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Cameroon

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Republic of Cameroon

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The Republic of Cameroon (French: La Republique du Cameroun), also known as Cameroon, is an unitary state in west-central Africa republique , the West and Nigeria It borders on the northeast and east Chad With Central Africa, with the south Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and Republic of Congo Adjacent, land area of 475,442 square kilometers, the country is divided into 10 regions, 58 provinces, 360 municipalities, the capital Yaounde, population 28.61 million (2023) ^[8] There are about 200 ethnic groups, mainly Fulbe, Bamilek, equatorial Bantu and so on.

Since the 5th century, a large number of foreign tribes moved in, and successively formed a number of tribal kingdoms and tribal alliances. It became a German protectorate in 1884. During the First World War, Katong and western Katong were occupied by French and British troops respectively. In 1922, the League of Nations divided East Cameroon and West Cameroon into French and British "mandate rule". After the Second World War, the United Nations handed over East and West Cameroon to France and Britain. On 1 January 1960, the Republic of Cameroon became independent in accordance with a United Nations resolution. In February 1961, separate plebiscites were held in the northern and southern parts of the British Mandate; on 1 June the northern part was merged with Nigeria, and on 1 October the southern part was merged with the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. On 20 May 1972, a new constitution was adopted in a referendum, abolishing the federal system and establishing the centralized United Republic of Cameroon. In January 1984, the country was renamed the Republic of Cameroon.

Cameroon is African Union It is one of the founding countries of the Republic of Africa and plays an important role in the political economy of Africa, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. As a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, Cameroon's economy accounts for a large proportion of the total economic volume of the Community, and is one of the political and economic powers in Central Africa. Cameroon 2022 Gross domestic product $44.21 billion, Gross domestic product per capita 1,580 dollars, Economic growth rate 3.8%. ^[1]

Chinese name: Republic of Cameroon ^[1]
Foreign name: Republic of Cameroon (English)
La République du Cameroun (in French)
Abbreviated form: Cameroon
continent: Africa
capital: Yaounde ^[1]
Major city: Ngundere , Maroua , Bertoua Etc.
National Day: May 20, 1972 ^[1]
National song: " cantata "
Country code: CMR
Official language: French , English ^[1]
currency: Central African franc ^[1]
Time zone: UTC+1
Political system: Presidential republic
National leader: Paul Biya (President) , Dion N 'Gut Joseph (Prime Minister)
Population number: 28.61 million ^[1-2] ^[8] (2023)

Population density: 56.2 people/km2 ^[2] ^[7] (2020)
Major nationality: More than 200 ethnic groups, including Fulbe and Bamilek
Major religion: Islam , Catholicism , Protestantism
Land area: 475442 km² ^[1]
Water area ratio: 0.57%
Total GDP: $48.96 billion ^[9] (2023)
Per capita GDP: $1,710 ^[9] (2023)
International telephone area code: 237
International domain name abbreviation: .cm
Road access: Keep to the right
Human development index: 0.493 (2013)
Central bank: Bank of Central African States
Affiliated international organization: The British Commonwealth , WTO , Organization of the Islamic Conference
National motto: Peace, work, motherland
Land area ranking: 52nd in the world
Leading institution: University of Yaounde, Douala University

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

The first inhabitants of Cameroon were The Pygmies The Baka tribe. said Bantu language The ethnic group also originated in the highlands of Cameroon, but most had moved away before the European invasion. Until 1884, King Douala was the most powerful African monarch in Cameroon.

From Europe as early as 1472 Portugal Sailors have begun landing on the coast of Cameroon. Cameroon takes its name from the shrimp-rich Wouri river, formerly known as the Rio de Camaroes (Shrimp River). From 1520, ivory trade with Portugal began. Palm oil Raw material sugar trade transactions. During this time, the slave trade in black people never took off here. By 1820, the black slave trade had also flourished in Cameroon. Finally, on July 10, 1840, King Duala signed a civil treaty with the United Kingdom that banned the human and slave trade throughout the world (in contrast, the United States had banned the human and slave trade in 1865 and Brazil in 1888).

Cameroon

Since 1868, when the Hamburg Woermann Chamber of Commerce began to build a semicolon at the mouth of the Wouri river, more and more Germans came to Cameroon. On July 14, 1884, the German Consul General, Dr. Gustav Nachtigal, acting as the special envoy of the Kaiser, signed a treaty of protection with King Duala and other princes of Cameroon, thus declaring Cameroon a German "protectorate", essentially a German overseas colony.

On 1 January 1960, the French Territory of Cameroon was declared The United Nations Following the end of the mandated trusteeship agreement, a referendum was held to confirm secession France The name of the country was "Republic of Cameroon". In the meantime, Britain A referendum was also held in Mandate Cameroon, in which the northern part of the British Territory decided to merge with Nigeria and the southern part with Cameroon (1 October 1961), and the name of the country was changed to the Federal Republic of Cameroon. In 1984, the name of the country was changed to the Republic of Cameroon. This is the background to the two official languages (English and French) in Cameroon today.

Cameroon's president after independence, Ahmadou Ahidjo, a Fra native, established a bloody dictatorship and suppressed all opponents. During this period, with the help of French advisers, Achicho carried out bloody repression in order to ensure the stability of his regime. On September 1, 1966, a group called the National Union of Cameroon was formed Union Nationale Camerounaise In 1985, it was renamed the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC).

In 1972, Cameroon passed reforms that changed the country from a federal system to a united republic.

On 6 November 1982, President Ashjo abdicated and was replaced by the former Prime Minister Paul Biya Paul Biwa became the new head of state of Cameroon and president of the Unionist Cameroonian National Union (UNC). Biya won a general election in 1984 and thwarted a possible coup. In the New Unity party, the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), Biya promised more social justice and democracy throughout Cameroon.

In the 1988 general election, Biya again won a majority, during which he faced no rival candidates.

As his government faced unprecedented economic crisis and social problems in the 1980s, these events devastated Paul Biya and his corrupt cabinet. Under pressure from opposition parties, President Biya decided to hold free elections in 1992, which he won again. The results show that Fine Gael RDPC won 89 seats and must govern in coalition with the largest opposition party, UNPD (65 seats).

In 1997, with French help to send his opposition rival, Paul Biya skillfully used the French opposition candidate to gain an absolute majority in the general election, which was confirmed the following year. ^[3]

Geographical environment

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Regional location

Cameroon

Cameroon is located in central and western Africa, bordering the southwest Gulf of Guinea It borders Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, Central African Republic to the east, Congo (Brazzaville) to the southeast, and Gabon and Equatorial Guinea to the south. Cameroon is triangular in shape, wide from south to north. The longest north-south linear distance is 1268 kilometers, the widest point is 822 kilometers, and the narrowest point is only 22 kilometers. Coastal baseline length 360 km. ^[8]

landform

Cameroon's terrain is complex, except for a small part of the lake and coastal plains in Chad, the entire territory is mostly plateau and mountain. The western and central regions are plateaus with an average elevation of 1500 to 3000 meters Niger river , Congo River and Lake Chad Such as water watershed. Mount Cameroon, off the southwest coast, is the highest peak in West Africa at 4,070 meters.

According to the geographical characteristics, Cameroon can be roughly divided into five natural areas: western mountainous areas, coastal forest plains, inland forest plateaus, The Adamawa Plateau The northern savanna, its natural geographical features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests and savannas. ^[3]

Climatic characteristics

The climate varies widely throughout Cameroon, with the north dry and the south wet. The southwest coast and the south have a tropical rainforest climate, with high temperatures and rain all year round, the central transition to a savanna climate, and the north belongs to Tropical semi-arid climate . The average annual temperature in the north is 28.5℃, and the annual rainfall is 903 mm. The average annual temperature in the south is 27.9℃, and the annual rainfall is 3701 mm. ^[8]

Drainage distribution

The main rivers of Cameroon are: Sanaga River, Niang River, Buri , Logone and The Benue River . The main lakes are Lake Chad , Barlomby Lake, Lake Nyos . ^[3]

Natural resources

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Cameroon is rich in mineral resources. At present, the main minerals that have been proved include: iron ore (reserves of about 5 billion tons), bauxite (reserves of about 1.1 billion tons), rutile (about 3 million tons), and uranium ore (about 20,000 tons). In addition, there are tin, nickel, cobalt, diamonds, gold, as well as marble, limestone, mica and other non-metallic minerals. At present, with the exception of diamonds and gold, most of the mineral deposits are still in the exploration or preparation stage.

