Nanjing City, short for" ning ", the ancient name Jinling , Kien Kang ^[1] , Jiangsu Province Prefecture-level cities, Provincial capital , Sub-provincial city , megacity ^[332] , Nanjing metropolitan area Core city ^[2] Approved by The State Council of China Eastern region It is an important central city, an important national research and education base and a comprehensive transportation hub ^[3] . As of August 2023, Nanjing has jurisdiction over 11 districts with a total area of 6,587.04 square kilometers ^[41] , The built-up area is 868.28 square kilometers. ^[4] Late 2023, Nanjing City Permanent population 9,547,000 people. ^[373]

Nanjing is located in Eastern China The lower reaches of the Yangtze River, near the coastal waters, yes Eastern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army Headquarters site ^[5] The Yangtze River Delta planned by The State Council is an important gateway city that radiates the development of the central and western regions ^[6] And the eastern coastal economic belt with Yangtze River economic belt Strategic intersection of important node city ^[7] .

Nanjing is the first batch National historical and cultural city An important birthplace of Chinese civilization ^[8] ^[338] It has long been the political, economic and cultural center of southern China ^[266-267] . Nanjing existed between 350,000 and 600,000 years ago Anthropus nankinensis in Tangshan live ^[16] ^[288] It has a history of more than 7,000 years ^[337] The city has a history of more than 3,100 years and a capital history of nearly 500 years ^[355] , Changgan Ancient City The excavation of Nanjing pushed the history of the city to the late Shang Dynasty more than 3,100 years ago ^[247] ^[356-357] .

Nanjing is an important national science and education center, and has been a city that worshiped culture and education since ancient times. Tianxia Literature Center "The first school in Southeast China" ^[9] ^[252] More than half of the champions in Ming and Qing Dynasties came from Nanjing Tribute houses in Jiangnan ^[10] . By 2022, Nanjing has 68 institutions of higher learning ^[11] , of which Double first-class 13 universities ^[12] ^[248] , Project 111 10 universities ^[277] , 211 8 universities ^[278] , Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences 97 people ^[249] Are second only to Beijing and Shanghai ^[13] ; 2023 Nature Index - Research city ranking, Nanjing ranked 6th in the world and 3rd in China ^[354] .

In 2023, Nanjing's gross regional product (GDP) was 1,742.140 billion yuan, at constant prices, an increase of 4.6% over the previous year ^[362] .

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This is Nanjing! 2023-05-08 18:57

Although it is called the "short-lived capital", Nanjing has never been absent from every historical node that needs her in the long river of Chinese civilization. Endless war, spring breeze blowing again, this is never leave the field, Jinling. ... details

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Chinese name: Nanjing
Foreign name: Nanjing City ^[380]
alias: Jinling , Kien Kang , Ying Tian , Tianjing
Administrative division code: 320100
Administrative category: Prefecture-level city
Subordinate region: Jiangsu Province, China
Geographical position: East China, lower Yangtze River, southwest Jiangsu
Area product: 6,587.04 km²
Subordinate area: 11 municipal districts
Government premises: Xuanwu District 41 East Beijing Road
Telephone area code: 025
Postal code: 210000-211800.

Climatic condition: Subtropical monsoon climate
Population number: 9,547,000 ^[373] (End of 2023)
Famous scenic spot: Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum , Nanjing Confucius Temple , Ming mausoleum , Qinhuai River , Ming Dynasty City Wall , Xuanwu Lake , Purple Mountain , Jiming Temple , Qixia Mountain , Mochou Lake , Imperial palace , East Old Gate , Yuejiang Tower , Nanjing Presidential Palace , Pearl Spring , Nushusan , Meiling Palace , Qingliang Mountain , Great Reward Temple , Yukshan hot spring , Gaochun Old Street , The former residence of Gan Xi , Nanjing Zhongshan Botanical Garden , Nanjing Museum , Yihe Road mansion area , Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo
aerodrome: Nanjing Lukou International Airport
Railway station: Nanjing Railway Station , Nanjing South Railway Station , Nanjing North Railway Station (Planning)
License plate code: Su A
Gross regional product: 1.742.140 trillion yuan ^[373] (2023)

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Nanjing ancient sites (12 photos)

According to historical records, there were ancient human activities in Nanjing area 1 ~ 1.2 million years ago. More than 600,000 years ago, Hominid lived in Nanjing, Tangshan From a Paleolithic cultural site Anthropus nankinensis The fossil is a major discovery of world significance in the study of early human evolution in East Asia and Paleolithic archaeology, which once again proves that Nanjing is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization ^[16] . Nanjing is the only place in the world where two human species have been found in the same fossil site, Nanjing Man Cave This provides a strong basis for the theory of human origins in many places - the Chinese did not originate from Africa ^[291-292] . About 11200 years ago, there was Homo sapiens activity in the late Paleolithic Age in Lishui, Nanjing ^[23] ^[340] .

7,000 years ago, Nanjing Pukou District Hemudu culture already exists in the area ^[337] , Qixia Agricultural civilization has emerged in the region ^[17] . 6,000 years ago, it began North Yin-yang camp culture As the representative of the Neolithic primitive village, more than 200 Neolithic sites have been found in Nanjing and its surrounding areas. 4,000 years ago, Qinhuai River The basin has developed dense primitive settlements known as Hushu culture On the basis of these settlements, the earliest cities in Nanjing were formed ^[18] .

More than 3,100 years ago, in the late Shang Dynasty, Changgan Ancient City Built, which marks Nanjing The beginning of the history of the city ^[245] ^[357] . 3,100 years ago, Nanjing was the fiefdom of Zhou Zhang in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the first year of King Ling of Zhou (571 BC), the state of Chu was in The six directions (in ancient China) have Tangyi Tang Yi Doctor, which is the earliest place built in Nanjing with historical records. In the fourth year of King Jing of Zhou (541 BC), the State of Wu was in Gao Chun build Seisa City, because of the strong city, also known as solid city. Around the 25th year of King Jing of Zhou (495 BC), the State of Wu was in Imperial palace Belt construction Yecheng . In the third year of King Yuan of Zhou (473 BC), Yue destroyed Wu and Yu Zhonghua Gate exterior Changganni build Overstepping the city walls . In the thirty-sixth year of King Zhou Xian (333 BC), Chu destroyed Yue, King Wei of Chu wanted to use the Yangtze River rift in Nanjing as a barrier to plot the world Stone city build Jinling Town The name of Jinling comes from here ^[19] .

Remains of the Ming Dynasty in Nanjing (26 photos)

In the first year (229) of the Huanglong Dynasty of Eastern Wu Dynasty, Sun Quan, the emperor of Wu, established the capital here, and Nanjing rose from then on, making the political center of China out of the pattern of the Yellow River cultural block, and leading the development of the Yangtze Valley and the whole southern China. Since then, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern Dynasty Song, Qi, Liang, Chen have built their capital here, so Nanjing has" The ancient capital of six dynasties Said, its cultural radiation power reaches the entire East Asia region ^[20] . Six dynasties Jiankang City It has an important position in the history of the development of Chinese capitals, and it is the first precedent of the symmetrical layout of the central axis, forming a unique layout and style of the main buildings in East Asia with the central axis as the benchmark, and becoming a model for the construction of later capitals. Imperial palace of the six dynasties Jiankang Palace It was the largest and most magnificent palace in China at that time, surviving for 360 years, and the historical books recorded that "poor and magnificent, the crown of all times and modern". Its layout and architectural form not only directly affected the capitals of the Northern Dynasty and Sui and Tang Dynasties, but also affected the capitals of Kyoto and Nara in Japan and Baekje on the Korean Peninsula, and had a profound impact on later generations palace The shape of construction ^[21] . today Nanjing Library and Museum of the Six Dynasties There are still ruins of Jiankang City ^[22] .

Six Dynasties period Jiankang City It was the largest city in the world at that time, with a population of more than one million, the first city in the world with a population of more than one million, and it was crowned with a southern crossing Han Chinese In Nanjing, the Chinese culture is preserved. Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties and the ancient Roman city were called "the two centers of classical civilization in the world". The Southern Dynasty culture represented by Jiankang had a profound impact on human history ^[23] ^[342] . During the Six Dynasties, Nanjing was the center of the "Maritime Silk Road East Sea route" officially opened, Nanjing "Stone Jin" as the international port connecting the river to the sea, berthed tens of thousands of Chinese and foreign ships, appeared the "four seas circulation, the meeting of nations", "boats follow the road, business to exchange genera" the bustling scene, Nanjing became an important central city of China's maritime Silk Road ^[24] ^[268] .

In Sui and Tang dynasties, Nanjing was deliberately degraded by the northern court, but the geographical advantage made Nanjing's economy and culture continue to develop strongly. Poets such as Li Bai, Liu Yuxi, Du Mu and Li Shangyin all lived and visited here. After the fall of Tang, Southern Tang Dynasty Make Jinling the capital, and expand the cities. The north has been in flames since Yang and Wu In the beginning, there was no major war in the territory for over 70 years. Qinhuai River Both sides of the market gathered, economic prosperity along with the development of culture, poetry, calligraphy and painting open a generation of wind ^[25] .

Remains of the Republic of Nanjing (11 photos)

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Nanjing was the political, economic and cultural center of southeast China ^[26] . During the Northern Song Dynasty, Jiangning Mansion It was the highest level of administration in Jiangnan and southeast China. Wang Anshi, a politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, served as governor of Jiangning three times, and served as prime minister twice from Nanjing to Kaifeng, where he settled and died ^[27] . At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the difficulty of Jingkang caused the third great migration of population to the south, and Nanjing once again became the economic center. Southern Song Dynasty Jianyan three years (1129) renamed Jiankang House , be set for Trade capital . Southern Song Shaoxing eight years (1138) to change Jiankang Liudu There are still imperial palaces here, which became an important military, political and economic center of the Southern Song Dynasty, when it was said that "the fundamental of the country is in the southeast, and the fundamental of the southeast is in Jiankang", "without Jiankang, there is no town in the southeast". ^[28] ^[339] . Yue Fei, a famous man of the Southern Song Dynasty, was once in Nanjing Nushusan The region has been defeated, and there are Anti-gold barrier A remains.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Nanjing was the residence of the Imperial Station of Jiangnan, which supervised the southeast provinces and led the southeast roads, and was in charge of the supervision affairs of ten roads in the three provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang ^[29] . As the center of China's textile industry, there are more than 6,000 professional craftsmen in the city, Nanjing brocade For the royal household ^[30] .

Yuan to Zheng sixteen years (1356) Zhu Yuanzhang Capture Nanjing, renamed Ying Tianfu . In the first year of Hongwu (1368), the Ming Dynasty was founded with Nanjing as the capital, and Nanjing once again became the political, economic and cultural center of China. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the population of the capital exceeded 700,000 ^[269] At that time, it was the largest and most populous city in China and the largest city in the world, and the Nanjing Ming City Wall, which lasted 27 years to build, was the largest city wall in the world ^[270] The Nanjing Imperial Palace, built according to the celestial and ritual rules, was the world's largest palace complex in the Middle Ages, and the architectural shape and layout became the design blueprint for the later Ming and Middle capitals, Beijing City and Ming Dynasty palace ^[271] .

Nanjing city appearance (18 photos)

Ming Jianwen four years (1402), Zhu Di launched The battle of peace take Emperor Jianwen He took the throne and proclaimed himself emperor at Nanking. In the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1405), Nanjing served as the decision-making place, shipbuilding base and port of departure for Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Seas Long Jiang Guan (present) Shimonoseki Set sail on her first voyage ^[24] . Ming Yongle nineteen years (1421), Zhu Di moved the capital to Beijing, Nanjing to remain the capital, set up Six departments of Nanjing And other institutions, line double Beijing system, Ying Tianfu (Nanjing) and Shuntianfu (Beijing) are collectively known as Erjing Fu ^[31] .

By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the city had a population of 1.2 million. During the Wanli years, the Western missionary Matteo Ricci, after traveling to China, wrote in the Commentary on Matteo Ricci: "Seeing the great city of Nanjing, it is dazzling... The Ming Dynasty city of Nanjing was as imposing as any of the largest European capitals of the 16th century. Hong Wu, the founding emperor of this dynasty, made it a miracle, and nothing that can be seen in the East can be compared with it ^[32] " From the end of the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing remained one of the economic and cultural centers of China, and the military and political center of the south ^[33] .

