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Chinese culture

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Based on the Central Plains culture developed into a unique Chinese culture
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synonymChinese traditional culture(a general term for national civilization, customs, and spirit) generally refers to Chinese culture (a unique Chinese culture developed on the basis of the Central Plains culture)
Chinese culture, or traditional Chinese culture, traditional Chinese culture, Chinese culture, ancient Chinese culture, ancient Chinese culture, Studies of traditional Chinese culture (Generally speaking, foreigners who study Chinese culture are called "sinologists", while Chinese people who study Chinese culture are often called "masters of Chinese studies") [1] [8] ", means to Central plains culture Based on the continuous evolution and development of the Chinese unique culture [1] . Chinese culture contains Folk custom , Traditional Chinese opera , Chess skill , Tea ceremony , Chinese traditional musical instrument [9] , literati Calligraphy and painting Let's wait. In the long historical development, China has formed a diversified and integrated Chinese cultural pattern [134] .
Chinese culture has evolved over a thousand years. [2] According to legend Aricius [3-4] , Suiren Shi [3] , Fuxi [3] , Shen Nong ( Yan Emperor ) [3] , Yellow Emperor ( A surname A surname [3] , yao , shun , yu Equal time [3] To the first country in China Xia Dynasty Establish and develop, a China with a splendid culture, with a rich and colorful cultural elements standing in the East of the world.
No other than Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Three dynasties developed bronze civilization, laying the foundation of the central Plains as the center Huaxia civilization It played an important role in the early history of China and became an important force in integrating Chinese civilization from diversity to unity. So far, to the Central Plains Huaxia Culture is the main source, including many surrounding regional cultures, and a Chinese civilization system shaped like a "double flower" has taken shape. [135]
At present, Chinese culture is spreading to all parts of the world through the Internet and other ways. [10]
Chinese name
Chinese culture
Foreign name
Chinese culture
alias
Chinese culture , Chinese traditional culture , Ancient Chinese culture
Traditional Chinese
Chinese culture
birthplace
Yellow River, Yangtze River basin
Production basis
Civilization in central plains
Core area
China [5]
Inheritance country
China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, etc
Core city
Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Ningbo, Hangzhou, Taiyuan, Guangzhou, Swatou, Wuhan, Jingzhou, Xi 'an, Kaifeng, Luoyang, Chengdu, Yueyang, Beijing, Hong Kong, Taipei, Hsinchu, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul, Incheon, Vladivostok, Jin Ou, Ho Chi Minh, Ulaanbaatar [6]
Other heritage areas
Outer northeast , Outer northwest , Green onion Ridge , Myanmar Wa State

catalogue

  1. 1Formation process
  2. ▪Explore the source of civilization
  3. ▪Prehistoric period
  4. ▪Legendary age
  5. 2Three generations of Xia, Shang and Zhou
  6. 3classification
  7. ▪Myth and legend
  8. ▪Symbol totem
  1. ▪Philosophy and thought
  2. ▪religion
  3. ▪costume
  4. ▪hanzi
  5. ▪literature
  6. ▪Epoch and Historiography
  7. ▪education
  8. ▪unit
  9. ▪ART
  1. ▪economy
  2. ▪work
  3. ▪Science and technology and academia
  4. ▪diet
  5. ▪Sport and competition
  6. ▪Medical science
  7. ▪society
  8. ▪mores
  9. ▪etiquette
  1. 4Regional distribution
  2. ▪Yellow River Culture (North)
  3. ▪Yangtze Culture (South)
  4. ▪Mainland culture
  5. ▪Marine culture
  6. 5Major influence

Formation process

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EDITOR

Explore the source of civilization

" China "," China "," Huaxia "Is a synonym (ancient meaning the Central plains or Central Plains dynasty , contemporary refers to the Chinese country), from Central plains Refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. It was spread for a long time, and the other three ancient civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and India probably came into being at the same time. Spread to East Asia and Southeast Asia, the influence level includes political consciousness, ideology and religion, education, life and culture. Its concept of cultural circle is also known as "Chinese cultural circle" and "Chinese Cultural Circle". Han culture circle ".
The Chinese civilization, also known as the Huaxia Civilization, is one of the oldest civilizations in the world and one of the longest lasting civilizations in the world. The Chinese civilization has a long history Yellow Emperor It has been 5,000 years since the time [11] . It is universally acknowledged that China has the longest history Ancient civilization One of them. It is generally believed that there are many direct sources of Chinese civilization, and among them Yellow River civilization and Yangtze civilization Mainly, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are known as Chinese nation 's" Mother river ".

Prehistoric period

Chinese culture has been passed down Ancient times cultural-period Aricius [3-4] , Suiren Shi [3] , Fuxi [3] , Shen Nong Yan Emperor [3] , Yellow Emperor A surname A surname yao , shun , yu Equal time [3] . Based on archaeology: e.g Paleolithic age and Neolithic age .
By the time of Homo sapiens, culture had already begun to emerge, and archeological findings from this period included woven clothing and funerals, Neolithic age Have begun to know how to farm. In Hunan, the first artificial farming has been recorded in the literature, and the social culture began to appear, forming the clan commune. Archaeological discoveries in the Central Plains between 7000 and 10000 years ago Peiligang culture , Jiahu culture It has entered the primitive clan society with primitive agriculture, livestock and poultry husbandry and handicraft production as the main, supplemented by fishing and hunting. [12]
Later pottery and jade and the Wendai began to rise, among which Yangshao culture The color pottery (painted colored pottery on a red background) and Longshan culture The black pottery is the main feature. The Yangshao culture dates from about 5000 to 3000 years ago, which belongs to the early Neolithic Age [13] . Production tools are mainly developed grinding stone tools, common knives, axes, adzes, chisels, arrows, textiles Stone spinning wheel Wait, Bone object It's also quite elaborate. All kinds of water vessels, retort, stove and other daily pottery clay red pottery and sand red brown pottery, mainly showing red, red pottery is often painted with geometric patterns or animal patterns, is the most obvious feature of Yangshao culture, so it is also known as painted pottery culture. The evidence from the excavated cemetery remains shows that the Yangshao period was a matriarchal society. The Longshan culture, later discovered in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, unearthed a large amount of black pottery, and had more advanced construction techniques. In addition to stone hoes and spades, animal bones and wooden spades, stone kitchen knives, sickles and shellfish knives were also used. The burial goods were mostly in the tombs of men, which seemed to become a male-centered society.

Legendary age

Luoyang, Henan Province from the 21st century BC to the 17th century BC Erlitou culture The earliest capital city in China has already appeared, Erlitou site Among them, the bronze Lord is the earliest known bronze vessel in China. There is also an animal face bronze medallion inlaid with turquoise, which is the earliest known copper inlaid jade artifact. The jade ware includes articles such as gyu, Zhang, Cong, yue, Ge and Dao, as well as exquisite pottery. The site of Erligang culture was confirmed by research as the site of the early Shang dynasty, and the regime had undergone many changes from the early to the middle of the Shang Dynasty. Before Pangeng moved the capital to Yin Ruins, the capital should have been moved many times, and Erlitou site may also be one of the abandoned capitals.
In addition to the Yangshao culture and Longshan culture that appeared in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, there are also in 2500 BC ~ 1500 BC Hemudu culture These remains show that farming culture had developed in both northern and southern China during the first half of the Neolithic Age. with Sanxingdui Ruins [14] The discovery of ancient Sichuan also has a very high degree of civilization, which proves that the Yangtze River basin such as Bashu area and the Yellow River basin are equally the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization. In addition, the cultural exchanges between different places and the inheritance of the previous cultural heritage can also prove that the early Chinese culture is also diversified development, and the Central Plains culture is the main body.

Three generations of Xia, Shang and Zhou

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EDITOR
The rise of Xia Dynasty in Central Plains is the result of further innovation after integrating advanced culture and production factors in surrounding areas. The Shang and Zhou dynasties pushed the Chinese bronze civilization to its peak. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties The bronze civilization developed by the three dynasties established the important position of the Chinese civilization centered on the Central Plains in the early history of China, and became an important force to integrate the Chinese civilization from pluralism to unity. At this point, Zhongyuan Huaxia culture as the main stem, including many surrounding regional cultures, shaped like "double flowers" of the Chinese civilization system initially formed. [135]
The Western Zhou Dynasty (206 B.C.) Respect the Xia as orthodox, the Zhou royal family and various vassal states with the title of "Xia", called "Xia". Moratsu "Or" Chu Hua ". "Zhuxia" and "Zhuhua" in the frequent communication, and through various ceremonial activities to strengthen their common cultural identity. On the basis of common cultural identity, the Zhou royal family and the vassal states were united into a political and cultural community in the name of China. [136] Yellow Emperor The descendants of the Zhou people established the Zhou Dynasty and continued to expand the territory, the Zhou dynasty called itself Xia, and the Zhou dynasty also called these vassal states Xia, which is later Moratsu The origin of the name. " The Book of Songs , Zhou Song It called the vassals who had been delegated" Shixia ". In the Spring and Autumn Period, the literature changed the name of the vassal, called Chu Hua . Why is it called Zhu Hua, because the two words Hua and Xia are also common in pronunciation. "Zuo Zhuan" in the sometimes called Xia, sometimes called Zhuhua, are the same meaning. Called Zhuhua has another meaning, that is, the Chinese character also has a meaning of gorgeous, literary talent, Huaxia With the later "China has the beauty of clothing, called Hua; China has a big etiquette, called the summer" The connotation of... [137]
The Western Zhou Dynasty was promoted Zong Zhou Rites and music culture The wide spread. Western Zhou vassals went to the border to establish a state, bringing with them officials such as Zhu Zong and Bu Shi, Zhou books and various ritual gifts given by the Son of Heaven. The spread and recognition of the rites and music culture in various regions further promoted the development of the Huaxia Community. [136]
The Zhou people were the dominant class in the feudal state, and the Zhou culture was the mainstream culture recognized by the Huaxia vassal state at that time. In the trend of national integration, Zhou culture and local indigenous culture intermingled, formed in the Spring and Autumn period Qi culture , Lu culture, Jin culture , Qinlong culture , ever Chu culture , Yanzhao culture , Bashu culture , Wuyue culture And other regional culture. Each regional culture has its own characteristics, but all incorporate a large number of Zhou culture Elements, thus forming the cultural pattern of the Chinese civilization of diversity and unity. [136]

classification

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EDITOR

Myth and legend

Chinese myths, the treasures of Chinese culture and history, have been passed down in fables, novels, religions, dances and operas by word of mouth or written records. In a way, Ancient mythology Would be assumed to be part of the historical truth, the first written accounts scattered in the The Classic of Mountains and Rivers "," Annotations of the Water Classics "," A surname "," Shih Chi "," Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals "," Huai Nan Zi "And other classical. From Jin Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties, History of Chinese literature There's a new type of medicine called" Strange novel "Or" Demonic novel Many of them refer to myths, legends and fairy tales, among which the most famous is the" Journey to the West "," The legend of the gods "And" The stories of Liaozhai "," In Search of the Gods ", etc.

