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The Changjiang Sturgeon is a fish belonging to the family Sturgeon of the order Sturgeon.
[27
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Sturgeon, sturgeon, beluga, shala son.
[28
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Body length, fusiform; The head is wedge-shaped, the back side is very rough, covered with 6 rhomboid bone segments; The snout is narrow, the front end is pointed, slightly upturned, and the back has 16 small rhomboid bone segments; Lower mouth, into a transverse cleft, upper and lower lip with small mastoid, mouth can be freely telescopic, the ventral surface of the kiss has 2 pairs of whiskers; The branchial membrane is attached to the gill isthmus and separated from the left and right. Other parts of the body surface are bare, and most of them are rough; The caudal fins are crooked and the upper lobes are particularly developed. The back and sides of the body are grayish brown, the belly is grayish white, and the fins are bluish gray, with white edges.
[29]
The Yangtze sturgeon is distributed in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and its tributaries in China. The Yangtze sturgeon is a freshwater sedentary fish.
[30
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Feeding on benthic invertebrates, such as dragonflies, Mayflies, chironomidae larvae, clams, oligochaeta, etc. It also feeds on organic matter from detritus, algae and sediment of certain higher plants. The reproductive season is spring, the spawning ground is mostly in the mainstream of the river, and the sex is most active before spawning. Early sexual maturity. The amount of eggs carried by female fish is large, and the eggs of female fish weighing 17 pounds are nearly 130,000. Mature ovaries gray with brown, eggs dark brown.
[29]
The natural yield is not large, if attention to reproductive protection supplemented by artificial release, it is possible to increase the yield.
[29]
The Yangtze River sturgeon is listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ver 3.1 - Extinct in the Wild (EW);
[31]
Listed in the List of China's National Key Protected Wildlife - Level 1.
[32]
- Chinese name
- Acipenser yangtse
- Latin name
- Acipenser dabryanus [3]
- alias
- salatae , Xiao Yuanzi , sturgeon , beluga , Acipenser dabryi
- Foreign name
-
Dabry's Sturgeon
Yangtze Sturgeon - world
- animalia
- The door
- Chordate phylum
- The outline
- Osteopichthys
- Orders,
- acipenseriformes
- Families,
- acipenseridae
- Belong to
- Acipenser
- Kind of
- Acipenser yangtse
- subphyla
- Vertebrate subphyla
- subclass
- Actinoptera
- subspecies
- There is no [5]
- Namers and years
- Dumeril, 1869
- Protection level
- Extinction in the Wild (EW) IUCN standard [7]
catalogue
Sturgeon
The body length of mature sturgeon is 75-105 cm and the body weight is 4.5-12.5 kg. Females are 6-8 years old, 99-108 cm in length, and 9-15.9 kg in weight. Changjiang sturgeon is the least sexually mature individual, the male is 4 years old, the female is 6 years old.
[17
]
Dorsal fin
48-53;
Anal fin
32-34; Pectoral fin 38-39;
Pelvic fin
30-31.
Gill rake
19-55. Body length is 6.70-8.83 times of body height and 2.77-3.25 times of head length. Head length is 1.97-2.13 times snout length, 8.79-18.00 times eye diameter, 3.60-4.12 times eye interval.
[1]
Acipenser yangtse
The body is long and fusiform,
Pectoral fin
Flat front, flat back. The head is wedge-shaped. The snout is pointed and slightly upturned. Large nostrils, in front of the eyes. The eyes are small and are uniformly located in the central part of the head. Lower mouth, transverse cleft, telescopic, upper and lower lip with many small protrusions. The ventral surface of the snout has 2 pairs of long tentacles, the length of which is about 1/2 of the distance between the palpal base and the leading edge of the mouth. Large gill cleft. The branchial rakes are numerous, closely arranged, and flaky. 1 dorsal fin, posterior, starting behind the ventral fin, close to the caudal fin. The anal fin starts later in the dorsal fin. The pectoral fins are low, posterior and inferior to the branchial pores. The posterior margin of the ventral fin is concave, the tail fin is crooked, and the upper lobe is especially developed.