Seventeenth year of Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty (1644) Zhu Youjian After being martyred, Zhu Yusong It was established in Nanjing Nan Ming Dynasty . In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), after the Qing army captured Nanjing, it abolished the status of the capital and changed Ying Tianfu for Jiangning Mansion , be set for Jiangnan Province The provincial government became in charge of military and civilian affairs in Jiangsu (including Shanghai), Anhui and Jiangxi provinces Governor of the two Rivers All offices. During the reign of Kangxi and Yongzheng, the population of Nanjing reached one million, making it one of the top ten cities in the world. Set up in Nanjing on a huge scale Jiangning weaving house The production of silk fabrics to supply the royal demand, Nanjing silk weaving industry ranks first in the country ^[272] .

The dynasty in which Nanjing was founded and its historical significance

Qing Daoguang twenty-two years (1842) after the Opium War, the Qing government in Nanjing Shimonoseki The first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history was signed on a British warship on the river. Treaty of Nanking Thus began the modern history of China. Qing Xianfeng three years (1853) Taiping army captured Nanjing, established Taiping Heavenly Kingdom , renamed Tianjing . This is the first peasant war in Chinese history that arose in the south and spread to the whole of China, and it is also an unprecedented peasant war in the history of the world ^[34] .

On December 29, 1911, the provincial representatives elected Sun Yat-sen as provisional president in Nanjing. Republic of China Set up. The first year of the Republic of China (1912) New Year's Day, Provisional Government of the Republic of China Established in Nanjing. The 16th year of the Republic of China (1927) April 18 Nanjing National government Established, set Nanjing as the capital, set the capital municipality . The decade from the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927) to the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937) when Nanjing was established as the capital was called the Golden Decade of China, during which Nanjing carried out large-scale capital construction and laid a good foundation for the development of modern cities in Nanjing. By the 25th year of the Republic of China (1936), the urban population of Nanjing had increased to more than 1 million, making it one of the six largest cities in China. On December 13, 1937, the twenty-sixth year of the Republic of China (1937), Nanjing fell, and the Japanese army carried out large-scale massacres in Nanjing and nearby areas for more than 40 days, according to historical records Nanjing Massacre . The thirty-fourth year of the Republic of China (1945) September 9 9:00, Nanjing The Central Army Academy Hold in the great hall World War II Chinese Theater surrender ceremony Japan announced its unconditional surrender ^[35] . In May of the 35th year of the Republic of China (1946), the Nationalist government was still capital of Nanjing ^[36] .

On April 23, 1949, Nanjing was liberated and remained a municipality directly under the central government. In September 1952, Nanjing Municipality was merged with the Southern and northern Jiangsu administrative areas to form Jiangsu Province. On January 1, 1953, the People's Government of Jiangsu Province was established, and Nanjing was designated as the capital of Jiangsu Province. In February 1994, the central government designated Nanjing as a sub-provincial administrative level ^[19] .

Part formerly called: Yecheng , Overstepping the city walls , Stone city , Bai Xia , Jiangning , Danyang, Jinling , hayfield , Jianye County , Yangzhou (in Jiangsu Province) , Jianye County , Kien Kang , Qinhuai Area , Seungju (Shengzhou), Jiangzhou , Upper unit , Kikhanh , Ying Tian , the capital, Southern capital , Tianjing , capital

The capital dynasty : Eastern Wu Dynasty , The Eastern Jin Dynasty (917-907) , Liu Song Dynasty , The Southern Qi Dynasty (550-597) , Nanliang , Namchen , A surname (Xidu) , Southern Tang Dynasty , The Southern Song Dynasty ( Trade capital ) , Ming , Nan Ming Dynasty , Taiping Heavenly Kingdom , Republic of China

View the main city of Nanjing from the elevated stand in front of Nanjing Railway Station

Administrative division

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EDITOR

History of zoning

(For space reasons, see [ Administrative divisions of Nanjing 【 Division History 】

Zoning details

【 Subject article: Administrative divisions of Nanjing 】

As of August 2023, Nanjing Municipality has jurisdiction over 11 Municipal district And 1 national New District ( Jiangbei New District ), 95 streets, 6 towns. Nanjing Municipal People's Government Resident in Nanjing Xuanwu District No. 41 Beijing East Road (formerly Nanjing Wu Temple Ruins) ^[37] .

Sector name	area (km²)	Administrative code	Postal code	Government premises	street	The town of	Nanjing administrative zoning map
Xuanwu District	75.46	320102	210018	Meiyuan new village street	7	/	Nanjing administrative zoning map
Qinhuai District	49.11	320104	210002	Five old village street	12	/
Jianye District	80.87	320105	210019	Shazhou street	6	/
Gulou District	54.18	320106	210009	Ninghai Road street	13	/
Pukou District	913.75	320111	211800	Jiangpu street	9	/
Qixia District	395.44	320113	210046	Xianlin Street	9	/
Yuhuatai District	132.39	320114	210012	Yuhua Street	7 ^[359]	/
Jiangning District	1561	320115	211100	Dongshan Street	10	/
Liuhe District	1471	320116	211500	Xiongzhou street	11	1
Lishui District	1067	320117	211200	Yongyang Street	5	3
Gaochun District	790.23	320118	211300	Chunxi street	6	2

Municipal district	Subordinate area
Xuanwu District	Meiyuan new village street , Xinjiekou Street , Xuanwu Gate Street , Suojin Village Street , Xiao Lingwei Street , Xuanwu Lake Street , Hongshan Street
Qinhuai District	Five old village street , Hongwu Road Street , Shuangtang street , Guanghua Road street , Qinhong Street , Ruijin Road Street , Honghua Street , Crescent Lake Street , Big Light Road street , Zhonghuamen Street , Chaotiangong Street , Fuzimiao Street
Jianye District	Shazhou street , Mochou Lake Street , Nanyuan Street , Xinglong Street , Shuangzha street , Jiangxinzhou Street
Gulou District	Ninghai Road street , Huaqiao Road street , Hunan Road Street , Central gate street , It is a street in Jiangmen , Jiangdong Street , Fenghuang Street , Rehe Henan Road street , Xiaguan street , Jianning Road street , Pagoda Bridge Street , Small town street , Shogunate Hill Street
Pukou District	Jiangpu street , Taishan Street , Dingshan street , Along the river street , Pancheng street , Qiaolin street , Tangquan Street , Xingdian Street , Yongning street
Qixia District	Xianlin Street , Xigang Street , Yaohua street , Longtan Street , Maqun Street , Qixia Street , Maigaoqiao Street , Swallow Rock Street , Bagua Zhou Street
Yuhuatai District	Yuhua Street , Saihongqiao Street , Iron Core Bridge Street , Banqiao street , West Shan Bridge Street , Meishan Street , Guxiong street
Jiangning District	Dongshan Street , Moling street , Tangshan street , Chunhua Street , Lukou street , Jiangning street , Guri Street , Hushu Street , Hengxi Street , Qilin Street
Liuhe District	Xiongzhou street , Dachang Street , Getang street , Changlu Street , Longchi Street , Chengqiao street , Jinniu Lake Street , Beamed street , Longpao Street , Saddle Street , Yeshan street , Jhujhen
Lishui District	Yongyang Street , Zetang street , Dongping Street , Shiqiu Street , Hong LAN Street , Whitehorse , Jingqiao Town , Hoa Fung
Gaochun District	Chunxi street , Guber street , Qiqiao Street , Gucheng street , Dongba Street , Yaxi street , Brick town , Yangjiang Town
The above information is as of 2021 ^[37]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Location boundary

Nanjing is located in Eastern China The central region of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is an important national gateway city that the Yangtze River Delta radiates to drive the development of the central and western regions ^[38] , Nanjing Economic Zone Host city ^[39] Its geographical coordinates are between latitude 31°14 'and 32°37' north, and longitude 118°22 'and 119°14' east. downtown Xinjiekou The geographical coordinates are 32°02'38" north, 118°46'43" East ^[40] With a total area of 6,587.04 square kilometers ^[41] In 2020, the built-up area will be 868.28 square kilometers ^[4] .

Nanjing

landform

Nanjing is known as the "Museum of natural geology", the Yangtze River floodplain, rich water Soft soil , downland , karst And other geomorphic units coexist. Nanjing belongs to Ningzhen Yanghilly area, mainly low hills, low mountains accounted for 3.5% of the total land area, hills accounted for 4.3%, hilly land accounted for 53%, plains, depressions and rivers and lakes accounted for 39.2%. Ningzhen Mountains And north of the river Lao Son In the middle of the city, there are Hengshan Mountain and Donglu Mountain in the south of Qinhuai Valley. The plane position of Nanjing is long from north to south and narrow from east to west. The north-south linear distance is 150 kilometers, the east-west width in the middle is 50 to 70 kilometers, and the east-west width of the north and south ends is about 30 kilometers. In the south is a landform complex composed of low mountains, hilly land, valley plain, lake plain and river land ^[42] .

Nanjing Map (Feature Edition)

Map of Nanjing (District version)

Satellite map of Nanjing

Electronic map of Nanjing

Topographic map of Nanjing

climate

Nanjing 24 Solar Terms (25 photos)

The north of Nanjing Subtropical humid climate There are four distinct seasons and plenty of rain. The average annual rainfall is 117 days, the average rainfall is 1106.5 mm, the relative humidity is 76%, and the frost-free period is 237 days. The rainy season is from late June to early July every year. The average annual temperature is 15.4℃, the maximum annual extreme temperature is 39.7℃, and the minimum is -13.1℃ ^[42] .

Nanjing enters spring around April 1, enters summer around June 8, and enters autumn around September 18. Winter begins around November 12. Nanjing is short in spring and autumn, long in winter and summer, and the temperature difference between winter and summer is significant. Due to the change of atmospheric circulation and the continuous afforestation in Nanjing, the heat degree of Nanjing in summer is greatly reduced compared with other cities, so it has been removed from the name of "furnace" ^[43] .

hydrology

Nanjing water area of more than 11%, there Qinhuai River , Jinchuan River , Xuanwu Lake , Mochou Lake , Baijia Lake , Shijushu Lake , Goseongho , Jinniu Lake Rivers and lakes of the same size, the Yangtze River through the city, the total length of nearly 200 kilometers along the coastline, the territory of a total of 120 rivers. The river and lake system mainly belongs to the Yangtze River system, and only the rivers flowing into Gaoyou Lake and Baoying Lake in the north of Liuhe District belong to the Huaihe River system. The Yangtze River system includes Jiangnan's Qinhuai River The river system, the Chuhe river system in the north of the river, is formed by small rivers flowing into the river on both sides of the river Shijushu Lake and Goseongho It is composed of two lake water systems, and the West Taihu water system in the east of Gaochun. Abundant groundwater resources and excellent water quality, Yukshan hot spring , Hot spring , Pearl Spring Be particularly famous for ^[42]

Overlooking Nanjing Ming City Wall, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain

Natural resources

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EDITOR

Water resources

Nanjing has an average precipitation of 1090.4 mm, an annual average water resources of 2.56 billion cubic meters, and a per capita consumption of 480 cubic meters, of which 1.86 billion cubic meters are surface water resources and 700 million cubic meters are groundwater resources ^[43] .

Biological resources

Plant resources

Nanjing is one of the areas with rich modern plant resources and a wide variety of plants in China, with a forest coverage rate of 31.3% and a green coverage rate of 45.16% in built-up areas, ranking among the top three in China China's four major garden cities It is called "Green capital" ^[44] . Natural vegetation Coniferous forest , Deciduous broadleaf forest , deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest, Bamboo grove , scrub , brushwood and Aquatic vegetation There are 7 types of cultivated vegetation, including field crops, vegetable crops, economic forests, orchards and green zones. There were 1061 species of vascular plants, accounting for 64.7% of the total in Jiangsu Province. Sinojackia , Isoetes sinensis , Codonopsis minuta , sandalwood Seven species of rare and endangered plants are under state key protection ^[42] .

Animal resources

There were 795 species of insects in Nanjing, belonging to 125 families and 11 orders. There are 99 species of fish, belonging to 12 orders and 22 families. There are 327 species of terrestrial wild vertebrates, belonging to 29 orders and 90 families; There are 243 species of birds, belonging to 17 orders and 56 families. There are 47 species of mammals, belonging to 8 orders and 22 families. Among all animal species, there are 9 species of wild animals under national first-class protection, including Oriental white crane, white shoulder eagle, and paddlefish. There are 65 species of second-class wild protected animals, including finless porpoise, cygnet, Chinese tiger Papilio Etc.; Jiangsu Province has 125 species of key protected animals and 35 species of endangered animals ^[42] . In April 2023, three newly recorded insect species in China were discovered in Nanjing ( Koryo dung beetle , The stink phorocera , Austrodung dahlmanni ), Two new recorded species were found in Jiangsu ( Mushroom beetle , Square chest green step armour ) ^[326] .