Symbol totem

Dragon Totem
a dragon With one phoenix Composition, meaning Yin and Yang, that is, men and women, because of the large Han population, occupied the majority of China's historical development, so the continuation of China's oldest animals dragon and phoenix, as their national symbols. The dragon flies and the phoenix dances are the national symbol of China.
The Chinese call themselves" Descendants of the dragon ". The emperors of China called themselves" The real dragon and the Son of Heaven ", with a symbol of authority. The dragon is a fictional animal in Chinese legend, with a snake body, lizard legs, eagle claws, snake tail, antlers, fish scales, whiskers on the horns, and beads under the forehead. The dragon ranks fifth in the zodiac. Dragon & A surname , Kirin , turtle Together say" Four auspicious beasts (There are also many classics and historical books that mention the "four auspicious beasts" as follows: 猰 Yu A surname Pi , lion ). Azure dragon with White tiger , Vermilion bird , Black Tortoise It's Chinese astronomy Four symbols .

Philosophy and thought

Looking at the history of Chinese civilization, each dynasty has created brilliant ideology and culture, such as the study of the sons of the pre-Qin Dynasty, the Confucian classics of the Han Dynasty, the metaphysics of the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Buddhist studies of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the theory of the Song and Ming Dynasties, and the simple studies of the Qing Dynasty.
in Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period The Times, the princes against each other, facilitated Centralized system The bud. Chinese intellectuals either explored the knowledge of salvation, or invented various academic benefits The princes fought for supremacy. Created the most active era in the history of Chinese thought. This period produced the various academic, collectively known as The pre-Qin period A hundred schools of thought . There were many pre-Qin schools, known as" A hundred schools of thought contend We can use "Zhuzi learning" to summarize the theoretical form of this period. In fact, the main schools in the pre-Qin period were, in general Sima Tan summarized Liuke Namely, Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Fa, Mo, Tao and name. A hundred schools of thought contended in the pre-Qin period legalists Win and declare the end. Legalism was First Emperor of Qin Chosen as the official word and given the opportunity to put it into practice. However, the death of the second Qin Dynasty also proved the extreme nature of legalism by practice. In order to unify China again, the Qin Dynasty of the Han Dynasty must learn from the lessons of the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty, and seek theoretical support outside the legalists to consolidate. Grand unification 's centralization . In this context, the philosopher's mission is to adapt to the need to maintain the "great unity" and help the emperor find a philosophical theory that is sufficient to "level the world." Although the pre-Qin sons could not give up their political philosophy complex, they kept the trend of multi-dimensional development after all. In the Han Dynasty, political philosophy became the central topic. Han Dynasty "hundred schools of thought contend" no longer, Study of Confucian classics Master the mainstream discourse. In the Han Dynasty, the study of Confucian classics specifically refers to the compilation of Confucian classics by Han Confucians. "Jing" has" Great sutra and Great Fa The new meaning of "is a creed that people must follow and cannot break." Hand down Confucius Have collated classical literature, compiled The six channels , that is, the... The poem "" book "" The ritual "" le "" easy "" Spring and Autumn ".
By the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Liu dynasty of the Eastern Han disintegrated. In the new context, "half philosophy, half theology" of scripture, received cold treatment; The kind of political philosophical discourse that binds people's behavior and thought is even more disgusting. metaphysics Although he did not completely get rid of the entanglement of the famous and religious discourse, after all, he once again crossed the philosophical threshold of free thinking, opening a new era of half-political philosophy and half-life philosophy. It focuses on the concept of "heaven on man" and regards heaven and man as an organic whole. So, they have to The debate between heaven and man It deduces the debate of body and use, and realizes the first deformation of the basic problem of Chinese philosophy. The introduction of "body" is an important discovery of the metaphysicians, marking that they have reached ontology The consciousness of consciousness. The metaphysicians ask what is the body, which involves the spiritual settlement of the individual, but they do not find the way to solve this problem. They wander between political philosophy and philosophy of life, and ultimately settle on the former, not the latter. Metaphysics only constitutes a transitional link in the development of Chinese philosophy, and is not a mature theoretical form.
Metaphysics has highlighted the problem of how to build a personal spiritual world, but the resources of Confucianism and Taoism cannot solve this problem, and new ideological resources must be introduced Buddhism . As a religious philosophy, the theoretical advantage of Buddhism is that it puts aside the discourse of famous religions and only focuses on the topic of how to build the spiritual world of individuals, which blows a new atmosphere to the Chinese ideological circle. Thus, the development of Chinese philosophy entered the era of religious philosophy. Buddhist Prajna changes the way of thinking of the inherent philosophy of China, no longer affirming the reality of all things in the world, nor affirming the value of life, but conceiving a world beyond. The introduction of transcendental ontological thought in Buddhist philosophy expands the resources of Chinese philosophy and is conducive to the development of Chinese philosophy. Chinese Buddhist scholars have gradually incorporated "two worlds" into the framework of "one world". Since the Sui Dynasty, most Chinese Buddhist scholars have emphasized the consistency between this shore and the other shore. Huayan school What's said" One is everything 's Prajna school , Zen Buddhism What's said" Suddenly become a Buddha The study of liberation is an innovative achievement made by Chinese Buddhist scholars. Buddhist Five accumulations The doctrine says that the nature of life is not free, it is suffering; Because man is subject to all material and spiritual conditions, birth and death are impermanent, there is no existence of independence and permanence. " Twelve causes The doctrine also says that the real origin of people is not the traditional "Yin and Yang and qi", "parents construct essence" and so on, but out of confused thinking and sinking into lust. Buddhism advocates that you do good and evil and suffer pain and pleasure, individual actions, individual consequences. This kind of thinking, was in Literati and officialdom The middle aroused strong repercussions and became the most influential religious concept in China. Early spread in China Mahayana Thought is mainly prajna study; Go by Kumarashi Introduction to India centrist Treatise, also known as the "three treatises". In its view, the essence of knowledge is contradiction, and contradiction is absurdity and falsehood. The concept of language is not a bridge to communicate the objective world, but the main obstacle to truth. All the scope of knowledge involved is unreal, which is called "emptiness". It also denies all authority, secular or sacred. The source of Prajna's explanation of the real world is "remembering the difference." This idea was expanded and systematized by" vijnana ". The standard proposition of epistemology is" Three realms of spiritualism "," Nothing but knowledge ". In the Buddhist Mahayana, there are two worlds beyond the Pure land of Amitabha and the Heavenly Palace of Daoshu, which are believed by some monks and lay people. What has a greater impact on Chinese philosophy is the philosophical world on the other side, that is," Nirvana "," Dharma-body "And" buddha-nature ". Nirvana was meant to extinguish troubles, and was later said to have" Always happy I net "The ideal state of four attributes. Liang Qichao These attributes of Nirvana have been used as" Datong "The description of the world. The so-called "Dharma body" is not only the restriction of all phenomena in the world, but also the objective basis for all goodness and purity to emerge from the world. As a philosophical point of view, yes Neo-confucianism of Song and Ming dynasties In favor of "principle in advance" Objective idealism It has a big impact. The so-called "Buddha-nature" refers to the cause, basis and possibility of becoming a Buddha-nature. Buddhists sing that "all sentient beings know that they have Buddha-nature" and "all can become Buddhas", demanding that all life activities be put into the track of promoting the realization of "Buddha-nature". This thought became "mind is reason" in Neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming dynasties Subjective idealism An important source of...
Through the interpretation of Chinese Buddhist scholars, Buddhist cultural resources have gradually integrated into Chinese cultural traditions, paving the way for the emergence of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties. From Confucian sources, neo-Confucianists deduced" The laws of heaven The ontological concept, which proves the authenticity and uniqueness of the real world, deconstructs the "two worlds" religious worldview. "Ritual, also". The principle of heaven is the ontological basis of both existence and value. The philosophical category corresponding to "reason" is called "thing", which generally refers to all people's behavior and practice. "Reason" corresponds to "heaven" and "thing" corresponds to "man". The formation of the ontological consciousness of neo-Confucianists is obviously inspired by the concept of "one" in Huayan School. They learned from the theoretical thinking results of Buddhism and found a way of speaking Confucian ontology. The orthodox neo-Confucianists pay more attention to the inner sanctification of Confucianism, but neglect the outer Wang study of Confucianism. Pay more attention to" To the end of reason "But ignored" Apply to the world "; Pay more attention to" Stay alone "The philosophy of life, but ignored" Help the whole world "Philosophy of practice. It is because of these limitations of orthodoxy that the early Qing Dynasty was triggered Honest learning Thought. With a sense of mission that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the country," they rearranged Confucianism. They attach great importance to the study of Confucian classics, like to do a solid, simple learning, so later generations called their Confucian thought simple learning. They are good at textual, motivating textology In the Qing Dynasty, there was considerable development, so they also called their Confucian thought as the study of reference. The Confucian scholars in the early Qing Dynasty inherited the tradition of paying attention to the exegesis of famous things in the study of ancient texts and classics in the Han Dynasty, so they also called their Confucian thought "new Sinology".