[1]
The skin of juvenile fish is rough, and the skin of adult fish is smooth to varying degrees. The body has 5 longitudinal bony plates, 9 to 14 bony plates in front of the dorsal fin, the first bony plate is not particularly large, and 1-2 bony plates after the dorsal fin; Body side bone plate 31-40 pieces; 10-12 ventral bone plates; There are 1-2 large bone plates on the front and back of the anal fin. In mature fish, the frontal and parietal bones are closely connected or embedded with each other on the dorsal midline, without jaws or interparietal sutures (or interforamen). In the spine structure, there are about 27 complete shell-like vertebrae; There is only one interdorsal plate between the two basal plates. In urogenital tube structure, the free part of the inner fallopian tube of Changjiang sturgeon is long, with a small hole at the back end, and the male body has a slender blind tube of the inner fallopian tube.
[1]
The body is grayish-black or grayish-brown on the back and above the side plate, milky white between the side plate and the abdominal plate, and yellowish-white or milky white on the abdomen.
[1]
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Acipenser yangtse
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mass
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Mature individuals range in length from 75 to 105 cm and weigh from 4.5 to 12.5 kg
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The maximum body length is 5 meters, and the common body length is 40-130 cm
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trait
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Body length, fusiform; The head is wedge-shaped, the back is very rough; The snout is narrow, apical; The mouth is inferior, forming a transverse cleft, and the upper and lower lips have small mastoid processes; The branchial membrane is attached to the gill isthmus and separated from the left and right. Other parts of the body surface are bare, and most of them are rough; The caudal fins are crooked and the upper lobes are particularly developed
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Long fusiform body, flat chest and abdomen, thin tail; The head is triangular; The snout tip is long and slightly upturned; Suboral, transverse, can be freely telescopic; Labial papillae, large nostrils; The branchial arch is hypertrophic, and the branchial rake is rod-like and sparsely arranged
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picture
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Acipenser yangtse
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Acipenser sinensis
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Yangtze River sturgeon belongs to the freshwater sedentary fish, slightly clustered, is a kind of eurythermy fish, living in the water temperature range of 1-32℃. In the natural environment, Yangtze River sturgeon likes to operate in the dark bottom slow-flowing water body, and often lives in the shallow water area of 8-10 meters. The bottom material is sandy or moraine beach, and there are more humus and benthos. Swimming and feeding on rocks, sand bottoms and pebble areas. In winter, they spend the winter in the river with slow flow, and after the beginning of spring, they start to feed and spawn upstream to the main tributaries of the Yangtze River when the river water returns to more than 12℃.
[2]
[4]
Acipenser sinensis
Acipenser sinensis
Belong to
run
The difference is that the Yangtze sturgeon does not run long distances.
[2]
The Yangtze sturgeon is afraid of strong light and noise interference, and prefers to feed in a quiet environment at night.
[2]
Food species are entirely freshwater type, for omnivorous fish, the main food is dragonflies, mayflies, midges, oligochaetes and other insect larvae and benthic invertebrates, followed by some higher plant debris and algae. At different stages of growth and development, the types of food have certain changes. Individuals less than 100 mm long, feeding mainly on aquatic oligochaeta larvae and zooplankton; When the body length is 100-200 mm, the main food is aquatic oligochaeta and small benthic fish. When the body length is more than 200 mm, the variety of food increases, with dragonfly larvae, chironomid larvae and aquatic oligochaeta as the main food, in addition, it also eats various aquatic vascular plants.
[1]
Under the conditions of artificial cultivation, after domestication can feed on the larvae, water earthworms and mixed pellet feed, etc., the larvae of the larvae or chopped water earthworms are eaten at the stage of juvenile fish and juvenile fish. With the growth of individuals, a small amount of compound feed is gradually added to the food for domestication. Generally, Chinese sturgeon, sturgeon and huso can be completely domesticated for about 15 days to eat artificial pellet feed, while Yangtze sturgeon can be successfully domesticated for about a month, or even longer. During the domestication of food, if the amount of food is insufficient, there will be residual food phenomenon, and this residual food behavior will gradually disappear when the body length is more than 15 cm.
