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The Middle East

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The Middle East, Arabic : The heavheavheavheavheavheavheavheavheavheavheav‎, Hebrew : Ply ply ply ply ply ply ply ply ply ply ply ply ply ‎, Farsi : mat mat mat mat mat mat), refers to from Mediterranean East south to The Persian Gulf Parts of the coast, including except Afghanistan exterior A surname Most of Africa the Egypt Ground position Russia boundary Transcaucasia Area. About 23 countries and regions, more than 15 million Square kilometer 490 million people. [1] Climatic type Mainly for Tropical desert climate (include Subtropical desert climate ), Mediterranean climate , Temperate continental climate The tropical desert climate is the most widely distributed. The terrain is mainly plateau and plain. The main river is only The Euphrates River , The Nile Etc., from Geographical position Above all, the Middle East has communicated Asia , Europe and Africa . communication Atlantic and The Indian Ocean It has been East and West since ancient times Transportation hub It is the land of "two oceans, three continents and five seas", the five seas are the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Red Sea. Strategic position Extremely important [2] , for fighting over scarce Fresh water resources And valuable Petroleum resources . The major oil producing countries in the Middle East are Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and so on. Also due to religion Cultural difference , World War II All the years after situation Turmoil.
Chinese name
The Middle East
Foreign name
Middle East
alias
Middle East
Geographical position
Asia West, Northeast Africa
Area product
More than 15 million square kilometers
Subordinate area
Saudi Arabia , Egypt , Yemen , Iraq , Iran Etc.
Climatic condition
Tropical desert climate , Mediterranean climate , Temperate continental climate
Population number
490 million
Famous scenic spot
Jerusalem , Mecca
prescription
Arabic , Farsi , Turkish Etc.
Inclusive country
Iran , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Iraq Etc.
Religious belief
Islam , Judaism and Christianity Etc.
Road running
Keep to the right
agriculture
Mainly by irrigate (Oasis) agriculture Give priority to

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. ▪Ancient history
  3. ▪Modern period
  4. ▪Constant conflict
  5. 2Geographical concept
  6. 3Political concept
  1. 4landform
  2. 5climate
  3. 6National religion
  4. 7Traditional culture
  5. 8Cause of unrest
  1. ▪Cultural difference
  2. ▪Internal contradiction
  3. ▪Western intervention
  4. ▪One more and one less
  5. 9Turbulent outcome

Historical evolution

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Ancient history

With regard to Middle East issue the Historical evolution It can be summed up with "one, two, three, four" : one ancestor, two nations, three migrations, four wars. Palestine It was called Canaan in ancient times Canaanite , originally is Arabian Peninsula The Semites One of them. Around the 11th century BC, Aegean Sea littoral A Philistine Emigrate to Canaan. Greek historian, 5th century BC Herodotus For the first time, the region was referred to as "Palestine", i.e Greek language " A Philistine The meaning of "land" has been used.
Around 1900 BC, Semite Another branch of the patriarch Abraham (i.e., Christian, Judaism , the common Prophet of Islam) led by Mesopotamia Ur migrated to Canaan. According to the Bible, Abraham and his wife Sarah Give birth to Isaac They are the ancestors of the Jews. After the Jews fled to Egypt, Mose He led the people out of Egypt and returned to Canaan until World War II post-establish The State of Israel All are derived from this lineage. Abraham and his concubine the Egyptians Hagar And Ishmael the son, because Sarah would not let him, was driven to Arabia. Multiply and prosper They are the ancestors of the northern Arabs of the peninsula, the descendants of Islam's Prophet Muhammad.
In the early days of Muhammad's religion, Jews and Christians were hostile to him. As Muhammad's following grew, the Arab cavalry began to expand. Islam split in the 7th century. Those who supported the descendants of Muhammad and accepted the caliph as the representative of God gradually formed the "Sunnis" and the "Shiites."

Modern period

At the end of the 18th century, with Napoleon intrude Ottoman Empire (The last one unified Islamic state ), other Europe capitalism The Great Powers (Christendom) also began to divide up the territory and possessions of the Ottoman Empire and establish colonies.
In the 19th century, due to Islam in various social conflicts and Social change In (mainly) imperialism The invasion and plunder of the Islamic world, that is, the colonization and semi-colonization of Islamic countries, gradually triggered the Islamic revival movement National liberation movement Combined with the revolutionary movement.