religion

Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are the core of Chinese traditional culture.
Confucianism Different from Confucianism, it was continued through the worship of the ancestral temple and ancestral hall, as well as the worship of the temple of literature and the Temple of martial arts, and obtained through the education of the monarch legitimacy The status of thought. There are also a variety of other Chinese and local faiths, such as A surname Faith, Goddess Matsu Faith, King of the three Mountains Faith, the worship of the emperor Yue represented by the loyal faith and so on. Worship ancestors The Yellow Emperor of Xuanyuan , Altar orifice They are all representative activities with the color of faith [23] .
gossip
Buddhism was first introduced into China around the Western Han Dynasty and has become an important part of traditional Chinese culture. [132] In the history of Chinese Buddhism, there are Tiantai sect , Three treatises , Zen Buddhism , Huayan school , Pure Land school , Vijnana school , A surname and tantra . Since Buddhism was introduced into China in the Han Dynasty, it has been integrated into the Han culture in the continuous communication with the Han culture, which is called Chinese Buddhism , while in Tibetan areas There are Tibetan Buddhism .
Taoism It is the native Chinese witch religion that borrows from Buddhism, metaphysics The forms of religion that arise [22] . Taoism takes the path of immortality as its highest religion. reincarnation , karma Such key religious concepts have become an integral part of Taoism in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The theory of Tao Nature, the theory of Three Treasures and the theory of Dharma Body were stimulated by Buddhism in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and had been formed at the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Generally speaking, Taoism absorbed Buddhist thoughts and independently deduced and developed doctrines as early as the early Tang Dynasty.

costume

Women's hanfu
from Three emperors and five emperors In the Ming Dynasty, the main costume that represents the Chinese civilization is called Hanfu [24 to 25] In the late Ming Dynasty, the Manchu Qing entered the Guan after passing A shaved head is easy to wear The way forced the Han people to wear Manchu dress, so that the Chinese dress was once interrupted. Many young people are now involved in the revival Hanfu movement In the [31] 26 - .

hanzi

  • Chinese characters and language components
Evolution of Chinese characters
Chinese characters not only exist in China, but also are used by Japan and other countries in the Han culture circle, and are the main carrier of inheriting Chinese culture. Chinese characters are formed in the process of simplification of graphic symbols. The "Dawenkou Pottery symbol" was discovered in Tai 'an City, Shandong province about 6000 years ago [32] Is already the prototype of the birth of Chinese characters, than Oracle bone inscriptions from Yin Ruins More than 2,000 years earlier. Although in Erlitou culture There is debate over whether the Xia inscriptions found in China were written, but many believe that the writing of the Xia Dynasty was more mature than that of the Shang Dynasty. [33] Shang Yin Ruins It's from an animal tortoise bone that was found Inscriptions on tortoise shells and bones It is the earliest mature Chinese character found. At the same time on the bronze Inscriptions on ancient Chinese characters It also has high historical value. The pre-Qin period The text is quite inconsistent, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period During the period, various countries differentiated the development of Chinese characters to varying degrees Qin Dynasty change Big seal style for Small seal style . In the process of the development of small seal style, there are constantly new characters in the shape and sound, so that the written record is more accurate and precise. Small seal strokes were mainly curved, and later gradually became more straight features and easier to write. to Han Dynasty , Official script It replaced Xiaozhuan as the main style. The appearance of official script is a great progress of Chinese characters, laid the foundation of modern Chinese character structure, and became the watershed of ancient and modern characters. People's writing style is official script, Regular script Song Dynasty books Running hand Let's wait. Chinese character simplification Movements and reforms exist in Chinese society today Traditional Chinese Commonly known as The traditional Chinese character ) and Simplified Chinese characters Commonly known as Simplified Chinese character Two main writing systems.
Chinese inclusive standard National language And the speech system: mandarin , Popular dialect , Xiang Chinese , Wu language , Cantonese , Gan language , Hakka , Min Chinese (include Southern Fujian , Beijing Language and Culture University , Fujian Chinese Etc.).
  • A writing system similar to Chinese characters in history
There are mainly Qidan script , Tangut writing , Jurchen script , Block character , Ancient Baiwen , ancient Miao writing , ancient Qiang script , Shui script , wordfurl , Hanzi for harmony (also known as "Kanji") and old Korean [34] .

literature

Chinese mythology , Chinese fables, Chinese allusions, Chinese novels, Four famous Chinese classical dramas , Dramatic literature , Four famous novels , New culture movement , Chinese poetry, Tang poetry , Poetry of Song dynasty , Song Ci , Ancient writing movement , A style of music played in the Yuan Dynasty , Text of a story-telling book , Novels of Ming and Qing dynasties , Ci of Qing Dynasty , Modern poetry , Modern prose
The development of ancient Chinese literature reached its peak in the Song and Ming dynasties, during which there was a confrontation with the Eastern Han Dynasty Yuntai twenty-eight generals , the Tang Dynasty Ling smoke pavilion 24 meritorious In the literary interpretation of history, in the Ming Dynasty, there appeared a large number of novels alluding to and allegorizing social and political realities [35] There are also many works that focus on the description of love (e.g Three words and two beats ).

Epoch and Historiography

Ancient Chinese use The lunar calendar [63] At the same time, use the year number to record the year, the first year of the era is called the first year, the second year is called two years, and so on. Hundred Days' Reform when Kang Youwei [64] , Liang Qichao [65] Proposed "Confucius Era" (also known as "Confucius Era") Confucius chronology ") [66-67] Confucius was born in 551 BC as the first year. after Liu Shipei Put forward" Epoch of Yellow Emperor "And received Song Jiaoren advocate [68] It is argued that the year when the Yellow Emperor ascended the throne should be the first year [69] , The Republic of China timepiece Min Pao As well as Western calendar [70] The first year was 2698 BC. While... Yellow Emperor Soul The first year was 2709 BC. " Jiangsu (Province) "And other newspapers west Yuan [71] 2489 BC is the first year. After the provisional President of the Republic of China Sun Wen , the President Chiang Kai-shek Advocate, establish the period of the Republic of China [72] The first year was 1912 [73] . Some institutions still use the Yellow Emperor Era [74] Some scholars even proposed to restore the Yellow Emperor Era [75-76] In the community, there are also calls to restore the chronology [77] Such retro ideas.
Chinese historiography is generally divided into Written history and Unofficial history The official history contains Twenty-six histories , Others biography Historical books (e.g. Sinoglu ")," Ruzhou book "," The bamboo books chronicle the years "," A lesson learned through capital "," Continue to learn from the long compilation , each National style , Annalistic style , The chronicle endgame , Real record Works of history. In modern times, there appeared a collection of ancient and modern "four masters of history" ( Lv Simian [36] , Qian Mu [37] , Chen Yinque [38] , Chen Yuan [39] ). Chinese historiography is going international in the collision between traditional historiography and modern historiography [40] .

education

Since the Emperor Wu of Han Dismiss hundreds of schools , Only respect Confucianism After that, China began more than 2,000 years of Confucian education. Established in Sui Dynasty Imperial examination system , Song Dynasty [41] Start construction Academy of learning .
At the end of the 19th century, Xinhai Revolution The founder of modern Chinese education He Ziyuan , Qiu Fengjia They took the lead, eliminated the interference of the obstinately conservative forces, successfully introduced western learning, established new schools, and brought civilian education into the vision of the Manchu Court. Under the pressure of the situation, the Qing government had to make allowances for educational innovation and promulgated the new school system at the end of 1905 and abolished it Imperial examination system And promoted new schools throughout the country, and Western learning gradually became the main form of school education.
However, until the first year of Xuantong (1909), following China's 300-year" Take a man with eight strands "The system was really abolished, the place Imperial examination It really stops. But this fundamental change in the way education is done, from Ideological system Shaking the foundation of the imperial power of the Manchu Dynasty, a large number of ideological progress and innovation of the social elite, as well as the young and energetic new talents immediately stood out Xinhai Revolution It accumulated great energy and laid a solid foundation for the downfall of the Manchu Dynasty.
At present, the mainland mainly adopts the college entrance examination system to select students to enter the university, while Taiwan uses the academic aptitude test system to select students to enter the university.
The Imperial College
The Imperial College (in feudal China)
Old-style private school
Four great academies
Imperial Academy

