WEB news Post bar know Web disk picture video map A surname message purchase encyclopedia
Baidu home page
Log in
Sign in
assist
Home page
encyclopaedia
Feature encyclopedia
Knowledge topic
Join the encyclopedia
Encyclopedia team
Authoritative cooperation
Individual center

Qinghai Lake

[q? ng h? i? hu]
broadcast discuss Upload video
China's largest inland saltwater lake
unfoldFour entries with the same name
Collect
Check out my collection
0 Useful +1
0
This entry is reviewed by the "Science China" science encyclopedia entry compilation and application work project.
The Qinghai Lake Zang language : mtsho-sngon; Mongolian : Koke Naγur), located at Tibetan plateau Northeast, span Hai Bei , Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture the Hai Yan , Gunza , republicanism Between three counties. [41] The lake is 106 kilometers long from east to west, 63 kilometers wide from north to south, and about 360 kilometers in circumference. Qinghai Lake is the largest inland plateau in China Saltwater lake The lake area is 4625.6 square kilometers, and the lake water capacity is 74.3 billion cubic meters. [15 to 16]
Qinghai Lake is the world Altitude uppermost lakes One of them, [15] The lake is 3,196 meters above sea level. [16] The overall outline of the basin is ellipsoid Sloping from northwest to southeast, it is a closed one Inland basin ; [18] possess Plateau continental climate . [5] [15] Qinghai Lake is Slightly salty lake , Degree of mineralization Higher, water supply source is River water , followed by the lake bottom Spring water and precipitation . [18]
As a Tibetan cultural area, Qinghai Lake not only has the common characteristics of Tibetan cultural areas, has the common ethnic customs and cultural origins of Tibetan cultural areas, but also has its own unique characteristics of water culture. [31] Qinghai Lake District is an important part of Qinghai Province Animal husbandry One of the production bases, Planting industry , tourism and industry Production has a certain scale. [31] The economic aspects of the counties in the Lake region Secondary industry For the Lord, Primary industry In addition, Tertiary industry Mainly concentrated along the road around the lake. [23]
Qinghai Lake is the world plateau inland Lake wetland Typified by type, yes Water bird The main nodes of important breeding grounds and migration routes, are Western China Important water conservation areas and water and gas circulation channels are maintained Tibetan plateau An important body of water that is ecologically safe is blocked in the west desertification eastbound Natural barrier It is known as the "climate regulator" and "air humidifier" of northwest China and the gene bank of Tibetan Plateau species. [47]
Chinese name
Qinghai Lake
Foreign name
Qinghai Lake (English)
Lago Qinghai (in Spanish)
Geographical position
Qinghai Province Hai Bei , Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture the Hai Yan , Gunza , republicanism Between three counties
Area product
4625.6 km² [1] [11] 10 - (as of March 2022)
Average depth
21 meters
Maximum depth
32.8 m
capacity
74.3 billion cubic meters

catalogue

  1. 1Formation and evolution
  2. 2Location boundary
  3. ▪Regional scope
  4. ▪Territorial change
  5. 3Hydrological characteristics
  6. 4Lake drainage system
  7. 5Basin environment
  8. ▪landform
  1. ▪climate
  2. ▪soil
  3. 6Resource profile
  4. ▪Animal resources
  5. ▪Plant resources
  6. ▪Tourism resources
  7. 7History and culture
  8. ▪summarize
  9. ▪Folk custom
  1. ▪Origin of name
  2. ▪Historical legend
  3. ▪nacre
  4. ▪Sacrificial activity
  5. ▪Lake race
  6. ▪Food culture
  7. 8Conservation research
  8. ▪Ecological protection
  9. ▪Value meaning
  1. ▪Scientific research
  2. 9Social life
  3. ▪Population nationality
  4. ▪economy
  5. ▪traffic
  6. ▪Special product

Formation and evolution

broadcast
EDITOR
Qinghai Lake basin The embryonic form of development can be traced back to Paleozoic Era , it has nothing to do with Gonghe basin Originally one body, forming a diamond shaped fault depression Sedimentary basin .
Mesozoic At the beginning, it was affected by the NW fault basin The middle bulge is gradually developed and formed Nanshan Mountain in Qinghai And split the basin into two Gonghe basin And Qinghai Lake basin.
Cenozoic Since then, with Tibetan plateau The obvious uplift of the earth is caused by the formation of faults, and several uplift zones of different sizes are formed. In the morning and in the afternoon Jurassic period Qinghai Lake area has become terrene At that time Earth's crust Stable, in the long-term denudation and planation stage, forming the oldest in the region Planation surface . The lake basin landform in Qinghai Lake area first appeared in Neogene It is part of the "Qingdonggu Lake". to quaternary From the beginning to the end of the early Pleistocene, the Qinghai Lake basin began to sink greatly and the estuary uplifted.
At the early stage of lake formation, 200 million to 200 million years ago, Qinghai Lake was an outflow Fresh water lake , and Yellow River system Communicate with each other; Buha Flows through Qinghai Lake, through Daotang River Flows into the Guider basin The Yellow River .
130,000 years ago, due to Neotectonic movement The surrounding mountains are strong hump From the end of the Pliocene, east of the lake Riyue Mountain Strong uplift uplift makes original injection The Yellow River the Daotang River Blocked, the river back, leakage without track, from east to west into Qinghai Lake, Qinghai Lake from the leakage lake into a closed lake, appeared Gahai River Earsea, then separated from Haiyan Lake, sand Island Lake and other sub-lakes. [2] [19]
Qinghai Lake