Constant conflict

After World War II, active support in Britain Zionism In the case of November 29, 1947, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181(2) was adopted on Palestine Future governance issues: The United Kingdom ended before August 1, 1948 mandate ; Established within two months of the end of the mandate Arabia The State and the Jewish State; Jerusalem And nearby villages and towns 158 Square kilometer As an independent subject by The United Nations Manage.
On May 14, 1948, the British mandate in Palestine ended. On May 14, 1948, Israel Declare a nation. Ten minutes later, the United States recognized the state of Israel. Twelve hours later, the allied Arab forces attacked Israel. Three days later, The Soviet Union acknowledge The State of Israel . later Palestinian territory An unofficial war between Jews and Arabs began. From February to July 1949, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria signed armistice agreements with Israel. Iraq Not signed with Israel). Palestine partition Gaza Area sum West Bank Parts of the area are occupied by Israel. Nearly one million Palestinian Arabs have been driven from their homes and become refugees.
In 1956, Britain, France and Israel took it back under the pretext of Egypt Suez Canal Companies and banned Israeli ships from passing through Canal with Tiran Strait It launched an attack on Egypt in an attempt to regain control of the canal and suppress the Arabs National liberation movement . In the end of the war, with the support of the people of the world, Britain, France and Israel were forced to agree to a ceasefire and withdrawal late at night on the 6th. More than 1,600 Egyptian soldiers were killed and 210 aircraft lost. More than 200 British, French and Israeli soldiers were killed and about 20 aircraft lost. English, French army It was evacuated in December. Since then, the United States has become more involved in the Middle East. The Israeli army withdrew from Gaza in March of the following year Sinai Peninsula (by United Nations forces Enter and quartered Gaza and The Gulf of Aqaba Coastal areas), but made it through the Strait of Tiran Right of navigation .
In 1967, the Arab-Israeli conflict and the US-Soviet rivalry in the Middle East intensified, and Israel, with the support of the United States, expanded further outwards, under the pretext of Egypt (then called United Arab Republic Blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba and launched a surprise attack on the Arab states on June 5. The Israeli army took advantage of the relaxed security of the Egyptian army breakfast and officers before going to work, and concentrated on using 200 aircraft to attack Egypt Air base They destroyed most of the Egyptian aircraft on the ground, occupied the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza in four days, and then captured the East City of Jerusalem and Jerusalem West Bank On the 10th Syria Golan Heights . Egypt lost a lot. A final ceasefire was declared in August 1970. These two years of fighting are known as" War of attrition ".
In October 1973, Egypt and Syria went to war against Israel in order to recover the lost territory and get rid of the "no war, no peace" situation caused by the United States and the Soviet Union.
On June 6, 1982, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom was arrested by Palestinians Guerrilla forces The assassination, and the deployment of land, sea and air force more than 100,000 people, on the Lebanese territory Palestine Liberation Organization The guerrillas and the Syrian garrison launched a massive attack, and in just a few days, they took over Lebanon Half of the country. This is The fourth Middle East War Since Israel and Arab country Between one of the biggest wars, called" The fifth Middle East War ".
From September 22, 1980 to August 20, 1988, Iraq attempted to exploit Iran Khomeini's regime is unstable and strikes to resolve it once and for all Boundary dispute Iran and Iraq fought an eight-year war, known as the "War of War." Iran-iraq War ". [3]

Geographical concept

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Map of the Middle East
The Middle East means Mediterranean East south to The Persian Gulf Parts of the coast. Geographically, the Middle East includes Western Asia (except Afghanistan And parts of North Africa (i.e., Egypt), yes Africa with Eurasia Of the subregion. "Middle East" is European The use of a general geographical term for what exactly the concept encompasses Country and region At home and abroad, there is no accurate conclusion, generally refers to A surname , North Africa Region, about 23 countries and regions, more than 15 million Square kilometer 490 million people.
position
Country and region
A surname
Saudi Arabia , Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , The United Arab Emirates , Oman , Qatar , Bahrain , Türkiye , Israel , Palestine , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Yemen , Cyprus , Georgia , Armenia , Azerbaijan . (19)
North Africa
Egypt , Libya , Tunisia , Algeria , Morocco , Madeira Islands , The Azores and Western Sahara . (8)
Most of the Middle East is West Asia, but the difference with West Asia is that the Middle East does not include Afghanistan , [2] But that includes Egypt in North Africa. The Middle East is a land of one gulf, two oceans, three continents and five seas, which connects Asia, Europe and Africa Atlantic and The Indian Ocean The hub position. The three continents specifically refer to the three continents of Asia, Europe and Africa, and the five seas specifically refer to Caspian Sea , The Black Sea , Mediterranean , Red Sea , Arabian Sea . The Caspian Sea is the largest lake in the world Saltwater lake . The Middle East is easily accessible, Sea, land and air The route can smoothly transport oil to the countries. Located in the land of "three continents and five seas", the Middle East is the main road connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, the West and the East, and also the hub and throat of Europe through North Africa to West Asia.
The importance of the Middle East in world politics, economy and military has made it one of the most important countries in world history capitalism The great powers compete for the deer, and the troops must fight for the land.
World map Middle East region

