christians, a folk faith that had been circulating in the Roman Empire for nearly 300 years. After the defeat of Licinius, Constantine unified the empire and became the only legitimate Roman emperor.

In 325 AD, Constantine convened the first Ecumenical Council in Nicaea, co-presiding with Hosius of Corduba, with 245 Eastern members and five Western members. The support of Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, for the establishment of the Trinity and Christology, with the support of the Church's popular priest Arius, was condemned as heresy for the Arianism of Jesus as undivine. The Athanasius Creed was promulgated. Christians moved from folk faith to religious faith, and for the first time split. Athanasius consolidated his authority as bishop of Alexandria.

In 330 AD, Constantine moved his capital from Rome Byzantium The name New Rome is for Constantinople . Bishop of Byzantium moved into the new Roman archbishopric of Constantinople and later became ecumenical Patriarch. Established by an archbishopric appointed in the national capital.

In 337, Constantine received his deathbed anointing at Izmir. At this point, the Church of Constantinople became the capital church, and the Archbishop of Constantinople became the imperial bishop, able to preach close to the Roman emperor, the nobility and other high people. The center of Christian religious rights returned to the East.

After Constantine's death, the empire was again divided.

In 355 AD, the Eastern Roman emperor Constantius II exiled Roman Bishop Librus and installed Felix II, but the Roman citizens resisted. Felix is driven out, and Libelius is restored. Disputes over religious rights between the Eastern Empire and the Western church intensified.

In 381, Theodosius I convened the Second Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, which was presided over by Timothy of Alexandria, Murido of Antioch, Archbishop Nathanius and his successor Saint Gregory Nathanion, and attended by 150 Eastern parliamentarians. After the meeting, the remaining Arians in the Empire were persecuted throughout the country. Orthodox Christianity was established. ^[30]

State church

The Orthodox Christians, after resolving the Arian problem, gradually turned their focus Roman Empire Polytheistic groups within the territory.

In 391 AD, with the consent of Theodosius I, the Bishop of Alexandria, Devilus, launched a campaign of destruction against religious sites, shrines and other pagan property throughout ancient Egypt. Cultural heritage such as the Temple of Serapis and the Library of Alexandria were torched by Christian MOBS. Christians have made the transition from being persecuted to inflicting persecution.

In 393 AD, Theodosius made Christianity the state religion. The Jewish synagogues in Alexandria were pillaged and vandalized, but the violence in Alexandria was contained through the legal manoeuvres of Hypatia, a socialite. After Theodosius' death, the empire formed the Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire of the Eastern Roman Empire, which were no longer united, and the church was further divided politically into the Eastern and Western Church periods. The Empire and other non-Roman territories, as well as areas intended for independence, were also estranged by the state church.

In 412, the new bishop of Alexandria, Cyril, took over and began a more aggressive campaign of persecution and destruction against the pagans.

In 414, Christians who ignored the law forced the Jews into exile.

Hypatia was tortured to death in 415 AD. Alexandria was Christianized.

In 431, the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II convened the Third Ecumenical Council at Ephesus, where Cyril presided, and representatives of the Bishop of Rome arrived late.

At the meeting, Cyril represented the Alexandrian school of Theology in discussion with the Antiochian school of Ecumenical Patriarch Nestorius. Maria The issue of address came into focus. Nestorian argued that the two persons of Jesus, God and man, were independent of each other, so Mary's name of "divine mother" is not accurate, but should be called "Christ Mother." Cyril claimed that Jesus was fully God and fully human. The battle between Alexandria and Constantinople for the right to speak of religion intensified.

Before the meeting, Nestorian, feeling that he would lose, did not bring supporters with him, and Cyril received overwhelming support. John of Antiochus then sided with Nestorian and impeached Cyril's faction. The meeting was deadlocked. However, with the arrival of an envoy from the Bishop of Rome, Gauldin, and the excommunication of John's faction, Cyril triumphed. Finally passed the title of "Birth Divine Mother".

In 433, the Alexandrian school of Theology restored the reputation of Antiochus, and John and Cyril reconciled.

In the same century, one of the Nestorians came to the Sassanid and Persian empires Mesopotamia The region preached and received national protection from the Sassanid emperors, enemies of the Byzantine Empire in the East. For the formation of the Assyrian Church, and for the second schism. Later the Assyrian Church became associated with Enlightened religion Zoroastrianism, one of the three major Persian religions, was the first to be officially introduced into China and preached in the Tang Dynasty under the ancient Christian name of Nestorianism. Until the rise of Islam. ^[31]

New Roman church

In 448 AD, Constantinople The local Council ruled that monophysism was heresy.

In 449, Saint Dioscorus, Bishop of Alexandria, persuaded the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II to convene the Fourth Ecumenical Council at Ephesus, with Dooscorus presiding and 130 members. At the meeting, the doctrine of monosexuality, which advocated the integration of God and man in Jesus, was legalized and allowed to coexist with the theory of intersex. The Archbishop of Constantinople, Von Weion, was exiled. Post-roman bishop Leo I Call it the Council of Robbers of Ephesus. Nullification.

In 451, the Eastern Roman Emperor Marxian reconvened the Fourth Ecumenical Council in Chalcedon, with Archbishop Anatole presiding, and about 370 participants. Monophysism was determined to be heresy, and the high Bishop of Alexandria was deposed. Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem The predecessor of the five patriarchate districts system was established. At the same time, 23 bishops, headed by Bishop Leo I of Rome, drafted the Chalcton Creed. And the Bishop of Alexandria, formerly the ecumenical Patriarch, Pope The office of the Grand magistracy, which separated the three powers, has since ceased to exist.

After the meeting, both sides rejected and supported the division of Alexandria into the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, and the Church of Antioch into the Syrian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch. The Armenian Apostolic Church, which succeeded St. Bartholomew and St. Adam of the Twelve Apostles, the first national Church, the Indian Church, which succeeded St. Thomas, and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which later became the state church of the Ethiopian Empire, also separated themselves from the ecumenical patriarchate.

In 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire collapsed, and four years later it was completely destroyed, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. the Byzantine Empire) as the sole successor to the Roman Empire. The Church of Rome gradually became a political force in Western Rome, and monophysism remained dominant in Alexandria.

In 550 AD, Emperor Justinian I reconquered Rome and the Apennine Peninsula.

In 553, Justinian convened the Fifth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, presided over by Archbishop Otitsu, to discuss the integration of monophysism and intersexuality, and to unify domestic thought. But the dispute continued after the meeting.

In 565, Justinian died. The empire gradually disintegrated.