Satellite map of Cameroon

Cameroon has oil reserves of about 100 million tons and natural gas reserves of about 500 billion cubic meters. Cameroon's crude oil production has declined in recent years, falling to 26 million barrels in 2019. Natural gas production in 2019 was 2.23 billion cubic meters, an increase of 28.29% compared to 2018. Cameroon has approximately 35,000 square kilometers of potential sedimentary basins, of which 18,771 square kilometers have been approved for exploration and development (including 1,917 square kilometers of concession oil exploration areas and 16,854 square kilometers of licensed exploration areas). Proven oil reserves are about 800 million barrels (2015 data). Currently, oil concessions are concentrated in Rio Del Rey in the southwestern region, and in the Douala/Kribi-Campo Basin in the coastal and southern regions.

Cameroon iron ore reserves of about 3.4 billion tons, mainly in the eastern region of the Mbalam iron ore (estimated reserves of 800 million tons), the southern region of the Lobi iron ore (or Mamelles iron ore, estimated reserves of 632 million tons) and Nkout iron ore (estimated reserves of 2 billion tons), are currently not mined. Bauxite reserves of about 1.1 billion tons, the second largest in Africa, mainly in Adamawa region of Minim-Martap and Ngaoundal (Ngaoundal) and western region of Fongo Tongo (Fongo Tongo) and other places, are not put into production.

Cameroon is rich in forest resources, with a forest area of 22.5 million hectares, accounting for 46.3 percent of the territory and 11.95 percent of the world's tropical forest area, with an area of 16.9 million hectares of felled forest and timber reserves of 4 billion cubic meters. Logs and wood products of all types are the second largest export commodity after petroleum products, accounting for about 24% of total exports.

Cameroon is rich in hydropower resources, which can be developed and utilized to 208 billion cubic meters of hydropower resources, accounting for 3% of the world's hydropower resources, the total hydropower reserves of 55.2GW, hydropower generation accounted for 72% of the total electricity generation in Cameroon. ^[8]

Administrative division

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regionalization

Cameroon has three administrative units of regions, provinces and Arrondissements, and the chief executive is the prefect (gouverneur), prefect (prefet) and prefect (sous-prefet), all appointed by the President.

The country has 10 regions, under the jurisdiction of 58 provinces, 360 districts. The decentralized local unit in Cameroon is the Commune, with the elected municipal council as the corresponding administrative department, whose creation, renaming, change of capital or jurisdiction are decided by the President, whose responsibility is to promote the development of the region and improve the living environment and conditions of the residents. In addition, the President may, according to the characteristics of certain urban agglomerations, decree the establishment of communes (communes), which enjoy the status of public legal persons and independent finances. There are 14 communes in the country, namely Yaounde, Douala, Ngundere, Bertua, Maroua, Edaia, Nkangsamba, Garoua, Bamenda, Bafusam, Ebolowa, Cribi, Limbe, Kumba. The governing body of the Commune consists of the Commune Council and the Mayor. The mayor is elected by all the municipal councillors of the Commune. ^[8]

Cameroon has 58 provinces, provinces and population area
Province and state	Area (sq. km)	The capital
North end Extreme -Nord	34246	Maroua
Diamare	4665	Maroua
Kaele	5033	Kaele
Logon-shari Logone-et-Chari	10183	Kousseri
Mayo-Danai. Mayo-danai	5300	Yagoua
Mayo-Sava Mayo-Sava	2736	Mora
Mayo-zanaga Mayo-Tsanaga	4393	Mokolo Mokolo
Nord	65576	Garoua
Benoue, Benoue	13614	Garoua
Faro Faro	13624	Polipoli
Mayo-lutti Mayo-Louti	4162	Kid Guider
Mayorey	36529	Jolyre Tchollire
Adamaoua	63691	Ngaoundere
Jeroen Djerem	13283	Tibati Tibati
Faro-dio Faro-Deo	10435	Tignere
Mayo-Banyo Mayo-Banyo	8520	Banyo Banyo
Mbere Mbere	14267	Meinganga
Vina. Vina	15600	Ngaoundere
Eastern Est	109011	Bertoua
Bemba Nkogo Boumba-Nkogo	30630	Yokadouma
Haut-Nyong, Upper Nyon	36040	Abong Mbang, Abong Mbang
Kadekadei	15910	Batouri
Lon - Jeron Lom-et-Djerem	26320	Bertoua
Central Centre	68926	Yaounde
Haute-Sanaga, Haut-Sanaga	11850	Nanga Eboko
Requier Lekie	2990	Monatele
Mban Mbam	33030	Bafia, Bafia
Mefou Mefou	4155	Miff Mfou
Mfundi Mfoundi	615	Yaounde
Nyong-et-Kelle	6360	Eseka. Eseka
Nyong-et-Mfoumou	6170	Akonolinga
Nyon-su Nyong-et-Soo	3580	Mbalmayo. Mbalmayo
Southern Sud	47110	Ebolowa
Ja-lobo Dja-et-Lobo	19910	Sangmelima
Ndem Ntem	16000	Ebolowa
Ocean	11280	Kribi
Ouest	13872	Bafoussam. Bafoussam
Bamboutos. Bamboutos	1170	Mbouda Mbouda
Haut-Nkam, Upper Nkam	960	Bafang Bafang
Menoua	1380	Deschamps Dschang
Miffy Mifi	1170	Bafoussam. Bafoussam
Ndai Nde	1520	Bangangte, Bangangte
Nunnoun	7690	Foumban
Littoral[Cote]	20239	Douala. Douala
It's Moungo	3720	Nkongsamba. Nkongsamba Lorne Loum
Ngan Nkam	6300	Yabassi
Sanaga-Maritime	9310	Edea. Edea
Wouri	890	Douala. Douala
Northwest Nord-Oueste	17810	Bamenda
Bui	2300	Kumbo Kumbo
Donga-Mantung	4280	Nkambe Nkambe
Menchum	6060	Wum. Wum
Mezam Mezam	2870	Bamenda
Momo Momo	1790	Mbenki Mbengwi
South-western Sud-Oueste	24471	Buea, Buea
It's Fako	2060	Limbe Limbe
Manu Manyu	10180	Mamfe. Mamfe
Meimei Meme	6510	The Kumba
Endian Ndian	6160	Mundemba
Cameroon	464952	Yaounde

Major city

Yaounde, the capital of Cameroon, is the political, cultural, educational and transportation center of the country, the second largest city, located in south central Cameroon, with an area of 256 square kilometers. It is known as the "City of Seven Hills" because of its seven hills. The average altitude is about 750 meters, and the highest elevation is 1200 meters. The west of the city is the administrative district and the east is the business district. The transportation is convenient, there is a relatively complete international airport, and there are roads connected with the surrounding regions. It has a population of 2.538 million. The average annual temperature is 24.9℃, the rainfall is 1299 mm, and the rainfall period is 133 days.

Douala is Cameroon's largest city and "economic capital" with an area of 923 square kilometers (approximately 250 square kilometers of urban area). Located in the heart of the west coast of Africa and in the heart of the Gulf of Guinea, at the mouth of the Wouri River, Douala is Cameroon's water, land and air transportation center and the most important maritime gateway. The city is well developed in business and has an active market, playing a pivotal role in the economic life of the country, with its gross domestic product accounting for about 40% of the gross national product. 75% of Cameroon's industrial products are produced in Douala, and 95% of its import and export trade is carried out through Douala port. As the largest port city in Cameroon, Douala is the most important import and export hub for the country and the entire Central African region.

Other major cities in Cameroon include Bafusam (capital of the Western Region), Garoua (capital of the Northern region), Maroua (capital of the Far North Region), Ngundere (capital of the Adamawa Region), Bamenda (capital of the North-western region), Ebolowa (capital of the southern region), Bertoua (capital of the Eastern region), Buea (capital of the south-western region), etc. ^[8]

National symbol

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flag

Flag of Cameroon Adopted on May 20, 1975, is one side tricolour . Composed of green, red, yellow three straight bars, there is a yellow star, the size of the star is not clearly defined, so it is different, but it must be in the center. The flag is rectangular in shape, with a 3:2 ratio of length to width. From left to right, it consists of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles, green, red and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star in the middle of the red part. Green symbolizes the tropical plants of the southern equatorial rainforest and the hope of the people for a happy future. Yellow symbolizes the northern grasslands and mineral resources, but also symbolizes the sun to bring happiness to the people; Red symbolizes the power of unity. The five-pointed star symbolizes the unity of the country. ^[4]

National emblem

Coat of arms of Cameroon

Coat of arms of Cameroon In the shape of a shield, the central red pyramid is the symbol of the Cameroon volcano, and inside the red background is also painted a map of Cameroon and a sword and scales representing national unity and equality. The two crossed golden sticks behind the coat of arms symbolize authority and inviolability. The two stars on the shield represent the former British south and French east Cameroon. The upper part of the emblem reads "Peace, labor, Fatherland" in French and English, while the lower part reads "Republic of Cameroon". ^[4]