Location boundary

broadcast
EDITOR

Regional scope

  • Lake body extent
Qinghai Lake is located in Tibetan plateau Northeast, span Hai Bei , Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture the Hai Yan , Gunza , republicanism Between three counties. [41] It is located between 99°36 '-100 °16' east longitude and 36°32 '-37 °15' north latitude. [15] The lake is surrounded by four high mountains: to the north Datong Mountain To the east is Riyue Mountain South is Nanshan Mountain in Qinghai To the west is Rubber Mountain . [18] The lake is 106 kilometers long from east to west, 63 kilometers wide from north to south, and about 360 kilometers in circumference. Qinghai Lake is the largest inland plateau in China Saltwater lake The lake area is 4625.6 square kilometers, and the lake water capacity is 74.3 billion cubic meters. [11] [15 to 16]
Qinghai Lake scenic spot
  • Basin range
Qinghai Lake catchment They are subordinate to each other in the administrative division Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (hereinafter referred to as Haibei Prefecture) Gangcha county and Haiyan county , Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (hereinafter referred to as Haixi Autonomous Prefecture) Tianjun county , Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (hereinafter referred to as Hainan State) Gonghe County Its scope involves 3 states, 4 counties, and 25 townships (towns). Some villages in Gangcha, Tianjun and Haiyan counties and their jurisdiction are not within the Qinghai Lake basin, including Shule River , Datong River with Huangshui River The upper part of a basin; Gonghe County Included in the Qinghai Lake basin only 5 townships (towns), while Nanshan Mountain in Qinghai The seven townships (towns) to the south do not belong to the Qinghai Lake basin. In addition, there are five provincial, state and county state-owned farms and ranches within the basin, including Agriculture and Pastoral Department of Qinghai Province presidial Triangle City breeding sheep farm (in Gangcha County), Hudong breeding sheep farm and Tiebujia Grassland Improvement Experimental Station managed by Sanjiang Group Company (in Gonghe County), Qinghai Lake farm administered by Haibei Prefecture (in Gangcha County), and topaz farm belonging to Gangcha County. [16]

Territorial change

The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) At that time, the circumference of Qinghai Lake was known as thousands of miles, Tang Dynasty It's 400 kilometers, Qing Dynasty Qianlong It was reduced to 350 kilometers. [15]
Qing Dynasty Guang Xu Thirty-four years (1908), Russia people Kozlov It is estimated that the water level of the lake at that time was 3,205 meters, and the lake area was 4,800 square kilometers. [15] Mapping data in the 1950s showed that the lake covered an area of more than 4,568 square kilometers. [40] Topographic maps published in the 1970s gave the lake a level of 3,195 meters and an area of 4,473 square kilometers. In 1988, the water level was 3,193.59 meters and the lake area was 4,282 square kilometers. [15] In 1974, the lake area was 4,477.53 km2. [39] In 2000, through remote sensing satellite data analysis, the area of more than 4256.04 square kilometers. [40] In 2005, the area was 4,237.43 km2. In August 2012, the lake area was 4,345.48 km2. In August 2013, the lake area was 4,337.48 km2. [39] In August 2017, the area was 4435.69 square kilometers, an increase of 60.19 square kilometers over the same period in 2016, and an average increase of 101.54 square kilometers over the same period in previous years (2005-2016). [4] In late April 2020, the water area of Qinghai Lake, China's largest inland lake, was 4,543 square kilometers, an increase of 28 square kilometers over the same period last year, and 164 square kilometers larger than the average of the same period in the past 10 years (2010 to 2019). [1] By the end of September 2021, the water body area of Qinghai Lake was 4,625.6 square kilometers, an increase of 36.8 square kilometers over the same period in 2020, reaching the maximum since 2004. [38]
As of March 2022, the water area of Qinghai Lake has increased by 2.9% compared with 2017, reaching 4,625.6 square kilometers. [11]

Hydrological characteristics

broadcast
EDITOR
  • summarize
Qinghai Lake has a maximum depth of 26 meters and an average depth of 16 meters. As the amount of water in the lake exceeded its income, the decrease in the lake level increased, and the data showed that the lake dropped by an average of 10 centimeters per year in the 30 years from 1955 to 1985. [16]
  • Replenishment mode
Qinghai Lake water supply source is River water , followed by the lake bottom Spring water and precipitation . The main rivers that get runoff into Qinghai Lake every year are Buha , Salliu The Uha Alain River and Hargay The annual runoff of these four major rivers reaches 1.612 billion cubic meters, accounting for 86% of the runoff into the lake. It is an area where fish migrate to spawn and birds are concentrated. Qinghai Lake annually into the lake river recharge 1.335 billion cubic meters, rainfall recharge 1.557 billion cubic meters, groundwater recharge 401 million cubic meters, the total recharge is 3.493 billion cubic meters, the lake rapid evaporation, annual evaporation of 3.93 billion cubic meters, the average annual loss of 437 million cubic meters. [18]
  • Water quality
Qinghai Lake is Slightly salty lake , Degree of mineralization Higher, 12.32 g/l, salt content 14.13 g/l, water total phosphorus to maintain a low level in the lake Oxygen content Lower, plankton Rare, water transparency is high, transparency is below 3 meters. [16] [47]
  • Water temperature
The water temperature of Qinghai Lake changes with the seasons. The temperature of lake water in summer has obvious positive layer phenomenon, the highest in August is 22.3℃, and the average is 16℃. The lower layer of the water is cooler, with an average temperature of 9.5 ° C and a minimum of 6 ° C. In autumn, due to the wind in the lake area, the lake water agitation occurs, so that the stratified temperature phenomenon of water temperature basically disappears. In winter, when the lake freezes, the temperature of the lake has an inversion layer phenomenon. In January, the upper temperature of the lake is -0.9℃, and the bottom water temperature is 3.3℃. After the spring thaw, the surface water temperature of the lake began to rise again, and gradually returned to the summer water temperature. [15]