From 680 to 681 AD, Emperor Constantine IV held the Sixth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, where Archbishop Elio I led the discussion, based on the invasion and occupation of the territory of Syria, Egypt and other reserved monoculture, decided to abandon the council and regain, and declared monoculture as heresy. The church also had its third schism. At the same time, he added support for monophysism, but the death of the former Bishop of Rome Honorio for heresy was approved by the then Bishop of Rome Leo II.

In 726 AD, Leo III, the first emperor of the Isurian dynasty of Rome, banned the worship of ICONS on suspicion of idolatry.

In 730 AD, the iconoclastic movement began, Archbishop Germanus I was deseated for his opposition, and confessions Basil (Βασίλειος) and John of Damascus (δωάννηδαμασκή νος) were arrested. Opposition to the sabotage movement was suppressed. In 741, Constantine V succeeded him and executed his opponents. However, the religious habits developed by the people over the years were not abolished by the emperor's policies. The conflict between the monarch and the people has intensified. ^[32]

The Byzantine Church

In 752, the Papal State was founded on the foundation of Pepin. At this point, Rome, Alexandria, Antiochus, and Jerusalem were all separated from the Roman Empire and became autonomous churches. The state church disintegrated.

In 780 AD, the Roman emperor Constantine VI succeeded him, and based on the resistance of believers and clergy to the iconoclasm, he approached his mother Empress Irina to discuss the abolition of the ban.

In 787 AD, Constantine and Irina convened the Seventh Ecumenical Council at Ephesus, where Archbishop Teraeus, the legate of the Bishop of Rome, Edion I, decided that the destruction of ICONS was heresy. Church services in the east return to normal.

In the 9th century, the division between the Eastern and Western churches continued to intensify due to the controversy over whether the Holy Spirit of the Trinity came from the Father or from the Father and the Son, and whether the Slavonic church services were reasonable after the introduction of Christianity into Bulgaria and Kievan Rus.

In 820 AD, Photius, one of the great figures in the history of the Orthodox Church and Eastern European secular society, was born. As a professor of philosophy at the Imperial University, Photius, who opposed the Roman Kazos to the outside world, funded Cyril and Medotus to preach in Slavic areas, collected ancient Greek documents left behind by the wars of the 7th century, and expanded the church's sphere of influence.

In 851, Photius became Chancellor of the Empire.

In 858, Emperor Michael III deposed Archbishop Ignatius and replaced him with a lay man named Photius, to the dissatisfaction of the majority of Ignatius's religious order. The Ignatian forces were united with the Roman forces.

In 867, the Bishop of Rome, Nicolaus I, deposed Photius.

In 869, in order to improve relations with Rome, the Emperor Basil I convened the Eighth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople. After the meeting, Photius was condemned as a heretic. After this incident, the two religious political forces of the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, which emphasized the Orthodox Church, were basically established.

In 879, Emperor Basil reconvened the Eighth Ecumenical Council, which, following the Greek objections of the previous council and the failure to obtain political concessions from Rome, decided to restore Photius to the position of archbishop, with the approval of the envoy of the Bishop of Rome.

In 866, Basil died and was succeeded by Leo VI, who had been trained by Photius. Photius was eventually exiled by Leo to Armenia, where he died.

Two hundred years later, Archbishop Michar clashed with the Bishop of Rome, Leo IX, over differences in customs and differences in the Western Church, such as whether to use the matzoh Eucharist for Mass.

In 1054, Leo sent Cardinal Humby as legate to Constantinople. During this time, Humby felt that he had been neglected, so he affixed the excommunication to the altar of Hagia Sophia. Michal gave the same reprimand to Humby and his party. It's for "the Great Schism between East and West." The doctrinal disputes also made the Eastern and Western peoples increasingly hostile in terms of culture, organization, and political environment. However, after the new Bishop of Rome, the two sides resumed general communication, and the question of unity was discussed. Under the pressure caused by the invasion of Syria and Anatolia by the Islamic forces, the successive Roman emperors hoped to mediate the conflict between the church in order to obtain the support of Western Europe.

In 1095, Emperor Alexius I asked Bishop Nicholas II of Rome for reinforcements against the invasion of the Islamic State by the Turks, and from then on began eight holy wars between Christians and Muslims. Be for crusade . However, in the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders captured Constantinople, accompanied by atrocities, pillaging, rape and other crimes, and the installation of the patriarch of Constantinople, which evolved into an aggressive war. In each expedition, the Roman Church also established the Patriarchate and the Eastern Catholic Church, which ignored the known forces such as the Orthodox churches in Jerusalem and other places. This led to a blood feud between the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. ^[33]

Slavic church

In the 13th century, following the fall of Constantinople, the government and the church moved their capital to Nicaea, where it remained until 1261 after the recapture of Constantinople. It was during the Nicene Empire.

From the second half of the 13th century to the first half of the 15th century, the successive Roman emperors of the Vallolo Dynasty, like their predecessors, tended to reconcile their relations with the Roman Church authorities through compromise, and sought large-scale reinforcements from Western Europe to resist the Eastern invaders. But it was opposed by the people, nobles, monks, and the church. At the 17th Ecumenical Council convened by the Bishop of Rome, one Eastern representative voted against the reconciliation, declaring it a failure.

In response to the Church of Rome, the supreme military commander of the Empire, Lucas Notaras, issued a "see Sudan The turban, not see the Pope's triple crown ".

On May 29, 1453, the Ottoman Empire, which adopted Islam as the state religion, occupied Constantinople, and the Eastern Roman Empire was declared extinct, and the Archbishop of Constantinople lost his political position. The five patriarchates of the National Church of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem were all lost. The political center of gravity of the church shifted to the Slavic regions. The Sultan's policy of religious tolerance allowed the Orthodox Church to remain in the Empire.

With the decline of the Eastern Roman Empire, the influence of the Greek Orthodox Church in the Near East stagnated and declined, while the Slavic Orthodox Church prospered thanks to Photius, Cyril, and Medotus.

In 1489, the Ecumenical Patriarchate approved the incorporation of the Russian Orthodox Diocese into the Moscow Patriarchate. At the same time that the Russian Orthodox Church flourished in the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Tsarist Russia, and the Russian Empire, it gradually replaced the status of the Greek Orthodox Church as the state church and independent church of the "Third Roman Empire" and became the one with the largest voice within the entire Orthodox Church.

During the Reformation, Archbishop Jeremia II received letters from Protestant Lutherans at the University of Tubingen, raising the possibility of an alliance between the Lutheran Church and the Orthodox Church against the Catholic Church.