The national flower

Flame flower Shrubs or tall herbs; Leaf margin whole or with indistinctly obtuse teeth; Flowers orange-red or pink, arranged in narrow terminal panicle Raceme or cyme rarely axillary; Bracteoles small, bracteoles absent; Calyx 5-fid, lobes narrow; Corolla tubular, limb to one side or shallow 2-labiate, lobes imbricate arranged; Stamens 2, sometimes 2 degenerated; The ovary is usually bald, with 10 to 16 ovule; Capsule long, nearly quadrangular, with multiple seeds; Bald seed or coat. ^[4]

National anthem

" cantata "

Cameroon, you are the cradle of our ancestors, and you spent your childhood in barbarism. But now you're like the sun rising, step by step out of the wilderness forever forward. I hope that your children and grandchildren will listen to the command, regardless of things will be physical and mental dedication, the only desire is to serve the motherland, each perform his duties, always unchanged. Our dearest land, there is no happiness without you, you are our joy and life, our glory and our love.

aphorism

Peace, work, Fatherland (French: AIx-travail-patrie)

Population nationality

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EDITOR

28.61 million (2023), there are currently about 240 tribes in Cameroon, mainly including: (1) Bantu: including Pygmy, Beti, Basa, Douala, Yanbasa, etc., distributed in the southern region, the coastal region, the Southwest region, the central region, the eastern region and other places; (2) Semi-Bantu: including Bamilek, Bamun, Pali, etc., mainly distributed in the western region and the northwestern region; (3) Sudanese ethnic groups: including Mundang, Dubley, Kabursili, etc., mainly distributed in the Adamawa region, the Northern region and the far Northern Region; (4) Boer or Fulbe: mainly distributed in the northern region; (5) Saua Arabs: mainly distributed in the Lake Chad basin. ^[8]

political

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EDITOR

regime

Cameroonian President Paul Biya

Cameroon has a unitary presidential system, with power emanating from the centre. Paul Biya Since taking office, the president has implemented the program of "national rejuvenation" at home, advocated "democratization and national integration", and implemented a leading "liberal" policy in the economy. It pursues a policy of independence, non-alignment and extensive international cooperation. In December 1990, a multi-party system was adopted. In 1992, multi-party legislative and presidential elections were held, and Paul Biya was re-elected president, forming a ruling party. Cameroon People's Democratic Union As the main five-party coalition government. In January 1996, a new constitution was formally promulgated and municipal elections were held, with the People's Alliance for Democracy winning two-thirds of the country's municipal seats and the opposition winning some of the western and northern regions. In October 1997, Biya was re-elected president with 92.57% of the vote. In October 2004, Biya was elected president for the fifth time with 70.92% of the vote. In the presidential election held on 9 October 2011, Biya was elected president for the sixth time with 77.989% of the vote. ^[5] In the presidential election held on 7 October 2018, Biya was elected president for the seventh time with 71.28% of the vote. ^[1]

constitution

The current constitution was adopted by referendum on 20 May 1972. Seven revisions were made in May 1975, November 1983, January 1984, March 1988, April 1991, January 1996 and April 2008. According to the Constitution, the President of the Republic is the head of State and Supreme Commander of the armed forces, with the power to appoint and remove the Prime Minister and members of the government, issue laws and decrees, declare a state of emergency and, if necessary, hold early presidential elections. The President is directly elected for a seven-year term and can be re-elected. If the President is unable to discharge his powers, the President of the Senate shall act as President. The Prime Minister is the head of government, directs the work of the government, is responsible for the enforcement of laws, exercises the power to make regulations, and appoints administrative officials. ^[1]

congress

Under the Constitution, legislative power is exercised by a bicameral parliament consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate. Members of Parliament are elected by direct universal suffrage for five-year terms. The 180-seat National Assembly, elected in February 2020, comprises eight political parties, 152 seats for the People's League, 7 seats for the National Alliance for Democratic Progress and 5 seats for the Social Democratic Front. Speaker: Cavaye Yeguie Djibril, member of the EPL. The current Senate will be elected in March 2023, with 70 senators voted by town councillors and 30 appointed by the President. The 100 senators come from seven political parties, of which the EPD has 94 seats and the National Alliance for Democratic Progress, the Cameroon People's Union, the National Salvation Front of Cameroon, the Movement for the Defence of Democracy in the Republic and the Front for Social Democracy each have one seat. The Senate consists of a President of the Senate and five vice presidents of the Senate. President of the Senate: Marcel NJIFENJI NIAT, member of the EPL. ^[1]

government

Presidential palace

The current government was formed in January 2019 and consists of a Prime Minister, four Ministers of State, 35 ministers, eight ministerial representatives, and 10 Secretaries of State. The main members are as follows: Prime Minister Dion Ngute Joseph, Minister of State for Tourism and Recreation Bello Bouba Maigari, Minister of State for Justice Esso Laurent, Fame Ndongo Jacques, Minister of State for Higher Education, Ferdinand Ngoh Ngoh, Minister of State and Secretary General of the Presidency, Beti Assomo Joseph, minister-level representative of the Presidential Palace for defense affairs; Mbah Acha nee Fomundam Rose Ngwari, minister-level representative of the presidential Palace for the state's Supreme Inspectorate; (women), Talba Malla Ibrahim, Ministerial Representative of the Presidency in charge of public procurement, Wakata Bolvine, ministerial representative of the Presidency in charge of relations with Parliament, Atanga Nji Paul, Minister of Territorial Administration; Nguene nee Kendeck Pauline Irene, Minister of Social Affairs; Mbairobe Gabriel, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development; Bidoung Mkpatt Pierre Ismael, Minister of Arts and Culture; Mbarga Atangana Luc Magloire, Minister of Commerce; Sadi Rene Emmanuel, Minister of Information; Elanga Obam Georges, Minister of Decentralization and Local Development; Eyebe Ayissi Henri, Minister of Real Estate, Cadastre and Land Affairs; Eloundou Essomba Gaston, Minister of Water Resources and Energy; Alamine Ousmane Mey, Minister of Economy, Planning and Territorial Remediation; Etoundi Ngoa Laurent Serge, Minister of Basic Education; Taiga, Minister of Livestock, Fisheries and Livestock Industry; Issa Tchiroma Bakary, Minister of Employment and Vocational Training; Nalova Lyonga Pauline Egbe, Minister of Secondary Education; Hele Pierre, Minister of Environment, Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development; Motaze Louis Paul, Minister of Finance; Joseph Le Anderson, Minister of Public Service and Administrative Reform, Ndongo Jules Doret, Minister of Forestry and Animal Resources, Courtes nee Keutcha Celestine, Minister of Housing and Urban Development; Mounouna Foutsou, Minister of Youth and Civic Education; Dodo Ndoke Gabriel, Minister of Mines, Industry and Technological Development; Bassilekin III Achille, Minister of Small and Medium Enterprises, Social Economy and Handicrafts; Libom Li Likeng nee Mendomo Minette (female), Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, Abena Ondoa nee Obama Marie Therese (female), Minister for the Advancement of Women and the Family; Tchuinte Madeleine (female), Minister for Research and Innovation; Minister of External Relations Mbella Mbella Lejeune, Minister of Public Health Manaouda Malachie, Minister of Sports and Physical Education Mouelle Kombi Narcisse, Transportation Minister Ngalle Bibehe Jean Ernest Massena, Labor and Social Security Minister Owona Gregoire, Public Works Minister Nganou Djoumessi Emmanuel. ^[1]

judiciary

Judicial power is exercised by the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and the courts at all levels. The president appoints judges. The Supreme Judicial Council assists the President in his work. The president of the Supreme Court, MEKOBE SONE Daniel, and the Attorney General, NDJODO Luc. ^[1]

Political party

There are 298 legal political parties, the main political parties are as follows:

(1) Rassemblement Democratique du Peuple Camerounais (RDPC) : the governing party. Formerly known as the National Union of Cameroon, it was founded on September 1, 1966 and renamed to its current name on March 24, 1985. Until December 1990, it was the sole legal political party and the ruling party. The overall goal is to build a "collective liberal society" based on rigour, ethics, freedom and democracy, and the guarantee of the full development of the people. Its motto is "solidarity, progress and democracy". The immediate task is to promote national unity and unity, to develop the economy and culture, and to oppose tribalism and religious privileges. In September 1984, President Biya was elected President of the National Union of Cameroon, and in 1985, when the National Union of Cameroon was renamed the People's Democratic Union of Cameroon, he was elected president of the People's League Party. In June 1990, December 1996, and September 2011, the EPL held its first, second, and third national congresses, and Biya was elected party chairman. The party holds 152 seats in the National Assembly and 94 in the Senate.

(2) Social Democratic Front (SDF) : Main opposition party. It was established on 26 May 1990. It became a legal political party on 1 March 1991. Under the slogan "Democracy, Justice and development," the party claims that it is its duty and duty to achieve a change of power by peaceful means, and advocates the restoration of federalism. He boycotted the 1992 legislative elections and the 1997 presidential elections, and was influential among the Anglophone West and Bamilek. In October 2004, Party Chairman John Fru NDI ran in the presidential election and received 17.40% of the vote. In October 2011, Endi ran for president again, finishing second with 10.71% of the vote. In October 2018, OSIH Joshua NAMBANGI, the party's first vice president, ran in the presidential election and received 3.35% of the vote, placing fourth. The party holds 16 seats in the National Assembly and one in the Senate.