unit

  • Religious architecture
Buddhist temple
Ten famous temples , White Horse Temple Naman Temple, Yunnan, Tibet Potala Palace Etc.
Taoist temple
Longhu Mountain Tianshi Fu For generations Zhang Tianshi Sum of residence alongside The headquarters.
Qingcheng Mountain Taoist Temple , also known as "Tianshi Cave", yes Zhang Daoling A place of monasticism.
Peking White Cloud Temple , Mound machine To live and be buried here, yes The way of All Truth Headquarters and one of the three ancestral courts. Now be China Taoist Association The location.
Chengdu Heming Mountain It is the place where Zhang Tianshi founded Taoism.
Wudang Mountain Taihe Palace [42] It is a World Heritage Site Wudang Mountain ancient architecture group The subject of...
Kunming Taihe Palace To have a copper cast" Golden Hall "Famous. The existing buildings are mainly Wu Sanguui Repaired.
The above Taoist temples belong to many Quanzhen Sect .
  • palace
Xia Dynasty: Erlitou Palace ;
Shang Dynasty: Shang Palace;
Zhou Dynasty: Haojing West Zhou Palace, Luoyang East Zhou Palace, Han Palace, Zhao Palace, Wei Palace, Chu Palace, Yan Palace, Qi Palace, Song Palace, etc.;
Qin Dynasty: Qin Chuan Palace, Xitai Palace Pingyang sealed the palace, Dazheng Palace Yang Palace, Yong Palace, Ba Palace, Qinian Palace , Ligularia palace Pinyang Palace, Yueyang Palace, Zhiyang Palace, Double Yang Palace, Chang 'an Palace, Yuyang Palace , Gaoquan Palace, 棫 Yang Palace, Six Young Palace, Changyang Palace , Bugao Palace, Bushou Palace, Huizhong Palace, Huayang Palace, Chengshan Palace, Zhangtai Palace , Xianyang Palace , Nobugong, Sweet Spring Palace , Epang Palace , Yangshan Palace , Qutai Palace, Xuan Chun Palace, Wangyi Palace , Lin Guang Palace Yongmen Palace, Gaoping Palace;
Han Dynasty: Palace of Eternal Happiness (East Palace), Weiyang Palace (Nishimiya), Jianzhang Palace , The Laurel Palace , A surname , Uterus superficialis , Palace of Light Yongxin Palace, Zhongan Palace, North Palace, A surname ;
Three Kingdoms: Wei Imperial Palace, Shu Imperial Palace, Wu Imperial Palace;
Two Jin Dynasties: the Imperial Palace of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Imperial Palace of the Eastern Jin Dynasty;
Northern and Southern Dynasties: the Imperial Palace of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Imperial Palace of the Southern Dynasty;
Sui Dynasty: Daxing Palace ( Palace of Tai Chi ), Palace of Renshou ( Ninety percent sign );
Tang Dynasty: Daming Palace , Xingqing Palace , Hua Qing Palace ;
Song Dynasty: Kaifeng Imperial Palace, Hangzhou Imperial Palace;
Yuan Dynasty: Great Imperial Palace, Xingsheng Palace Longfu Palace, Taifu Uterus;
Ming Dynasty: Beijing Forbidden City (Ming and Qing Imperial Palace in Beijing), Nanjing Forbidden City (Nanjing Ming Palace), Fengyang Forbidden City (Fengyang Ming Palace);
Qing Dynasty: Shengjing Imperial Palace (Shenyang Qing Imperial Palace), Yonghe Lama Temple .
  • engrave
Eight famous caves
  • Tomb architecture
The Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin Han Dynasty Mausoleum, Tang Dynasty Mausoleum, Six mausoleums of Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Mausoleum, Mausoleum of Genghis Khan [43] , Ming ancestral mausoleum , Ming mausoleum , Ming Tombs , Eastern tombs of the Qing Dynasty , Western Qing Tombs
  • Canal
Beijing-hangzhou Canal [44] , Ling Canal , chasm , Zhengguo Canal [45]
  • North and south gardens
Suzhou garden [46] , Yangzhou garden [47] , Old Summer Palace [48] , Yan Yuan [49] , The Summer Palace [50]
In addition, classical Chinese architecture also has Memorial gateway [51] , Ancestral hall [52] And so on, all for the ancient Chinese architectural culture added a strong color.

ART

  • MUSICIANS
Chinese folk music , Chinese opera , traditional folk songs, Chinese traditional musical instrument
Chinese traditional folk music mostly guqin , pipa , Flute , chime Such as Musical Instruments, Zhou Dynasty has Rites and music civilization [53] Classical music or snow, or lower Riba [54] The melody is graceful, solemn and harmonious, and is an important part of Chinese culture.
  • Dance
Ancient dance
Zhou Dynasty elegant music , Big dance , komai , Yuefu of the Han Dynasty , Tang dynasty music and dance
Modern dance
Ribbon dance, martial arts lotus incense, Fan dance
  • Traditional Chinese opera
The actor performing Beijing Opera
Beijing Opera Also known as Beijing Opera, it is one of the traditional Chinese operas. Peking Opera is a fusion of the mid-nineteenth century Anhui opera and Han opera And absorbed it Traditional Chinese opera in the Qin dynasty , Kunqu opera , clapper , Yiyang opera Such artistic merits were formed in Beijing. After the formation of Peking Opera, it gained unprecedented prosperity in the Qing court. The tone of Beijing Opera A surname and Erhuang Mainly, mainly used Huqin and Gong and drum Such accompaniment is regarded as Chinese The essence of Chinese culture .
Yu opera , Shaoxing opera , Kunqu opera , The style of Han dialect , Anhui opera
Cantonese opera It was originally called Daxi or Guangdong Daxi, derived from Southern opera Since the Ming Dynasty Jia Jing In the years began to appear in Guangdong, Guangxi, is a blend Sing, do, read and fight Music by musicians, stage costumes, abstract forms and so on. Each line of Cantonese opera has its own unique costumes. The language of the original performance was Central plains rhyme ", also known as theatre Mandarin. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, intellectuals and progressive scholar-officials changed their singing language to Cantonese in order to promote the revolution Canton dialect To make it easier for the Cantonese to understand. Cantonese opera was listed in the first batch of 518 announced on 20 May 2006 National intangible cultural heritage In the directory.
Chaozhou opera , also known as Chaozhou opera, with Teochew The local opera, Chaozhou Opera has a long history and is one of the oldest local operas in China.
Pingju, a local opera of northern China , Huai Opera, popular in northern China , Huangmei Opera , Ji opera , Lv opera
Jiangxi opera , Tea-picking opera , Hunan opera , Huagu Opera , Hunan Huagu Opera Hubei Flower Drum Opera , Changsha Flower Drum Opera , Fengyang Flower Drum Opera , Quyi, crosstalk, Allegro, weight , big drum, Gezi opera , Shadow play , Cloth bag show , Southern opera , Southern accent , Gaojia Opera , Sichuan opera , Traditional Chinese opera in the Qin dynasty (Jimo Liuqiang)
  • Film and television
Chinese film, Chinese film history , Chinese television , History of Chinese television
  • handicraft
Bronzes, lacquerware, pottery, porcelain, jade
A type of weaving done by a tapestry : Benkesi ( Weaving silk in Nantong ), Mingkesi ( Gesi in Suzhou )
Embroidery: Four famous embroideries , screen [56] 55 -
Dyeing valerian : Quilted valerate (printing), cerovalerian (Batik), Hank (batik) Zigong tie-dye ), Blue calico
weave : Nanjing brocade , Suzhou Song brocade , Sichuan brocade
jadeite , signet , Yunzi , woodcut , Carved lacquer [57] , A surname , Paper fan [58]
paper-cut , Shadow puppet , Clay toy , lantern [59] , Zigong Lantern color , Kongming Lantern [60] All of them are outstanding representatives of Chinese traditional handicraft culture.
  • Calligraphy and Chinese painting
Chinese calligraphy and Chinese painting are unique arts in China.
Calligraphy pad
Calligraphy: Inscriptions on ancient Chinese characters , Seal character , Official script , Regular script , Running hand , Cursive hand , Hard brush calligraphy
A Chinese painting by Fan Zeng
Others: couplet , The character "fortune" , inscription

economy

From the Eastern Jin Dynasty Dress to cross the south After that, Jiangnan formed a unique Patronage politics and Literati and officialdom The culture, whose influence was probably east of Jiangdong, West of Zhejiang, and East of Zhejiang, greatly promoted the development of Jiangnan and eventually became the economic center of China in the Song Dynasty. And with it is the highly developed literature and art. Jingdezhen porcelain , Southern Song Dynasty official kiln It appeared one after another and made an immortal contribution to the final shape of porcelain culture in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Some data show that the earliest porcelain in China originated in the south. [61-62]

work

Yongle Grand Festival It is one of the most splendid treasures of Chinese culture and the largest one in Chinese history Reference books from various sources . Of the 22,877 volumes and 11,095 volumes, only about 800 exist in the world today, less than 4% of the original volume. The original has long been missing, and the only remaining 800 copies are Jiajing copies.
Orchid pavilion collection sequence [88] It is another form of Chinese cultural treasure, and its calligraphy value and artistry can be called first-class. However, LAN Tingxu disappeared [89] Is another major loss of Chinese cultural treasures.
" Dawn on the lake "," 100 words Ling · Autumn tonight "," Return to the boat river looking at swallow rock "," Watch the tide and mourn for Premier Zhou Enlai "," Laundry Xi sand · Jiaxu summer dream courtyard lotus "And other famous poems," Fan Xie Mountain house set "," Song of the Fish "And other classics, as well Shanghai International Studies University , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Xiling Seal Society , Sino-german cultural Association Grade school name club. [131]