In 1573, an exchange between Orthodox theology and Lutheran theology began.

In 1581, Orthodoxy ended with the irreconcilability of the principles of faith, headed by the Augsburg Confession.

From 1582 to 1593, due to the promulgation of the Gregorian calendar by the Bishop of Rome, Gregorian VIII, Jeremiah held three episcopal councils. After the meeting, the Julian Calendar continued to be used. The Eastern Orthodox Church survived the Reformation, while the Western Catholic Church split into two in Western Europe.

In 1666, Nikon, Bishop of Moscow, reformed the sacrament, and the Old Orthodox, who rejected this decision, converted one after another in opposition to the State Church. The Empire began with a policy of tripling taxes as punishment, and then changed to a policy of persecution, including torture and execution. The old believers are fleeing Russia. Those who remained resisted by setting themselves on fire. Emperor Peter I increased the repression after his accession and was called the "Antichrist" by the old faithful. In order to promote the modernization of the country in Western Europe, the bishops of Moscow were also regulated. Church property was nationalized, and clergy were required to report those who were found guilty absolution When attacking the state believers, the penalty is fine.

In the 18th century, the Bishop of Moscow, Addrian, died and new bishops were not elected until the Moscow Patriarchate was deposed. Following the example of the Reformation in England and Germany, the emperor set up religious departments and appointed atheists or soldiers to run them. Influenced by this, the Christians of the Empire began the spiritual revival movement of Orthodox monasticism in Mount Athos, and gave birth to the monastics headed by Saint Seraphim, and compiled the faith deeds of the saints in the past into a book called "The Collection of Good Deeds".

In 1762, Empress Catherine II issued a policy of detente against the Old Believers.

In 1785, the people were given the right to confess freely. And as the empire's economic focus shifted St. Petersburg Move to Moscow The old believers also contribute to industry, business, and charity. ^[34]

Universal church

In the 19th century, the Orthodox Patriarchate received a letter from Pius IX, Bishop of Rome, reopening the question of ecclesiastical unity. Later, the Church of Rome adopted the doctrine of "Papal infallibility" at the First Vatican Council and reaffirmed the doctrine of "First apostolic authority", which increased the difficulty of unity.

In 1895, Constantinople received a letter from the new Bishop of Rome, Leo XIII, reiterating the position of the Orthodox Patriarchate. Communication between Orthodoxy and the Roman side became the norm, official attitudes remained close, but the actual opposition of the grassroots from the bottom up remained unchanged, and diocesan rivalry continued in Poland, Ukraine, and other places.

Into the 20th century, accompanied by October Revolution The rise of the Third Roman Empire in Russia completely collapsed, and the Moscow Patriarchate was restored. The Orthodox and Protestant Episcopal churches discussed unity on the basis of the ecumenical movement, the common proposition of "opposing the primacy of Rome", and the "historical marriage relationship between the Romanovs in Russia and the Hanoverians in England".

But the negotiations ended when the Soviet Union and the communist states of Eastern Europe were formed. The power of the Orthodox Church was severely damaged, and clergy were not allowed to worship outdoors in ceremonial attire and pray for the buried dead. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and other countries, normal development resumed.

In 1961, the Russian Orthodox Church, as the largest Orthodox church, joined the World Council of Churches.

In 1964, Archbishop Jacungau met with the Bishop of Rome, Paul VI Jerusalem Meet.

1965 The Second Vatican Council of the Church of Rome, based on the Ecumenical spirit, concluded. On October 11 of the same year, the two met in Rome and Istanbul The Joint Declaration of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches was issued, abolishing the excommunication imposed on each other 900 years ago. Initiate communion discussions of sacraments and doctrines. The "first apostolic power", the "Kazuzi theory", and the progress of the communication between the bishops of Moscow and Rome became fundamental issues.

At the beginning of the same century, the Orthodox Church also issued the Revised Julian Calendar, which was synchronized with the Ergol Calendar. It divided the Orthodox Church into the New Calendar, headed by the Greek Orthodox Church, and the Old Calendar, headed by the Russian Orthodox Church. Those who reject it completely will leave the ecumenical Patriarchate. At the end of the same century, the Orthodox Church reached a doctrinal consensus with the representatives of the Syrian Orthodox Church, which had separated from the Fourth Council. It is declared that the single and intersex issues of Christology are not "doctrinal differences" but "formulated differences" and that the two can coexist in fundamental faith. But differences continue to exist at the communion level of the sacraments. The Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt is also active as a member of the Universal Church.

In the 21st century, the Eastern and Western churches entered the honeymoon period after the Photius incident.

In 2007, Orthodox and Catholic theologians reached a certain consensus on ecclesiastical communion, recognizing the Bishop of Rome as the first Bishop of both the Eastern and Western Catholic Churches.

Theological theory

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EDITOR

creed

Principles of faith of the Orthodox Church:

1. The crucifixion of Jesus Helistos (Jesus Christ) cross And then rose again from the dead;

2. What Jesus did when He was left to the Apostles witness ;

(3) The only true and correct church descended from the Apostles.

The foundations of the Orthodox Church:

1. Revelation of God, Revelation;

(2) The continuous revelation of belief and teaching from ancient times to the present day, as well as the teachings and calls of the Holy Spirit through the teachings of the Holy Spirit;

3. What Christ preached Good news It is the only Gospel that resurrects people.

The essence of the Holy Biography of the Orthodox Church:

(1) Record what people have actually experienced in their lives since the formation of the Church;

(2) as expressed in the Bible, in the writings of the teachers, in the ordinances of the Council, in the books of prayer, and in the images and hymns Mass And other occasions;

(3) The Bible is the foundation of the Gospel, the legacy of the Apostles, and the full and correct Supreme Revelation. ^[35]

The preconditions of the Orthodox Church:

1. Belief in the existence of God, theism;

2. Believe in God's love, willing to accept God's call, and entrust themselves to God;

3. Be clear about the fundamental meaning of faith, be willing to walk with faith, practice and fulfill their own faith through the society, and play an exemplary role in illuminating the surroundings;

4. One's own beliefs have nothing to do with one's own conscious choice or will to strive. And it all comes from God's predestination. ^{[37] 36 -}

Canon

Aoji (Greek: μυστήριον, Russian: tipshas), a secret part of the church with a mystical connotation. It consists mainly of seven visible objects, of which the Eucharist is regarded as the "mystery of the church" and the center of church life.

The mystery of the Catechumens two pieces:

Baptism (Βάπτισμα, bacillus bacilli, Baptism) to renew the grace of one's inner soul life.