(3) The Mouvement pour la Renaissance du Cameroun (MRC), the main opposition party. Founded in August 2012, it advocates initiating broad political discussions and creating a more open and democratic political atmosphere. Chairman Maurice Kamto, a former member of the United Nations International Law Commission and ministerial-level representative of the Ministry of Justice, ran in the October 2018 presidential election and came second with 14.23 percent of the vote. The party holds one seat in the National Assembly and none in the Senate.

(4) Union Democratique du Cameroun (UDC) : Opposition party. It was established in March 1991 and obtained legal status in April of the same year. It seeks to build a society of peace, tolerance, freedom and justice, and advocates peace based on justice, equality and opposition to tribalism. In the western region has a certain influence. The chairman is Ndam NJOYA, a former dean of the School of International Relations, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of National Education. In October 2004, he ran in the presidential election as the unified candidate of the opposition Alliance for National Reconciliation and National Reconstruction, and won 4.47% of the vote, finishing third. In October 2011, he ran for president again and won 1.73% of the vote, placing fourth. In October 2018, he ran for president again and won 1.73% of the vote, ranking fifth. The party holds six seats in the National Assembly and none in the Senate.

(5) Union Nationale pour la Democratie et le Progres (UNDP) : Participating political party. Founded in May 1990, it was approved as a legal political party on March 25, 1991. The party has a strong presence in the Muslim north, and its leadership includes many supporters of former President Ashjo. He stressed that Cameroon is a state of citizens, supports national unity and unity, and opposes separatism. Advocates economic liberalization and decentralization, and supports strict implementation of the economic restructuring plan. In 1997, he boycotted the presidential election with the Socialist Front. In January 1998, after reaching a "government common program" with the People's League, he joined the government and became a participating party. The party holds four seats in the National Assembly and one in the Senate. The party's chairman, Bello Buba MAIGARI, is currently Minister of State for Tourism.

(6) Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) : Participating political party. Founded in April 1948, it has contributed to the independence of Cameroon. It was banned by the French colonial authorities in 1955 because of its anti-colonial struggle. After independence, it became a legal political party on 25 February 1960. The league was dissolved in 1966 after former President Ahidjo declared a one-party system, and most of its leaders fled into exile. After the introduction of a multi-party system, the Union resumed its activities and gained legal status in February 1991. The Alliance advocates accelerating democratic change in the country, encouraging political liberalization, widespread democracy, decentralizing economic management, reducing State intervention, raising the standard of living of the people, and building a society based on solidarity and complementarity. The party split several times, forming three factions led by General Secretary Augustin KODOCK, Chairman Ndeh NTUMAZAH, and Henri HOGBENLEND. Reconciliation between the two factions was announced in January 2000. The party holds one seat each in the National Assembly and the Senate. ^[1]

dignitaries

Paul Biya The President of the Republic, the Head of State, the Supreme Commander of the national Armed forces and the National Chairman of the People's League. Born on 13 February 1933 in the southern region of Gielobo. From 1956 to 1962, he studied law and political science at the French public School Louis Le Coon, the University of Paris, and the Ecole Superieure des Studies Abroad, and received a bachelor's degree in public international Law in 1960. After returning to China, he served as Special Commissioner of the Presidential Palace, Director of the Office of the Minister of National Education, Youth and Culture, Secretary General, Director of the Civil Affairs Office of the Presidential Palace, Secretary General and director of the Civil Affairs Office of the Presidential Palace, Minister of State and Secretary General of the Presidential Palace. He became Prime Minister in June 1975. He has been President of the Republic since November 1982. In February 1975, he was elected Vice President of the Central Committee of the National Union of Cameroon, and in September 1983, he became National President. He has been the national President of the People's Democratic Union of Cameroon since March 1985. Married with multiple children. ^[5]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

Cameroon has superior geographical location and natural conditions and abundant resources. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main pillars of the national economy. Industry has a certain basis. After independence, economic policies such as "planned liberalism", "independent and balanced development" and "Green Revolution" were implemented, and the national economy developed rapidly. The economic growth rate reached double digits in the early 1980s, and the per capita GDP once reached 1,200 US dollars. After 1985, due to the impact of the international economic crisis, the economy fell into difficulties. The government has taken some measures, but the results have been limited, and the four phases of the structural adjustment program signed with the International Monetary Fund have not been completed. After the devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994, Cameroon's economic situation began to improve, inflation was brought under control, foreign trade structure improved, industrial and agricultural production increased, and fiscal revenue increased substantially. The Cameroon government has intensified economic restructuring, strengthened fiscal management, promoted privatization, and maintained continuous GDP growth. In 2000, Cameroon successfully completed the fifth phase of the adjustment plan and was approved to join the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt reduction program. From 2000 to 2003, Cameroon implemented the second "Poverty Reduction for Growth" program with the support of the International Monetary Fund. In 2006, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund confirmed that Cameroon had reached the completion point of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Debt reduction Program, and its foreign debt was substantially reduced. In 2008, due to the impact of the international financial crisis, Cameroon's fiscal revenue from tariffs and export products plunged, external investment and credit tightened, and unemployment increased. In 2009, the government of Cameroon announced the Vision Plan 2035 and the strategic development Plan for Economic Growth and Employment (2010-2020), which focus on developing agriculture, expanding energy production, increasing investment in infrastructure, striving to improve the economic structure dependent on raw material exports, and strive to build Cameroon into a "democratic, unified and diverse emerging country" by 2035. Key economic indicators for 2023 are estimated as follows:

Gross Domestic Product: $48.96 billion

GDP per capita: $1,710

Economic growth rate: 4%

Currency Name: Central African Financial Cooperation Franc (FCFA)

Inflation rate: 7.2%

(Source: International Monetary Fund website) ^[1] ^[9]

industry

cenotaph

After independence, the industrial development has been rapid, with a certain foundation and scale, and the industrial level ranks in the forefront of sub-Saharan Africa. 15% of the country's labor force is engaged in industry, the main industrial sectors are food, beverages, cigarettes, textiles, clothing, paper, building materials, chemicals, aluminum smelting, electricity, oil mining and processing, wood mining and processing. Since 1990, a policy of privatization has been pursued. In recent years, in order to promote industrial development, increase employment and attract investment, the Cameroon government has actively improved relevant laws and regulations and vigorously encouraged the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. However, Cameroon's industrialization and development still face difficulties such as lack of power and other energy sources, backward infrastructure construction, and high processing and manufacturing costs. ^[1]

agriculture

Cameroon has abundant sunlight, abundant rainfall, fewer natural disasters and superior conditions for agricultural development, making it an important agricultural producer in Central Africa. Agriculture accounts for a large share of Cameroon's economy. Farming, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing and other agricultural industries absorb about 60 percent of the country's labor force and are the core industries in the country's fight against poverty. Ninety percent of rural households are engaged in agricultural production, and one-third of them depend on crop exports for their livelihoods.

It is known as the "granary of Central Africa". Arable land reached 7.2 million hectares, accounting for 15% of the country's total land area, and only 1.8 million hectares are currently under development. In 2018, agricultural output accounted for about 15% of GDP, 25% of total exports, and provided employment for 60% of the working population. The Cameroon government attaches great importance to agricultural development, increases investment in agricultural development management institutions, establishes rural grass-roots cooperation organizations, strengthens agricultural mechanization development, provides help for young farmers to find employment, and actively liaises with international organizations to seek financial support from the World Bank, the European Union, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the African Development Bank and the Islamic Development Bank to improve agricultural output and competitiveness in Cameroon. The main food crops are millet, sorghum, corn, rice, potato, banana and so on. The main cash crops are cocoa, cotton, coffee, bananas, oil palm, etc., the world's fifth largest banana producer. At present, the annual output of coffee is 25,000 tons, cocoa beans are about 200,000 tons, bananas are 220,000 tons and cotton is 350,000 tons.

Forestry is one of the pillar industries of the national economy, and the forest area accounts for 46% of the total land area. The Cameroon government attaches great importance to the development of forestry, and in 1999, it carried out forestry reform, explicitly prohibiting the export of logs, and conducting public bidding for forest land exploitation rights. In the same year, in response to the decline in export revenue caused by the ban on log exports, the tree species were divided into traditional tree species and promoted tree species, and the latter log was allowed to export after paying taxes. Forestry contributes 6% to GNP.