Science and technology and academia

The embodiment of ancient Chinese science and technology is mainly in ancient China Four great inventions , seismograph , firearm and Western learning is spreading east After the Chinese people combined with Western advanced technology to create a variety of inventions.
The technology of ancient China is mainly pre-Qin A hundred schools of thought Two of these academic schools developed further during the two thousand years of the imperial era:
Military strategist
Military strategist (English: School of the Military) is one of the hundreds of Chinese Spring and Autumn period, the main research and discussion is Military philosophy The philosophy of war focuses on "unified military operations" and "military operations", that is, strategic and tactical issues. After the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, those who were familiar with the military were often classified or called "soldiers" by scholars. It is one of the important schools in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. According to the classification of "Han Shu, Art and Literature Annals, Strategy of War", the military can be divided into four schools:
The machiachian faction Focusing on military thought and strategy, tactics, tactics, etc.;
Military situation : Focusing on the situation of military use, according to the situation;
Military yin-yang school The theory that yin-yang and five elements are used to talk about soldiers, and ghosts and spirits are used to help fight is actually to encourage morale and stabilize the army's heart with the help of ghosts and spirits;
Military technique school : The main content is the invention, manufacture and use of weapons. [90]
Military leaders do not advocate the rule of war, and sometimes advocate the end of war [91] Sometimes advocates to defend their homes with war and stop violence and chaos, such as Wuqi County He wrote in" Wu Zi's Art of war He advocated that the country should wage fewer wars, take the siege of cities as the next step, and govern the country well. Naturally, it does not need war to be able to obey the people, and if there are foreign enemies, it can also have enough national strength to fight. Military tactician It also advocates promoting the development of weapons science and technology. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period until the Han Dynasty, the high development of iron made A crossbow It's widespread. [92]
The thought of the military has a profound influence on the whole ancient China, and has been worshipped in all dynasties Wu Temple The habit of the Tang Dynasty, and open Wuju, and the future generations of Wuju scientific examination must pass Seven books of Martial arts The exam.
To contemporary times, Japan has the term "soldier scholar", modern Trade war Military thoughts are often used in the book.
His main works are: Jiang Ziya " The Art of war "(Lost)," Six towers "," Grasping Qi sutra ", Sun Wu " Sun Tzu's Art of war ", Sun Bin " The Art of War of Sun Bin "(lost but rediscovered by archaeology), Wuqi County " Wu Zi's Art of war ", Zhang Liang " Three omissions "," Plain book ", A person of great wisdom and wisdom 42 Art of War, Sixteen cheap measures "," General Garden ", Fan Li Fan Li's Art of War, It's a good idea ", Jeon Joo " Methods of Sima ", A surname " A surname ", Shang Yang Gongsun Yang, Liu Ji " Macwarchillo ", Zeng Guofan " Zeng Guofan's Book of war Some military books also mention the manufacture of weapons.
The military thought has had a profound influence on Chinese culture. Romance of The Three Kingdoms The shadow of military thoughts can be seen everywhere. Military thought promoted the ancient by Bronze ware Reach iron Iron metallurgy The development, and later Divine Arm Bow , blunderbuss The appearance of...
Peasant family
Peasant family Agriculturalism is a practical philosophy of science and technology, its main influence mostly focused on the development of agricultural civilization and the progress of farming technology. As China is a big agricultural country, the influence of peasant thoughts on Chinese culture is closely related to the life of rural people.
proposition
Oppose the king to set up warehouses to store rice and grain, and have a Treasury to accumulate goods, and think that this is to hurt the people to support themselves, and deny the king to have the real right of the warehouse and the Treasury.
It advocates setting prices according to the quantity and quality of products such as length and size, and does not approve of the exploitation of businessmen in the middle and opposes the fraud of raising prices.
Emphasize the importance of agriculture and advocate "farming and weaving".
Regulating abundance and failure, namely agricultural economics.
develop
After the Han Dynasty, agricultural technology became more advanced and appeared Coupler plough and Turn over The Tang Dynasty appeared Beam plough and wheelbarrow Are the progress of ancient Chinese science and technology. Some works such as Garsixie " Harmony of the people requires skill ", Cui Shi " Four people and a month ", Yang Jin The Six Permanent Proposals of the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Liang Dynasty's Tao Zhu Gong fish farming method "Poeti Fish Farming Law" "Poeti Pig Farming Law" "Yuezheng Animal Farming Law" [93] , the The Book of Victories "," Wang Zhennong Book "," Xia Xiaozheng "," Chen 旉 Nongshu ", "Ma Yilongnong Said", "Agricultural Rules", "Outline of Knowledge" and" Encyclopedia of agricultural affairs " [94] . In addition, Cultivate and pass down the family It is the practice of rural thought and philosophy by ancient scholars, and in contemporary times, Yuan Longping invent Hybrid rice It is also the further innovation of farm culture in the field of science and technology.
Under the background that Confucianism occupies the orthodox position in the past dynasties, the academic aspect of Confucianism emerged in the Song and Ming dynasties Zhu Zi's theory and Yangming theory [95] two Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism Integration of three religions The school of thought. And for the first time Western learning is spreading east Later, Wang Fuzhi , Zhu Shunshui , Fang Yizhi Others put attention to Real learning The academic claims of, Gu Yanwu In... Zhidroku For the first time, the historical academic research in the book summed up the difference between the country and the world in ancient books. Huang Zongxi In... Ming Yi to be interviewed First proposed in" Civil rights The academic concept of political science; After the second eastward spread of Western learning, Yan Fu , Wei Yuan , Liang Qichao Wait for Chinese intellectuals to propose Chinese style for western use The academic point of view.