Lake drainage system

broadcast
EDITOR
There are more than 70 rivers around Qinghai Lake and more than 40 rivers entering the lake, showing an obvious asymmetric distribution. There are many rivers on the Hubei, northwest and southwest banks, with large drainage areas and many tributaries. There are few rivers on the southeastern and southern banks of the lake, and the basin area is small. [3] [6] [18] [41]
There are more lakes in the Qinghai Lake basin. In the 1970s, there were more than 70 lakes with an area greater than 0.03 square kilometers, and now there are only more than 40 lakes with an area greater than 0.3 square kilometers. [29]
Main river system Rivers and lakes
name
introduce
picture
Buha
Buha River, called He River in ancient times, is the largest river in the Qinghai Lake system. "Buha" is a Mongolian translation, meaning "buffalo", referring to the past valley often buffalo. Most of the basin is located in Tianjun County, Haixi Prefecture, and the estuary area is divided into Gangcha and Gonghe counties.
The river is 278 kilometers long and covers an area of 14,458 square kilometers. The river source elevation is 4513 meters, the estuary elevation is 3195 meters, and the river drop is 1318 meters. The annual average discharge of the estuary is 37.45 cubic meters per second, and the annual average discharge is 1.181 billion cubic meters. The theoretical reserves of dry stream hydraulic resources are 97,400 kilowatts, which have not yet been developed. The downstream water is diverted to irrigate 500 hectares of grassland.
Buha
Chuangi
Quanji River is also known as Uha Aranqu, Baha Ulan River, Mongolian "Baha" means "small", "Ulan" means "red", that is, "little red river". It is also named Quanji River because it flows through Quanji Beach. It is a inland river that flows into Qinghai Lake in the south of Gangcha County, Haibei Prefecture. It covers an area of 742 square kilometers.
The river is 65 kilometers long, the source elevation is 4,308 meters, the estuary elevation is 3,195 meters, and the river drop is 1,113 meters. The average annual discharge of the estuary is 2.03 cubic meters per second, and the average annual runoff is 63.96 million cubic meters.
Chuangi
The Iqulan River
The Iqulan River is also known as the Saliu River because of the lush sand on both sides of the lower valley. "Ikulan" is a Mongolian phonetic translation, "Ikulan" means "big", "Ulan" means "red". An inland river flowing into Qinghai Lake in the south-central Gangcha County, Haibei Prefecture. Gangcha County government is located in the river out of the mountain Shaliu River town.
The river is 107 kilometers long and covers an area of 1536 square kilometers. The average annual precipitation is 433.3 mm. The source elevation is 4308 meters, the estuary elevation is 3195 meters, and the river drop is 1505 meters. The annual average flow is 7.74 cubic meters per second, and the annual average runoff is 244 million cubic meters. There are more than 40 small and large tributaries, 7 main tributaries, of which 5 are imported from the left bank.
The Iqulan River
Hargay
Hargai River is the inland river of Qinghai Lake system, also known as Hargai Qu. "Hargai Qu" is a mixture of Mongolian and Tibetan appellation, "Hargai" is the name of the Mongolian tribe that once lived in the river valley, and "Qu" is the transliteration of Tibetan "river". It is located in the east of Gangcha County and the west of Haiyan County, Haibei Prefecture.
The river is 110 kilometers long and covers an area of 1,482 square kilometers. The annual average precipitation of the basin is 442.5 mm. The height of Heyuan is 3980 meters. The annual average flow rate is 4.67 cubic meters per second, and the annual average diameter is 147 million cubic meters. The maximum measured flow rate is 200 cubic meters per second (1960). The Hargai River has four main primary tributaries.
Hargay
Ganzi River
Ganzi River belongs to Qinghai Lake water system. "Gan Zi" is a Mongolian phonetic translation, meaning "saddle tip rope", because the river is slender and shaped like a saddle tip rope. It is located in the west of Haiyan County, Haibei Prefecture.
Originating from the Datong Mountain Right Lahakai, the river length of 52 kilometers, drainage area of 369 square kilometers, the source elevation of 4200 meters. The estuary elevation is 3210 meters, and the river drop is 990 meters. The annual average flow is about 0.79 cubic meters per second, and the annual average runoff is 24.76 million cubic meters.
The water of Ganzi River does not flow directly into Qinghai Lake, and the gymnocypris produced in the river are different from those in Qinghai Lake. This is because the Ganzi River and Qinghai Lake are geographically separated, which causes the differentiation of gymnocypris. However, considering that the Ganzi River once connected with Qinghai Lake in history, some water still flows into Qinghai Lake in the form of subsurface flow after the river flows into Cuodalian Lake, so it is classified into Qinghai Lake system.
Ganzi River
Gahai River
Gahai, also known as Cuoinclined I Libu, a saltwater lake, is a sub-lake that remains during the retreat of Qinghai Lake. It is located in the southwest of Haiyan County, Haibei Prefecture, 3.5 kilometers away from Qinghai Lake in the southwest, separated by wavy sand dunes. The geographical coordinates of the center of the lake are 37°00' north latitude, 100°34' east longitude.
The lake is oblong, 11.9 kilometers long, 5.8 kilometers wide, and 3.96 kilometers wide on average. The lake area is 47.2 square kilometers, and the lake level is 3196.8 meters. The water depth is 8.0-9.5 meters. The catchment area is 393.0 square kilometers. The 2011 water survey estimated the area to be 44.5 square kilometers.
Gahai River
Sand Island lake
Shadao Lake, named after the sand Island, is a sub-lake in the northeast of Qinghai Lake, located in the southwest of Haiyan County, Haibei Prefecture, with a geographical location of 100°31' east longitude and 36°53' north latitude. It is adjacent to Qinghai Lake in the north, west and south, and faces Gahai Lake in the northeast. The lake shape is irregular oval shape, the lake elevation of 3194 meters, is a brackish water lake, the lake shore twists and turns, more than the bay. According to the 2011 water conservancy survey, the lake is 6.1 kilometers long from east to west, the largest lake is 3.8 kilometers wide, the average width is 1.7 kilometers, and the lake area is 10.4 square kilometers.
Sand Island lake
Reference materials: [21]