Political concept

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A political concept Middle East issue Refer to Arab country (include Palestine ) and Israel Between conflict issues, also known as Israeli-palestinian conflict . The Middle East issue is a historical product of the struggle between capitalist powers, and it is also the longest lasting regional hot issue in the world. The core of the Middle East issue is the question of Palestinian and Israeli territory.

landform

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Topographic map of the Middle East
The terrain of the Middle East is mostly plateaus with higher mountains standing at the edges of the plateaus. The plains are small, mainly in Egypt Nile valley Yamato river delta , Iraq The territory of the Two Rivers (A.K.A The Mesopotamian plains "Two rivers" refers to The Euphrates River with The Tigris River ), they are respectively ancient Egyptian civilization and Ancient babylonian civilization The cradle of... There are also narrow plains along the Mediterranean coast. in Palestine and Jordan At the junction, there is also a Dead Sea that collapsed due to a rupture. With an elevation of -415 m, the Dead Sea is the lowest point on the world's land surface.

climate

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The Middle East has a dry climate, mainly Tropical desert climate , Mediterranean climate , Temperate continental climate . Most of the region lies between 20° and 40° north latitude, The Tropic of Cancer Through the middle, the temperature is hot. Here again Subtropical high And from... Asia Inland arid region Northeast trade wind The control, so drought less rain. At the same time, the closed plateau terrain in this area blocks the entry of moist ocean air, and aggravates the drought in this area, so it forms the characteristics of tropical desert climate.

National religion

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People in the Middle East mainly practice Islam, Judaism and Christianity.
Live in A surname Muslims in the region belong to four main ethnic groups: Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Kurds.
Of these four nations, Arabs, Turks and Persians have their own states, respectively Arab country Turkey and Iran.
The Turks have only one country, Turkey, and the Persians have only one country, Iran.
The Arabs have many countries, such as Iraq , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Syria, Jordan , Yemen , Oman , Egypt, Qatar , Bahrain Wait for the country.
Act as Arab nation heroical Saladin The direct descendants of the Kurds, the population of about 30 million people, distributed in many countries, including Turkey 18 million, Iran 7 million, Iraq 5 million, Syria 1 million, Lebanon One hundred thousand, Azerbaijan and Armenia One hundred thousand.
There are also Jews (of Jewish faith), and the Arab population of Lebanon is predominantly Catholic and Christian.
For the classification of "Arabs", the criteria for division are different, and the results are naturally different. According to historical facts, the "Arabs" in the broadest sense can be divided into Arabs, Arabized Copts, and Arabized Berbers. [1]

Traditional culture

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The Middle East and Arabic cuisine As a representative, it spread to other countries, so from the point of view of the whole Middle East, the taste of the dishes are very similar, even in a country, there will be different dishes in different regions.
The more famous dishes are Oil immersion Okra, oil soaked Green bean , Tomato in oil , Europe Stanching melon Wait, people in the Middle East like it Olive oil To cook food. because Lebanese cuisine Advocating nature and health, Middle Eastern people not only use a lot of olive oil in their dishes, but also use fresh lemon juice and garlic as seasoning, and almost all dishes are cooked on this basis.
In the choice of cooking methods, Lebanon It's used all over the Middle East Smokeless barbecue In this way, they believe that they can eat the aroma of meat without causing excessive pollution to the environment.
Middle eastern pocket bread It's a Middle Eastern food, with regional influences and ingredients that combine East and West Rice noodles Culture, plus local uniqueness flatbread In the choice of staple foods is more diverse, and all Middle Eastern diets are inseparable from rice, wheat, beans and Mutton .
It is understood that the growth of wheat originated in the Middle East and is most commonly used in production Bread Arab Pocket bread And, uh, the flatbread that's common on the Arab dinner table. Middle Eastern sauce style Cold dishes It's a Middle Eastern food.
with chickpea wrought Mashed bean paste , plus Sesame paste , salt and Lemon juice Such as seasoning, drop fresh olive oil, stir evenly, it looks like a plain appearance, but let people taste endless, leaving a lingering aroma. In the Middle East, they still like it Pistachio nut As one of the ingredients of dessert, pistachio flavor made of ice cream, pistachio with a variety of desserts, everywhere can be seen pistachio trace.