Fishing in the Kha sea is mainly dependent on manual work, and aquaculture is still in its infancy. Self-sufficiency of aquatic products is insufficient, and about 110,000 tons of fish need to be imported from abroad every year. The country has 14.3 million hectares of pasture and grassland. Animal husbandry is more developed in the northern region, which is mainly operated in the traditional way. The annual output value of animal husbandry accounts for 14% of agricultural output value. The government of Cameroon has begun to formulate policies to promote the diversified development of fish farming, fishing and beekeeping industries, formulate mechanisms for effective prevention and reduction of epizootic diseases, and formulate standards for veterinary services that are in line with international standards. ^[8-9]

tourism

Cameroon has diverse geographical features and rich cultural landscapes, which almost cover the different natural and cultural characteristics of various regions in Africa, and is called "miniature Africa". The Government attaches great importance to the development of tourism, establishing a National Tourism Council under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, opening tourism offices abroad, and encouraging private investment in tourism. He joined the International Tourism Organization in 1975. 1985 Established the Cameroon Tourism Company. The Ministry of Tourism was established in 1989. In 1990, the National Committee for the Promotion of Tourism was established. There are 381 tourist attractions and 45 protected areas. The main attractions are natural zoos such as Benue, Waza and Bouba Njida. In 2018, Cameroon had 1,721 hotels and 837 tourist attractions, receiving 812,000 international tourists and 4.87 million domestic tourists.

In terms of tourism hospitality, due to the ongoing construction and renovation of hotel facilities in preparation for the Africa Cup of Nations football tournament, the number of accommodation establishments in 2019 increased by 4.7% compared to 2018 to 2,382 establishments. Among them, there were 855 star-rated hotels, an increase of 4.4% over 2018. The number of rooms increased by 2.7% to 21,755. ^[8]

finance

Cameroon's banking sector is still in its early stages of development, and Central Africa, where it is located, is one of the least developed banking regions in Africa. There are 13 commercial banks in Cameroon, 9 of which are foreign banks. As of June 30, 2020, bank deposits in Cameroon increased by 10.0% year-on-year to F5,146.8 billion, total outstanding loans stood at F3,682.3 billion, up 2.4%, and the volume of loans to private enterprises decreased by 1.1%. As of December 31, 2019, there were seven financial companies. The total balance sheet is $432.8 billion. Loans reached 135.9 billion yuan and deposits reached 53.8 billion yuan, up 5.4% and 10.3%, respectively.

There are 411 microfinance institutions in Cameroon. Other financial institutions in Cameroon include the "Cameroon Debt Autonomous Bank" (CAA), which manages public debt; the "National Social Insurance Administration" (CNPS), which manages social security; the "Cameroon Real Estate Credit Bank" (CFC), which provides financing support for the real estate sector; and the Cameroon National Investment Company (SNI), which is both a bank and a corporate entity.

There are 28 insurance agencies in Cameroon, 17 of which cover all types of insurance, including transport insurance, and 11 of which cover life insurance. The three major insurance companies that are qualified to issue public contract guarantees are CHANAS Insurance, ACTIVA Insurance and ZENITHE Insurance. In 2019, Cameroon's insurance industry turnover was FF209 billion, an increase of 1% over the previous year.

Douala Stock Exchange officially opened on May 23, 2005, as a limited company with a registered capital of FF1.8 billion, of which 63.7% of the shares are jointly held by the Cameroon Real Estate Credit Bank (CFC), the Dutch Development Bank (FMO) and ten private commercial banks, and 23% are held by Cameroonian government agencies and state-owned enterprises. 13.3% is held by private insurers. In 2019, it merged with the Central African Regional Stock Exchange to form a single stock market within the Central African Economic and Monetary Community. ^[8]

foreign trade

Foreign trade plays an important role in Cameroon's national economy. We will pursue an open trade policy and emphasize diversification of trading partners. It has trade contacts with more than 120 countries and regions and signed trade agreements with more than 30 countries. It mainly exports crude oil, hydrocarbon fuel and lubricating oil, wood, rubber, cotton, aluminum ore, bananas, coffee, etc. It mainly imports crude oil, frozen Marine fish products, rice, medicine, fertilizer, tourist vehicles, cargo transport vehicles, etc. The EU has always been the largest trading partner of Cameroon, accounting for more than 50 percent of the country's total foreign trade. According to Cameroon's National Bureau of Statistics, imports totaled FF3,856.9 billion in 2019, up 13.3% year-on-year. The largest increases in imports were: hydrocarbon fuels and lubricants (+53.1%), cereals (+41.8%), crude oil (+27.2%), clinker (+30.7%), and vehicles and tractors (+5.8%). Exports totaled FF2,392.8 billion, up 13.3%. Among them: crude oil exports 3.811 million tons (+31%), exports 999.49 billion FF (+16%); Liquefied natural gas exports were 1.225 million tons (+56%), and exports were FF261.98 billion (+109%); Timber and wood products exports 1,515 million cubic meters (-12%), exports of FF279.94 billion (-9%); Cacao exports amounted to 218,000 tons (-0.4%) and FF288.86 billion (+23.8%). Coffee exports 18,000 tons (-4%), exports 14.68 billion FF (-22%). The trade deficit further widened to FF1,464.2 billion, an increase of FF171.3 billion or 13.3% over the previous year.

In 2019, Cameroon's top six exports, which accounted for 80.9% of total exports, were crude oil (41.8%), cocoa beans (12.1%), liquefied natural gas (11.0%), sawnwood (7.0%), raw cotton (5.4%) and logs (3.6%). The main imported products were hydrocarbon fuel oil (18.8%), mechanical and electrical instruments or equipment (13.0%), cereals (9.8%), crude oil (5.7%), vehicles and tractors (5.1%), frozen fish (3.4%), and pharmaceutical products (3.3%).

In 2019, Cameroon exported goods to nearly 120 countries, the top six export destinations accounted for 62.6% of the total exports, of which China is the largest export destination of Cameroon, accounting for 18.4% of the total exports, followed by the Netherlands (12.7%), Italy (12.2%), India (11.0%) and so on; Cameroon imports goods from 73 countries, the top ten import source countries accounted for 71.4% of the total imports, of which China is Cameroon's largest import source country, accounting for 16.1% of the total imports, followed by France (8.1%), Togo (6.6%), Nigeria (6.3%) and Belgium (5.7%). ^[8]

Foreign capital

According to the World Investment Report 2021 released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Cameroon's foreign direct investment has been growing slowly year by year in recent years. In 2020, the flow of foreign investment will be 488 million US dollars, and the stock of foreign investment will be 9.026 billion US dollars. ^[8]

Foreign aid

The main donors are France, the International Development Association, the European Union, Germany, the African Development Fund, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. In 2016, Cameroon received $854 million in foreign aid, 57% of which was from the EU.

According to the Ministry of Economy of Cameroon, in 2019, Cameroon received 100 billion FF in international aid.

Foreign assistance to Cameroon focuses on infrastructure construction, urban and rural drinking water supply, public health, basic education, environmental protection, vocational and technical training, energy supply and agriculture. The main multilateral assistance to Cameroon includes the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Debt Relief Programme (IPPTE) and the Multilateral Debt Relief Programme (IADM). Cameroon has also received about FF620 billion in debt relief under the framework of the Multilateral Debt Reduction Programme.

France is Cameroon's most important aid donor. French assistance to Cameroon is implemented under the framework of the Contract for Debt Reduction and Development: FF352.7 billion in the first phase (2006-2011), FF213.8 billion in the second phase (2011-2016) and FF401 billion in the third phase (2017-2025). In 2019, Cameroon received FF45.5 billion in aid under the Debt Reduction and Development Contract. U.S. aid to Cameroon is focused on agriculture and health. In 2020, assistance from all US agencies (including USAID, USDA, FTC, State Department, Energy Department, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, Department of Transportation, Department of Commerce, Peace Corps, National Science Foundation, etc.) will total US $114 million. Germany is one of the sources of public development assistance that Cameroon receives, mainly in the areas of natural resource management and protection, decentralization, and health care. Since 1975, the European Union has provided Cameroon with financial and technical assistance and preferential trade treatment through the Lome Agreement. The UK mainly provides technical assistance to Cameroon for cooperation projects in the areas of human rights, integrity, poverty alleviation and higher education, as well as places to study abroad. Japan has listed Cameroon as a priority aid country in Central Africa, focusing its assistance on education, agriculture, health, green development and social areas. ^[8]

culture

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EDITOR

religion

Cameroonian traditional houses

In Cameroon, 40% of the population is Catholic and Protestant, 20% is Islamic and 40% is traditional. Christians are mainly concentrated in the southern and western regions, Muslims are mainly concentrated in the western Bamun and northern regions, and traditional religions are mainly developed in the countryside. ^[8]

Language

The official languages of Cameroon are French and English, with 70% of the population speaking French and 30% speaking English. There are more than 200 national languages in the country, mainly Hausa (Muslim), Evendo, Douala, the vast majority of national languages have no writing. ^[8]