Basin environment

broadcast
EDITOR

landform

Qinghai Lake is the world Altitude uppermost lakes One of them, [15] Lake surface Altitude 3196 meters. [16] The overall outline of the basin is ellipsoid Sloping from northwest to southeast, it is a closed one Inland basin Its body of water is shaped like a "soaring eagle." It is surrounded by rolling mountains and rivers. To the north is Datong Mountain , the Eastern Riyue Mountain It is the watershed between agricultural and pastoral areas of Qinghai Province, and the western plateau and hilly belt Qaidam Basin The surrounding peaks are more than 4,000 meters above sea level, and the highest point is Mount Gangelshau Heli, 5,291 meters above sea level in the northwest. From the mountains at a relative height of about 2000 meters to the lake, the belt develops erosion of different widths and narrownesses Tectonic landform , Accumulative landform and Aeolian landform . [18]

climate

  • summarize
Qinghai Lake has Plateau continental climate Sufficient light, strong sunshine; Winter is cold and summer is cool, warm season is short, cold season is long, spring is windy and sandstorms; Less rainfall, rain and heat in the same season, dry and wet seasons. [5] [15]
  • illumination
Most of the sunshine hours in the lake area are more than 3000 hours a year, which is about 700 hours higher than that in the same latitude east of Qinghai Province. The annual percentage of sunshine is 68-69%. The total annual radiation is 171.461 kcal/cm2 · year -- 106.693 kcal/cm2 · year, which is 10-40 kcal/cm2 · year higher than the North China Plain and Loess Plateau at the same latitude. [15]
  • Air temperature
The temperature in the east and south of the lake area is slightly higher, with the average annual temperature ranging from 1.1℃ to 0.3℃. The western and northern parts are slightly lower, with average annual temperature ranging from -0.8 ° C to 0.6 ° C, average maximum temperature ranging from 6.7 ° C to 8.7 ° C, average minimum temperature ranging from -6.7 ° C to 4.9 ° C, extreme maximum temperature 25 ° C and 24.4 ° C, and extreme minimum temperature -31 ° C and -33.4 ° C. [15]
  • hydration
The lake area receives less precipitation throughout the year. However, the east and south are slightly higher than the north and west, the annual precipitation in the east is 412.8 mm, the south is 359.4 mm, the northwest is 370.3 mm, the west is 360.4 mm and 324.5 mm, the annual evaporation of 1502 mm, evaporation far exceeds the precipitation. The precipitation in the lake area has great seasonal changes, and the precipitation is mostly concentrated in May to September, and the rain and heat are in the same season. [15]
  • High winds and sandstorms
The number of gale and sandstorm days in Lake District is one of the most in the province. From February to April every year, there are many strong winds from the afternoon to the evening, and the prevailing northwest wind. Take Guncha, for example. High winds (≥17 m/s) average 47.3 days per year, with the most days between February and April, averaging between 5.9 and 9.3 days, and up to 19 days in March. Sandstorms last an average of 14 days a year. Key reserve Buha River estuary - Bird Island district more northwest wind, the maximum wind force of 9-10. Due to the high altitude of the lake area, the west wind of the lake is more, and the high air has a great impact, and it is mostly under the West risk control system throughout the year. The wind speed is the highest in winter and spring, and the wind speed is smaller in summer and autumn. Under the action of wind, the general wave is 2-3, the maximum is 7-8, and the number of days of wave 6 or above is about 40 days a year. [15]
  • Ice condition
Qinghai Lake cliff ice landscape [48]
Qinghai Lake has inorganic salts because of its water content, and the freezing temperature of the lake is slightly lower than 0℃. Every year from the middle of November, the temperature in the lake area drops below 0 ° C, and the temperature is the lowest in January of the next year, the whole lake forms a stable ice sheet, the average annual ice sealing period is 108-116 days, the shortest is 76 days, the longest is 138 days. The ice thickness is generally 40 cm, and the maximum ice thickness is 90 cm. After the ice is sealed, the ice is flat, and cracks and trenches often appear due to fierce winds. Come in winter to see the lake and the mountains, all white and silver shining. In mid-March, the ice sheet broke off and ice floes appeared on the lake surface. Under the action of wind, a huge iceberg was formed and floated to the shore, with the largest iceberg volume of about 10 cubic meters. After mid-April, the ice in the lake completely melted. [3] [15]

soil

There are more than 10 major types of soil in Qinghai Lake basin, such as alpine desert soil, alpine meadow soil, chernozem soil, miliary soil, saline soil, marsh soil, and aeolian sand soil. The vertical distribution of soil types is obvious, and the composition of the band spectrum is simple, which is generally chestnut soil, chernozem soil and alpine meadow soil. [19]