Fu cream (Χ rho ί sigma mu alpha, М и р о п о м а з а н и е, Chrismation), strong one inner soul growth of grace.

Five Mysteries of the Layman:

The body (Θ epsilon ί alpha Ε nu χ alpha rho ι sigma tau ί alpha, Е kind guide х а р и с т и second, Holy Communion), cultivate the grace of the inner soul of a man.

Confession (Ε factor &western mu &western lambda ό gamma eta sigma eta, И с п о kind guide е д ь, Penance), cure and forgive one internal diseases of the soul, and iniquity.

In the (Ι epsilon rho omega sigma ύ argument eta, С kind guide second щ е н с т kind guide о, Holy Orders), through the clergy lecture and mystery, cultivate the soul inside of a person.

Marriage (Γάμος, PBV, Marriage), marriage, birth of children (γιασμός) grace.

Oiling (Ευ χάλαιο, Е density, dobecil, Unction), the grace of healing the diseases of the soul and the body. ^[38]

dogma

Based on the Nicene Constantinople Creed issued by the Second Council, the final version of the Nicene Creed of the First Council. Roman Empire The orthodoxy of the national faith.

(1) God is the one true God, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

(2) The Father is the One Almighty, who created heaven and earth, known and unknown.

3. The Son Jesus Christ is one The Redeemer , divine Only child Was born by the Father in the beginning of heaven and earth, before all eternity.

4 The Son is the light from the Light, the true God from the True God. Not a creature.

5. The Son and the Father are one flesh, and all things were created by Him.

6 The Son came down from heaven to save the world and was called to the virgin by the Holy Spirit Maria Take the flesh from Mary.

7 The Son was nailed for the world in Pilate's time cross Suffered and died. Three days later, resurrection, ascension, and the right hand of the Father, as prophesied in the Bible. Glory and glory.

8 The Son will come again to judge all the dead and the living. And then my son will be blessed forever.

9 The Holy Spirit is God, the Creator of life, from the Father, sharing praise with the name of the Father and the Son, in accordance with the prophecies of the prophets.

10. The Church is the most Holy and Catholic Church, inherited from the Apostles of Jesus Christ.

11 Baptism is the baptism of oneness, by which the SINS of the past are redeemed.

12. What is expected is the resurrection after death, and the life to come.

13. The Lord is with us ( Amen , H: Αμήν, R: "A", Eng: Amen) ^[39]

divergence

The main internal and external divisions of the Orthodox Church to Ecumenical Patriarch The official attitude

Orthodox Center of gravity and official conclusions
presenter	Barycentric view	Official response	conclusion
Nestorian	The divinity and humanity of Christ are independent of each other, and the birth of Christ is not the birth of God. Mary is the mother of Christ	The divinity and humanity of Christ are separate, but one. The birth of Christ is equivalent to the birth of God, so Mary is called the birth of God	Doctrinal differences cannot be reconciled
Oriental Orthodox Church	The human and divine nature of Christ are fused together	Christ has a completely independent humanity, a completely independent divinity	Expressing differences, doctrinal communion
Roman Catholic Church (Catholic)	The Holy Spirit emanates from both the Father and the Son	The Spirit emanates independently from the Father and passes through the Son	Doctrinal differences exist, incompatibilities
Roman Catholic Church (Catholic)	Peter had the first apostolic authority, and he was infallible. The Bishop of Rome owns and inherits both entirely	Rome and Antiochus were the successors of Peter. Peter's authority belongs to all churches. The Bishop of Rome is first in line, but does not have special privileges	There are differences in organization, but there is no convergence
Martin Luther (Protestant Lutheran)	Those who have faith are good people and can be saved and go to heaven. Justification by faith	Faith is a prerequisite for being a good person, and being a good person requires good behavior	incompatibilities
The Old Orthodox	Use old rites	New rite	There is no communion in the sacraments
Old Orthodox	Use the original Julian calendar	Original and revised versions coexist	incompatibilities
Eastern Roman Orthodox Church	Reject the ecumenical Patriarch	The ecumenical Patriarch is the spiritual leader	There are differences in organization, but there is no convergence

Organizational structure

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EDITOR

Administrative division

Church, or church. The foundation of the religious community. It is mainly composed of four parts: bishops, priests, deacons, and lay people.

Supervisory Diocese (Diocese), plural church composition. Bishop administration.

Ecclesiastical provinces (Ecclesiastical provinces) are governed by metropolitan bishops. It consists of multiple supervisory districts of the same country or region.

The Archdiocese is administered by the Archbishop. The plural is composed of supervisory areas not belonging to the same country.

Self-reliance church district (С а м о п р а kind guide л second е м а second ц е р seem о kind guide ь / self - ruled), singular or plural with a particular, chief supervision, church leader, communion of religious groups.

A religious community, plural or singular, in communion with the leader of a particular self-supporting church.

An independent parish, plural or singular religious community in communion with the leader of a particular autonomous church.

A Patriarchate, plural or singular, a religious body in communion with the leader of an independent church and recognizing its suzerainty. Highest level of supervision. The concept of "permanent members".

Exarchate, a special supervisory district. Peer of the autonomous Church.

The Ecumenical Patriarchate consists of a plurality of patriarchs and governors in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, as well as bishops, metropolitan bishops, and archbishops. "Grand Duke" means the whole earth, the whole human race. The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople is unique. The concept of the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

To the Catholic Patriarchate, the non-ecumenical communion of Armenian, Assyrian, Coptic, Syriac, Roman and other religious leaders. ^[40]

Administrative personnel

Supervision (bishop, Greek: Ε PI ί sigma kappa &western predominate PI &western ς, Russian language: Е п и с seem о п, English: bishop), the basis of the parish leader.

The capital supervision (bishop, Greek: Μ eta tau rho &western PI &western lambda ί tau eta ς, Russian language: М и т р о п о л и т, English: metropolitan), the first bishop of teaching province.

A doge (Russian: "exarch"), an apostolic legate or head of a self-governing church. The Fourth Ecumenical Council became the official title, the predecessor title of Patriarch. The term was originally used to refer to the head of the extraterritorial administration of the Roman Empire, but later became the head of extraterritorial administration within the independent Church. In modern times, it's called chief supervisor.

The archbishop (Greek: Αρχιεπίσκοπος, English: archbishop) is the first bishop of an archdiocese.