Mineral resources

Nanjing is rich in mineral resources, and 41 kinds of minerals have been found, including iron, copper, lead, zinc, strontium, sulfur iron, dolomite, limestone, gypsum, clay, etc. Among them, 23 kinds of proved reserves, 20 kinds of industrial exploitation value, and more than 10 kinds are being exploited. Strontium ore The quality and reserves of lapis Lazuli stone rank first in China; Copper and lead-zinc deposits account for more than 90% of Jiangsu, iron ore accounts for 89% of Jiangsu, limestone, dolomite, attapulgite clay deposits play an important role in Jiangsu. The mineral resources in Nanjing are mainly concentrated in 4 metallogenic zones, namely Jiangpu-Liuhe iron and copper metallogenic zone, Ningzhen iron, copper and sulfur polymetallic metallogenic zone, Ningwu iron, copper and sulfur metallogenic zone, and Lishui iron and copper metallogenic zone ^[42] .

population

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EDITOR

Nanjing is a typical multi-ethnic gathering and integration city in the southeast coastal areas of China. As of 2021, the city has 56 ethnic groups, 140,000 permanent ethnic minority population, 133,000 floating ethnic minority population, including 43,000 ethnic minority students. The city has 1 town enjoying the treatment of ethnic township, 3 ethnic villages, 1 ethnic group ^[289] .

On May 24, 2021, the bulletin of the seventh National Population Census of Nanjing was officially released, and Nanjing led the country in terms of population education level, with 3,281,500 people having college education, and 35,300 people per 100,000 people having college education, second only to Beijing and ranking second in the country. ^[325]

By the end of 2023, Nanjing The permanent population was 9,547,000, an increase of 55,900, or 0.59 percent over the end of the previous year. Among them, the urban population was 8.325 million, accounting for 87.20% of the total population (urbanization rate of permanent residents), an increase of 0.19 percentage points over the previous year. The birth rate was 5.68‰, the death rate 5.06‰, and the natural growth rate 0.62‰. ^[373]

Change of permanent resident population in Nanjing (2018 ~2023)

Reference source ^[293] ^[329-331] ^[366-367] ^[373]

political

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EDITOR

Principal Leaders of Nanjing (as of April 2024)
Nanjing Committee of the Communist Party of China	secretary	Han Liming ^[253]
	Deputy secretary	Chen Zhichang , Shen Wenzu ^[264]
	Member of the Standing Committee	Wang Hua , Xu Jinhui , Chen Yong , Liu Haitao , ^[377] Lu Weidong , ^[378] Deng Zhiyi ^[336] , Ma Honghui ^[254] , Huo Huiping (F) ^[255] , Lin Tao ^[256] ^[335] , Le Fai ^[358]
	Member of the Standing Committee and Secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection	Liu Haitao ^[365]
	Secretary general	Jiang Yuejian ^[257]
Standing Committee of Nanjing People's Congress	DIRECTOR	Long Xiang ^[258]
	Deputy director	Shen Wenzu , ^[379] Yang Xuepeng , Hu Wanjin , Dai Huajie , Liu Wei , Xu Ming , Talk about health (F) ^[275] ^[361]
	Secretary general	Fang Zhongyou ^[323] ^[361]
Nanjing Municipal People's Government	mayor	Chen Zhichang ^[265]
	Deputy mayor	Huo Huiping (female), Deng Zhiyi , Chang Heping , ^[376] Season's Legion , Wu Wei , Sun Baijun , Li Hui ^[243] ^[255] ^[276] ^[375]
	Secretary general	Hong Lilai ^[322]
Nanjing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference	Secretary of the Party Group and Chairman	Wang Liping ^[274] ^[324]
	vice-chairman	Wu Weiguo , Li Qi , Yangping , Huang Limin , Cheng Yongbo , Jin Weidong , Huang Hui (female), Fu Yang ^[273] , Jiang Yuejian
	Secretary general	Liu Bo ^[360]
Reference material ^[374]

economy

broadcast

EDITOR

summarize

In 1981, Nanjing was listed as one of the 15 cities in China Economic center city ^[45] . In 1992, it was listed as "forty excellent" cities in China's hard investment environment by nine national ministries and commissions. In 1994, Nanjing ranked 5th among the top 50 Chinese cities in terms of comprehensive strength ^[46] . In 2001, it was rated as one of the most promising cities in the Asia-Pacific region ^[47] . ^[48] . In 2008, the economic development capacity of the headquarters ranked fifth in China Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen Later, in the Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing's ability to develop the headquarters economy was second only to Shanghai ^[49] . In 2014, the competitiveness assessment of China's regional central cities ranked Nanjing second only to Shenzhen and Guangzhou ^[50] . In 2015, Nanjing ranked fifth among the most attractive cities for investment in China, following Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen ^[51] . In the 2019 "Chinese Wage Report", the proportion of cities with a monthly salary of more than 10,000 people ranked fourth in China, only second to Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen ^[52] . In 2020, the per capita consumption of Nanjing is as high as 76,100 yuan, ranking first in the country ^[242] . The New Development Decade - China's Urban Investment Environment Development Report will be released in 2021. In terms of investment activity, Nanjing ranks fourth in China, after Shenzhen, Shanghai and Beijing ^[241] .

In 2023, the gross regional product (GDP) of Nanjing was 1,742.140 billion yuan, an increase of 4.6 percent over the previous year. The value added of the primary industry was 31.775 billion yuan, up by 1.7 percent; The added value of the secondary industry was 592.9 billion yuan, up by 2.8%; The added value of the tertiary industry was 1,117.465 billion yuan, up by 5.6%. The proportion of the three industries was adjusted from 1.9:35.4:62.7 in the previous year to 1.8:34.0:64.2, and the per capita GDP reached 183,015 yuan. ^[373]

Change of Nanjing's gross regional product (2018 ~2023)

Reference sources: ^[366] ^[368-372]

In 2023, the consumer price of Nanjing residents rose 0.6 percent from the previous year. Food, tobacco and alcohol rose 1.1%, clothing rose 1.9%, housing rose 0.1%, daily goods and services rose 0.6%, transportation and communications fell 2.5%, education, culture and entertainment rose 2.1%, health care rose 1.6%, and other supplies and services rose 5.0%. ^[373]

In 2023, the price of industrial producers in Nanjing dropped by 4.1 percent from the previous year. Among them, the light industry decreased by 1.0% and the heavy industry decreased by 4.7%. The price of means of production fell by 4.2 percent, and the price of means of living fell by 3.6 percent. The purchasing price of industrial producers fell by 4.2%. ^[373]

In 2023, the total number of various market entities in Nanjing was 1,799,600, an increase of 4.1% over the end of the previous year. Among them, 10,500 were foreign-invested enterprises, an increase of 2.5 percent; The number of self-employed households was 1.0953 million, up 3.4%. Throughout the year, 24500 new market entities of various types were registered by the city's registration organs at all levels, including 99,300 new enterprises.

In 2023, the per capita disposable income of all residents in Nanjing was 72,112 yuan, an increase of 4.5 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the wage income was 45,057 yuan, up by 4.5%; Net operating income was 7,512 yuan, an increase of 4.2%; Net property income was 7,262 yuan, up 2.8%; The transferred net income was 12,281 yuan, an increase of 5.3%. The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 79,858 yuan, up by 4.2%. The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 36,789 yuan, up by 6.1 percent. The per capita consumption expenditure of all residents was 43,182 yuan, an increase of 7.1 percent over the previous year. The per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 46,552 yuan, up by 6.7 percent. The per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 27,811 yuan, an increase of 9.8%. The Engel coefficient of the whole population was 25.7%, of which 25.2% was in urban areas and 29.6% was in rural areas. ^[373]

Investment in fixed assets

In 2023, Nanjing completed 576.364 billion yuan of fixed asset investment, down 1.9 percent from the previous year. Among them, the investment in the primary industry increased by 27.1%; Investment in the secondary industry grew by 2%; Investment in the tertiary sector fell 2.9 per cent. The investment structure continued to improve. The investment in the manufacturing sector reached 108.893 billion yuan, up 9.0% over the previous year, of which the electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing and automobile manufacturing grew by 38.6%, 15.3% and 49.9%, respectively. The investment in high-tech industries was 8.446 billion yuan, up 7.7% over the previous year. ^[373]

Primary industry

Nanjing is one of China's important agricultural and commodity grain bases, and because of the fertile water quality on both sides of the Yangtze River, it is also one of China's important freshwater fishing bases ^[53] The main cash crops are rape, cotton, cocoons, hemp, tea, bamboo and wood, fruits, medicinal materials, etc. The famous agricultural products are crabs, shrimp, special dishes, high quality rice, Boer , Osmanthus duck , Yuhua tea Blackberry, etc ^[54] .

In 2023, the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in Nanjing was 53.07 billion yuan, an increase of 1.0 percent over the previous year; The added value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery was 34.60 billion yuan, up 2.2% on a comparable basis. By industry, the output value of agriculture (planting industry) was 28.510 billion yuan, up 0.9% year-on-year; The output value of forestry was 2.50 billion yuan, up 4.1% year on year; The output value of animal husbandry reached 2.59 billion yuan, down 1.7% year on year; The output value of the fishery industry was 14.770 billion yuan, down 1.3% year-on-year; The output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery professional and auxiliary activities reached 4.00 billion yuan, an increase of 9.0%. ^[373]

2023, Nanjing City The grain sown area was 2.0856 million mu, an increase of 0.6% over the previous year. Total output was 993,500 tons, up 0.3%. The sown area of summer grain was 666,300 mu, an increase of 1.9 percent, and the total output was 221,900 tons, an increase of 2.5 percent. The sown area of wheat was 655,900 mu, an increase of 2.1 percent, and the total output was 219,900 tons, an increase of 2.6 percent. The sown area of autumn grain was 1.419,300 mu, the overall level compared with the previous year, and the total output was 771,600 tons, down 0.3 percent. The sown area of rice was 1.225 million mu, down 1.6 percent, and the total output was 705,800 tons, down 1.2 percent. The sown area of corn was 78,200 mu, an increase of 2.1 percent, and the total output was 32,600 tons, an increase of 3.1 percent. The sown area of oil was 349,100 mu, an increase of 12.7%, and the total output was 55,200 tons, an increase of 9.5%. Vegetable sowing area of 1.214,500 mu, an increase of 0.1%, the total output of 2.7982 million tons, an increase of 0.2%, the comprehensive yield of 2,304 kg per mu, an increase of 0.1%. ^[373]

Secondary industry

Nanjing is the cradle of modern industry in China ^[55] As the capital of the Republic of China and the starting place of the Westernization movement, Nanjing played a pivotal role in the Chinese industrial system in the 20th century and was a typical example of the industrialization and modernization transformation of modern Chinese cities ^[56] . The year 1865 Jinling Manufacturing Bureau The birth of Nanjing marked the beginning of modern industry. British merchant Hutchison , Jinpu Railway South section machine Works ( Nanjing Puzhen car factory Predecessor), Yongli Chemical Industry Co., LTD 铔 factory ( Nanjing Chemical Industry Company Predecessor), China cement factory The establishment of a number of well-known enterprises formed the embryonic form of modern industry in Nanjing ^[55] . After 1949, Nanjing developed petrochemicals, automobile manufacturing, iron and steel metallurgy, machinery and equipment and other pillar industries Planned economy Times is the total industrial output value of the country's top ten comprehensive industrial cities, have been born in China's first phosphate fertilizer plant ^[345] The first domestic electron tube ^[344] The first nationally produced radio ^[346] The first wireless digital satellite communication station ^[347] The first radar ^[348] The first light truck ^[261] The first fully automatic washing machine ^[57] ^[343] ^[349] .

Nanjing is an important industrial base in China ^[58] National important comprehensive industrial production base ^[59] International advanced manufacturing base ^[60] It is also one of the three major electronic industrial bases in China ^[61] . In 2001, the production capacity of electronics and chemical industry ranked second among Chinese cities; Automobile manufacturing ranks third ^[47] . In 2008, China's top ten manufacturing cities ranked first in China ^[62] . In 2009, it was identified as the national informatization and industrialization integration pilot zone ^[63] . 2012 LCD module production scale ranked first in China ^[64] . In 2016, the overall strength of Nanjing smart grid industry ranked first in China, the advanced rail transit equipment industry ranked first in China, and the scale of new display industry ranked second in China ^[65] .