Resource profile

broadcast
EDITOR

Animal resources

  • summarize
Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve And the surrounding area is rich in wildlife resources, [17] According to the survey, there are 189 species of birds, 41 species of mammals, 5 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 8 species of fish in the Qinghai Lake Reserve and the area around the lake, which belong to 35 species of national first and second class protected animals. The fauna in the protected area is dominated by typical wild animals of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The total number of mammals in the lake area accounts for one quarter of the province, among which there are many species of rodents, carnivores and even-toed ungulates. Przewalski's gazelle is the representative species of lakeside desertification grassland and one of the most endangered wild animal species in the world. Amphibious reptiles include alpine frogs, Bufo xizangensis Sand lizard and plateau pit viper, etc. There are also eight species of fish. [17] [20]
  • Birds
There are more than 300,000 birds living in the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve, of which waterfowl are the dominant species, such as the number of brown-headed gull, fish gull, bar-headed geese and cormorant are more than 45,000. These birds come to Qinghai Lake in March every year, and roost and breed in Egg Island, Cormorant Island, Santuanshi, Haixinshan and other places, and migrate south successively in October. They are the main summer migratory birds in Qinghai Lake Reserve.
In addition, the area is also a relay station for migratory birds from south to north, with nearly 20 species of water birds migrating through here, the number of more than 70,000. The unique geographical environment of the reserve provides an ideal habitat and breeding place for waterbirds. The number of bird species in the area accounts for more than half of the total number of birds in the province, among which the black-necked crane, a national key protection animal, roosts and breeds in the wetland meadow area of the reserve. About 4,000 whooper swans winter in the area's marshes each year. [17]
As of March 2022, the number of resident waterbirds increased by 69.9% from 2017 to 571,000. [11]
  • species
From 2006 to April 2013, the bird population in Qinghai Lake increased by 33 species to 222 species. [42]
According to the data of the 2017 Qinghai Lake biodiversity comprehensive monitoring field survey, 44 species of water birds with more than 39,000 species were recorded in 23 habitats of water birds in Qinghai Lake, and the number of young summer migratory birds showed a trend of "double rise". [4]
In July 2021, the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration observed for the first time in summer waterbird monitoring. [9]
In May 2022, the staff of Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve in Gangcha county The gray starling was found during the inspection of the Xianbian Bay wetland, and it was found that this bird was a new bird recorded in Qinghai Lake by consulting the literature and sorting out the historical data, so far there are 228 species of birds in Qinghai Lake. [12]
In August 2022, in the process of carrying out the 2022 biodiversity comprehensive survey, the staff of the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration observed and recorded black dronytail in the sand Island of Qinghai Lake, and a red-footed falcon in the grass near the Heima River. Through consulting literature and sorting out historical data, they found that both were new recorded species of birds in Qinghai Lake. There are 230 species of birds in Qinghai Lake. [13]
By October 2022, the number of species of waterfowl in Qinghai Lake has increased from 97 to 98, the number of raptors has increased from 22 to 23, and the number of bird species in Qinghai Lake has reached 232. [14]

Plant resources

There are 445 species of wild plants belonging to 52 families, 174 genera in Qinghai Lake area. The main vegetation is wormwood, wormwood, Polygonum psilophylla, Stipa, alpine pine grass and so on. There are some low shrubs along the river. There are 53 species of phytoplankton in the lake, of which diatoms are dominant. There are 29 species of zooplankton and 22 species of benthic animals. [20]

Tourism resources

【 Subject article: Qinghai Lake Scenic spot in Qinghai Province 】
name
position
Tourism characteristics
Erlang Sword scenic spot
The south bank of Qinghai Lake
Erlangjian Scenic spot is the core scenic spot of Qinghai Lake, famous for its ecological natural resources, mainly grassland, sandy beach and animals. Erlangjian Scenic spot is positioned as a "place to serve people" and a cultural experience, sports and leisure base of Qinghai Lake Scenic spot. Erlangjian has built a viewing area combining bird watching platform, sea watching bridge and sea watching pavilion, and a leisure area for large-scale ethnic singing and dancing, Tibetan scenery park, sacred lake sacrifice and other tourism projects. The water entertainment area with cruise ships, jet skis, water bicycles and self-driving boats as activities has become the largest tourist reception base and ethnic customs experience base around Qinghai Lake.
Bird island scenic spot
West coast of Qinghai Lake
Bird Island scenic spot is named for the hundreds of thousands of migratory birds inhabiting the island, which is the most lively and vibrant place beside Qinghai Lake. From April to June every year, nearly 100,000 migratory birds migrate here to breed and live, which is a great wonder of Qinghai Lake. In order to protect the birds' hereditary territory from disturbance and ensure that more visitors can watch birds up close, Bird Island has built a multi-functional semi-shelter bird watching room, lounge, cafe and multimedia exhibition hall. The tunnel is 443 meters long and the construction area is 2800 square meters.
Sand island scenic spot
Northeast shore of Qinghai Lake
In the sand Island scenic area, Jinsha Bay and Yinsha Bay are interdependent, with Sun Lake, Crescent Lake and Reed Lake interspersed among them. Water yacht, sand skiing, beach motorcycle, beach cross-country, horse riding, camel riding are the special tourist experiences in the sand Island scenic area.
Fairy Bay scenic spot
North shore of Qinghai Lake
Fairy Bay scenic area is an important wetland in Qinghai Lake, the home of swans, with rich biodiversity characteristics, positioning as a "place of infection". With plateau meadow wetland, Tibetan national culture and customs, it has become a tourist scenic spot integrating plateau wetland ecological experience and sea culture. Flocks of whooper swans roost here every autumn and winter.
Note: In accordance with the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nature Reserves and other relevant laws and regulations, the Qinghai Lake Scenic Spot Protection and Utilization Administration has closed the Bird Island Scenic spot and the Sand Island Scenic Spot located in the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve on August 29, 2017, and stopped all tourist business activities.
Reference materials: [22 to 26]