A patriarch (Greek: Πατριάρχης, Russian: P. V. V. V. V. v. v. x, English: patriarch), the first bishop of a single denomination. The early Christian honorific for all bishops gradually became the honorific for several major bishops, and even for the most important bishops. In 692, the Sixth Ecumenical Council became an official title, and the new Roman capital Constantinople received the same ecclesiastical status as the old capital Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antiochus, and Jerusalem. It was for the early five Patriarchates.

Ecumenical Patriarch (Ecumenical Patriarch, Ecumenical Patriarch, Greek: o ἰκουμεν ικς Πατριάρχης, English: Ecumenical Patriarch), also Patriarch of Constantinople. The authority began when Constantine I moved the capital to Byzantium, and it had executive power, and the constitutional power of the Pope and the judicial power of the archduke.

Ecumenical Patriarchate (Ecumenical Patriarch, Patriarch of the Catholic Church), the title of Ecumenical Patriarchate leader.

clergy

Bishops and priests have the same priesthood.

A Priest, a converted deacon. Responsible for the teaching of doctrine, the implementation of teaching. He was called a priest. It is often confused with the words shepherd (Pastor) and Father (Father).

Chief priests (total priest, bush: Π rho theta ι omega epsilon rho, which is the alpha ς, Russia: П р о т о и е р е й, UK: archpriest), bishop awarded the honorary title of exploits the priest.

Lay priests, priests who marry and have children and live a normal life. Corresponding to the monastic priest.

Order the priest (monk, priest bush: epsilon rho &western mu ό argument alpha χ &western ς, Russia: И е р о м о н а х, UK: Hieromonk), fully dedicated to the priests of god and of the believers.

Guide the monastic priest (evangelist, H: γούμενος, E: Yung 'u 'ma, Eng: Hegumen), chosen from the monastic priest. Eligible for promotion to bishop.

Archimandrite (priesthood, E: Αρχιμανδρίτης, E: Archimandrite), chosen from the priesthood, in charge of important monasteries, large monasteries, with the right to be promoted to bishop.

Presbyter (E: Πρωτοπρεσβύτερος, e: protopresbyter), the honorary title of the most respected of the priesthood. ^[41]

Grass-roots staff

A Deacon (deacon, Διάκονος, R: D, D: Deacon), beblessed appointment of a bishop or priest. Responsible for auxiliary bishops and priests.

A deacon (archdeacon, s: πρωτοδιάκονος, R: p: P: asphalt, H: Protodeacon), ordained by a bishop, a deacon who is well acquainted with the Mass process, bel canto recitals, or a deacon who is engaged in long-term voluntary work.

Chief deacon (archdeacon, E: Αρχιδιάκονος, UK: archdeacon), bishop beblessed appointment, the most meritorious and meritorious deacon.

A monastic deacon holds the rank of an ascending priest.

Lay deacons, ordained before the marriage is not limited, can be promoted to lay priests, ordained after the marriage may not be married. Those who wish to marry must do so before ordination. He shall be discharged from office by divorce after consecration, and he shall not remarry if he is widowed after consecration. In modern times, it was possible to remarry someone who was also widowed. Laity deacons who work exclusively are also called "self-supporting deacons", and there are laity deacons who remain single.

congregation (church, English: congregation), lay people. It mainly includes: the bishop beblessed the appointment of the auxiliary deacon (Υποδιάκονος, Russian: the gateway of the presence of the gateway, British: Subdeacon), the Altar waiter responsible for mass service (auxiliary priest, Russian: the gateway of the gateway, British: Altar server), responsible for the chanting of the scriptures (English: Reader), the church choir of hymns. ^[42]

Male deacons, the premise of promotion to the priesthood, bishop. The Rules of the Saints, established in the Early Church, explicitly forbade bishops and priests from ordaining women.

The Greek Orthodox Church has long had a tradition of appointing women deacons. But only lay deacons. During the October Revolution of 1917, the Russian Orthodox Church discussed the issue of the appointment of women deacons, based on historical research that "women deacons played an important role before their abolition". The reform proposal was later shelved due to Soviet repression.

Religious influence

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EDITOR

political

Orthodoxy, along with Catholicism and Protestantism, forms three major religious and political groups of Christians in the international sphere. The Russian Orthodox Church, under the authority of the Moscow Patriarchate, is the first religious body in the Russian Federation, the world's largest sovereign state and a permanent member of the UN Security Council and a member of the G20.

The percentage of Christians

There are two sovereign states in which members of the Eastern Roman Orthodox Church are the only official state religious and political affiliations: the Hellenic Republic of the Church of Greece and the Georgian Orthodox Republic of Georgia. In addition, the Finnish Orthodox Church in the Republic of Finland has a second official status, mainly supporting the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church.

Historically, the Greek Orthodox Church of the Eastern Roman Orthodox Church was the late stage of ancient Roman and Ancient Greek civilization Roman Empire The Russian Orthodox Church was once the state religion of the Russian Empire in Slavic civilization, as well as the state religion of the Grand Duchy of Kiev, the Duchy of Bulgaria and other principalities.

The Armenian Apostolic Church of the Oriental Orthodox Church was the state religion of the Kingdom of Armenia, the first Christian country. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church was the state religion of the Ethiopian Empire. In addition, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has always been the largest Christian community in the Islamic world. ^[43]

nation

The roots of Orthodoxy are Mediterranean In the east, with the rise of the Eastern Roman Empire, believers dominated mainly in Ancient Greece and Eastern Europe. It has been subject to numerous government controls throughout its history, as well as invasions from the East and West, and was hit hard by the Red Iron Curtain in the early 20th century. The development of believers lags behind Protestantism and Catholicism.

There are 10 countries where church and state are separate but officially recognized as national religions, including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Russia, and Serbia. Other Eastern Orthodox churches have 2, including Armenia Ethiopia.

The highest percentage of believers is found in Greece (98%), followed by Moldova (93%), Serbia (85%), Georgia (84%), Romania (82%), Georgia (85%), Romania (82%). Belarus (80%), Cyprus (78%), Russia (75%), Montenegro (72%), Ukraine (67%), Macedonia (65%), Bulgaria (65%). ^[44]

The Eastern Orthodox Church is the main sectarian group in Bosnia and Herzegovina (31%), Albania (7%), Ruthenia (4%), Latvia (15%), Estonia (16%) and northern Kazakhstan (24%), as well as in Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Turkey and Azerbaijan.

mundane

January 19, 2015 is the Baptism Day of the Orthodox Church of Georgia. Earlier, many parents rushed to arrange for their newborns to be baptized by the Georgian Orthodox Archbishop in the largest church in Georgia on this day, in order to become the "godson" of the archbishop. ^[45]

Religious culture

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EDITOR

Faith life

The Orthodox see the Church as "the body of Holy Jesus Christ, the image of the Holy Trinity of true God." The Holy Spirit gives the church its foundation. The center of the church is Mass Worship, the center of worship is the blood of Jesus. After Byzantine times, spirituality was also preserved through the worship of Jesus and the Apostles. The central sacrament of the Eucharist is the sacrament of giving thanks to Jesus for the New Covenant by eating the bread and wine made from Jesus' body and blood. By consuming the blood of the Blessed Sacrament, believers are connected with The Redeemer Or the unity of God and man. Affirming that they are the new chosen people of God as a result of the assembly of the Savior.