In 2023, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size in Nanjing increased by 3.6% over the previous year. Among them, the added value of state-owned holding enterprises increased by 4.8%, that of joint-stock enterprises by 5.6%, that of foreign-invested enterprises and those from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan decreased by 0.5%, and that of private enterprises increased by 4.9%. Large and medium-sized enterprises increased by 4.4%, and small enterprises increased by 1.3%. By industry, the added value of electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry increased by 14.4%, chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry increased by 3.0%, ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry increased by 9.8%, and special equipment manufacturing industry increased by 12.4%. The output of green and intelligent products such as new energy vehicles, integrated circuits and industrial robots grew rapidly, up 7.2%, 61.6% and 27.6%, respectively, over the previous year. ^[373]

2023, Nanjing City The total output value of construction enterprises listed in the statistics as qualified general contractors and specialized contractors reached 508.057 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year. Among them, the construction and installation industry increased by 8.2%, and the civil engineering construction industry increased by 13.6%.

Tertiary industry

Nanjing is a "national important regional financial and business center" approved by The State Council. ^[66] In the Yangtze River Delta region is second only to Shanghai in the business center city and regional financial center ^[67] . In the evaluation of "China Financial Center Index" in 2012, Nanjing's comprehensive competitiveness ranked sixth in the country ^[68] . In 2013, the added value of Nanjing's financial industry reached 84.62 billion yuan, ranking first in the service industry, accounting for 10.56% of Nanjing's gross domestic product, and becoming the fourth city in China with a financial added value of more than 10% after Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen ^[69] . In the 2015 "China Financial Center Index" assessment, Nanjing ranks fourth in China in terms of financial talent environment, second only to Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou ^[70] . In 2016, the added value of Nanjing's financial industry was 124.176 billion yuan, accounting for 11.8% of Nanjing's gross domestic product. The added value of the financial industry accounted for the proportion of GDP after Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen, ranking fourth in China ^[71] . In the 2016 "China City Financial Competitiveness Index", Nanjing ranks fifth in China, only second to Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou ^[72] . In the assessment of the "China Financial Center Index" in 2018, the performance of the financial industry in Nanjing ranked fourth in China, second only to Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen ^[73] . ^[74] .

Nanjing is an important city for the development of industrial Internet in China ^[75] Is China's service outsourcing base ^[76] National software export innovation base ^[77] China's only national science and technology system comprehensive reform pilot city ^[78] Software and information service industry is the largest leading industry and pillar industry that Nanjing strives to cultivate ^[79] . In 2015, the execution volume of offshore service outsourcing was US $6.067 billion, ranking first among Chinese cities ^[80] . In 2018, the revenue of software and information service industry was 450 billion yuan, ranking fourth in China and first in Jiangsu after Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai, accounting for 7.1% of the country and 50.8% of Jiangsu ^[81] . In 2020, Nanjing has A unicorn enterprise 15 companies, 95 unicorn companies, Gazelle enterprise 312, ranking seventh in the world and fifth in China ^[82] . Among the top 12 cities in software business revenue in 2020, Nanjing ranks fourth in China, followed only by Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai ^[83] .

Conference and exhibition industry It is an important industry in Nanjing ^[84] . In 2006, Nanjing's exhibition economy ranked second only to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen among major cities in China ^[85] . The year 2014 International Congress and Conference Association According to the "World 2013 City Conference Industry Development Ranking" released by ICCA, Nanjing has become the city that hosts the most international conferences in China after Beijing and Shanghai ^[86] . In 2014, the Ministry of Commerce issued the "China Exhibition Industry Development Report 2014", and Nanjing ranked fifth in China in the comprehensive index of domestic exhibition industry development ^[87] . According to the "2017 China Exhibition Data Statistical Report" released in 2018, Nanjing ranked 3rd in the number of exhibitions held in all Chinese cities, and 5th in the exhibition area of all Chinese cities ^[88] .

In 2023, the total retail sales of social consumer goods in Nanjing reached 820.07 billion yuan, an increase of 4.7% over the previous year. Retail sales in urban markets of units above designated size reached 479.042 billion yuan, an increase of 1.7% over the previous year; Retail sales in the rural market reached 3.597 billion yuan, down 7.8%. The retail sales of physical stores above quota increased by 5.0% year-on-year, of which the retail sales of professional stores and brand stores increased by 4.6% and 8.6% respectively, and that of convenience stores increased by 48.3% year-on-year. In the annual retail sales of units above quota, new energy vehicles increased by 10.8%; Books, newspapers and magazines, gold, silver and jewelry, and communications equipment grew by 9.5%, 17.0% and 7.6%, respectively. ^[373]

In 2023, the total import and export of goods in Nanjing totaled 565.99 billion yuan, down 9.3% from the previous year. Among them, the export was 333.31 billion yuan, down 11.8%; Imports were 232.68 billion yuan, down 5.6%. In terms of commodity composition, the export of mechanical and electrical products fell by 4.6%, and the export of high-tech products fell by 12.9%. Imports of mechanical and electrical products fell by 7.1 percent and imports of high-tech products by 13.6 percent. In terms of trade patterns, the total import and export volume of general trade decreased by 11.7%, and the total import and export volume of processing trade decreased by 7.8%. In terms of enterprises, the total import and export volume of state-owned enterprises fell by 7.8%, and that of foreign-invested enterprises fell by 8.7%. Total imports and exports of private enterprises fell by 11.2 per cent.

In 2023, Nanjing actually used 4.94 billion US dollars of foreign capital, an increase of 1.9% over the previous year. In terms of sectors, foreign investment in the service sector decreased by 3.2% year on year, with the growth of scientific research and technology services up by 3.2%, leasing and business services up by 71.1%, and finance up by 139.2%. The use of foreign capital in manufacturing increased by 39.6%, of which the manufacturing of electrical machinery and equipment increased by 19.3%, and the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry increased by 134.8%. During the year, there were 717 new and increased projects with contracted foreign capital of 5.86 billion US dollars. The actual investment of major countries in Ninh under the Belt and Road Initiative was 24,300 US dollars, up 139% year-on-year. ^[373]

In 2023, Nanjing added 130 new overseas investment projects, and the Chinese investment agreement was 660 million US dollars, an increase of 20%. The turnover of foreign contracted projects was 2.32 billion US dollars, up 9.8% year on year. China invested US $186 million in agreements with Belt and Road countries, up 83.9% year on year.

Skyline of Xinjiekou and Grand Palace area

Central skyline of Hexi New City

By the end of 2023, the balance of various deposits in Nanjing was 5,427.992 billion yuan, an increase of 9.6% over the same period last year, and an increase of 475.643 billion yuan over the beginning of the year. Among them, the balance of household deposits was 1,545.312 billion yuan, accounting for 28.5%, an increase of 216.367 billion yuan over the beginning of the year; The balance of deposits of non-financial enterprises was 169.391 billion yuan, accounting for 31.2%, an increase of 88.394 billion yuan over the beginning of the year. At the end of the year, the outstanding loans in local and foreign currencies of financial institutions reached 5,433.789 billion yuan, an increase of 553.768 billion yuan or 11.4% over the beginning of the year. Among them, the balance of loans to the manufacturing industry was 411.751 billion yuan, an increase of 16.7% over the beginning of the year. Seven new domestic and foreign listed companies were added throughout the year, bringing the total number to 161. ^[373]

In 2023, Nanjing completed 13.349 billion standard postal services, an increase of 13.7%; Revenue of postal services reached 14.928 billion yuan, up 11.3%. The total volume of telecommunications business was 19.981 billion yuan, an increase of 19.3 percent over the previous year; The revenue of telecom business was 20.076 billion yuan, up by 6.9%. The total volume of express delivery business was 979 million, an increase of 6.9% over the previous year. ^[373]

Real estate industry

In 2023, Nanjing completed 275.319 billion yuan of investment in real estate development, down 0.2% from the previous year. Among them, the residential investment was 206.346 billion yuan, up 0.5%. The sales area of commercial housing in the year was 9.060300 square meters, down 3.9% from the previous year, of which the sales area of residential housing was 7.9686 million square meters, up 0.6%. At the end of the year, the area of commercial housing for sale was 4,746,500 square meters, of which the area of commercial residential housing for sale was 2,085,300 square meters. 24,000 units of affordable rental housing were raised throughout the year. ^[373]

Service industry

In 2023, the added value of Nanjing's service industry reached 1,117.465 billion yuan, an increase of 5.6% over the same period last year, and an increase of 3.4 percentage points over 2022. Among them, the value added of the information transmission software and information technology service industry increased by 6.5%, and that of the financial industry increased by 10.0%. From January to November, the city's service enterprises above designated size achieved business income of 731.749 billion yuan, an increase of 4.7%. Among them, information transmission software and information technology services increased by 5.1 percent, and scientific research and technology services increased by 1.5 percent. With the comprehensive normal operation of the economy and society, residents' living needs were further released, and the recovery of livelihood services accelerated. The operating income of leasing and business services, culture, sports and entertainment industry increased by 24.0% and 13.5%, respectively, the growth rate was 19.3 percentage points higher than that of the service industry. ^[362]

transportation

broadcast

EDITOR

highroad

Nanjing Street scene (7 photos)

Nanjing is a national comprehensive transportation hub and an international comprehensive transportation hub city approved by The State Council ^[89-90] . With Nanjing as the center, there are Ninghu, Ninggao, Ningzhen, Ningyang, Ningchu, Ninglian, Ningtong, Ningchao, Ninghe, Ningluo, Ningma, Ningxuan, Ningyan, Ninghuai, Ningbang-Ningchang, Ninghang and other high-grade highways radially leading to Jiangsu Province and its surrounding provinces and cities.

In 2023, the total amount of goods transported in Nanjing was 463,816,100 tons, an increase of 1.4% over the previous year; Cargo turnover was 437.41 billion tonne-kilometers, up 13.7 percent. Among them, the volume of road cargo transport increased by 5.1% over the previous year, the volume of water cargo transport decreased by 3.5%, and the volume of civil aviation cargo transport increased by 37.4%. The total number of passengers transported in the year was 156.9752 million, an increase of 82.0 percent over the previous year; Passenger transport turnover was 21.41 billion person-kilometers, up 100.2%. 14 rail transit lines (including 2 trams) have been built, with an operating mileage of 459.4 kilometers (including 16.71 kilometers of trams). The annual passenger volume of the subway reached 1.01 billion, an increase of 31.7% over the previous year. ^[373]

National highway	G25 The Changshen Expressway (including Nanjing - Hangzhou Expressway , Ninghuai Expressway , Ninglian Expressway )
	G36 Ningluo Expressway (including Ningmushui Expressway)		G2503 Nanjing Ring Expressway
	G40 Shanghai-shaanxi Expressway (including Ningtong Expressway , Ningyang Expressway The road, Yongliu Expressway , Ninghe Expressway )
	G42 Shanghai-chengdu Expressway (including Ninghu Expressway )		G3611 Nanjing - Xinyang Expressway
	G4211 Ningwu Expressway (including Ningma Expressway )		G4221 Shanghai-wu Expressway (including Lima Expressway )
	G4231 Nanjing - Jiujiang Expressway		G9904 Nanjing Metropolitan Circle loop highway ^[262]
Provincial expressway	S1 Ningyan Expressway	S2 Ningchang Expressway	S3 Ningguang Expressway	S6 Ninghuang Expressway
	S7 Ninh and Highway	S8 Ningchu Expressway	S47 Yilu Highway	S55 Ningxuan Expressway
	S68 Liwu Expressway	S87 Changshen high-speed Nanjing branch	S88 Nanjing Airport Expressway	Ningsuxu Expressway
The national road	National Highway 104	National Highway 205	National Highway 235	National Highway 312
	National Route 328	National Route 346	National Route 347	-
The coach station	Nanjing bus passenger Station	Nanjing Bus passenger transport South Station	Nanjing North Bus Station	Nanjing East coach Station
	Jiangning bus passenger station	Lishui bus passenger station	Gaochun bus passenger station	Nanjing Getang bus passenger station

railway

【 Subject article: Nanjing railway hub 】

Asia's largest comprehensive transport hub - Nanjing South Railway Station

Nanjing is an important national railway hub, connecting North, East and central China railway traffic of the main hub, the country Eastern region Railway transportation hub ^[91] It is an important interchange point of the north-south and east-west main lines in the national four-vertical and four-horizontal railway pattern ^[92] . By 2020, Nanjing has formed a railway pattern of "one ring road, two cross-eight lines, passenger and cargo lines", with a railway operating mileage of 476 kilometers, connecting Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Anqing, Hefei (Wuhan), Zhengzhou 6 directions ^[93-94] , The proportion of high-speed trains reaching provincial capitals in China ranks first with Shanghai and Beijing ^[279] .