[2]
The growth rate of Yangtze River sturgeon is closely related to exogenous factors, such as water temperature, food intake and nutritional value of food. The optimum water temperature for growth is 18-25℃, of which 20℃ is the optimum water temperature for growth. When the water temperature is lower than 13℃ or more than 28℃, the growth rate of Yangtze River sturgeon is significantly slower, and the food intake is significantly reduced. The study on the growth characteristics of Yangtze River sturgeon under artificial culture conditions showed that: after 140 days of artificial culture, the average weight of Yangtze River sturgeon was 617.27g, the body length was 43.28cm, the average weight was 1379.32g, the body length was 53.55cm, the daily growth was 0.09cm, and the daily gain was 5.44g.
[2]
From the statistics of 120 sturgeon collected in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from 1972 to 1975, the average length of sturgeon 0-1 was 21.3 cm and the weight was 0.075 kg. 1-1
+
Age, 44.1 cm, 0.625 kg; 2 Age, 55 cm, 1.3 kg; 3 Age, 68.2 cm, 3.05 kg; 4 ages, 77.5 cm, 4.25 kg; 5 years old, 86.5 cm, 6.6 kg; 6 ages, 95.5 cm, 8.6 kg; 7 Age, 101 cm, 11.85 kg; 8 years old, 106 cm, 14.7 kg. The age composition of Yangtze River sturgeon was mainly young, 0-1 age accounted for about 65%, 1-1
+
Age accounts for about 25%.
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Before the middle of the 20th century, it has been distributed in the main tributaries of the Yangtze River in China, reaching the lower reaches of the Wujiang River, Jialing River, Qu River, Tuo River, Minjiang River and Jinsha River. Extinct in the wild in 2019, it is distributed in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and its confluence with some tributaries. However, most individuals observed in rivers come from mass releases.
[1]
[7]
Yangtze River sturgeon distribution map
Yangtze River sturgeon distribution map
In nature, the sexual maturity age of female Yangtze River sturgeon is 6-8 years old, weighing 9-15.9 kg, and the sexual maturity age of male fish is 4-7 years old, weighing 4.5-12.5 kg. The reproductive period includes spring and autumn breeding periods, spring (March-April) and autumn (November - December). The optimum water temperature for spawning is 16-19℃, and the absolute capacity is 6.0-130,000. Egg diameter 2.8-3.5 mm. Sexually mature males are smaller and darker than females. During the breeding season, sexually mature Yangtze sturgeon will go up the river to Yibin and above the Yangtze River for spawning and breeding. The eggs of Yangtze sturgeon are sedimentation and viscous eggs, and the eggs stick to the rocky beach bottom of the spawning ground for development.
[2]
In March 2023, the Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, the Fisheries Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and other scientific research institutions conducted a successful natural breeding test of the Yangtze River sturgeon.
[25]
Be included in
Iucn Red List of Threatened Species
(IUCN 2019 ver 3.1) - Extinct in the Wild (EW).
[7]
Listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2009 ver 3.1) - Critically Endangered (CR).
[6]
Be included in
China Red List of Biodiversity - Vertebrates volume
(May 20, 2015) - Critical Risk (CR).
[12]
Listed in the "China National Key Aquatic Wildlife Protection" (1998) - Grade I.
[2]
[4]
Yangtze River sturgeon used to be one of the fishing objects of the upper Yangtze River main stream and main tributaries, and in the early 1970s, Yangtze River sturgeon once accounted for 4-10% of the total fishery output of Hejiang River (Yangtze River Aquatic Resources Survey Group of Sichuan Province, 1988). Since then, the Yangtze River sturgeon resources declined sharply, according to statistics, 1982 after the Yangtze River sturgeon ban, as of 2000, in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River sturgeon still has a certain amount of miscapture, but the lower reaches of Gezhouba since 1994 no Yangtze River sturgeon found.
[4]
Three scientific fishing surveys were conducted in the spring of 2002, the spring of 2006 and the winter of 2006 in Yibin area of Sichuan Province. Only on May 7, 2002, one Yangtze River sturgeon (55 cm in length, 43 cm in length) weighing about 600 g was collected by mistake in the Fuyan Zhenjiang section of Pingshan.