History and culture

broadcast
EDITOR

summarize

As a Tibetan cultural area, Qinghai Lake not only has the common characteristics of the Tibetan cultural area, has the common ethnic customs and cultural origins of the Tibetan cultural area, but also has its own unique characteristics of water culture, including the time-honored cultural customs such as offering sacrifices to the sea and turning the lake, as well as the Kunlun culture and the West Queen Mother culture, which also affect the cultural development of Qinghai Lake region to a certain extent. Constitute the unique cultural atmosphere of Qinghai Lake. These characteristics of culture have been well preserved and reflected in the national festival activities and the daily life of the Tibetan people around the lake. [31]

Folk custom

name
introduce
Rai folk song
Laii folk song is a kind of folk song art which is spread in the vast Amdo dialect Tibetan areas such as Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan, and it is distributed in the area around Qinghai Lake and the Yellow River basin (Hainan and Huangnan provinces) as the center and radiates everywhere. Born out of Tibetan folk songs, Rai is rich in variety and quantity, covering all aspects of love life.
Amdo Tibetan Opera
Amdo Tibetan Opera is influenced by Tibetan opera in Tibet, absorbed the Tibetan culture in Amdo area, formed and developed on the basis of folk songs, folk rap, folk songs and dances, and Tibetan Buddhism. At present, Amdo Tibetan opera is mainly popular in the counties of Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, the Tibetan areas of Xunhua Sala Autonomous County, and the Banma County and Gander County of Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.
Guozhuang dance
Guozhuang dance is a Tibetan folk dance, which is performed during festivals or idle farming. Men and women form a circle, from right to left, singing and dancing. Men with fat pants like the eagle thick hairy legs, women take off the right arm robe sleeve draped behind the flowing free and easy. Guozhuang dance posture is strong, the movement is straight and upright, both show the dance posture and emotional expression, the dance posture is natural, graceful and elegant.
Bell cheer
Ring drum is a comprehensive performance, including dance, recitation, drama, acrobatics, martial arts. Its style and skills are skillful, the rhythm is intense and tense, the expression is rich, the emotion is unrestrained, the rough and bold, the heroic and the bold. The characteristics are stable and generous, the dance is beautiful and changeable, with high artistry and interest.
Yasumai
Anzhao dance is an ancient Tu dance, popular for mutual aid. When festivals, harvest celebrations and weddings are held, people gather in the courtyard or in the wheat field to do the Anzhao dance. When dancing, men and women meet in a circle, led by a master of singing and dancing, followed by the people accompanied by song and dance, a singing crowd and the atmosphere is harmonious and warm.
Reference materials: [32]

Origin of name

Qinghai Lake was called "West Sea" in ancient times, also known as "Fairy Sea", "fresh water sea" and "Beihe Qiang Sea". After the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was called Qinghai. In Mongolian, it is called "Kukunor", which means blue or cyan lake. The name of Qinghai Lake began in modern times, and it was generally called Qinghai Lake after 1949. [15]

Historical legend

  1. 1.
    According to legend, more than 1,000 years ago, Princess Wencheng was ordered to marry Songtsen Gampo, king of Tibet. Before leaving, the king of Tang gave her the sun and moon treasure mirror, saying that if you miss your hometown in the future, you will take out the treasure mirror to see that your hometown Chang 'an will appear in front of you. Princess Wencheng traveled thousands of miles, came to the Tang Bo boundary of the Sun and moon mountain, seeing to enter the Tubo territory, the princess missed the hometown of the old, then took out the sun and moon mirror, and sure enough, the mirror showed the hometown of Chang 'an, the princess thought of this go no longer back to Chang 'an, a flood of tears, difficult to travel. However, the princess suddenly remembered her sacred mission, and threw the sun and moon treasure mirror to the hand, did not expect that the treasure mirror landed when a flash of gold, into the beautiful Qinghai Lake. After the princess crossed the Sun and Moon Mountain and continued to the west, her tears became a river and with her flowing west, became the famous Daotang River.
  2. 2.
    The Queen Mother of the West was the chiefess of the ancient Qiang tribe who lived around Qinghai Lake more than 3,000 years ago. She entertained King Mu of Zhou who came to visit her on the chariot of Eight Jun at the Yao Lake, which is the beautiful Qinghai Lake. The West Queen mother is the main god of Qinghai Lake, and the three blue birds that "pay attention to see" the King of Mu for the queen mother are thousands of migratory birds living on the bird island.