There are major stations in Nanjing Nanjing Railway Station , Nanjing South Railway Station , Jiangning Railway station , Lishui Station , Xianlin Railway Station , Jiangning West Railway Station , Nanjing East Railway Station , besides New Nanjing North Railway Station Helukou air and rail intermodal transport hub station is under planning. Nanjing Station is a national railway hub and one of the top ten railway hubs in China ^[95] ; Nanjing South Railway Station is a national railway hub and the largest high-speed railway station in Asia ^[96] ; Nanjing East Railway Station is the largest marshalling station in East China and the 15th largest network marshalling station in the country ^[95] .

orientation	Station name	By rail
Main hub station	Nanjing Railway Station	Beijing-shanghai Railway , Ningzhou-wuhu railway , Ningxi Railway , Ningqi Railway , Shanghai-nanjing intercity railway
	Nanjing South Railway Station	Beijing-shanghai high-speed Railway , Ningzhou-hangzhou high-speed railway , Ningan high-speed railway , Ninghe high-speed railway , Shanghai-han-chengdu high-speed railway , Shanghai-nanjing high-speed railway along the Yangtze River , North Yanjiang high-speed rail (under construction)
	Nanjing North Railway Station (under construction)	North Yanjiang high-speed rail (under construction), Ninghuai intercity railway (Planning), NingbangIntercity (planning), Xinning Intercity (planning), Ningshu new railway (Planning)
	Xianlin Railway Station	Shanghai-nanjing intercity railway Ningbangintercity (Planning)
	Lukou Station (Planning)	Yangma Intercity Railway (planning), Ningxuanhuang high-speed railway (Planning)
Other auxiliary stations	Jiangning Railway station , Lishui Station , Jiangning West Railway Station , Liuhe railway Station , Gaochun Railway Station , Tangquan railway station , Longtan Station , Nanjing East Railway Station , Forest station , Zijinshan East Station , Jiangpu Railway Station Etc.

aviation

Nanjing Lukou International Airport

Nanjing is one of the earliest cities in China to establish civil aviation, and has built a total of 13 airports. The first airport was built by the National Government in 1912 Xiaoying airport In 1927 Ruins of Ming Palace Museum construct Ming Palace Airport It is a joint military and civilian airport ^[97] . The year 1929 University Field Airport Built as a training ground for the Chinese Air Force, it set up the largest firing range in the country at that time, was one of the largest aviation bases in Chinese history, and was also the best airport with the best facilities at that time, and was designated as the highest level of aviation terminal in China before the Anti-Japanese War ^[98] . It was opened in April 1931 at University Field Airfield Central aviation school Known as the cradle of the Chinese air force ^[99] . In 1934, the university field was officially opened as a military airport, and the Ming Palace was a civil airport. July 1956 Nanjing Civil Aviation moved to University Field Airport The campus was converted into a joint military and civilian use ^[100] . In July 1997 Nanjing Lukou International Airport Civil aviation was moved to Lukou, and the university field was retained as a military airport. In July 2015 Nanjing Saddle International Airport Opened, the University field airport as a whole moved here ^[101] .

Nanjing Lukou International Airport It is the gateway airport of Jiangsu Province and Nanjing, and is the main national trunk airport and a Class A aviation port ^[102] The main cargo airport in East China, and Shanghai Hongqiao Airport, Pudong Airport alternate airports, ranked among the ranks of China's 10 million large airports ^[103] It is a national large-scale hub airport, China air cargo center and express distribution center, and a national regional transportation hub ^[104] It has built a route network that radiates Asia, connects Europe and the United States, and reaches Australia ^[105] .

In addition, Nanjing also has Nanjing Saddle International Airport (civilian-military use), Tushan Airport ( Military airfield ) and Wakair Nanjing Laoshan Airport (China's first private heliport) ^[106] .

shipping

The largest inland port in Asia - the Port of Nanjing

Nanjing is an important shipping center in China ^[107] Yangtze River International shipping Logistics Center ^[108] . As early as The Three Kingdoms had military and commercial ports, Eastern Wu Dynasty During this period, it was already "a thousand miles across the river and the five continents"; Since the Yuan Dynasty, it is one of the ports for transporting grain from the south to the north. In the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He weighed anchor in the port of Nanjing, which became the base port for Zheng He's voyages to the West ^[109] . ^[110] .

Port of Nanjing It is an important hub of China's national comprehensive transportation system, an important national main hub port and a Class A port open to the outside world ^[111] It is a multi-functional river-sea port in East China and the Yangtze River basin for river-sea reloading, land and water transfer, cargo distribution and opening to the outside world ^[112] The Yangtze River Delta is the only port to achieve seamless docking of container rail and waterway ^[109] . With the completion of the 12.5-meter deep water channel project below Nanjing on the Yangtze River, the Port of Nanjing has become an international deep-water seaport with the deepest inland depth, and is also China's comprehensive sea-river transport hub connecting the world ^[113] .

subway

【 Subject article: Nanjing Metro 】

The predecessor of Nanjing subway can be traced back to the construction of the 33rd year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1907) Beijing Railway Nanjing was the first city in China to have an urban rail transit ^[114] . ^[115] . As of March 2024, Nanjing Metro has 13 lines and 226 stations, with a total length of 473 kilometers ^[116] ^[246] ^[363-364] Nanjing is the first city in China to open subway lines in all districts and counties, and the third city in China to open cross-city subway lines after Shanghai and Guangzhou ^[117] .

line	Start-stop station	Number of stations	mileage (km)	vehicle marshalling	Marker coloration	Nanjing metro line map
Nanjing Metro Line 1	Bagua Zhou Bridge South Station , China Pharmaceutical University Station	32	45.44	6A	Sky blue	As of March 2024
Nanjing Metro Line 2	Fish mouth station , Jing Tian Lu Station	30	43.35	6A	Date red
Nanjing Metro Line 3	Forest station , Hayzhou East Road station	29	44.9	6A	Light green
Nanjing Metro Line 4 installment	Longjiang Railway Station , Xianlin Lake Station	18	33.8	6B	Cyan and purple
Nanjing Metro Line 5	Ji Yin Avenue station , Wenjing Road Station	9	12.9	6A	Light yellow
Nanjing Metro Line 7	Sai Shan Bridge Station , Yingtian Street Station (South section)	19	13.84	6B	Dark green
Nanjing Metro Line 7	Shogunate West Road Station , Xian Xin Road station (Northern section)	19	13.84	6B	Dark green
Nanjing Metro Line 10 installment	Andermen railway station , Yushan Road Station	14	21.6	6A	champagne
Nanjing Metro Line S1	Nanjing South Railway Station , Airport New City Jiangning station	9	37.3	6B	turquoise
Nanjing Metro Line S3	Nanjing South Railway Station , Gaojiachong Station	19	36.22	6B	Pastel purple
Nanjing Metro Line S6	Maqun Station , Jurong Station	13	43.7	4B/6B	lilac
Nanjing Metro Line S7	Airport New City Jiangning station , No thought Hill Station	9	30.16	4B/6B	Thin red plum
Nanjing Metro Line S8	Yangtze River Bridge North Station , Jinniu Lake Station	19	47.27	4B	orange-yellow
Nanjing Metro Line S9	Xiangyu Road South Station , Gaochun Railway Station	6	52.4	3B/4B	Rattan yellow

Public transport

【 Subject article: Nanjing public transportation 】

Public transportation

Overlooking the Third Bridge of the Nanjing Yangtze River and the Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge

As of 2022, Nanjing has 1,450 bus lines ^[119] The ticket price is 2 yuan for a single ticket, and you can use the same adult bus card to transfer to a bus, subway or ferry within 90 minutes, and enjoy a discount of 1 yuan/time ^[120] .

taxi

As of 2022, Nanjing has four taxi fare standards: 11 yuan /3 km for ordinary cars and 2.4 yuan/km for reference; Mid-range car 11 yuan /2.5 km, 2.9 yuan/km; High-end car 11 yuan /2 km, 2.9 yuan/km; Pure electric vehicle 11 yuan /2.5 km, 2.9 yuan/km ^[121] .

tram

Nanjing Kirin tram

By 2022, Nanjing tram There are 2 lines. Nanjing Hexi tram Officially operated on August 1, 2014, it is the first interval in the world Overhead line network tram ^[118] China's first "stop charging" tram ^[122] The line is about 7.76 kilometers long and has 13 stations, including 4 subway transfer stations ^[123] . Nanjing Kirin tram Officially opened on October 31, 2017, the line is about 8.95 kilometers long and has 15 stations, including 1 subway transfer station ^[124] .

River crossing

ferry	Yongpo Line ( Zhongshan pier one Pukou wharf )	The Banqiao ferry	Yanba Line (Yanzi Rock Pier - Bagua Chau Pier)
ferry	Cotton Embankment Line (Cotton Embankment Pier - Flagstaff Pier)	Permanent line (Youheng Pier - Hongwei Pier)	Yantong Line (Swallow Rock Pier - Tongjiang Terminal)
Bridge	Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge	Nanjing Baguagzhou Yangtze River Bridge	Nanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge (Highway Bridge)
	Nanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge (Railway Bridge)	Qixia Mountain Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing	Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Yangtze River Bridge
	Nanjing Xinshengwei Yangtze River Bridge (under construction)	Longtan Yangtze River Bridge (under construction)	-
tunnel	Nanjing Yingtian Street Yangtze River tunnel	Nanjing Dinghuai men Yangtze River tunnel	Nanjing Yanzi Rock Changjiang Tunnel
tunnel	Nanjing Jianning Road Yangtze River tunnel (under construction)	-	-
subway	Nanjing Metro Line 3	Nanjing Metro Line 10	Nanjing Metro Line S3

Educational cause

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EDITOR

Ancient education

Jiangnan Gongyuan landmark building - Mingyuan building

Nanjing has been a city of worship and education since ancient times. Tianxia Literature Center The reputation of "the first school in Southeast China" ^[294] The earliest recorded school was established by Danyang Taishou in the sixth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (30 AD). As early as the Han Dynasty, Jiangdong private schools have been relatively developed. The government-run higher education in Nanjing began in Eastern Wu Dynasty. In the first year of Wu Yongan (258), Sun Xiuzhao was established Doctor of the Five Classics Founded Guoxue, Jin Jianwu first year (317) Sima Rui in Kien Kang Set up imperial school. In the Southern Song Dynasty, The Imperial School of Jiankang ( Imperial College of Nanjing It is divided into five science museums: literature, history, Confucianism, Metaphysics and Yin-yang. It is the first university in the world that integrates education and research. Jiangning Mansion in Song Dynasty Maoshan Academy It was the six major academies at that time. Ming Dynasty Nanjing Guozijian As the largest and highest university in the world, there are nearly 10,000 students, and students from Japan, Korea, Annan, Ryukyu and other countries study here. Ming and Qing dynasties Chongzheng Academy , Zhong Shan Academy Chongzheng Academy was the largest academy in Jiangnan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Jiangnan Industrial School was established. Jiangnan Martial Arts School , Jiangnan Lushi School , Jiangnan Shui School In 1884, the Presbyterian Church of the United States of America opened Mingde Academy in Nanjing ^[295] .

The former Site of Jinling University (Nanjing University Gulou Campus)

Nanjing is the starting point of modern Chinese education ^[296] At the end of the 19th century, the American Church opened the first batch of primary schools in Nanjing. In 1902, the 28th year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Sanjiang Normal School The attached secondary school (now South Division Affiliated High School It is the earliest public middle school in Nanjing ^[297] . By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 40 public primary schools and 10 private primary schools in Nanjing. In the eighth year of the Republic of China (1919), the affiliated Primary School of Southeast University opened a kindergarten. In the twelfth year of the Republic of China (1923), Chen Heqin Founded Drum Tower Kindergarten ( Nanjing Drum Tower Kindergarten It is the first experimental research center for early childhood education in China.

Basic education

By 2022, There are 270 middle schools in Nanjing with 302,500 students. There were 22 secondary vocational schools with 63,400 students. There are 15 special education schools with an enrollment of 200 thousand. 391 primary schools with 529,300 students; There are 1,047 kindergartens with 278,400 children in them. The standardization rate of compulsory education schools in the city reached 100% ^[293] .