Festivals

Cameroon has a five-day work week, with Saturdays and Sundays off. National holidays are: New Year's Day: January 1 Youth Day: February 11 Good Friday: The Friday before Easter Easter: The first Sunday after the full moon, the date varies, generally between March 22 and April 24 International Labor Day: May 1 National Day: May 20 Assumption Day: August 15 Christmas Day: The Muslim festival on December 25 is subject to the Islamic calendar, so according to the Gregorian calendar, the festival time is different every year, the main festivals include: (1) the Muslim New Year (2) The birthday of Muhammad (3) the first day of Ramadan (4) Eid al-Fitr (5) Eid al-Adha. ^[8]

custom

Cameroonian customs vary by region, tribe and religion, and some customs follow Western customs due to the strong influence of Western countries such as France. On social occasions, dress neatly, shake hands and give your name when you meet guests. When first communicating with each other, in addition to saying morning/afternoon/good night, the general handshake ceremony, women can shake hands with men. When they are more familiar with each other or show great respect, men and men can touch each other's foreheads to show closeness, relatives and friends are used to performing bye-kissing, and women or men and women are feasible bye-kissing. To the chief of the clan, the general people can not shake hands or hug, can only keep a certain distance to stare at. Under normal circumstances, in order to show respect, the other party should be addressed by Mr., Miss, Mrs. And title before the last name, and only close friends are used by the first name. There are no special prohibitions, except that pork and alcohol are forbidden for Muslims. ^[8]

Cameroon has a total of more than 230 small and large tribes, is a multi-tribal country. The south is inhabited mostly by the Bantu Betti, Bajuin, Douala, Basa and other tribes, who are mainly engaged in agriculture or in Marine and inland fishing. The Fulani ethnic group, the main inhabitants of the north, are herders. The main inhabitants of the west are Bamilek and Bamun, who are mainly engaged in agriculture, handicrafts and commerce. The eastern part is inhabited mainly by the Baya, Mbum and other tribes, engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry.

Cameroonians marry uncapped, polygamous wives. In Cameroon, although polygamy is practiced, marriage is also free, and there are two kinds of marriage certificates: one is a monogamous marriage certificate and one is a polygamous marriage certificate.

Cameroonian staple food is rice, bread, sweet, etc., the main dishes are tomatoes, peppers, vegetables, Onions, potatoes, beef, mutton, chicken, fish, shrimp and so on. When eating, you must reserve two kinds of water, one for drinking and one for washing hands. Because they are eating pilaf So you must wash your hands before meals. Africans don't have Drink boiled water The habit is that tap water is the drink.

Military affairs

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EDITOR

The army was formed after independence in 1960. The armed forces are composed of the army, navy, air force and gendarmerie. The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces. In July 2001, the army implemented a major reform, establishing the vertical leadership system of the President, the Minister of Defense, the commander of the major military region and the commander of the provincial military region. The country is divided into four joint service districts, with headquarters in Yaounde, Douala, Garoua and Maroua, and 10 military divisions in 10 large districts. ^[5]

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

Boulevard "5·20", downtown Yaounde

Cameroon road transport is relatively developed, about 90% of the country's passenger flow and goods are transported by road. According to the website of Cameroon's Ministry of Public Works, the total road mileage is 78,000 kilometers, of which about 5,133 kilometers are asphalt roads. A total of 296.24 kilometers of asphalt roads were laid in 2019. The total length of the highway network is nearly 50,000 kilometers, of which more than 5,000 kilometers are asphalt roads. National highways are divided into four levels: national roads, regional roads, provincial roads and rural roads, with a total of 34,000 kilometers. The 16,000 kilometers of roads not included in the above grades are collectively referred to as "non-grade roads".

There are 18 national highways of 7,241 kilometers, which connect the capital Yaounde with the regional capitals and the surrounding countries.

Regional road 5841 km, is the region between the capital and other towns of the road.

8,075 km of provincial road, connecting provinces with towns and cities in the province; There are 12,843 kilometers of rural roads connecting villages, planting areas and rural industrial areas, ensuring the traffic between agricultural production areas and markets. ^[8]

railway

Cameroon has a total of 1,342 km of meter-gauge railway, the actual operating mileage of 1,025 km, including 2 main lines: Main line 1: Douala - Yaounde, laid from 1908 to 1927, 262 km long; The upgrade followed a train derailment on October 21, 2016 that killed at least 80 people. Route 2: Yaounde - Ngandere, laid between 1964 and 1974, 622 km long. Other railway lines include: Douala - Nkangsamba line, 127 km long; Otele-mbalmayo line, 37 km in length; Mbanga-kumba line, 29 km long; There are also more than 250 kilometers of freight feeder railway.

The railway carries about 1.5 million passengers and 1.45 million tons of freight annually, mainly transporting wood, petroleum products, construction materials, cash crops, grain, industrial raw materials and so on. In 2019, the total number of rail transport operations increased by 17.4% compared to 2018, reaching 44 billion. Freight rose 19.9 per cent, while passenger traffic fell 0.9 per cent. The railway has a total of 33 stations, the main stations are Douala, Yaounde and Ngandere, all with marshalling capacity. The most important station is Douala Bessengue, which is divided into two parts: passenger and freight. Cameroon's railways are not yet connected with neighboring countries. ^[8]

Air freight

Cameroon has four international airports (Yaounde Airport, Douala Airport, Garoua Airport, Maroua Airport) and more than a dozen secondary airports. Douala and Yaounde airports are the most important airports, accounting for about 95% of the country's passenger traffic. According to the airport construction plan, Cameroon plans to renovate Bertoua airport and build a new Kerbi International Airport, while also planning to build a second airport in Douala.

Yaounde Nsimalen International Airport (Yaounde-Nsimalen) is located in the southern outskirts of the capital Yaounde, about 15 km from the city center, is A class A airport. It has opened international routes to Paris, Brussels, Istanbul, Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Libreville, Casablanca and other cities, as well as domestic routes to Douala, Garua, Maroua and other cities. The annual capacity of receiving passengers is 1.5 million, and the annual capacity of handling cargo is 50,000 tons, the actual utilization rate is only 17%.

Douala International Airport is located in the economic capital Douala, about 8 km from the city center, and is the largest airport in Cameroon and the busiest air hub in the Central African region. Annual reception capacity of 1.5 million passengers, cargo handling capacity of 50,000 tons, the actual utilization rate is only 31%. Garua International Airport was built in 1982, the annual capacity of 1.5 million passengers, cargo handling capacity of 5,000 tons, the actual utilization rate is only 4%.

Cameroon Airports Corporation (ADC) is responsible for the management of civil airports in Cameroon and is the largest group of airport companies in the Central African region. The government owns 63% of the company, while the African and Malagasy Aviation Safety Authority (ASECNA) and the private sector own 20% and 17%, respectively.

Cameroon's Ministry of Transport is responsible for the overall planning and supervision of air transport and airport construction. The Civil Aviation Authority of Cameroon (CCAA) is a government-authorized civil aviation management and safety supervision body, responsible for the maintenance and renovation of airports, responsible for the maintenance of airport communications, weather monitoring and fire protection equipment, and on behalf of the Government of Cameroon to negotiate and implement air transport agreements.

According to the website of the Cameroon Civil Aviation Authority (CCAA), the number of passengers at Cameroon Airport in 2019 totaled 1.468 million, down 6.7% year-on-year. Douala Airport and Yaounde Airport accounted for 53% and 47% of international passengers, respectively, and the remaining airports had almost no international passenger traffic. In 2019, the cargo volume of Cameroon Airport was 20,700 tons, down 17% year-on-year. ^[8]

Water transport

95% of Cameroon's foreign trade depends on sea shipping, most of which is done in Douala port. Douala port is the largest port in Cameroon, and is also the most important port and shipping hub in Central Africa. Chad and two landlocked countries in Central Africa mainly rely on the port for import and export of commodities, and some goods from Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon and Equatorial Guinea also transit through this port.

The port administration in Cameroon consists mainly of the National Port Authority (APN), the four port autonomous organizations of Douala, Kribi, Limbe and Garua (river ports), and the Policy Consultative Committee.

Cameroon has four main ports: Douala port, Cribi port, Limbe port and Garua Port, the first three of which are seaports on the Gulf of Guinea, and Garua Port is a river port. Cameroon carried 11.6 million tons of water freight in 2018, an increase of 4.5% over the previous year. ^[8]

society

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EDITOR

education

Cameroon values education. The Education Law passed in Cameroon in 1998 stipulates that the state gives priority to the development of education, and that the task of national education is to train citizens with all-round moral, intellectual and physical development, so that they are in harmony with social needs in economic, socio-cultural, political and moral aspects. On the one hand, the government of Cameroon actively develops public schools, on the other hand, it allows private schools and churches to run schools, and provides subsidies to encourage private schools.