[4]
Capture data from 1982-2019 indicate that hundreds have been captured each year since 2008, all from artificial exile.
[7]
At about 6:00 PM on September 6, 2022, the fisheries law enforcement brigade of Tuanfeng County, Hubei Province, received help from a citizen, Mr. Wang, and rescued a Yangtze River sturgeon on the red beach in Tuanfeng County. This rescued Yangtze River sturgeon is released into the Yangtze River, this individual must have survived in the wild for a long time, and the physical condition is relatively good, which is a living case of the effectiveness of the Yangtze River protection.
[8]
[16]
On the morning of November 2, 2022, in the "South Dongting Lake Grass Turtle Zhonghua Turtle National Aquatic germplasm Resource Reserve" in Maocao Street, Nan County, Yiyang, Hunan Province, researchers from the provincial Institute of Fisheries Science monitored a Yangtze River sturgeon, a national first-class key protected wild animal, which is the first time that researchers have monitored this species in the waters of Dongting Lake.
[21]
On the morning of March 21, 2023, the "Yangtze River sturgeon wild breeding experiment" achieved breakthrough results, and the Yangtze River sturgeon, which was previously declared "extinct in the wild", achieved natural spawning in the natural waters of the Yangtze River, taking a key step toward restoring the wild population.
[23]
On April 9, 2024, the experiment of spawning ground transformation and natural reproduction of the 2024 Yangtze River sturgeon in wild natural waters was successful, which took an important step to realize the reconstruction of the wild population of the Yangtze River sturgeon. Based on the success of the Yangtze River sturgeon artificial ovaries regulation and reproduction experiment in 2023, the experiment implemented ecological restoration measures such as velocity construction, bottom improvement, and river diversion in more than 20,000 square meters of natural open water in Yibin River, Yibin River, and transformed 150 square meters of artificial spawning ground. From March 22, 2024, the researchers introduced 31 mature male and female Yangtze River sturgeons to the experimental area. During the period from March 31 to April 1, it was observed that the Yangtze River sturgeon independently selected the modified spawning ground and showed reproductive behaviors such as free gathering, chasing, rapid tail wagging, and jumping. On April 6, the natural reproductive behaviors of Yangtze River sturgeon were observed again and the fertilized eggs were successfully collected. This is the first time to realize the free spawning and breeding of artificially released Yangtze River sturgeon in the modified spawning ground, which provides important theoretical and technical support for the in-situ habitat restoration of Yangtze River sturgeon.
[34]
On May 20, 2024, researchers from the Institute of Water Engineering Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Water Resources of the Ministry of Water Resources monitored fish resources in Xinjin Township, Yunyang section of Modaoxi, and detected the Yangtze River sturgeon, a national first-class protected animal.
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There are many reasons for the depletion of Yangtze River sturgeon resources, which may mainly be caused by the destruction of juvenile fish resources and overfishing, but the environmental pollution in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and channel regulation and sand dredging activities are also causes of risk that cannot be underestimated.
[4]
Due to overfishing and pollution of the Yangtze River waters, the wild resources of the Yangtze River sturgeon have been severely damaged. Coupled with the construction of the Gezhou Dam and the Three Gorges Dam of the Yangtze River, the passage for the migration and spawning of the Yangtze River sturgeon has been blocked, which has had a great impact on the living environment of the Yangtze River sturgeon, resulting in a sharp decline in the natural population of the Yangtze River sturgeon, and few individuals have been caught in the Yangtze River basin.
[2]
As early as 1972, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture issued two scientific research projects, "Investigation of Yangtze River aquatic Resources" and "Special Investigation of Yangtze River Sturgeon", and wrote a book, "Study on the Biology and artificial reproduction of Yangtze River Sturgeon", which systematically described the morphology, biology, ecology and resource status of Chinese sturgeon, Yangtze River sturgeon and Yangtze River paddlefish.