nacre

The "sea monster" has been circulating among the indigenous herdsmen around the lake for hundreds of years. Compiled in the early Qianlong years of Qing Dynasty Xinzhi of Xining Prefecture "In the specific record said:" Qinghai live in Mongolia, see the sea there are things, cattle body leopard head, white matter Haven, hair mixed red green, jump waves, such as the magoo, near the shore to see people, that is, dive into the water, I do not know why the beast also." The appearance of the water monster is between the sea star mountain and the east bank of the lake, there are dozens of people who have witnessed the monster in the lake, which is said to be characterized by a large body and black and yellow color. [33]

Sacrificial activity

Qinghai Lake
Sacrifice to the sea It is to offer sacrifices to Qinghai Lake, which was originally a Mongolian tradition. The Mongols originally believed shamanism It is believed that all things have spirits, especially that heaven is the supreme God. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian people had the custom of offering sacrifices to heaven, mountains and the sea. Since the Qing Dynasty, the sacrificial activities on Qinghai Lake have become more large-scale and more religious. At the same time, Tibetans in the area around the lake also participated in the ritual. Offering sacrifices to the sea in Qinghai Lake is not only a folk activity with strong religious color, but also a cultural phenomenon, which contains many folk customs and customs, and expresses the good wish of harmonious coexistence between people and nature. In 2008, Qinghai Lake was selected into the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. [40]

Lake race

  • Event introduction
Map of Qinghai Lake
In 2002, it was proposed and initiated by the People's Government of Qinghai Province State General Administration of Sport , State Administration of Radio, Film and Television Together with the Qinghai Provincial government, the Lake Race is held in Qinghai Province from July to August every year. the International cycling union Approved, the Lake race is 2.HC class, which is the top race in Asia and the highest altitude international road cycling race in the world. [45]
  • Round the lake lottery
In February 2009, approved by the Ministry of Finance and the General Administration of Sports of the State, the instant "Round the Lake" sports lottery with the theme of "Round the Lake" and Great Beauty Qinghai was issued nationwide at the end of March of the same year. This is the first lottery issue with a sports event as the theme in China, and has also become a new platform for promoting Qinghai and displaying Qinghai's beautiful scenery and cultural customs. [46]

Food culture

Around Qinghai Lake, there are many kinds of pasta, such as white noodles, steamed noodles, filling noodles and baked noodles, which are subdivided into dozens of kinds, forming a unique pasta culture, which is also the crystallization of the collective wisdom of Han, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Tu ethnic groups. As outsiders, Han people also brought some advanced technologies from the Central Plains or South China to this place, promoting the prosperity here. [30]

Conservation research

broadcast
EDITOR

Ecological protection

  • policy
In 2003, the Standing Committee of the Qinghai Provincial People's Congress issued the Regulations on Ecological and Environmental Protection of Qinghai Lake Basin, and since then, the protection of Qinghai Lake has begun. [39]
  • Protected area
【 Subject article: Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve 】
Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve is located in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, between 97°53 '-101 °13' east longitude and 36°28 '-38 °25' north latitude, involving Gangcha and Haiyan counties of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Gonghe County of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, with a total area of 495,200 hectares. The area includes the entire waters of Qinghai Lake and the islands and wetlands along the lake shore where birds live. [17]
The reserve was established in 1975, established a management station in 1976, promoted to a management office in 1984, and included in the list of Wetlands of International Importance under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitats (Ramsar Convention) in 1992. In December 1997, approved by The State Council, it was promoted to a national nature reserve. [20] In July 2022, the National Park was officially created. [28]

Value meaning

Qinghai Lake Basin is an important part of the "two screens and three regions" ecological security pattern in Qinghai Province, and plays an important role in maintaining ecological security in the northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, controlling the eastward spread of desertification in the western part, and ensuring ecological security in the eastern part. Qinghai Lake Basin is a truly complete natural and social complex ecosystem with diversified ecological and geographical elements of "mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasses". It is one of the 35 priority areas for biodiversity protection in China and an important plateau biological gene bank with rich biodiversity Przewalski's antelope It is the only distribution area of a highly influential and representative fish-bird symbiosis system.
Qinghai Lake is a typical representative of inland lake wetland types in the plateau of the world, an important breeding ground and a major node of the migration channel for waterbirds, an important water source conservation and water and air circulation channel in western China, an important water body to maintain the ecological security of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and a natural barrier to prevent the eastward spread of desertification in the west. It is known as the "climate regulator" and "air humidifier" of northwest China and the gene bank of Tibetan Plateau species. [47]

Scientific research

In cooperation with 11 research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration has successively established the Joint scientific Research Base of Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Positioning Observation and Research Station of Qinghai Lake Wetland Ecosystem, and the Qinghai Lake Plateau Lake Wetland ecological and environmental scientific observation field station of the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. [36]
On July 21, 2005, the Qinghai Lake environmental scientific drilling began, and ended on September 5, lasting 47 days, respectively in the east basin of Qinghai Lake, the south basin and other five locations to drill 13 core, core obtained 323 meters. Through the scientific drilling research in Qinghai Lake, the history of the formation and evolution of Qinghai Lake basin, the change of climate structure and the fluctuation of Qinghai Lake are found out. [37]
On September 7, 2021, the 2021 Qinghai Lake Basin comprehensive scientific expedition ceremony was held in Qinghai Provincial Science and Technology Museum. By means of satellite-based remote sensing technology, traditional ground survey, environmental envelope model and maximum entropy model, the changes of area and water level, vegetation changes in the basin, Przewalsky tracking and habitat status of Qinghai Lake were monitored, so as to reveal the changes of water volume and climate response of alpine inland lakes, and the temporal and spatial changes of species in Qinghai Lake region. [34]
In September 2022, the Qinghai Lake Scenic Area Protection and Utilization Administration held a review meeting of the Qinghai Lake National Park Comprehensive Monitoring and Scientific Research System Planning (2021-2035) in Xining. [35]
On May 23, 2023, "Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qinghai Lake Comprehensive Observation and Research Station" was launched in Qinghai Lake Bird Island. [36]