diet

Chinese food culture, known in Japan and Korea Chinese cuisine Chinese cuisine, or Tang food, as it is called in Europe and the United States, is an integral part of Chinese culture and has had a profound influence on the food culture of East Asia. Rice and pasta are the two main types. In the rice-growing areas of southern and northern China, rice is mainly cultivated Wheat The region is dominated by pasta, in addition, other food crops around, such as Corn , A surname , cereal, Potato crop As multigrain also become a part of the staple food in different regions. The southeast of China is still dominated by rice, and there are many kinds of rice products, such as rice, rice cake, rice porridge, rice balls, rice noodles, glutinous rice dumplings, zongzi, etc. Northwest, North China is based on pasta, steamed buns, steamed buns, noodles, pancakes, pies, dumplings, etc., are daily favorite food, others such as Shandong pancake , Shaanxi Guohelmet , Shanxi sliced noodles Northwest, North China 抻面 , Sichuan Dandan noodles Jiangsu bridge floor and so on are famous noodle flavor food. Recipes come from various regions of China, mainly Han cuisine Eight major cuisines Compose; The "eight Great Cuisines" refers to Sichuan Cuisine (Sichuan cuisine), Hunan Cuisine (Hunan cuisine), Guangdong Cuisine (Cantonese food), Jiangsu Cuisine (Jiangsu cuisine), Shandong Cuisine (Shandong cuisine), Zhejiang Cuisine (Zhejiang cuisine), Fujian Cuisine (Fujian cuisine), Anhui Cuisine (Anhui cuisine). Famous dishes are Beijing Roast Duck , Beef noodles , Mapo tofu , Pulled noodles Wait, Japanese ramen Also from China. Food utensils originating in China Chopsticks Also spread to East Asian food culture.
Tea culture
The difference between Chinese tea culture and European and American tea culture is great Top ten famous teas in China with Top ten famous teas in Taiwan And distinguished by tea art, tea styles vary from place to place, and the most famous is Chengdu in Sichuan Province Covered bowl tea And Chaozhou in Guangdong Province Kungfu tea . Japan Tea ceremony Other Asian tea ceremonies originated in China, but have developed quite differently. Chinese tea legend is Shen Nong Found it. Tea culture originated in the Song Dynasty [96] .
  • Four famous dishes
Guangdong Cuisine
Guangdong Cuisine
由于广东处于中国大陆南部，位于 Nanling South of the Lingnan region, The Tropic of Cancer Cross the border. It is close to the sea, and there are coastal areas, inland areas, mountains, hills, plains, and some small islands. The coastline is 3368 kilometers long, the plain is interlaced with rivers, the land is fertile, the mountains and hills, and the woods are dense. The region is located in tropical and subtropical, with mild climate and abundant rainfall, which makes the production abundant, the four seasons abundant, the fields full of rare flowers and grasses, the mountains full of rare fowl and game, the seafood and aquatic products vigorous, the melons and fruits and vegetables evergreen, the livestock and poultry full of grain, oil and sugar sauce sufficient. In Guangdong, summer is long and winter is short, and the weather is hot, so the flavor of Guangdong cuisine is mainly clear and fresh, paying attention to the taste of crisp, tender, cool and smooth, that is, clear but not light, sweet in clear, fresh in sweet [97] .
Guangdong Cuisine The basic characteristics are: 1. Wide selection of materials, rich, strange, fine, fine, birds, animals, snakes and insects can become dishes. 2. Dishes pay attention to good taste, pay attention to clear, fresh, cool, crisp, tender, smooth, with rich Lingnan characteristics. 3. Five sizzles, seasoning basis; Because of the taste of the material, the taste type is distinct; The usual sauce, the right shade. 4. Pay attention to knife, heat, beautiful shape. 5. My cooking skills are mainly based on me, and I am especially good at it Soft fry , Soft fried , soft-fry Simmer, stew, steam, pot, boil, bake, brine, dip, etc.; The use of flexible cooking methods, innovative varieties emerge in an endless stream. 6. Cantonese food is dainty Stock end The use of. 7. Guangzhou cuisine , Hakka cuisine Chaozhou cuisine blends with each other, competing to shine, each with its own color.
Guangzhou cuisine It is characterized by: fine selection of strange materials, numerous varieties, a wide range, pay attention to the taste of fresh, crisp and tender, exquisite skills, good at change, especially good at stir-frying, dipping, simmering, baking, frying, boiling and other cooking methods, and has the reputation of "food in Guangzhou" since ancient times.
Hakka cuisine Features: Hakka food main material outstanding, simple and generous, taste is partial to rich, especially good at casserole dishes, with a unique local flavor.
Teochew cuisine The characteristics are: due to the historical development of human society, Chaozhou cuisine has been affected Southern Fujian cuisine Hakka cuisine and other influences, to cook seafood, soup kung fu is unique, good at cooking vegetarian and sweet dishes, the brine is also unique, the taste is clear alcohol, pay attention to maintain the raw material taste, aroma, fresh, sweet.
Representative dishes: Baked lobster in soup , Boiled chicken
Shandong Cuisine
Shandong Province is located in the east of the North China Plain and the lower reaches of the Yellow River The Bohai Sea with The Yellow Sea Between. The plains, depressions and lake and river waters in the territory account for 65% of the total area, and the rest are mountains and hills. The province has a warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate, characterized by hot and rainy summer and cold and dry winter. Shantungian Cooking ingredient Rich, Sea cucumber There are Stichopus japonicus , abalone , whelk , Cuttlefish egg , prawn , Yellow croaker , Shark fin , Sisch tongue , scallop , jellyfish Etc.; The Yellow River, Weishan Lake Freshwater products include carp, turtle, Green shrimp Crabs, etc. Livestock and poultry raw materials are southwest Shandong beef cattle, Heze green goat, Shouguang chicken Weishan Lake hemp duck and so on. Famous plant raw materials are produced in Daming Lake cattail , Wild rice shoots Monkami Marty , and Zhangqiu green onion , Cangshan garlic Laiwu ginger, Jiaodong cabbage, Weixian radish , Yantai Apple , Laiyang pear , Feicheng peach Dongling jujube, Qingzhou silver melon Let's wait. Condiments have Jining Yutang sauce garden the Soya paste , black sauce, delicious soy sauce; Jinan natural soy sauce; Luokou Wang village vinegar; sheepmouth Shrimp oil Let's wait.
Shandong Cuisine With a long history, the style is noble and generous, broad and free.
Because Shandong is one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture and the founder of Confucianism Confucius My hometown. Dawenkou culture , Longshan culture Unearthed red yarn pottery, black pottery and other cooking vessels, wine utensils, reflect Neolithic age Qilu County The food civilization of the region. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lu (State) Confucius proposed" Chowder is not shy of fine food "Dietary propositions, and from the cooking of the heat, seasoning, diet, health, dietary etiquette and other aspects of the requirements, the Northern Wei Dynasty has a book" Harmony of the people requires skill The discussion about cooking in the book had an important impact on the cooking of Qilu. Shandong cuisine has been improved and tempered in the Tang and Song dynasties, and has gradually become an excellent representative of northern cuisine. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Shandong cuisine went deep into the royal court and became a delicacy in the imperial diet, and it was well known in North China, Northeast China, Beijing and Tianjin Lush garden It's a Lu restaurant. " The Golden Vase plum "And" Water Margin "Have vividly described the Shandong area of the city food life. After the reform and opening up, Shandong cuisine has developed rapidly, the catering market has flourished, and the fine traditional Shandong cuisine has been continuously excavated. On the basis of digesting and absorbing the flavors of Sichuan, Guangdong, Jiangsu and other places, a large number of new Shandong cuisine has been created.
Shandong cuisine from Jining, Jinan, Jiaodong and so on Local dish Make up. Jining cuisine has a long history, exquisite selection of materials and fine processing, and is known for cooking river fresh and dry fresh treasures. At the same time, the banquet etiquette is also solemn and clear, with traditional Chinese banquet specifications and characteristics. Jinan cuisine Centered in Jinan, popular in Dezhou, Tai 'an Around. Its cooking methods are good at blasting, burning, stir-frying and frying, and its dishes are famous for being clear, fresh, crisp and tender. Pay special attention to clear soup and milk soup modulation. The color of the soup is clear and fresh, the color of the milk soup is white and alcohol, and the preparation method is exquisite and meticulous. Jiaodong cuisine Good at cooking seafood, good at explosive, fried, grilled, steamed and other cooking methods. Taste mainly fresh, light, pay attention to maintain the main ingredients of the umami.
Generally speaking, the commonly used cooking methods of Shandong cuisine are fried, fried, grilled, grilled, fried, fried, fried, steamed, quick-boiled, stewed, braised, roasted, boiled, smoked, pulled, etc., especially in the explosive, fried can best reflect the characteristics of Shandong cuisine quickly into dishes. Shandong cuisine pays attention to pure seasoning, mainly salty and fresh, good at onion, garlic, commonly used flavor types and salty, hot and sour, sweet and sour, salt and pepper, garlic puree, pure sweet and so on.
Representative dishes: Braised Intestines in Brown Sauce , Stewed sea cucumber with scallions , Fried double crispy
Sichuan Cuisine
Sichuan Cuisine
Sichuan Province (including Chongqing Municipality Located in southwest China Yangtse River Upriver. The terrain is plateau, basin and mountain, and the main river is the Yangtze River and its tributaries. The climate is greatly affected by the topography. eastern Subtropical humid monsoon climate It has the characteristics of warm winter, early spring, long summer, and cloudy and misty; The west is temperate, subtropical Plateau climate . Sichuan, Chongqing food raw materials are rich and distinctive, since ancient times there have been" The land of abundance "Said. Sichuan and Chongqing area is rich in "three pepper" ( Pepper , pricklyash , Pepper ), laying an important material foundation for the formation of its basic flavor.
Sichuan and Chongqing cuisine is called "one dish, all kinds of dishes". Sichuan cuisine is based on home-cooked small fry, Chongqing cuisine to Hot pot Main.
Sichuan and Chongqing cuisine is good at cooking meat dishes, poultry and egg dishes, aquatic products dishes. In the form of dishes, it is both simple and exquisite, and the new dishes are artistic. Commonly used cooking techniques are: steaming, frying, blasting, stir-frying, frying, cooking, braising, stewing, quick-boiling, boiling, stewing, fuming, brine, mixing, spicy, pickled, bad and so on dozens of kinds, in which steaming method is widely used, the most can show its characteristics with fire is stir-fry, Dry firing Small fry, dry fry and other techniques.
The common taste types of Sichuan and Chongqing cuisine are: salty and fresh, salty and spicy (home-style, mashed garlic, burnt spicy, etc.), salty and fresh Sweet and sour (sweet and sour taste, litchi taste, etc.), salty and fresh sesame (pepper and salt taste, pepper and sesame taste), salty and sour, salty and fresh spicy taste, salty and fresh sour and sweet and hot ( Fish flavor ), salty and hot (hot and sour taste, mustard taste), salty and sweet and sour sesame (orange peel taste), salty and sweet and sour and spicy sesame (strange taste), sweet flavor, etc. In particular, it is characterized by spicy, fishy and strange flavor. The texture is tender, crisp, crisp, waxy, soft and rotten.
Sichuan and Chongqing cuisine has various dishes, both meat and vegetables, soup and vegetables, simple and unpretentious, economic benefits, strong family constancy, strong public flavor, and a deep customer base.
Representative dishes: Hot and pepper , Capillary blood hyperactivity , Fish with pickled cabbage , Maocai
Jiangsu Cuisine
Huaiyang cuisine
Jiangsu cuisine mainly consists of Huaiyang cuisine , Portulaca oleracea , Sassi cuisine , Xu Haicai The four local cuisines are composed, which affect the vast areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and enjoy a reputation at home and abroad, among which Jinling cuisine, Suxi cuisine, Xuhai cuisine and Shanghai cuisine , Zhejiang Cuisine Jointly name Jiangsu and Zhejiang cuisine While Huaiyang cuisine became a state guesthouse held State banquet Treasures for receiving foreign guests. [98]
Jiangsu is located in the southeast of China, east of the Yellow Sea, the Trans-China Canal, the Yangtze River through the hinterland, the climate is mild, numerous cultural cities, aquatic birds and vegetables in the four seasons of the market, seafood mountain treasure, is the world famous "fish and rice", is a place where famous chefs come out.
Jiangsu cuisine The dishes are exquisite and the culinary culture has a long history. According to the Huaian Qinglian Gang, Wu County The cultural relics unearthed at Caoshoe Mountain and other sites show that at least 6,000 years ago, the ancestors of Jiangsu had used pottery to cook. The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties were the early stages of Jiangsu cuisine. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Jiangsu already had whole fish grilled, dew chicken, Wu soup and pay attention to knife skills chowder Let's wait. The Han Dynasty, The Three Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties were the initial development period of Jiangsu cuisine. Besides meat and vegetable dishes, pasta, vegetarian food and pickled food had reached a certain level. Sui and Tang Dynasties and Song Dynasties were the first climax of Jiangsu cuisine development, and many seafood dishes and bad drunk dishes became tribulations, known as "Southeast delicious". Ming and Qing Dynasties was the second high tide of Jiangsu cuisine development.
The combination of Jiangsu cuisine also has its own characteristics. In addition to the daily diet and the dishes of each grade of banquet, pay attention to the level, each has its own rules, there are three types of banquet with a unique place: one for the boat banquet, two for the vegetarian banquet, and three for the whole banquet.
Portulaca oleracea Nanjing cuisine as the representative, fine production, exquisite, can be divided, pay attention to the knife, pay attention to the heat, in the taste of both the four aspects of the beauty, to adapt to the taste of eight. Its dishes taste peaceful, salty suitable, spicy but not strong, fat but not greasy, with fresh, fragrant, crisp, tender known, cooking methods to stew, braising, baking. The cooking of halal dishes ranks first in the country.
Huaiyang cuisine In Yangzhou, Zhenjiang Nantong, Yancheng cuisine as the representative. Huaiyang dishes pay attention to the selection of materials, fine production, pay attention to knife work, highlight the main materials, and strive to be fresh, a thing blindly, heavy heat, good at soup. The cooking method is stewing, braising, simmering and keeping warm. The taste is original and good at it soup-making , clear to the bottom, thick white, salty and sweet moderate, its dishes fresh, soft, fresh taste,
Sassi cuisine Represented by Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Changshu. Suxi dishes and aquatic products are the most, different shades, taste good, pay attention to the heat, seasoning, white juice, clear stew has a unique style, make good use of fine music, bad seasoning, to cook river, lake crab, vegetables, fresh and sweet taste, crisp crisp, sweet and fresh [99] .
Xu Haicai In order to Xuzhou Lianyungang is represented. Lianyungang seafood is rich, Xuzhou garlic moss, leek, hawthorn cake and other famous, salty and fresh moderate.
Representative dishes: Braised Shredded Chicken with Ham and Dried Tofu , Snow crab crab , Steamed shad , Water shield soup , Jinling roast duck , Savory pork , Mandarin fish with squirrel , Steamed hairy crab , Beggar's chicken
In addition to Four major cuisines Besides, there are many Chinese dishes Flavor school Each has its own strong local characteristics. In the long-term historical development, ethnic minorities have also formed their own food culture patterns, and there have been many famous dishes flavor schools, mainly Muslim cuisine , Mongolian cuisine, Manchu cuisine, Korean cuisine Let's wait.
  • Brew (wine, etc.)
Wine and vinegar culture are two special cultures independent of food culture. among Wine culture Rich in content, even involving literature, such as Ruan nationality A drunken poem Eighty-two songs "; As well as "Li Bai Dou wine poem hundred pieces".
  • Wine culture
Ancient Chinese wine is also called" Feels ashamed Traditionally, it is made with fruit [100] Is a high degree of sweetness, low alcohol concentration of drinks wine, because the taste is sweet so common ancient people love to drink, in fact, similar to the habit of modern people love to drink sugary drinks, but also because the alcohol concentration is not high there will be thousands of cups not drunk and other adjectives. Since ancient times, Japan has been deeply influenced by Chinese culture, and has retained many ancient Chinese cultural allusions. Therefore, the word "li" in Japan is a special term for sweet wine, and other wines cannot be called li.
However, Chinese wine and ancient Greece and other Western world's earliest wine In contrast, the Chinese first made wine from grain, and its founder is said to be Du Kang (It is also said that Yi Di [101-102] ). Wine in Chinese folk activities can not be separated. Modern folk customs of wedding wine, funeral wine, moon rice wine, birth wine, festival wine, sacrifice wine, etc., can be found in the "eight rites" of the Zhou Dynasty custom culture source. Folk activities such as farming festivals, weddings, funerals, expiration dates, celebrations, and welcoming guests will appear in the event. Also often in worship, Meetings or alliances held in ancient China , congratulate Such official activities appear, but also appear in the civil funeral ceremony, greeting and other occasions.
China in Longshan culture Naturally fermented fruit wine appeared in the period [103] ; Later developed will grain saccharify Rewinification techniques; The koji method of winemaking appeared in the pre-Qin period [104-105] ; After the Han Dynasty, the technology of making koji was developed. Wine was introduced into the Eastern Han Dynasty [106] ; Appeared in Song Dynasty Medicinal liquor [107] ; Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty appeared in use Distillation method brewed spirit [108] .
" The rites of Zhou There is A surname , drinker , Oar man According to the records of official positions, the wine man "hands five and three wines, the sacrifice is a total (offer) to serve" (from "Zhou Li · Tianguan · Wine Man"), "wine Zheng" is the leader of the wine officer at that time, "Zhou Guan · Wine Zheng" has the record of five, three and four drinks.
On the old man's birthday, his children will make a birthday wine for him. Put wine and invite friends, and bring gifts to congratulate. Proposing and getting married is also a regular wine, and various gifts are indispensable wine. After the wedding, the couple must drink together in the bridal chamber." Cross-cupped wine ". After the wedding ceremony, the couple should both toast to the wedding banquets, and at this time, they will also persuade the newlyweds to drink.
The worship of wine is based on the ancient worship of the ancestral gods. Generally in building houses, building Bridges and paving roads to worship wine. Where the ground is broken, there is an offense to the mountain God, it is necessary to buy food and wine, and worship the mountain god and the earth God in the place where the construction is about to begin. The worship ceremony should be prepared with food, wine and paper money for blessing. Works in progress, Van Top beam There is a grand ceremony to erect the door, of which wine is the main body. Then every festival, in the event of disasters, to set up worship wine. On New Year's Eve, families should prepare rich dishes, burn incense and candle paper money, ask the ancestors of the dead to come back to drink on New Year's Eve, and entertain God in the form of wine and water dishes. In the traditional consciousness, it is believed that all things have God, and if there are things that disturb God, they will not be quiet if they do not worship with wine and vegetables. Realgar wine is also sprayed during the Dragon Boat Festival. Children should hang scones and draw the word "king" on their foreheads with realgar wine. Grown-ups drink realgar wine.
Chinese wine culture It also has rich connections with poetry and drama, such as Ruan Ji's Three Cries. [109] ," Too white to be drunk ", "Wu Song drunk fall", "Lu Zhishen drunk hit the mountain gate", "drunk Eight Immortals", etc., modern popular culture has also appeared in the creation of kung fu films. Drunken fist ", etc. Confucianist Not against drinking, but against excessive drinking, "Shang Shu · Wine" cloud: "The king said: 'Feng, Rudian listen to me, do not debate is Simin indulge in wine. '" Drinking culture and Confucian culture are interwoven into a splendid literary and ideological conception. [110]
  • Vinegar culture
China has... Four famous vinegar Each has its own characteristics. among Zhenjiang balsamic vinegar For Zhenjiang won the "Chinese vinegar capital" of the United States [111] . Chinese vinegar is produced during the wine making process [112] . Vinegar is generally eaten in the following ways: dip ".