[2]
As early as 1976, Chongqing Institute of Fisheries Science carried out artificial breeding of Yangtze River sturgeon, and successfully induced mature Yangtze River sturgeon caught in the river that year, and obtained more than 1,300 fish fry. Subsequently, studies on domestication and breeding of Yangtze River sturgeon ponds were carried out, and the process of artificial reproduction and domestication from fertilized eggs to adult fish spawning was completed from 1976 to 1980 (Yangtze River Aquatic Resources Survey Group of Sichuan Province, 1988).
[4]
In 2000, the first national nature reserve was established in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 2002, a three-month seasonal fishing ban was introduced in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from February to April.
[6]
In 2003, Sichuan Yibin Rare Animal Research Institute (private) again carried out artificial breeding experiment of Yangtze River sturgeon, obtained more than 120,000 fertilized eggs, and produced about 20,000 seedlings.
[4]
The reserve was expanded in 2005 to mitigate the conflict between hydropower projects and the maintenance of ecosystem functions.
[6]
In April 2007, 2,000 Yangtze River sturgeon with an average length of 75 cm and weight of 2.1 kg were released into the Yangtze River from Yibin. Before release, morphological identification and biological measurement were performed, and 500 of them were multi-labeled.
[4]
In 2013 and 2018, the second and third generation breeding were successfully conducted by the Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute. From 2007 to 2018, about 200,000 young fish were released into the upper reaches of the Yangtze River for population recovery. In 2018, about 40 mature individuals were released into the same waters. By 2021, the main stream of the Yangtze River will be completely closed to fishing.
[7]
From January 1, 2021, the key waters of the Yangtze River Basin officially implemented a 10-year fishing ban, and the banned waters cover the distribution area of the Yangtze River sturgeon.
[20]
The Yangtze River sturgeon is a medium-sized economic fish in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which does not occupy an obvious position in the Yangtze River fishery, and its output is often counted together with the Chinese sturgeon, so there is no production of this kind of fish. The meat is rich, the eggs are especially delicious after being salted, and the swim bladder and spinal cord can be made into fish glue. (
Farmed fish only
)
[1]
Yangtze sturgeon,
Acipenser sinensis
,
paddlefish
(
Psephurus gladius
It is a precious fish unique to the Yangtze River Basin in China, known as "giant panda in water" and "living fossil in water", and has important scientific research and ecological value. The study on the biological characteristics and artificial reproduction technology of Yangtze River sturgeon is of great significance for restoring the natural population of Yangtze River sturgeon, protecting the ecological environment and commercial exploitation.
[2]
China's State Post Administration issued special stamps on the species twice, in 1994 and 2001.
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Yangtze river sturgeon stamp
On the morning of August 7, 2020, the Luzhou People's Procuratorate held a public hearing on the species.
[14]
On November 2, 2022, researchers from the Hunan Fisheries Research Institute monitored the Yangtze River sturgeon in the waters of Dongting Lake.
[22]
In March 2023,
In the "Yangtze River sturgeon wild breeding experiment" carried out in Jiang 'an County, Yibin City, Sichuan Province, it was learned that the Yangtze River sturgeon, which was previously declared "extinct in the wild", achieved natural spawning for the first time in natural waters after 23 years, and successfully hatched the first batch of Yangtze River sturgeon seedlings in the same environment, taking a critical step in restoring wild populations.
[24]
On April 16, 2023,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
The "Yangtze River Sturgeon natural waters breeding Test" results appraisal meeting was organized in Jiang 'an County, Yibin, Sichuan. The meeting announced that the breeding test of Yangtze River sturgeon in natural waters was successful for the first time, and the test results reached the international leading level.
[26]
In April 2024, the experiment of spawning ground transformation and natural reproduction of the 2024 Yangtze River sturgeon in wild natural waters was successful.
[33]
On April 16, 2024, the "Experiment of spawning ground Transformation and natural reproduction of Yangtze River sturgeon in natural waters" led by Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences passed expert identification in Jiang 'an County, Yibin City, Sichuan Province, marking the first successful experiment of spawning ground transformation and natural reproduction of Yangtze River sturgeon in natural waters in China. It is a key link for the reconstruction of the wild population of Yangtze River sturgeon.
[35]