Education in Cameroon is divided into four stages: pre-school, primary, secondary and higher education. At present, there are 15,123 primary schools, 2,413 junior and senior high schools, and 8 national universities. According to the statistics of the United Nations Children's Fund, the school enrollment rate of school-age children has reached 90%, and the illiteracy rate of the population is 24.1 percent. ^[8]

Medical treatment

The overall level of medical and health care in Cameroon is poor, and the distribution of medical resources is uneven. According to the data of the Ministry of Health in 2016, there are 2,387 public health institutions in Cameroon, which are divided into six levels, including 7 general hospitals, 8 central hospitals, 14 regional hospitals, 143 municipal hospitals, 234 district hospitals and 1,981 comprehensive medical centers. High-level general and central hospitals are mainly located in Yaounde, Douala and other major cities.

Infectious and parasitic diseases are the main diseases in Cameroon, especially malaria, AIDS, tuberculosis, intestinal parasites, onchocerciasis, meningitis, etc., while the incidence of diabetes, hypertension and hepatitis B is on the rise. According to the statistics of the country's health department, the current mortality rate of infectious diseases is 10.1 per thousand, and the mortality rate of infectious diseases among children is as high as 77%. ^[8]

medium

The Ministry of Information of Cameroon is the lead agency for information in the country, overseeing the government media agencies, the National Radio and Television Corporation and the Press and Publishing Company.

The National Radio and Television Corporation of Cameroon was established in January 1988, under the leadership of the Ministry of Information on information policy, but relatively independent in operation and management, under the television and radio two branches. In addition, CANAL 2 International and STV are the only two privately owned television stations in Cameroon to be officially licensed.

The Cameroon Press and Publishing Company was founded in 1977 and includes the Cameroon News Agency and the Cameroon Tribune newspaper. There are more than 500 registered newspapers and periodicals, most of which cannot be published and distributed regularly due to operational difficulties. The main ones are: "Cameroon Tribune", founded in 1974, the national official newspaper (French and English bilingual edition), the daily circulation of more than 30,000 copies; Action Newspaper, the organ of the ruling People's League, French and English bilingual typesetting, originally a weekly newspaper, due to funding problems has been discontinued; "Official Gazette", published by the Presidential Palace, semi-monthly, law and English edition, mainly publishes the president, Prime Minister and various ministries issued decrees and laws; "Courier", founded in 1979, the most influential private newspaper, published three times a week, circulation of 20,000; Nouvelles, a private newspaper, three times a week with a circulation of about 10,000. In addition, there are "Turbulence", "Prospect", "Herald" and so on.

Radio Cameroon: Based in the capital Yaounde, it broadcasts continuously for 21 hours from 5 a.m. to 2 a.m. the next day, broadcasting in Chinese, English and multiple local languages, with a coverage rate of about 60%. Regional radio stations have been established in 10 regional capitals and four commercial FM stations have been established in the four cities of Yaounde, Douala, Buea and Bafoussam.

Cameroon National Television: Established in 1986, broadcasts colour television programmes and has a transmission network covering about 50 per cent of the country's territory. On weekdays, the broadcast time is 10 hours, from 15:00 to 1:00 the next day; Saturday and Sunday extend to 13 and 16 hours. In 1988, the National Television Production Center was established.

In 2000, the Government issued a decree on the conditions for the establishment and operation of private audiovisual media enterprises, allowing private entry into the field of audiovisual media. Private radio stations have increased in cities such as the capital and Douala. There are more than 600 news organizations in Cameroon, nearly 200 radio stations, 154 television stations and numerous online media outlets. Radio France International and the BBC both broadcast FM programmes in Cameroon. ^[8]

electricity

Cameroon is rich in hydropower resources, with an annual hydropower reserve of 294 billion KWH, second only to the Democratic Republic of Congo in Africa. Cameroon mainly relies on hydroelectric power, and in recent years has also taken into account the development of oil and gas thermal power plants. The country's installed power capacity is 1,442 MW, of which 988 MW is hydropower, accounting for about 69%. The electricity supply gap is more than 1,000MW and is growing by around 8% a year. According to the World Bank, the lack of electricity and high electricity prices could reduce Cameroon's economic growth rate by 1 to 2 percent. In addition, the overall electricity access rate in Cameroon is low, with about 57% of households in urban areas and less than 20% in rural areas. In 2019, Cameroon supplied 7,006,240 MWH of electricity, an increase of 0.4% over the previous year. Among them, hydropower and thermal power generation decreased by 0.9% and 23.2%, respectively, and electricity purchase increased by 12.5%.

In Cameroon, access to electricity is now 45% in urban areas, only 5% in rural areas and 25% nationwide. The power grid system consists of the northern power grid, the Southern power grid and the eastern power grid. The three power grids are independent of each other and have not yet formed a unified national power grid system.

The Cameroonian Electricity Operation and Distribution Company (AES-Sonel), which is responsible for sales and facility maintenance, was renamed EneoCameroon in September 2014. The company's ownership structure is 56% owned by London-based Actis and 44% by the Cameroonian government. In October 2015, Cameroon announced the creation of the National Electric Transport Company (Sonatrel), which has taken over Eneo's transmission and grid management business in early 2019 and is responsible for the transmission of electricity to independent power generators.

Cameroon's Ministry of Water Resources and Energy is responsible for the overall planning of electricity infrastructure. The Electricity Development Corporation of Cameroon is responsible for the implementation of the electricity infrastructure construction plan and the implementation of electricity infrastructure construction projects. ^[8]

Digital infrastructure

According to statistics from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cameroon, the turnover of the telecommunications industry in Cameroon in 2019 was FF581 billion, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year. The existing optical fiber backbone transmission network is more than 10,000 kilometers, and more than 10 million Internet users.

According to the Cameroon Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (ART), there were 856,000 fixed-line subscribers nationwide in 2019. Cameroonian National Telecommunications Company (CAMTEL) has an exclusive monopoly on the fixed-line market, and in recent years its business has gradually expanded into mobile telephony (CDMA only) and data services.

There were 20.5445 million mobile phone users in China in 2019. There are four mobile operators: MTN Cameroon, a subsidiary of South Africa's MTN Group of companies; ORANGE Cameroon, a subsidiary of the French company ORANGE; Viettel Cameroon Limited; The fourth is the National Telecommunications Company of Cameroon.

The Cameroon Post Company (CAMPOST) is a state-owned enterprise founded in 2004, and is now operated by the Canadian company Tecsult International, providing mail delivery, express mail, postal savings, postal remittances and other services.

Cameroon has a domestic optical fiber backbone transmission network of more than 10,000 kilometers. In 2019, there were more than 10 million Internet users. 【 Digital payment 】 Mobile operators Orange and MTN have launched mobile payment services and monopolized the mobile payment market in Cameroon. In recent years, Cameroon's mobile payment business has witnessed explosive growth. In 2018, the number of mobile payment users reached 8.013 million, an increase of 110.2% over the previous year, accounting for 49.4% of the total subscribers of Orange and MTN. ^[8]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

We pursue an independent, open, good-neighborly and pluralistic foreign policy. We stand for peaceful settlement of international disputes. We will actively participate in regional political and economic integration. He called on the international community to pay full attention to the aspirations of developing countries and establish a new order of more pluralistic and just international relations. We attach importance to developing good-neighborly and friendly relations, actively participate in regional affairs, and strive to promote unity and cooperation among African countries. ^[1]

External relations

Relations with China

Cameroon "established diplomatic relations" with Taiwan authorities in January 1960, and "severed diplomatic relations" with Taiwan after the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Cameroon on March 26, 1971. Since then, the relations between China and Cameroon have developed steadily and the two countries have conducted sincere and friendly cooperation in various fields.

The main projects of Chinese aid to Cameroon include the conference building, Lagdu Hydropower Station, Yaounde Women's and Children's Hospital, Yaounde multi-functional gymnasium, and the maintenance of the conference building. Projects to be implemented with concessional loans provided by the Chinese side include the first phase of Kribi Deep Water Port and the Merkan Hydropower Station. China and Cameroon have signed agreements on trade, economic and technological cooperation and established the Joint Committee on Economic and Trade Cooperation in 1986, which has held eight meetings so far. The 8th meeting of the Mixed Committee on Economy and Trade was held in Beijing in August 2015.

In 2022, bilateral trade reached 3.823 billion US dollars, down 11.8% year on year, of which China's exports reached 3.167 billion US dollars, up 16.4% year on year, and imports reached 656 million US dollars, down 60% year on year. China mainly imports crude oil, logs and cotton, and exports electromechanical and high-tech products.

The two countries have frequent cultural exchanges and signed an agreement on cultural cooperation. In recent years, the Sichuan Art Troupe, the People's Liberation Army Art Troupe, the Oriental Song and Dance Troupe, the "Oriental Charm" Art Troupe of the Ministry of Culture, the Shenzhen Art Troupe, the Tianjin Art Troupe, the Hunan Folk Orchestra and the Hangzhou Art Troupe have visited Cameroon successively. The Cameroon Modern Dance Troupe, reorganized with the help of the Chinese side, performed in China during the Beijing Olympic Games and the Shanghai World Expo.