Cause of unrest

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Cultural difference

The people of the Middle East are mainly White race . Historically, Eastern and Western cultures frequently exchanged here, and many ethnic groups gathered here. The peoples of the Middle East still retain their own Religious belief Most of the residents believe in Islam, a small number of residents believe in Christianity, Judaism And other religions. Islam, Christianity and Judaism will all Jerusalem Regard as The Holy City . Cultural differences are also an important cause of unrest in the Middle East.
Islamic state Is a country where Islam is the state religion, not necessarily Arab country Including Iran, Pakistan , Bangladesh , Afghanistan , Malaysia Such other nation-state .
The ethnic groups are Persians, Punjabis, Bengalis, Pashtuns and Malays.
Arab countries are the general term for countries with the Arab nationality as the majority, including Saudi Arabia , Iraq , Libya , Lebanon Let's wait. Most of the Arab countries are Islamic, but some are not. For example, Lebanon is predominantly Christian, but the Lebanese are mainly Arab.

Internal contradiction

Egyptian soldiers Nasser and Sadat fired the first shot of the Islamic Revolution's revival movement. in World War II Since then, 34 ostensibly independent Islamic states have emerged. Then a large number of religious leaders tried to find a new revolutionary path against the secular regime, to implement the "Islamic revolution", and to restore theocracy Rule. The process from the Islamic national revolution to the religious revolution always runs through the realistic political goal, that is, the separation from the West or The Soviet Union The politics of Economic control To become a truly independent country; Change the monarchy and establish a republic; Dream of forming new Arab League Relive the past Arab Empire The dream of; oppose Zionism And jointly fight against Israel militarily.
But for various reasons, Arab world There is no internal unity: for one thing, various countries embrace different strains of Islam (many intra-state There are also sectarian conflicts, which lead to political instability), and sectarian conflicts affect the relations between countries; Then there is the Islamic world Arab nation From the historical point of view, most of the non-Arab nations who believe in Islam have been discriminated against and prejudiced by the Arab nations. Due to old grudges, conflicts easily occur when conflicts arise. Third, when countries struggle for independence, because Western countries For their own interests, some countries and nations were divided, laying the groundwork for future disputes (such as the Gulf War, Iraq invaded Kuwait on the grounds that Kuwait had always been Iraq), which made countries constantly conflicted over territory and ethnicity; Fourth, in the revival of Islam in modern times, pan-Islamism Islamic fundamentalism is the dominant ideology in the Islamic revival movement, but this unrealistic fantasy is far from reality. Many leaders of Arab countries with heroic views take a tough confrontation with the West in national policy, resolutely establish a great unified Arab country, and completely eliminate Israel, which is naturally restricted by Israel and Western countries. Under the influence of multiple reasons (such as Western control and internal ethnic contradictions), many Arab countries were divided into pro-Western and anti-Western factions (such as the 1978 Egyptian reconciliation with Israel, signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin) Camp David accords Opposed by some Arab countries; Syria and Israel Political stance Totally different, firmly opposed to Israel.)
In 1964," Palestine Liberation Organization "Established, and at the same time established" Palestine. People's Liberation Army ". It is a state without borders and is essentially a form of government Political entity The organization of... In 1969, Arafat led the" Al Fatah Moderates became PLO The ruling party Although at first there was with Israel Military conflict But later switched to wanting to negotiate with Israel through peaceful means. As the Palestinian-Israeli conflict intensified in the early 21st century, Arafat died, and his successor, Mahmoud Abbas, continued to adhere to the path of peace. Did not think of the Palestinian nation after authority And then lost to the radicals." Hamas (In Europe it has been seen as Terrorist organization ) Leader Haniyeh. The political upheaval on the Palestinian side casts a shadow over the future of what had been a rocky peace since the end of Yasser Arafat.
So there are big internal divisions, both on the Israeli side and the Palestinian side.