God's voters live SAN pass (eber: Ι epsilon rho ά Π alpha rho ά delta &western sigma eta, Russia: С kind guide second щ е н н о е П р е д а н и е, ying: Holy Tradition), arkin, bowie (plug: J y) stresses that the Gospel means that Christians "live and grow by Christ and the Trinity". ^[46]

Holy preaching is continuous and is the reason why the church continues, grows and develops under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. Sergei BaoJia high (Russian: С е р f е й Н и seem о л а е kind guide и discusses some related problems Б л f а seem о kind guide) stressed that "the constant, historically never diminished", for in SAN told all things were created, was born. ^[47]

iconography

In general, Orthodox theology and interpretation of the Scriptures follow the model passed down from the early days of Christianity. All their efforts were aimed at continuing and continuing the transmission of Christ to his first apostles, and the apostles to the early Church monk Theology and faith. Theological innovations are often questionable; If an opinion is really different from what the original church taught, then it is likely to be considered heresy. However, a further elaboration of traditional theology is acceptable.

However, when this issue caused friction between the church and the government, relations between the Eastern and Western churches were severely damaged.

In 726, Emperor Leo III issued an order against the worship of images, which the Bishop of Rome rebuked him for, causing the Emperor to retaliate by withdrawing Roman authority over many places. At the same time that Rome had lost its valuable lands, a series of other events had taken place that affected Rome's position and led to the reorientation of the Eastern Church towards the king and papacy. The emperor interfered in many religious matters

Since the Old Testament forbade idolatry, the Orthodox faith region developed a unique tradition of using holy images as a way to worship Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and the Apostles. Icon painting, or icon for short, refers to the expression of gods, saints or miracles in the form of flat portraits, which is a traditional art of the Orthodox Church, but some people oppose icon worship, viewing it as equivalent to idolatry. In the Eastern Roman Empire, the emperor and the Orthodox Church persecuted painters and believers in order to prohibit the worship of ICONS, many ICONS were destroyed, and many people were killed or blinded alive. However, in the end, they were defeated by the strong support of the people for ICONS and had to compromise, thus affirming once again the honor of the tradition of ICONS. In the Orthodox Church, the icon painting was known as "the window of heaven" and "the window of heaven", as if the painting could lead to heaven, and the saint in the painting looked at the believers who came to venerate through the window (picture frame). But this does not mean that the painting itself is worshipped as a god.

Architectural art

In Byzantine churches, the interior was furnished and arranged, usually with a screen separating the Holy of Holies from the nave. There was a gate in front of the altar, and a smaller gate on each side. The doors and screens are painted with exquisite biblical stories, characters, archangels and other holy images. Iconoclasm was attacked during the iconoclasm campaign and condemned as heresy, but after several iterations, the Council of Nicaea finally abolished it in 787 AD icon The law of worship is heresy. This decision was later adopted as an article of faith in the Orthodox Church. Its doctrinal basis is that since God takes a physical image in Jesus Christ, He can also be represented in a picture; ICONS are symbolic rather than realistic art, an important form of line and color to express the theological ideas of the church and to indicate the revelation of God, while also showing the visual history of the mystery of Christianity. After the introduction of Orthodoxy into Russia, the architectural art of Byzantine churches had a great influence on the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Hall of Saint Sophia became a model of Russian Orthodox church architecture. But in the interior of the church, the Russian Orthodox Church has a unique style. Its typical arrangement is: at the altar are arranged a number of holy images, painted on the Orthodox saints, apostle Let's wait.

The spread of Orthodoxy into Russia

The Orthodox Church does not allow the consumption of meat and eggs during the fasting period leading up to Easter, and does not allow the drinking and consumption of blood and blood products outside the fasting period.

The Orthodox Church opposes the "celibacy of all clergy" advocated by the Catholic Church, and its clergy are divided into two systems: monastic and at-home. A married person at home may become a reciter, an auxiliary priest, an auxiliary priest, a grand auxiliary priest, a priest, a high priest, a monk, a monk, a priest, a high priest, a bishop, an archbishop, an ecclesiastical bishop (the patriarch's representative to a diocese abroad), a metropolitan bishop, or a patriarch.

Festal mass

There are many festivals. Among them, Easter is the most important (also known as the resurrection of Jesus), known as the festival of festivals. According to the Nicene Council, the first Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox is Easter every year, because the Orthodox Church uses the Julian calendar, so its Easter date is about 13 days later than the Gregorian calendar adopted by the Catholic and Protestant churches.

Eastern Orthodox cemetery in Harbin, China

In 1924, most of the Orthodox and Greek Orthodox churches in Constantinople switched to the Gregorian calendar; Most churches belonging to the Russian Orthodox line, including the Chinese Orthodox Church, still use the Julian calendar. In addition to Easter, there are "twelve Great festivals". Three of them, according to Easter as the calculation standard, called the moving feast, that is, the palm tree festival, also known as the Lord into the Holy City feast, in the week before Easter Sunday; The Ascension of Jesus, 40 days after Easter; Holy Trinity, 50 days after Easter. The remaining nine are regular observances, namely the Feast of the Virgin Christmas (about September 20-21, Gregorian calendar). The same below), the Exaltation of the Holy Frame (about September 26 to 27), the Church of the Virgin Mary (about December 3 to 4), the Christmas of Jesus (about January 6 to 7), the purification of the Virgin Mary (about February 14 to 15), the celebration of the Virgin Mary (about April 6 to 7), the Majesty of Jesus (about August 18 to 19), the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (that is, the rest of the Virgin Mary Festival, about August 27-28). There are also numerous festivals and fasts.