Educational cooperation between the two countries is sound. The Chinese side has helped Yaounde I University and Yaounde II University set up microbiology laboratories and computer centers respectively. Since 1959, China has received students from Cameroon and provided them with scholarships every year. China has established Confucius Institutes in Cameroon, with nearly 13,000 registered students in 2018.

China began sending medical teams to Cameroon in 1975. So far, China has sent 23 medical teams of 761 people, of whom 25 are in Cameroon. From May to June 2016, the National Health and Family Planning Commission sent a team of experts to Cameroon to carry out the "Bright Action" project, and performed 627 cataract operations in the country.

Sports exchanges between China and Cameroon began in 1972, with frequent visits of table tennis, basketball and football teams. In 2011, the Minister of Sports visited China and the two sides signed a memorandum of understanding on sports cooperation between the two countries.

In November 2006, China announced that Cameroon would be listed as an outbound tourist destination for Chinese citizens. In June 2014, the Cameroon Asian Tourism Information Office in Beijing began operations.

Hubei Province, Shenyang City and Taiyuan City have sister province and city relations with the Southern Region of Cameroon, Yaounde City and Douala city respectively. ^[10]

Relations with France

The two countries enjoy close relations and frequent exchanges. The two countries have signed agreements on economic, financial, military and judicial cooperation. France is the most important partner of Cameroon, the largest donor and investor, and the second largest source of imports. Every year, France provides more than 100 million euros of assistance to Cameroon in areas such as infrastructure construction, agriculture and human resources training. In October 2019, President Biya and his wife attended the 6th General Assembly of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in Lyon, France. During the visit, President Biya met with French President Emmanuel Macron. In the same month, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian visited Cameroon. In November, President Biya attended the second Paris Peace Forum in France at the invitation of French President Emmanuel Macron. In July 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron visited Cameroon. In November 2023, French Foreign Minister Colonna visited Cameroon. ^[1] ^[9]

Relations with the United States

The United States is Cameroon's main trading partner. Cameroon mainly exports oil and ore to the United States, and American enterprises occupy an important position in many fields such as oil and gas development, mining, urban transportation and electricity. Cooperation between the two governments is mainly in the military, agriculture and education fields. In August 2014, President Biya attended the US-Africa Summit in the United States. In March 2019, US Assistant Secretary of State Nagy visited Cameroon. In December 2022, President Biya attended the US-Africa Summit in the United States. In November 2023, CIA Director Burns visited Cameroon. ^[1] ^[9]

Relations with Russia

Khartoum established diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Union in March 1964. In September 1989, a delegation from the youth organization of the People's Democratic Union of Cameroon visited the Soviet Union. In September 1990, the delegation of the Communist Youth League of the Soviet Union visited Cameroon. The two countries have signed agreements on cooperation in economy, technology, culture and science and technology. Sudan imports coffee, cocoa and timber from Cameroon, and exports cars and frozen fish to Cameroon. The annual trade volume between the two countries is about 40 million RUbles. Collapse of the Soviet Union Since then, Cameroon has maintained diplomatic relations with Russia. ^[5]

Relations with the Commonwealth

The two western regions of Cameroon were once British colonies. It was admitted to the Commonwealth on 1 November 1995. The Commonwealth provides assistance to Cameroon for dozens of collaborative projects in the areas of human rights, good governance, poverty alleviation and higher education. In 2006, the UK cancelled all of Cameroon's bilateral debt, totalling £106 million. The Commonwealth offers more than a dozen places to study in Britain, Canada and South Africa each year. In October 2014, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Assembly was held in Cameroon. In May 2018, Prime Minister Philemon attended the Commonwealth Summit in London on behalf of President Biya. ^[1]

Relations with Nigeria

The Kani border is more than 1,680 kilometers long. Due to historical reasons, the two sides have had disputes over some land and sea boundaries. In June 2006, under the mediation of UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the two heads of state signed a peace agreement, and Nepal withdrew its troops from the Bakassi Peninsula, and the peninsula dispute was peacefully resolved. In August 2008, Nigeria officially transferred sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon. ^[1]

Relations with other countries and organizations

We attach importance to developing good-neighborly and friendly relations, actively participate in regional affairs, and strive to promote unity and cooperation among African countries.

In September 2016, President Biya attended the 71st session of the UN General Assembly. In November, Senegalese President Macky Sall visited Cameroon. In July 2017, Prime Minister Philemon represented President Biya at the 29th African Union Summit in Addis Ababa. In October, President Nigeria attended an extraordinary summit of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community in Chad. In October and November 2018, on behalf of President Biya, Prime Minister Philemon attended the Summit of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community in Chad, the Extraordinary Summit of the African Union in Addis Ababa, and the extraordinary Summit of the Lake Chad Basin Commission in Chad. In March 2019, Prime Minister Ngute attended the Summit of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community in Chad on behalf of President Biya. In August, Foreign Minister Mbera led a delegation to attend the 7th Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD). In October, Prime Minister Ngute attended the enthronement ceremony of the Japanese Emperor on behalf of President Biya. In December, Prime Minister Ngute, on behalf of President Biya, attended the 9th Summit of the ACP Group in Kenya and the summit of the Economic Community of Central African States in Gabon. In November and December 2020, Foreign Minister Mbera went to Gabon on behalf of President Biya to attend the Summit of the Economic Community of Central African States and the special summit of the Summit of the Economic Community of Central African States held by video. In February 2023, Prime Minister Ngute represented President Biya at the 22nd Summit of the Economic Community of Central States (CEEAC) in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In June, President Biya attended the New Global Financing Compact Summit in France. In July, President Biya attended the second Russia-Africa Summit in Russia. In October, President Biya met with visiting ROK Prime Minister Han Duck-soo. ^[5] ^[9]

travel

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EDITOR

General situation

Tourism in Cameroon (3 photos)

Cameroon is known as "Little Africa" because of its geological and cultural diversity, and its natural geography is quite rich. Its highest peak is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and its major cities include Douala, Yaounde and Garoua, which are home to more than 200 ethnic and linguistic groups. Cameroon is known for its national football team and for its local musical styles, most notably Makusa and Bikusi.

Popular destinations in Cameroon: Yaounde, Maroua, Funban, Douala, Limbe, Bamenda, Cribi. ^[6]

Scenic spot

Bamenda

A city of western Cameroon, capital of the North West Province. On the Bamenda Heights. Population 59,000 (1981). Leather, coffee, tobacco distribution center. The road connects Yaounde and Limbe. There are schools for art and science. Many places of interest, tourism is flourishing.

Cribby

Ports in southwestern Cameroon. guangling Gulf of Guinea . The population is 13,000 (1981). Located on the edge of the tropical rainforest, it is the center of the nearby agricultural and fish trade. Exporting ivory, cocoa, timber and coffee. There are food, water and electricity plants. The seaside scenery is beautiful. The road leads to Douala. There's an airport. Cribi is known as the blue coast of Cameroon, in addition to beautiful scenery, the local is also rich in fish and other seafood, the most famous number is Cribi shrimp, which belongs to a well-known brand in Cameroon, in addition, the local fishery resources are rich, in addition to large fishing boats, walking in the local beach, often see the local people with the original way of pulling nets for fishing activities, although the way backward, But every time, it's a big deal.

Limbe

Located on Cameroon's western coast, Bezo is a surfer's paradise. Formerly known as "Victoria", southwestern Cameroonian port city. It lies northeast of the Gulf of Guinea Buea About 10 km, there are roads to connect. There is an island barrier at the mouth of the bay, and the water depth of the pier is 10 to 12 meters. An important distribution center for agricultural products. Export bananas, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm kernel, etc. There are palm oil plants. The suburb and botanical garden are more famous. Road links to Tico, Douala, airport. Black Beach is located in the southwestern region of Cameroon Limbe coast, lava and ash from the volcanic waist, a large number of flows towards the sea, lava flows into the sea, and ash and sand on the beach mixed together. Years of seawater and wind have combined lava and sand to create this chocolate-colored black beach. This sandy black beach is a unique natural landscape in Cameroon and is said to have special therapeutic functions, attracting tourists not only from Cameroon and Africa, but also from Europe and the United States. In recent years, Western visitors to Cameroon have made Limbe's black sand beaches their first choice.

Foumban

A city in northwestern Cameroon. Population 41,400 (1981). Built in the 18th century. The ancient capital of the Bamun Kingdom has ancient palaces and museums. Coffee, cocoa, kola nut, tobacco important distribution center. Copper, bamboo, rattan, wood products handicraft industry is more famous. The road leads to Douala. There is an air station. ^[6]

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