Famous middle school : Nanjing Foreign Language School , South Division Affiliated High School , Jinling Middle School , Nanjing No. 1 Middle School , Zhonghua Middle School , Nanjing 29th Middle School , Nanjing thirteenth Middle School , Nanjing No. 9 Middle School , Ninghai secondary Etc.

Famous primary school : Lhasa Road primary , Elementary mechanics , Nanjing 琅琊路 Primary School , Fangcao Garden Primary School , Nanjing Yincheng Primary School , Jinling Huiwen School , South Normal University affiliated Primary School , Beijing East Road primary School , You Fuxi Street primary School Etc.

Higher education

Former Site of National Central University (Sipai Lou Campus of Southeast University)

Nanjing is the country's three major centers of higher education (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing). ^[298] Four national research and education centers ^[299] It is one of the top five cities with the most concentrated higher education resources in China ^[300] The comprehensive strength of science and education is second only to Beijing and Shanghai, ranking third in China ^[301] , there is Xianlin University Town , Jiangning University town , Pukou University Town , Lishui University Town and Nanjing Vocational College Park Five university towns ^[302] Nearly 200 academicians came out of Nanjing ^[303] .

In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period, the strength and level of Nanjing's higher education institutions developed rapidly, leading the country's higher education. The 14th Year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1888) Jinling University Founded, it is the only class A among Chinese missionary universities, and at that time, the society evaluated it as "the best missionary university in China" Cornell University Sister university ^[304] . The 28th year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1902) Sanjiang Normal School It is the largest and newest normal school after the implementation of new education in the late Qing Dynasty, and it is also one of the earliest normal schools established in modern China ^[305] . Qing Guangxu thirty-two years (1906) China's first overseas Chinese school -- Jinan School Founded, known as the "highest overseas Chinese university" said ^[306] . In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), China's first women's university -- Jinling Women's University found ^[307] . In the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915), China's first institution of higher learning to train water conservancy talents -- River and sea engineering school Founded and created the first water conservancy higher education in China ^[308] . The 24th year of the Republic of China (1935) China's first drama academy - National Academy of Drama It was the highest theater institution in China at that time ^[309] . Twenty-five years of the Republic of China (1936) China's first state-founded higher pharmaceutical institution - National Pharmacy Academy found ^[310] . In the thirty-fourth year of the Republic of China (1945), the National Conservatory of Music, one of the earliest musical institutions in China, was established in Nanjing ^[311] . In 1949, during the period of the Republic of China, China's highest university was the most complete and largest university in the university at that time National Central University It was renamed National Nanjing University ^[312] . The year 1952 Faculty adjustment National Nanjing University was split and reorganized, and the related departments transferred out were established or participated in the formation of dozens of colleges and universities as the main body, and developed into today Nanjing University , Southeast University , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing Normal University , Hohai University , Nanjing Forestry University , Northwestern Polytechnical University , The Fourth Military Medical University , East China University of Political Science and Law , Jiangnan University , Jiangsu University , Nanjing Tech University , Shanghai Institute of Physical Education , Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai Ocean University , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Shanghai University of Finance and Economics , Beijing Film Academy A series of institutions of higher learning have laid the foundation for today's Nanjing and even China's universities ^[313] . After 1995, 211 and Project 985 Started successively, Nanjing has 985 colleges and universities 2 ^[314] 211 universities 8 ^[315] The number is only second to Beijing and Shanghai, ranking third in China. Around 2000, many universities in Nanjing successfully established a group Secondary college After 2010, in order to promote and support the educational development of other cities in Jiangsu Province, most of the secondary colleges in Nanjing were relocated to other areas in Jiangsu Province, including Binjiang College, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (Moved to Wuxi), Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Moved to Taizhou), Southern College, Nanjing Forestry University (Moved to Huaian), Tongda College, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (Moved to Yangzhou), Kangda College, Nanjing Medical University (Moved to Lianyungang), North and Middle College, Nanjing Normal University (Moved to Danyang), Hongshan College, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics (Moved to Zhenjiang), Jinling College, Nanjing University (Moved to Suzhou), Chengxian College, Southeast University (Moved to Yangzhou), etc ^[316] , and in cooperation with the local government to build new including Hohai University Changzhou campus , Wuxi Branch of Southeast University , Taizhou College of Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College , Southeast University Suzhou Campus , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Liyang Campus , Huaian Campus, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing University of Science and Technology Jiangyin Campus , Nanjing University of Science and Technology Xuyi Campus, Donghai Campus, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing University Suzhou Campus Many colleges and universities have greatly improved the overall level of higher education in Jiangsu.

In 2009, Nanjing was ranked as the most educational-developing city in China ^[317] . In 2011, Nanjing ranked third in the list of major cities for higher education in China, after Beijing and Shanghai ^[318] . In 2018, Nanjing was ranked the third best student city in China ^[319] . ^[320] .

2023, Nanjing City There are 51 ordinary colleges and universities in the city (excluding military colleges and universities), with 799,400 students (excluding postgraduates), an increase of 21,700 over the previous year. There are 208,100 graduate students studying in colleges and universities and graduate training institutions in Nanning, an increase of 13,100 over the previous year. There were 277 middle schools in the city, with 316,900 students, an increase of 14,400 over the previous year; There were 22 secondary vocational schools, with 63,500 students, an increase of 0.01 million. There were 15 special education schools, with an enrollment of 0.2,400, an increase of 0.04,000; There were 391 primary schools with 565,700 students, an increase of 36,400; There were 1,031 kindergartens, with 251,100 children enrolled, a decrease of 27,300; Thirty kindergartens were renovated or expanded, and 12 compulsory education schools (campuses) were opened. The standardization rate of compulsory education schools in the city reached 100%. ^[373]

List of universities and colleges in Nanjing (68)
sort	List of universities
Undergraduate institution (28 schools) ^[11]	Nanjing University	Southeast University	Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
	Nanjing University of Science and Technology	Nanjing Tech University	Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
	Hohai University	Nanjing Forestry University	Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology
	Nanjing Agricultural University	Nanjing Medical University	Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
	China Pharmaceutical University	Nanjing Normal University	Nanjing University of Finance and Economics
	Jiangsu Police College	Nanjing Institute of Physical Education	Nanjing University of the Arts
	Nanjing Polytechnic University	Sanjiang University (people)	Nanjing Institute of Technology
	Nanjing Audit University	Nanjing Xiaozhuang College	Nanjing Teachers College of Special Education
	Nanjing Police College ^[334]	Jinling Institute of Science and Technology	Nanjing University of Communication (people)
	Jiangsu Second Normal College	-	-
	The institutions listed in bold are" Double first-class Building colleges and universities
Independent college (6 schools) ^[11]	Chengxian College, Southeast University	Hongshan College, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics	Zijin College, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Independent college (6 schools) ^[11]	Jincheng College, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics	Pujiang College, Nanjing University of Technology	Jinxian College, Nanjing Audit University
Junior college (18 schools) ^[11]	Jiangsu Vocational and Technical College of Economy and Trade	Jiangsu United Vocational and Technical College	Jiangsu Maritime Vocational and Technical College
	Ying Tian vocational and technical College (people)	Nanjing Polytechnic of Transportation	Nanjing Vocational College of Science and Technology
	Zhengde Vocational and technical College (people)	Zhong Shan Vocational and Technical College (people)	Kinken Vocational and Technical College (people)
	Nanjing Railway Technical College	Nanjing Polytechnic of Information Technology	Nanjing Vocational College of Visual Arts (people)
	Jiangsu City Vocational College	Nanjing City Vocational College	Nanjing Mechanical and electrical vocational technical College
	Nanjing Vocational College of Tourism	Jiangsu Health Vocational College	Jiangsu Judicial police Vocational College ^[341]
	The institutions listed in bold are" Double first-class in higher vocational education Building colleges and universities
Adult college (6 schools) ^[11]	Nanjing United Workers' University	First Staff University of the Air Force	Jiangsu Open University
Adult college (6 schools) ^[11]	Jiangsu Provincial Administrative Cadre College	Nanjing Open University	Jiangsu Youth Management Cadre College
Military academy (6 schools)	PLA Army Command College (Deputy rank)		Head of the Chinese People's Liberation Army
	PLA Naval Command College (Deputy rank)		Head of the People's Liberation Army Navy
	PLA Army Engineering University (Deputy rank)		Head of the Chinese People's Liberation Army
	College of Political Science, National Defense University, PLA (Sub-Grand Army district level)		Head of Central Military Commission
	PLA National University of Defense Technology Nanjing Campus (military level)		Head of Central Military Commission
	PLA Army Artillery Air Defense Academy Nanjing Campus (Vice military level)		Head of the Chinese People's Liberation Army
Religious college (4 schools) ^[321]	Jinling Union Theological Seminary	Jiangsu Theological Seminary	Qixia Mountain Branch of Buddhist Academy of China
Religious college (4 schools) ^[321]	Jiangsu Nizhong Buddhist College	-	-

Social undertaking

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EDITOR

Science and technology

Nanjing is an important national research center and one of the three major research centers in China ^[125] The projects hosted by Nanjing universities and research institutes have won first prizes in the three National Science and Technology Awards. In 1987, Nanjing was approved as a pilot city for the reform of the national science and technology system, and it is the only city in China that undertakes the mission of exploring the reform of the science and technology innovation system ^[126] . In 2014, Nanjing University ranked 2nd among Chinese research institutions with high-quality scientific research output ^[127] . Nanjing ranked third in China's top 10 cities for scientific research output in 2015, second only to Beijing and Shanghai ^[128] . 2018 edition Natural index Among the top 50 global research cities, Nanjing ranks 12th in the world and 3rd in China ^[129] . According to the 2018 China Innovation City Evaluation report, Nanjing's overall Innovation Index ranks fourth in China, second only to Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai, and belongs to the first echelon city ^[130] . In 2019, the Chinese Academy of Sciences released the top 20 Global Urban Basic Frontier Research Monitoring Index, and Nanjing ranked 14th in the world and 3rd in China ^[131] . In the 2020 China Smart City Index report, Nanjing ranks No. 3 among China's top 10 cities for AI innovation. According to the Global Innovation Index released by the United Nations in 2020, Nanjing ranks 21st in the world and 4th in China ^[132] . In the 2020 China Urban High-quality Development Report, Nanjing's innovation index ranks third in China, only second to Beijing and Shenzhen ^[133] . In the ranking of China's Urban Science and Technology Innovation Development Index in 2020, Nanjing ranks fourth in China, only second to the North and Shenzhen ^[134] , one higher than the previous year ^[135] . In 2020, the Chinese Academy of Sciences released the top 20 Global Urban Basic Frontier Research Monitoring Index, and Nanjing ranked 9th in the world and 3rd in China, advancing 5 places in the global ranking compared with the previous year ^[136] . Among the top 20 global research cities in the Nature Index from 2020 to 2022, Nanjing has ranked 8th in the world and 3rd in China for three consecutive years ^[14] . In 2023, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the Institute of Scientific and Technological Information of China respectively released the top 100 list of national urban innovation ability, and Nanjing ranked fourth in China, second only to Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen ^[286] . In 2023, "2023 Nature Index - Research City", Nanjing ranked 6th in the world and 3rd in China, up 2 places from the previous year ^[354] .

In 2023, Nanjing has 93 key laboratories above the provincial level, of which 33 are national-level. It has 629 engineering technology research centers above the provincial level, and 82 new ones. A total of 2.34 million square meters of silicon alley in the city have been built and put into use, gathering 519 high-tech enterprises, 929 technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises, and 3,841 settled enterprises.

In 2023, the proportion of research and development expenditure of the whole society in Nanjing's gross domestic product exceeded 3.82%, and the output value of high-tech industries accounted for 57.1% of the industrial output value above designated size. During the effective period, the total number of high-tech enterprises exceeded 10,000, and 23,569 technology-based smes were put into storage, an increase of 16.8%. There were 376 new research and development institutions at the municipal level, and the annual revenue of new research and development institutions at the municipal level and their associated enterprises was 56.25 billion yuan. ^[373]

Network communication

Nanjing is one of the four largest cloud data centers in China ^[137] Five regional communication hubs in China, eight backbone network nodes of China Telecom, and one of the ten national Internet backbone direct link cities ^[138] . Selected as the first batch in October 2019 5G commercial use List of cities ^[139] .