Social life

broadcast
EDITOR

Population nationality

  • population
The population of the two main administrative counties in Qinghai Lake basin (Tianjun County and Gangcha County) grew rapidly from 1945 to 1980. The population of Tianjun County increased from 4,221 in 1949 to 13,889 in 1980, and the population of Gangcha county increased from 8,529 in 1949 to 40,429 in 1980. The population of Tianjun County increased from 13,889 in 1980 to 18,230 in 2008, and the population of Gangcha County increased from 40,429 in 1980 to 43,100 in 2008. After 2008, the population increased rapidly, and in 2016, the population of Tianjun County reached 22,569 people. The number in Gangcha County reached 45,931. [27]
Historical population and animal husbandry in Tianjun County and Gangcha County from 1945 to 2016
  • nation
Qinghai Lake District is a multi-ethnic living area, there are The Zang nationality , The Han nationality , The Mongolian nationality , The Hui nationality , Family of soil , The Salar nationality , Manchu Wait for 12 nationalities. Among them, the Tibetan population is the largest, accounting for 68.61% of the total population, and is the main ethnic group in the lake district. [7] [31]
  • distribution
The population of Qinghai Lake area is mainly distributed in the narrow area around the lake and the lake basin area with relatively developed traffic around the lake, especially the lake triangle area on the north bank of Qinghai Lake with Gangcha County as the center. [31]

economy

  • summarize
Qinghai Lake District is one of the important animal husbandry production bases in Qinghai Province, with certain scale in planting, tourism and industrial production. [31] The economic aspects of the counties in the lake district are dominated by the secondary industry, supplemented by the primary industry, and the tertiary industry is mainly concentrated along the highway around the lake. [23]
In the Qinghai Lake Basin, except for small areas of farmland distributed in the north of Qinghai Lake and the area around the lake in Qinghai and Hunan, and a coal mine (hot water coal mine) mining area in the north of Hargai town, the rest are pastures or part of wasteland. [23]
  • agriculture
The terrain around Qinghai Lake is flat, the land is fertile, and the agricultural production has broad prospects. While giving priority to the development of animal husbandry, the local people will set up a state farm to reclaim forage and forage base and develop crop production dominated by oil and forage. In addition, a number of new towns such as Daotang River have been established successively on the formerly desolate and lonely grassland, followed by a number of factories and mines. Among them are coal, building materials, machinery repair, fur processing, ethnic supplies and so on. [8]
The existing towns in the lake area are based on animal husbandry as the main economy, in addition to Hudong breeding sheep farm, Jiangxigou sheep farm, Tiebujia grassland station, Triangle City breeding sheep farm and other state-owned livestock farms with animal husbandry as the main production. [31]
  • Animal husbandry
By Qinghai Lake
There are vast natural pastures on the shore of Qinghai Lake, large tracts of fertile farmland and rich mineral resources. It is snowy in winter, rainy in summer and autumn, with sufficient water and abundant rainfall, and has good conditions for the development of animal husbandry and agriculture. As early as in ancient times, it was an important producing area for horses, cattle, sheep and other livestock. Horses produced in the area of Qinghai Lake were very famous in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, when they were called "Qin horses". The ancient classic The Book of Songs "Once described the" Qin horse "of grandeur and gentle. Later, in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, horses produced here passed through the" Usunma "Blood and sweat horse" mating improvement, development into a unique good horse. It is not only famous for its good cavalry, but also famous for its ability to fight. [44]

traffic

The northern and southern banks of Qinghai Lake were once the places where the Qinghai Road of the Silk Road and the Tangbo Road had to pass through. National Highway 109 crosses the lake from east to west in the south of Qinghai Lake, while National Highway 315 crosses the lake from the north. In addition, there are a considerable number of low-grade roads and various simple roads throughout the towns and villages, forming a road traffic network that can reach all parts of the lake. [31]

Special product

Qinghai Lake is rich in Qinghai Gymnocypris (commonly known as Huangshui), hard Acanthophora and Longtoutiao, one of the five most famous fish in China. [18]
The average annual yield of gymnocypris in Qinghai was 5165 tons, and 191180 tons were produced from 1949 to 1985. As time went by, the resources declined, and the output of gymnopris showed a downward trend year by year. [43] As of March 2022, the reserves of gymnocypris in Qinghai Lake increased by 33.6% compared with 2017, reaching 108,500 tons. [11] Due to excessive fishing and flooding, the resource is less than 10% of the 1960s. [20] Qinghai Gymnocypris is listed as an important and valuable aquatic economic animal. [43]
Hit the road
Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneselfnew
I have a question.
Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback
Complaint and suggestion
Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

©2024 Baidu Must read before using Baidu | Encyclopedia protocol | Privacy Policy | Baidu Encyclopedia cooperation platform | Beijing ICP Certificate 030173

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001