Sport and competition

The Chinese invented it in ancient times Chinese chess , Weiqi and five-in-five And other important board games. Wushu is a typical representative of Chinese culture. China is also the home of ancient football. China or sumo Place of origin [113] , Sima Qian In... Shih Chi · Huangdi Benji once recorded:" Chiyou Clan The head has horns, and the yellow Emperor's head, with horns against people, today Jizhou for Chiyou play " Until the seventh century, when Emperor Yunkyo At the funeral (453 AD), China sent a special envoy to Japan to perform a subu dance, which is believed to be the first time that Chinese sumo was introduced to Japan and had a certain influence on the original sumo in Japan.
The main ones are: Chinese chess , Weiqi , five-in-five , wushu , Kung fu , shadowboxing [114] , Breathing exercises (Qigong) gas Cuju , archery , Dragon boat , sumo Let's wait.
Chinese martial arts (English: Chinese Kung Fu) points school Most of the schools pay attention to Light steps . Cuju is considered to be the earliest football in the world [115] .

Medical science

By the time of legend Shen Nong From the beginning, Chinese medicine has a long history of thousands of years. A hundred schools of thought contend periogenous Formula and technique [116] and physician It laid the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. Han Dynasty Zhang Zhongjing , Hua Tuo promote Traditional Chinese medicine [114] The development of... Traditional Chinese medicine points Look, smell and ask Four tests. There's a theory cold-evil , Heat evil , middle-qi Let's wait.
Traditional Chinese Medicine: Acupuncture and moxibustion , Traditional Chinese medicine , Breathing exercises (Qigong) , massage , guide , In the room , Food tonic

society

  • standing
In traditional Chinese culture, identity is a very important part of ancient China divided into Scholar, farmer and businessman In addition to the class of scholars, scholars, experts, intellectual displace [18] In addition, various other classes remained in China [19] . Different classes have different cultures [20] Such as farmers have a culture of pastoral joy. In addition, Chinese culture is also emphasized nationality , Ethnic group Of the differences, each nation has formed a unique National culture They are an important part of Chinese culture [21] .
  • relation
Ethnic Chinese The social relationship is a typical reciprocal type of social relationship. This social relationship is usually expressed by the name of "family", such as "family", "imperial family", "Wu family", "Tianjia", "everyone" and so on. In addition to this, there are such titles as "academy", "school", "religion" and so on.
The connections between individuals and society are called "relationships," and the emotions within these connections are called "feelings." inter-Chinese Social relation It is the core of "etiquette" in Chinese traditional culture. The earliest written records of this tradition can be traced back to the The rites of Zhou ". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Confucius's disciples sorted out the" Spring and Autumn "Etc. The Thirteen Confucian Classics ", boosted the "etiquette" in China Local culture The development of... [117]
A very important concept in Chinese social relations is the concept of face. This has a lot to do with the importance Chinese attach to rights, fame and wealth. In addition, there are some concepts related to religion or self-cultivation. These concepts also affect the Chinese perception of things and people, often judging things from the stakes.
Huaxia nation Have been guarding since ancient times Reputation and integrity , speak Moral integrity . [118]
Unlike other ethnic groups and societies, which tend to compare the relationship between individuals and society to the relationship between big and small boxes, the Chinese tend to compare the social relationship to the "net". Therefore, the Chinese evaluate the quality of social relations with others as close and distant rather than inside and outside.
  • After one's death
Ancient China was very particular about it Posthumous title The emperor's posthumous title generally varies from one word to more than ten words, and the minister's posthumous title is mostly a word or two words, after the Song Dynasty, the best posthumous title is Wen Zheng , Wen Zhen Wencheng, Wenzhong, Wenduan, Wending and so on. It is generally believed that the posthumous title originated from the "Zhou Gong". Interpretation of posthumous title " [78] Recorded in the book Ruzhou book ", but Wang Guowei The posthumous title law began in Zong Zhou co-king , Emperor Yi's royal Highness After the Kings (see Wang Guowei, The temple gathers the forest · Tongdun Ba) according to the inscription of Jigui called King Mu and the inscription of Xianhou Ding called King Cheng [79] It is believed that the early Zhou Kings such as Wen, Wu, Cheng, Kang, Zhao and Mu were all posthumous titles at birth rather than after death [80] , Guo Moruo It is believed that "Yizhou Book" is a fake work of the Warring States period, collecting the names of the previous Kings, and forming a variety of interpretations of the posthumous title (see Guo Moruo's" Jin Wencong Kao · Origin of posthumous title Law ") [81] Thus posthumous title was produced in the Warring States period; The temple name originated in the Shang Dynasty [82-83] Originated from the worship of Chinese and ancestors [84] ; Such as Liu Bang Posthumous title for high emperor, temple name Taizu. [85] Posthumous title and temple number formed a unique posthumous title culture in ancient China Ancestral temple Culture, on this basis also formed a certain poetry culture [86-87] .