Sign symbol

(1) Cross: from the Latin Crux, meaning "fork". The crucifixion of Jesus is made by crossing two pieces of wood, the shape of which is close to the Chinese character "ten", so it is translated as "cross" in Chinese. The Catholic Church believes that Jesus died on the cross to save mankind, so it honors the cross as a sign of faith. The church uses the cross as its sacred symbol, the holy horn. Believers make the sign of the cross during various divine functions, such as entering and leaving church, praying before and after meals, getting up before and after going to bed, and when they are in distress or tempted. The cross can be found everywhere in the church, in the homes of believers, and on the symbols of church organizations, liturgical articles, holy books and holy objects. There are many types of crosses, the most common being the Latin type and the Greek cross in the shape of a straight cross.

(2) Images of suffering: Any cross with a crucifixion of Jesus is called "images of suffering." Above the crucifixion was a sign with the letters "INRI," which was Latin for Jesus Nazarenus RexIudeorum, meaning "Jesus of Nazarenus, King of the Jews." According to the Gospel of John, when Jesus was condemned to be crucified, Pilate wrote a sign and placed it above the cross. (Jn 19:19) This was at that time a damning plaque of Jesus, and later the Church believed that the words on this plaque actually indicated Jesus' true identity. When the church celebrates Mass, there must be images of suffering in the "Mass room" or altar in the church to indicate that the Holy Mass is a re-enactment of the cross of Jesus in Calvary. In the liturgy of Holy Friday, "Lord's Good Friday," the faithful should worship the cross while "touching the image of suffering." Ordinary believers also have the zealous habit of "suffering like".

(3) Holy horns: In addition to the cross called "holy horns", there are two Catholic "holy horns", one is the combination of "JHS" and a "Latin cross", and the other is the combination of "X" and "P". Add a Latin cross in the middle of "JHS" : "JHS" is a Latin abbreviation for "Jesus Hominum (human) Salvator"; The cross means that Jesus died on the cross to save mankind. Add a P to the X: It stands for "Christ," the first two letters of the Greek word for "Christ," which can also be translated as Paxchristus, "peace in Christ." Both of these "horns" can be seen on church doors, ceremonial dress, scripture, and the large bread used for consecration.

(4) A and Ω : the first and last words of the Greek alphabet, pronounced "alpha" and "Omoga", meaning "beginning" and "end". "I am the Alpha and the Omegah," says God Almighty, who is and was and is to come. Therefore, the Church uses A and Ω to indicate that God is the source and destination of all things.

(5) Fish: In Catholic art, the word "fish" is often used to represent Christ. This symbol is derived from the Greek word "fish" is the abbreviation of the Greek "Jesus, Christ, God, son, savior" five words, in which I stands for Jesus, x stands for Christ, Θ stands for God, γ stands for son, ∑ stands for savior. Therefore, from the early days of the church, "fish" symbolized Christ.

(6) Lamb: The word "lamb" is mentioned many times in the Bible. A lamb is a young lamb less than one year old whose meat is edible. (Rib 7:23) When the lamb is mentioned in the Old Testament, it is often used in two ways: either as a sacrifice or as a symbol of the virtues of joy, tame and flawless. The sacrificial lamb should be male at least eight days after birth (Rib 22:27), one in the morning and one in the evening, and twice on the Sabbath (Ex 29:38-42); (Hu 28:9, etc.) Next, the Lamb should be offered to the Lord every month at New Moon, Passover, First harvest, and New Year. The Lamb is a symbol of joy (Wisdom 19:9), a symbol of the people. (Jer 51:40) The good prophet Jeremiah, (Jer 11:19) the abused Messiah, (Jer 53:7) the saved Imin, (Jer 40:11) are all compared to lambs. The meekness of the lamb is opposed to the ferocity of the jackal (Deuteronomy 13:21), but the coexistence of the lamb and the jackal is a symbol of peace and happiness in the age of the Messiah. (cf. 11:6) The Lamb is specifically used in the New Testament for Jesus, who is the "Lamb of God who takes away the SINS of the world" (cf. Jn 1:29), who willingly accepted suffering in order to redeem mankind. (Acts 8:32; 1 Job 1:19) The word Lamb is used as many as 28 times in the Book of Inspiration, most of them referring to the victory and perfection of Jesus. Therefore, the Church uses the Lamb to symbolize Christ and his good obedience and sacrifice.

(7) Dove: represents the Holy Spirit of God. Luke 3:21-22 records Jesus' baptism: "While he was praying, the heavens were opened, and the Spirit by his form descended on him like a dove." Therefore, the church often uses doves to represent the Holy Spirit of God. The Old Testament book of Genesis records that after the flood, Noah released pigeons from the ark to observe the weather. The dove returned with a green olive branch and told Noah and his family that peace had returned to the land. Thus, the dove also symbolizes peace and security.

(8) The Heart of Jesus: The Heart of Jesus made a great appearance to Mary to express His love for humanity. The fire in the sacred heart indicates that the sacred Heart of Jesus loves the fire like a fiery furnace; The cross on the sacred heart is the great proof of Jesus' love for the world. He suffered and died on the cross for his lover and gave up his life. The crown is around the sacred heart, indicating that the sacred heart of Jesus is suffering and suffering for mankind; The wound on the sacred heart, where Jesus was crucified by a soldier with a spear (Jn 19:34), shed the last drop of his precious blood for the salvation of mankind. The holy heart of Jesus exudes infinite love for mankind and is the source of mankind's salvation.

(9) Ears of wheat and grapes: representing the Holy Body and Blood. The Gospels record that at the Last Supper Jesus consecrated wheat bread and wine as his Eucharist and blood for the disciples to eat and drink, and asked them to do so in his memory. In the future, the Church often held mass with wheat bread and wine as the materials of holy communion and blood, so wheat and grapes were used to symbolize the offering, sacrifice and Eucharist.

(10) Bread and cup: representing the Eucharist, blood and sacrifice. When the church holds the Holy Mass, according to what Jesus did at the last Supper, the holy body is made of wheat bread, and the holy blood is made of a cup containing wine, so that the bread and the cup become a symbol of the holy blood of Jesus' holy body and the Thanksgiving sacrifice.

(11) Sign of the Virgin: In many churches or in front of the image of the Virgin, there is often A sign, composed of the Latin letters A and M, which is an abbreviation of the first sentence of the Latin Book of the Virgin, "AveMaria," meaning "Hail Mary," which the Church uses as a sign of the Virgin.

(12) Holy plate: It is a badge made of metal, plexiglass or other craft materials, above which there is a portrait of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, saints and women or a sign of faith, which is called "holy plate" after being blessed by the priest. Members of the congregation hang the holy plate around their neck or wear it on their clothes to commemorate, salute Jesus or the Holy One, and bear witness to the faith.

Spread in China

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EDITOR

Orthodox churches, like other Christian denominations, also preach in China.