News media

Nanjing Museum, one of the three major museums in China

Nanjing public radio and television media has Jiangsu Radio and Television Group ( Jiangsu Radio and Television General Station ) and Nanjing Radio and Television Group ( Nanjing Radio and Television Station Among them, Nanjing Radio and Television Group is the first Chinese sub-provincial city radio and television group approved by China's State Administration of Radio, Film and Television ^[290] . In 2007, Nanjing's" Yangtse Evening Post Its circulation in China is second only to that of Reference News and People's Daily, ranking 21st in the world ^[140] . Between 2011 and 2019, Phoenix Publishing Media Group Its economic scale has ranked first in China's publishing industry for 8 consecutive years, and sixth in the "World's Top 50 Publishing Industry". Between 2012 and 2019, Yilin Publishing House The economic scale has ranked first among similar publishing houses in China for 7 consecutive years, and it is the professional publishing house with the most brand influence in the field of Sino-foreign literary exchange ^[141] .

Cultural undertaking

By 2022, Nanjing There are 14 cultural centers, 15 public libraries, 101 cultural stations, 74 museums, and 146 cultural industrial parks at or above the municipal level, including 12 at the national level, 31 at the provincial level, and 103 at the municipal level. There were 1,887 cultural enterprises above designated size, and it was preliminarily estimated that the added value of the cultural industry accounted for 6.62% of GDP ^[293] .

Nanjing famous cultural venues
museum	Nanjing Museum (One of the three major museums in China)	The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders The first batch List of national Anti-Japanese War memorial facilities and sites )
	Nanjing General Museum	Chinese Imperial Examination Museum	Yuhuatai Martyrs Memorial Hall
	Museum of Modern Chinese History	Yunjin Museum, Nanjing, China	China Arctic Pavilion Meteorological Museum
	China Supply and Marketing Association Museum	Communist Party of China delegation Meiyuan New village Memorial Hall	China Gold Leaf Art Museum
	China Fingerprint Museum	Chinese Agricultural Civilization Museum	Chinese Academy History Exhibition Hall
	Nanjing Geological Museum	Nanjing Folk Museum	Nanjing City Wall Museum
	Nanjing Museum of Paleontology	Nanjing Jiangnan Silk Culture Museum	Nanjing anti-Japanese Aviation Martyrs Memorial Hall
	Museum of the Six Dynasties	Jiangning Weaving Museum	Taiping Heavenly Kingdom History Museum
	Venues in bold in the above list are First-class national museum
Library	Nanjing Library (The third largest library in China, the fourth largest library in Asia, National first-class library)		Jinling Library (National First-class Library)
other venue	The Second Historical Archives of China The central National Archives of the State Archives Administration of China, the only two central national archives in China ^[285] )
	Jiangsu Provincial Art Museum The first national art museum in China, the beginning of the development of the National Art Museum, the national key Art Museum ^[284] )
	Zhongshan Botanical Garden China's first national botanical garden, one of the four major botanical gardens in China ^[283] )
	Purple Mountain Observatory The first modern astronomy research institution established by China itself is known as "the cradle of modern astronomy in China". ^[282] )
	Jiangsu Grand Theatre The largest modern grand theater in China and the largest theater complex in Asia ^[281] )

Medical and health care

Nanjing medicine has a long history, the late Han Dynasty Nanjing medicine reputation in the east of the river. During the Six Dynasties, the skillful medical warlock was famous in the court and the country. In the next year of the Southern Qi Dynasty, the "six diseases Museum" was established, which was the prototype of the ancient hospital of traditional Chinese medicine. Nanjing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, has a hospital. The Qing Dynasty Nanjing medical practitioners gathered, for the history of the most. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, hospitals were set up to treat patients with Chinese and western methods ^[142] .

Nanjing is an important national medical center and an important base for the research and development of new drugs in China. There are 9 undergraduate colleges and universities in Nanjing with bioeconomy-related majors or research institutes, and 14 national key laboratories in the field of bioeconomy. Set up 31 public technical service platforms, covering drug screening, animal experiments, pharmacodynamics, preparation technology, safety evaluation, clinical trials, generic manufacturing and many other fields, has formed a "valley, a town and three parks" ^[280] .

In 2018, the total number of class 1 and 2 new drugs accepted by the Drug evaluation Center of the State Drug Administration in Nanjing ranked third in the country ^[143] . The year 2020 COVID-19 pandemic It took 49 days from receiving the first patient to discharge the last case, and Nanjing became the first big city to achieve zero patients ^[144] ; To support Hubei and Wuhan, Nanjing sent 998 medical workers, ranking first in China's vice-provincial and provincial capitals ^[145] . In 2021, the National Regional TCM (pediatric) diagnosis and treatment Center will be listed in Nanjing ^[146] . In May 2023, Nanjing was identified by the Ministry of Finance and the State Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine as one of the central financial support for traditional Chinese medicine inheritance and innovation development demonstration pilot project cities ^[350-351] .

As of 2022, Nanjing has Eastern Theater General Hospital , Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital , Gulou Hospital , Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Zhongda Hospital affiliated to Southeast University , Nanjing First Hospital A total of more than 30 first-class hospitals, with 3,607 health institutions. Among them, there are 429 hospitals, community health service centers and health centers, 14 maternal and child health centers (stations), and 4 specialized disease prevention and control hospitals (stations). It is estimated that all kinds of health institutions in the city have 70,700 beds, including hospitals, community health service centers and health centers 68,500. There were 108,300 health technicians, including 40,600 practicing (including assistant) physicians and 49,500 registered nurses. ^[293]

By the end of 2023, Nanjing had 3,846 health institutions. Among them, there are 443 hospitals, community health service centers and health centers, 14 maternal and child health care centers (stations), and 4 specialized disease prevention and control centers (stations). There are 72,495 beds in all kinds of health institutions in the city, including 70,290 in hospitals, community health service centers and health centers. There were 112,700 health technicians, including 42,300 practicing (including assistant) physicians and 51,500 registered nurses. ^[373]

Social security

By the end of 2023, 3,754,100 enterprise employees in Nanjing were covered by basic pension insurance, 5,490,500 urban employees by basic medical insurance, 3,505,500 by unemployment insurance, 3,901 million by work-related injury insurance, and 3,629,500 by maternity insurance. A total of 42,500 urban and rural residents (18,700 in urban areas and 23,800 in rural areas) enjoyed minimum living allowances. Urban and rural subsistence allowances will be raised to 1,050 yuan per month. ^[373]

Sports cause

Nanjing Olympic Sports Center

Nanjing is the birthplace of modern sports in China ^[147] In 1910, the first National Games were held in the history of China ^[148] In November of the same year, the first marathon in Chinese history was held ^[149] ", China" Three questions about the Olympic Games "Asked in Nanjing ^[150] 1924 Chinese Olympic Committee The predecessor of China National Sports Association In Nanjing Southeast University Set up ^[151] . China's first Olympic team trained, assembled and set off in Nanjing, the birthplace of China's Olympic dream ^[152] It is one of the cities in modern history that has made the greatest contribution to China's participation in the Olympic cause in China Olympic Games In history, Nanjing has an irreplaceable position ^[153] .

It was held in 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games follow Beijing Olympic Games Later, China hosted another major Olympic event, the Youth Olympic Games for the first time in China, and also the second time that China hosted the Olympic Games ^[154] The holding of the Youth Olympic Games has made Nanjing a Greater China The second city after Beijing to receive more than 200 countries and regions ^[155] . In the 2015 list of the most sports-active cities in China, Nanjing ranked third, second only to Beijing and Shanghai ^[156] . In the top 100 list of global sports influence published by SPORTCAL, an authoritative British sports market intelligence research and service agency, in 2018, Nanjing ranked 10th in the world and 2nd in China, second only to Beijing ^[157] .

Main venue : Nanjing Olympic Sports Center , Wutaishan Sports Center , Youth Olympic Sports Park , Nanjing Institute of Physical Education ( Central Stadium ), Nanjing Longjiang Gymnasium , Nanjing National Fitness Center , Jiangning Sports Center , Lishui Sports Center , Gaochun Sports Center Etc.

Major team : Jiangsu Football Clubs , Nanjing Tongxi Great Saint Club Etc.

Some national level and above competitions hosted by Nanjing (excluding provincial and municipal competitions below the national level)
name	date	Main stadium
First session in 1910 National Games of the Republic of China China's earliest national games ^[158] )	October 18-22, 1910	Nanjing Nanyang Quanye Field
The fifth session in 1933 National Games of the Republic of China	October 10-20, 1933	Central Stadium
Third session in 1988 National university Games	25 to 31 August 1988	Wutaishan Gymnasium
Third session in 1995 National city Games	22-30 October 1995	Wutaishan Gymnasium
The year 2003 The 6th National Para Games	17 to 23 September 2003	Wutaishan Gymnasium
The year 2005 10th Games of the People's Republic of China	12 to 23 October 2005	Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
2006 Stankovic Intercontinental Basketball Championship	11 to 15 August 2006	Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
The year 2008 The Diamond Cup Intercontinental basketball game	29 July to 1 August 2008	Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
The year 2011 East Asian men's Basketball Championship	10 to 15 June 2011	Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
2013 Nanjing Asian Youth Games	16-24 August 2013	Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games	August 16-28, 2014	Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
2016 World Speed Skating Championships ^[159]	September 10-18, 2016	Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park
2017 Women's Volleyball World Grand Prix final ^[160]	August 2 to 6, 2017	Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
2017 World Roller Skating Championships	August 25 to September 10, 2017	Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park
2017 FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championship ^[161-162]	July 11-16, 2017	Nanjing Tangshan Beach Sports Park
2018 FIVB Beach Volleyball U19 World Championships ^[163]	July 10-15, 2018	Nanjing Tangshan Beach Sports Park
2018 World Badminton Championships ^[164]	July 30 to August 5, 2018	Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park
2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup ^[165]	From August 31 to September 15, 2019	Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park
2020 World Indoor Athletics Championships ^[166-167] ^[263]	March 2025	Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park

History and culture

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EDITOR

Language

【 Subject article: Nanjing dialect 】

Most parts of Nanjing are accessible Nanjing mandarin , Gaochun District Most, Lishui District Southern dialects are spoken Wu dialect .

Nanjing dialect has been the official language of China for a long time in history. Before the six dynasties, the Wudi dialect was used in Nanjing area. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a large number of Central Plains intellectuals moved south and brought the Central Plains elegant sound to Nanjing, integrating some local sounds to form the intellectuals Jinling Yayin It has become the representative sound of the Middle Chinese phonology, and its influence is far away from Japan. Wu Yin That's where it comes from. Jinling Yayan has been established as the standard pronunciation of Chinese as the orthodox inheritance of the ancient Central Plains Yayan, and has had a profound influence on the form of Chinese language until today. Coupled with the cultural superiority consciousness of the Han people since the six dynasties, the official standard language of China before the middle of the Qing Dynasty was based on Nanjing Mandarin ^[169] . The Chinese language taught and used in neighboring countries such as Japan, Korea, and Vietnam is also Nanjing Mandarin. The Western missionaries who came to China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties used Nanjing Mandarin as the standard Chinese, and the Ming missionary Mai Jiahu said that "Nanjing dialect is the main brain of each dialect". ^[170] . When Yongle moved the capital to Beijing, Nanjing Mandarin influenced and changed the Beijing dialect with a large number of people moving into Beijing, forming the prototype of Beijing Mandarin and modern Mandarin ^[171] . In the early years of the Republic of China, the "Chinese Pronunciation Association" presided over by Western missionaries also took Nanjing pronunciation as the standard. For a long time, Nanjing dialect has been praised for its elegant, fluent, cadence and unique status ^[170] .

diet

Style of cuisine

【 Subject article: Portulaca oleracea 】

Jinling snacks

Nanjing cuisine is famous for Jinling cuisine, which refers to the cuisine centered in Nanjing and extending to Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, and is one of the four representative dishes of Jiangsu cuisine. Jinling cuisine originated in the pre-Qin dynasty, Qu Yuan in the late Warring States period recorded the Jinling cuisine at that time, Sui and Tang Dynasties have been famous, to the Ming and Qing dynasties into schools, the Republic of China to the peak, the Republic of China cuisine enjoys a high reputation, there are" Jingsu cuisine Said, by the upper class of celebrities and dignitaries love, how many famous families are all proud of the "Beijing Su feast" ^[172] .