mores

There are some similarities in Chinese traditional customs, but there are also differences. There is an old Chinese saying, "Ten li, one wind, one hundred li, one custom," to illustrate that customs vary according to geographical location. Custom is divided into two parts: folk style and custom.
  • custom
From the whole range of China, the customs of the Han nationality are generally the same, such as all to pass Spring Festival , Qingming Festival , Dragon Boat Festival , Mid-Autumn Festival Etc. Traditional festival The Dragon Boat Festival is usually held Dragon-boat racing , insert wormwood Ward off evil spirits and eat Glutinous Rice Wrapped in Bamboo Leaves But in fact, the festival customs are not the same everywhere, in addition to Japan [119] The Korean Peninsula and Vietnam also have similar customs. There are regional differences in marriages and funerals.
  • The character and customs of the people everywhere
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the folk customs of the various countries had already emerged. The Book of Songs 's... National customs The detailed records reflect the customs of each country. By the Warring States Period, Qin state Men are warlike and brave, Yan People are modest and polite, Korea People are resolute and loyal, Wei People forge ahead with determination, Chu State He's tough and rough, The State of Qi People are good at business, State of Zhao Man is capricious and violent. At the same time, the beauty of various countries also reflected the folk customs at that time, such as Zhao female charming and able to sing and dance, Chu female warm and unrestrained and unscrupulous, Wei female gentle and delicate and gentle, Qi female exquisite and resourceful and superior.
The formation of contemporary folk customs is mainly northern experience National integration , Southern Experience Dress to cross the south After such events, the people in Jiangnan, Wuyue, are simple and gentle, but they have little to little; the people in Guangdong, Lingnan, are open, intolerant and fierce; the people in Bashu, Sichuan, are hot; the people in the two Lakes, and the people in the north, are rough, showing different styles.

etiquette

China has been called since ancient times A land of ritual , the etiquette "," The Book of Rites "," The rites of Zhou "And other documents recorded the etiquette of various situations in ancient China, mainly Five rites . Chinese traditional etiquette culture and from the west Business etiquette Quite different [120] It's a unique culture. Contemporary Chinese etiquette has been reduced to speaking politeness Let's wait.
  • Wedding
In some rural areas today, it still retains a relatively complete Chinese wedding . A common part of Chinese wedding etiquette is exchange Boxer's draft , Perform the royal wedding ceremony drink A wedding wine Let's wait.
  • funeral
When the Duke of Zhou first formulated funeral rites, he strictly divided the funeral rites of the son of heaven, princes, officials and civilians interdict Time. The Chinese still use three days of mourning.
  • Capping ceremony
In ancient times, men were 20 years old Weak crown , requires a line addition Capping ceremony In order to express adulthood, the crown ceremony mainly consists of replacing the male headdress with a hat.
  • Hair-pinning ceremony
Ancient women aged 15 to 16 years old (depending on the age of marriage, no more than 20 years old at the latest) to reach the hairpin year, need to change the hair to hairpin, for Hair-pinning ceremony .
  • bow
bow namely Bow with hands clasped Most of them are right hand clenched and left hand attached to four fingers, which is used for etiquette when meeting.
  • A surname
Ancient times Sit on the floor Sit on your knees with your hips resting on your heels [121] . In order to show respect for people, the sitting method is quite particular: "After sitting empty, sit before eating." "Back" is to sit as far back as possible to show humility; "To the front" is to move the body forward as much as possible, so as not to pollute the diet and disrespect people at the table.
Ancient Chinese people were very particular about sitting posture and regarded it as an important aspect of etiquette. There are four main traditional sitting rituals:" 趺坐 It is cross-legged sitting, similar to Buddhist meditators, so it is also called "lotus posture"; " Sit with one's legs stretched out " [122] That is, the legs are stretched forward, the whole body is like a dustpan shape; " Ji "That is, sit on your knees with your hips pressed against your backbent calves and feet. "Belt crouch", the feet are on the ground, the knees are raised, the hips are down and not close to the ground, in fact, is squatting. [123]
In the absence of guests, the posture may be casual, "lotus posture", "squat", "sitting" may be acceptable, but if speaking to elders, friends, or in proceedings, banquets, and entertaining guests, the polite posture of the "master" shall be adopted. The sitting serves the master, which, in a formal setting, must serve her master, otherwise it is impolite.
In ancient times, sitting politely would have been laughed at, Native soil Sit and wait Confucius (squatting or squatting), he was beaten by Confucius with crutches on the shins and reprimanded as "young but not grandson, long but not telling, old but not dying, is a thief." Lu Jia serve Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty The order is sent South Vietnam King of South Vietnam Zhao Tuo On the occasion of meeting Lu Jia, he actually sat down and Lu Jia pointed it out to his face. Zhao Tuo was very embarrassed and immediately sat up and said, "Living in the barbarian country for a long time is a violation of etiquette." It can be seen that the traditional sitting ceremony is one of the symbols of Chinese civilization. [123]
The traditional sitting ceremony is orderly, and the sitting table has a strict division of primary and secondary, and the venerable sits on the top, and the inferior sits at the end. " Disciple gauge There is a saying: "The elderly stand, the young do not sit, the elderly sit, the life is to sit." The Book of Rites · Quli Also said: "For the Son of man, do not live in the Lord, do not sit in the seat." What kind of identity to sit where there are fixed rules, if blindly sit in the wrong seat, not only the owner is not happy, they will regret the disrespect later. [123]
In ancient times, the seating order in the room was east, that is, the guest sat on the west table, and the host was generally accompanied on the east table. The elderly can be placed in a south-facing position, i.e. the north seat. The younger generation accompanying the wine is generally in the north position, that is, the south seat. The rule of sitting is that the human body is as close as possible to the food table when eating, and the body is as close as possible to the back when not eating, the so-called "virtual sitting after". If you have a guest, you should immediately stand up and greet to show respect, and then sit down and maintain a correct sitting posture [123] . Historically, the traditional Chinese sitting posture was introduced to South Korea and other East Asian countries and has been retained until today [124] .

Regional distribution

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EDITOR
China After thousands of years of development, local cultures gradually have distinct local characteristics and have the commonality of Chinese culture. Chinese culture can be divided into several areas: the Yellow River basin in the Jin, Ji, Qin, Lu and Henan regions; Sichuan, Yunnan-Guizhou area of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River; The middle reaches of the Yangtze River around the two lakes and Jiangxi; The lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces; Northeast China; Inner Mongolia region; Xinjiang region; Tibetan areas in Tibet, Qinghai and western Sichuan; The Pearl River Basin in Guangdong and Guangxi, the Minjiang River basin in Fujian, etc. The culture of the north and the culture of the south constantly collide and blend, and thus produce the historical phenomenon of modern Jianghuai culture, Chu culture, Lingnan culture and northern culture collision [15] .

Yellow River Culture (North)

Central plains culture , Qinlong culture , Jin culture , Qilu culture [16] And other northern regional culture

Yangtze Culture (South)

Chu culture , Jingchu culture (also known as Huxiang culture), Wuyue culture , Hui culture , Gan culture , Jianghuai culture, Bashu culture , Lingnan culture Yunnan-guizhou culture and other southern regional culture

Mainland culture

Wenchang Temple A sacrifice, Wu Temple A sacrifice, Confucian temple A sacrifice, Guandi Temple , Yue Wang Temple , Wu Zixu A sacrifice, Qu Yuan A sacrifice, Hanshi Festival [17]

Marine culture

Mazu belief , Zheng He Faith, Imperial Concubine Palace , The Maritime Silk Road Seven voyages to the West

Major influence

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EDITOR
Since ancient times, Chinese culture has exerted a profound influence on the surrounding areas of China, forming a relatively independent Chinese cultural circle, Confucian cultural circle In addition to China, the region includes Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam, Ryukyu Etc.
Chinese culture has also had an important influence on the rest of the world: Chinese culture with Confucianism at its core, as well Imperial examination system , Four great inventions Navigation, shipbuilding, etc., is modern Europe enlightenment One of the sources of thought. [125]
In ancient times, Chinese culture had exerted a profound influence on neighboring countries. Generally, China and the countries affected by Chinese culture are collectively referred to as East Asian cultural circle The Chinese culture circle or the Chinese culture circle is also called the Confucian culture circle because of the orthodox status of Confucianism in ancient China [126] .
The cultural circle of Chinese characters refers to China and the neighboring countries or nations conferred by the Chinese emperor, including Japan , Korea , Annam Old places (Northern Vietnam), Malaya Peninsula and Singapore (i.e. Japan and An old name for Southeast Asia ). These countries or nations around China used classical Chinese as a medium of communication, and imported state systems and political ideas from successive Chinese dynasties and developed similar cultures and values. In terms of politics, the above-mentioned countries or nations maintain relative independence from China.
Japanese culture is referred to in Japanese islands Formed a unique culture. Japanese culture has been influenced by Chinese culture in history.
Korean War after Korean peninsula The North-South confrontation led to the North-South North Korea Modern culture is different, but the traditional culture of both sides is the same. The Korean Peninsula has a close relationship with China in history, so the traditional culture of the Korean Peninsula is deeply influenced by Chinese culture, but compared with the traditional culture of the Chinese peninsula, the traditional culture of the Korean Peninsula is slightly different and unique.
Vietnam North ( coxtoe Because it used to be part of China in history [127-128] , South Vietnam ( Champa Although he paid tribute to China for many years, he was deeply influenced by Indian culture [129] Until modern times Republic of Vietnam After its establishment, it was gradually influenced by Chinese culture [130] Therefore, its cultural characteristics are very close to Chinese culture, also Chinese character cultural circle Part of it.
Ryukyu It used to be Chinese Vassal state In China and Japan The Sino-Japanese War Later, it was occupied by Japan and colonized for a long time, but Ryukyu culture also belonged to the Chinese cultural circle.
In August 2022, the 14th Five-Year Plan for Cultural Development issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and The General Office of the State Council It is emphasized that we should adhere to the Chinese cultural position, continue the Chinese context, inherit the red gene, and build a common spirit of the Chinese nation A surname [133]
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