Western intervention

In the west Renaissance Under the influence of Martin Luther initiated in the 16th century Christ In the Reformation, Catholicism Church schism Out of the Protestantism . At the same time, the Protestant reform movement was also a period of political and economic transformation in Europe, and Protestantism emphasized asking for God's salvation through penetrating into the earthly life of believers. Protestantism's encouragement of secular behavior led people to pursue Commercial profit When lifted Sense of guilt Make business capitalism Every field of operation has the final basis of religion.
in World War I In China, the West itself was allied with the Arab states against the past Eurasian The feudal military empire of Africa Ottoman Empire However, after the Second World War, due to support for the restoration of Israel, relations with Arab countries are very tense, in order to counter the Western countries, Arab countries also significantly higher International oil price . The Middle East's Arab ideal of a unified Islamic state has gone through a tortuous process. In the early 20th century, the Arabs tried to rid themselves of Turkish rule, in Greater Syria The establishment of Arab states (since ancient times, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Palestine have been regarded as one). But after World War I, the Western capitalist powers divided Syria into four zones for their own benefit. After World War II, the West crushed their dreams by supporting the creation of Israel. At the same time, Islamic societies are constantly under attack Western Christianity The erosion of world culture, advocated by Western capitalism humanism A whole culture of tolerance, self-reliance, science, reason and democracy Value system Slowly affecting the Islamic world.
After the second world war, Britain suppressed Zionism in the Middle East, changed its colonial policies, stirred up territorial and religious conflicts between Arabs and Jews, and then ostensibly pulled back, leaving the issue to the then Western control The United Nations , secretly watching the situation. And the United States has followed Britain in supporting Israel, President Truman Put pressure on Britain to take the lead in accepting Jewish immigrants. The United States was the first to recognize Israel after its creation. Several times Wars in the Middle East China, the United States and some Western countries (such as Britain and France) provided Israel with a large number of weapons and equipment. Without the support of the United States, Israel would never have been established and developed on a large scale.
Overall, the United States is in Middle East issue The main points of the policy are: transforming Islamic society (suppressing Islamic fundamentalism and subtly influencing Arab countries with Western capitalist liberal economy and "democratic" values); Propping up pro-American regimes; Controls Petroleum resources ; Regulating the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (to resolve it peacefully) Palestine question ), etc.

One more and one less

Many: Oil resources
The Middle East is the world's largest oil reserves, production and output of oil in the region, the Middle East oil is mainly distributed in The Persian Gulf And coastal areas. Due to its own oil consumption More than 90% of the oil produced in the Middle East is used by ports along the Persian Gulf Oil tanker Transport to Western Europe The United States, Japan, China, etc Country and region It is the region that exports the most oil in the world and has a decisive impact on the development of the world economy.
Middle East oil reserves, production and exports as a percentage of the world in 2019
Middle East oil reserves as a percentage of the world
Middle East oil production as a percentage of the world
Middle East oil exports as a percentage of the world
61.5%
30.7%
44.7%
Major oil producers in the Middle East have Saudi Arabia , Kuwait, United Arab Emirates , Iran, Iraq Among them, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, etc., have obtained considerable economic income by exporting oil and become wealthy countries. However, because less oil is extracted, these oil-producing countries are considering their economic prospects when the oil resources are exhausted. Their agriculture takes Animal husbandry The Lord abounds. Date palm .
The Middle East holds 61.5% of the world's proven oil reserves, amounting to 742 billion barrels (1000.2 billion tons). Among them, Saudi Arabia is the country with the largest oil reserves in the Middle East and ranks second in the world, with proven oil reserves of 262.6 billion barrels, accounting for 17.85% of global oil reserves.
Kuwait in the Middle East is one of the world's major oil-producing countries, with an area of more than 17,000 square kilometers and a population of more than 900,000. Most of the area is desert, there is no perennial water rivers and lakes, lack of fresh water, drinking water mainly rely on seawater desalination and groundwater. An important part of its international trade is the export of crude oil and the import of fresh water and equipment related to the manufacture of fresh water.
Less: Water resources
The extreme scarcity of water in the Middle East contrasts sharply with the abundance of oil. The Middle East has a dry climate with few rivers and large areas of desert without rivers. Water scarcity Seriously affecting the lives and production of people in the Middle East. With the growth of population and the development of economy, the shortage of water resources in the Middle East is becoming more and more serious. The river, Lake water resources The contradiction of distribution is also one of the reasons for the tension in the Middle East. [2]

Turbulent outcome

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EDITOR
Years of war have plunged countries in the Middle East into panic and self-harm, leading to an arms race in the region and even Nuclear race The state of... It is the Middle Eastern countries that buy the most arms from the West, including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Iran... To a certain extent, this has led to a reduction in investment in the economy and people's livelihood, which has exacerbated poverty in some countries. [4]
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