According to the "old book of Tang · Fu 菻 biography" recorded that "in the first month of the seventh year of Kaiyuan, its Lord sent the chief of Tohuara to offer lions and antelopes two each. Within a few months, he sent the monk to pay tribute." 菻 is the alias of the Great Qin Dynasty, which is the Byzantine Empire. The monk is supposed to be a missionary. If the record is true, it indicates that the church of Constantinople sent missionaries to China. However, this does not prove that the Eastern Church had entered China in the Tang Dynasty, and this issue still needs to be deeply studied and discussed by scholars.

Orthodox Christianity began in the 17th century.

In 1665, the Tsarist armed men led by Chernikovsky occupied the area of Yaksa on the left bank of China's Amur River and erected wooden forts. The Church of the Resurrection of Christ was built there by the Russian military friar Ermogen, Abbot of Kiryansk.

In 1671, he founded the Monastery of the Merciful Saviour on Whetstone Hill.

After the Qing army recovered Yaksa, some of the Russian prisoners of war were taken to Beijing and assigned to the 17th battalion of the Fourth and Yellow Banners of Manchuria, stationed in Hujiahuan Hutong in the northeast corner of Beijing. In order to take care of the faith of the prisoners of war, the Kangxi Emperor allowed the military monk Maximu to hold religious ceremonies for the prisoners of war, and the Qing government converted a Guanti temple in the Hutong into an Orthodox church, named "Sophia Church". Because the church is hung with the icon of St. Nicholas, it is also called "Nicholas Church".

Saint Sophia Orthodox Church, Harbin, China

In 1695, the church was recognized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

In June 1700, Tsar Peter I issued an instruction to send missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church to Beijing.

In 1715, with the consent of Emperor Kangxi, the Russian Orthodox Church officially sent a missionary mission to Beijing. The following year, Priest Ilalionov led the mission to Beijing and took up residence in Nicholas Church. Soon after, the Beijing Orthodox Church was established.

In 1732, the missionary group built the "Consecration Church" in Dongjiao Min Lane.

From 1715 to 1858, thirteen Russian missionary missions were stationed in Beijing. The 13 missions before 1858 were directly appointed by the Russian government (from 1807 onwards, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs assigned guardians to each mission). Because the Russian Orthodox Church was always unable to escape the control of the imperial power, the ministry of the Gospel was greatly hindered, and only 200 members were admitted to the church in nearly 150 years. Some of the clergy even became "vassals of Caesar", responsible for collecting intelligence information and acting as advisers to the Tsarist government, forcing the Qing government to sign the unequal Treaty of Aigun and the Treaty of Peking.

After 1858, the missionary mission in Beijing was sent by the Supreme Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church (a total of five missionary missions were sent to China). Its diplomatic functions were transferred to a Russian foreign minister. Training of Chinese clergy.

According to statistics, before 1917, there were 37 churches, 1 seminary, 20 schools for boys and girls, 1 meteorological station, 46 enterprises and institutions such as libraries and factories, which owned 1.5 million rubles. The number of Chinese citizens being baptized is increasing year by year. The church also publishes the China Gospel Newspaper.

After the translation of the New Testament (the New Testament) by the friar Archpriest Guri Karpov in 1864, Kafarov, an Orthodox missionary, translated the Psalms into Chinese and called them "Psalms". This is the only Orthodox translation of the Bible into Chinese.

俄国十月革命后，白俄人员大量流亡中国，教徒人数骤增。

In 1922, the missionary mission in Beijing changed its name to the Beijing General Assembly of the Chinese Orthodox Church, and broke off relations with the Moscow Orthodox Church under the control of Soviet Russia, and belonged to the Russian Orthodox Foreign Provisional Bishops' Conference in exile in Karlovac, Serbia (which had sent two missionary missions to China) Harbin , Shanghai , Tianjin , Xinjiang Four dioceses were established.

In 1923, there were 38 churches in Northeast China, and the Harbin Diocese alone had about 300,000 believers, almost all of whom were White Russian exiles.

After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, there were 67 churches, monasteries and prayer houses in Northeast China in 1938, but the number of believers dropped sharply to 25,000 (including 10,000 in Harbin), and the number of clergy was 155.

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945, the Beijing General Assembly of the Chinese Orthodox Church and Harbin The Diocese and the Xinjiang Diocese broke off relations with the Russian Orthodox Church in Munich and belonged to the Moscow Patriarchate. However, it was opposed by Bishop Ivan of Shanghai and Osipov of Tianjin.

After 1949, due to the special relationship between China and the Soviet Union, the Orthodox Church in East China did not suffer much influence.

It was not until October 1955 that Patriarch Alexei I of the Moscow Patriarchate, Archbishop Illeon and Archpriest Nicholas came to Shanghai to convene a meeting of bishops and heads of dioceses of the Chinese Orthodox Church to discuss the question of the autonomy of the Chinese Orthodox Church. The bishop of the Chinese diocese was invited to a meeting with the Religious Affairs Bureau of the Central People's Government, where he was told that foreign organizations could no longer be in charge of the affairs of the Church in China, that this power would be assumed by the Religious Affairs Bureau, that all appointments and transfers of priests would be approved by the Religious Affairs Bureau, and that the operation of the archdiocese would have to be terminated. Following the patriarch's order, Nikander left Harbin in February 1956.

In April 1956, The State Council appointed the friar Archpriest Vasily Yao (Yao Fuan) as the Bishop of Beijing and de facto provisional overseer of the Chinese Orthodox Church, and Archbishop Victor was required to hand over all the ecclesiastical properties of the Diocese of Beijing to Vasily. In March of the same year, after the Religious Affairs Bureau made the relevant commitment to Chinese Orthodox affairs, the church property was transferred to the Chinese government without compensation, while the movable property was handed over to the designated Chinese priests in the Chinese Orthodox Church, and the church subsidiary business was taken over by the Soviet Embassy.

On the eve of the Cultural Revolution, all Orthodox churches in China ceased all activities. After the Cultural Revolution, it was gradually restored.

In the 21st century, there are only about 13,000 Orthodox Christians in China, most of whom are ethnic Russians, living mainly in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Beijing. The Orthodox Church is still not recognized by the Chinese government, but there is official acquiescence in the activities of the "Chinese Orthodox Church," including Harbin , Erguna, Urumqi And Yining 4 parishes. Thirteen Chinese Orthodox believers from Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanghai and Tianjin are studying at the Moscow Seminary, the Sledenskaya Seminary and the St. Petersburg Seminary in Russia.

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