The four famous dishes in Jinling include Egg shaomai , Gorgeous liver , Phoenix-tailed shrimp , Squirrel fish Nanjing three stew is clear Braised pork chop Vegetable core, chicken fu, Jinling three forks is Roasted duck with fork , Grilled mandarin fish with forks , Fork pastry And shrimp with egg white, bacon with pine nuts and duck in Jinling sauce, Nanjing braised duck , Salted duck Etc., there are "drought eight", "drought eight", "drought eight", "drought eight", and "drought eight". Water eight delicacies Etc. ^[173] .

snack

【 Subject article: Jinling snacks 】

Jinling snacks rank among the best in China Four major snacks First, the main concentration areas are East Old Gate , Confucius Temple , The Lion Bridge Etc. Nanjing big brand , Yin's chicken soup bun , Lotus Lake cake shop , Willow House Etc., there are special snacks The Qin and Huai rivers are the eight greatest , Duck blood vermicelli soup , Steamed bun , Boiled shreds , Skin tripe noodles , Wishful back brine dry , Mixed tofu waterlogging , Beef pot stickers , Number one bean , Spiced egg , Live bead , Fermented bean curd , Roast duck bun , Jinling sliced duck , Nannong roast chicken , Sweet osmanthus taro seedlings , Dongshan old goose Etc. ^[174] .

religion

Qixia Temple

Nanjing has Taoism , Buddhism , Christianity , Catholicism , Islam The Five Great Religions. Taoism in Nanjing has a long history and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese Taoism ^[175] . Nanjing is one of the earliest areas to spread Buddhist culture in China, and has been the center of Buddhist culture in China since ancient times Three treatises , Fayan school The birthplace of the Buddhist sect ^[176] It is also a center for the revival, dissemination and research of modern Chinese Buddhist culture ^[177] . Jinling engraved classics It is not only the world's only publishing center of Chinese woodcut Buddhist sutras ^[178] It is also the birthplace of Chinese Buddhism and reform thought ^[179] . Nanjing is one of the national centers of Christianity in China ^[180] The China Christian Research Center is located in Nanjing ^[181] , there is Jinling Theological Seminary and Jiangsu Theological Seminary Two theological schools, the Amity Foundation, a Christian social service organization, and the Amity Printing Company, the world's largest Bible printing company, are located in Nanjing ^[182] . The history of Catholicism in Nanjing began more than four hundred years ago Matteo Ricci Stone Drum Road Catholic Church is Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nanjing The Cathedral of ^[183] With Nanjing as the center, the Archdiocese of Nanjing covers a vast area and has jurisdiction over 6 dioceses. Nanjing is the "Renaissance" of the Hui people birthplace It has an important influence on the development of Chinese Hui culture, and most of the Hui people in Nanjing belong to The Gedimu School . (For details, see [ Nanjing culture Religion

Folk custom

The main folk activities in Nanjing are Lantern Festival, Qingming outing, Dragon Boat Festival tour Qinhuai, Mid-Autumn Festival full moon touch autumn, Double Ninth summit, Laba Festival porridge, Xiaonian to welcome the God of wealth and so on.

(For space reasons, see [ Nanjing culture Folklore

literature

Nanjing is Literary capital of the world The first "Literary Museum" in Chinese history and the first monograph on poetry theory and criticism in China Grades of poetry The first literary theory and criticism monograph A literary mind and a dragon ", the first children's enlightenment book" Thousand character And the earliest extant collection of poems Selected articles of Zhaoming All of them were born in Nanjing, and more than 10,000 literary works in the history of Chinese literature are closely related to Nanjing. " A Dream in Red Mansions "" Compendium of Materia Medica "" Yongle Grand Festival "" The outer history of Confucian scholars Such masterpieces are inseparable from Nanjing. In modern times, Lu Xun , Barking , Zhu Ziqing , Yu Pingbo , Zhang Henshui , Eileen Chang Other literary giants are also inextricably linked to Nanjing, American writers Pearl Buck The Good Earth, a masterpiece that won the Nobel Prize in Literature, was written in Nanjing. "Nanjing Writers Group" is the first literary creation group named after a city in contemporary Chinese literary circle. More than 60 foreign literary works have been translated into Chinese in Nanjing, and Nanjing has always been an important hub for literary exchanges between China and foreign countries, as well as a bridgehead for traditional Chinese literary masterpieces to the world stage ^[141] .

Painting and calligraphy

Nanjing is an important town of Chinese painting and calligraphy. During the Six Dynasties Wang Xizhi Gu Kaizhi and other calligraphy and painting people. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Nanjing once produced Jinling eight and Jinling nine sons And form The Jinling School of Painting ^[184] . In the 1930s, famous artists such as Lv Fengzi, Xu Beihong, Zhang Daqian, Yan Wenliang, Lv Sibai, Chen Zhifo, Gao Jianfu, Pan Yuliang and Pang Xunqin gathered in Nanjing New Jinling painting School Among them, Xu Beihong, Zhang Shuqi and Liu Zigu are known as the "best artists" in the painting world. The three heroes of Jinling ". In the modern calligraphy and painting circle, there are 12 famous Nanjing painters and calligraphers known as Twelve houses in Jinling . In the middle and late 20th century, there appeared four Jinling heroes of the "New Jinling Flower and bird School" - Li Weiqing, Zhao Lianghan, Han Shaoying and Zhang Zhengyin ^[185] .

quyi

Nanjing White Bureau (8 photos)

The local folk arts in Nanjing are Nanjing White Bureau , Nanjing vernacular , Nanjing Pinghua , Gao Chun Yang cavity eye even play , Liuhe Hongshan opera Etc. ^[186] .

MUSICIANS

Jinling Qin School It is an important school of Chinese guqin art, which has a great influence on many qin schools in the later generations. It originates from the royal music officials in the Ming Dynasty. The performance techniques are dignified and solemn, elegant and detached wind without losing the characteristics of rigorous and standardized, showing the royal style ^[187] Is a national intangible cultural heritage ^[188] . " jasmine "Is a folk song of Nanjing, originated in Nanjing The six directions (in ancient China) "Flower Tune", which has been sung by the folk for a hundred years, has a high reputation at home and abroad and is widely praised in the world. It is one of the representative elements of Chinese culture. Because of its special status, it is known as "China's second national anthem". ^[189] . In addition to Gaochun folk song " Red diamond "Planting Seedlings in May", six songs" Flower tone "" Leave the music on the left Etc. ^[186] .

Dance

National intangible cultural heritage - Luoshan Dragon

The traditional dances of Nanjing are Luoshan Big Dragon , Dongba big horse lantern , Jumping sparrow , Jiangpu Hand lion , Gao Chun Quintuple run , Bay North pony lantern dance, Qixia dragon dance , Long Lu carrying dragon , Lion dance on the high platform of Copper Mountain , Dongba Pei bridge stilts , Dragonchant Cart A surname Ta She Huo , leapfrog , arhat Bamboo town stilts, etc., are intangible cultural heritage ^[188] .

technology

The first of China's four famous brocade - Nanjing brocade

There are many kinds of handicrafts in Nanjing Nanjing brocade , Jinling gold leaf , Nanjing velvet , Carved velvet , Nanjing antique ivory carving , Jinling folding fan , Nanjing wood carving , Nanjing paper-cut , Bamboo carving in Jinling Etc. ^[186] .

Cultural heritage

As of 2022, Nanjing has four Intangible cultural heritage of humanity Items ( Guqin Art (Jinling Qin School) , Nanjing brocade weaving skills , Jinling engraving printing technique , China Paper cutting (Nanjing Paper cutting) ), 11 national intangible cultural heritage projects, 64 Jiangsu Province and 70 Nanjing intangible cultural heritage projects, with high artistic value, symbolizing the most developed handmade manufacturing industry in Nanjing history ^[190] .

Origin of geographical names

Nanjing districts had "city" and "county", "state" "jing" "county," "the capital" "special city" "municipality directly under the central government" "provincial" "cities under separate state planning" "deputy provincial city" and so on different levels of administrative organizational system. Nanjing has so many names, not only in China, but also in the world is rare, and there are official names explicitly determined in the name of the government Jinling , hayfield , A surname , Ripening of lake , Jianye County , Stone city , Yangzhou, Danyang , Dan Yang, Jiangning , Jianye, Kien Kang , Golden City, Jiangzhou , state ( Seungju ), naturalized, Bai Xia , Upper unit The western capital, the remaining capital, the secondary capital, Kikhanh , Ying Tian , Nanjing, Beijing, Southern capital , Tianjing There are more than 30 folk customary titles, such as Heaven, Heaven, capital Special City, Beijing, etc Yecheng , Overstepping the city walls , 虎踞龙盘 , Emperor City, Kinin , Shangguo, ShangBeijing, Beautiful places in southern China Jingyi, White Gate, Imperial Capital, Wu Jing, Dili, The first prefecture of Jiangnan There are more than 40 of them, including Jiangcheng, Nanguo, Xingdu, Nanzhong, Nanzhong, Xindu, Xinjing, Qinhuai, Zhongshan, etc. The change of system and the variety of names reflect the rise and fall of Nanjing's historical development ^[19] .

In the twenty-eighth year of Yuan to Zheng, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtianfu with the title of Daming and set Nanjing in Yingtianfu, which was the beginning of the name "Nanjing" ^[19] .

City symbol

Civic spirit: open, honest, honest, caritas Liberal arts, entrepreneurship and innovation ^[259]

City Tree: cedar

City Flower: Plum blossom

City song:" jasmine "

Tourist Signs: The dragon is curled and the tiger is seated ^[168]

Scenic spot

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As of 2022, Nanjing has World cultural heritage 1 item (9 points), Preliminary list of World Cultural Heritage in China 2 items, National key cultural relics protection units 55 places (112 points), Jiangsu Province cultural relics protection unit 114 (126 points), 516 (591 points) of cultural relics under municipal or above protection, 2 national historical and cultural blocks, 9 provincial historical and cultural blocks, and 3 national historical and cultural towns (villages); It received 108 million tourists from home and abroad, with a total revenue of 213.045 billion yuan ^[293] .

	Related attractions	Representative scenic spot pictures
A trip through history	Platform city , Jiming Temple , Xuanwu Lake , White Horse Park , Gulin Park , Qingliang Mountain , Stone city , Mochou Lake , Imperial palace , Qixia Mountain , Two Tombs of the Southern Tang Dynasty , Liuhe Literary Temple , Chunning Mausoleum , Anning Mausoleum , Yingling , Wan 'an Mausoleum , Yongning Mausoleum , Tomb of the King of the sea , Xianning Mausoleum , Stone carving of Yongning Mausoleum , Stone carving of Xiao Hong's tomb , Zhangku village tomb stone carving , Olongtan , Gaochun Old Street , Yao Xu old Street , Yangliu village ancient building group , She village buildings of Ming and Qing dynasties , Lacquer bridge ancient village , Nanjing Man Cave Etc.	Gaochun Old Street
The Great Ming Dynasty	Ming mausoleum , Ming Dynasty City Wall , Ming Palace , Xuanwu Lake , drum-tower , Yuejiang Tower , Zhonghua Gate , Natural bridge , Rouge River , Cooling door , Grimace City , Yi Fengmen Gate , Shinsengmen , Platform city , Wumiao Sluice , Lake Biwa , forelake , Zhongshan Gate , The Afternoon Gate Park , Donghuamen , Xian Gate , Yangshan tablet , Jinghai Temple , Imperial Concubine Palace , Longjiangbao Shipyard , Tomb of the king of Boni , Tomb of Zheng He , Hongbao Tomb , Ming culture village , Nanjing Zhenghe Treasure Boat Site Park , Pagoda of eternal Life Etc.	Yuejiang Tower
Republic of China architectural tour	Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum , Presidential palace , Yihe Road mansion area , Meiling Palace , bandstand , Zhongshan pier , Pukou Railway Station , Shimonoseki Railway Station , Former site of the original National government , Gulou Hospital , Central Hotel , Yisen Bridge , The Second Historical Archives of China , The old site of Chung-ang University , The former site of Jinling University , Jinling Women's College The former Site, Motivational club The former Site, Memorial Hall of Dr. Sun Yat-sen , Jiangnan Shui School , Chiang Kai-shek Tangshan hot spring villa , Mei Yuan New Village , Nanjing 1912 , Depository of Buddhist Sutras , Wang Jingwei mansion site , Marshall House , Nanjing Huadong Hotel , Fuchang Hotel Etc.	Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Religious and cultural tour	Great Reward Temple , Jiming Temple , Qixia Temple , Linggoksa , Pilu temple , Foding Temple , Niushou Mountain cultural tourism area , Xuanzang Temple , Dingshan Temple , Dinglin Temple , Jianchu Temple , Jinling engraved classics , Geumgu Am , Hongjue Temple , No-wonder temple , Baoshengji , Zhenru Zen Temple , Jingjue Temple , Huiji Temple , Lingam Zen Temple , Seven Buddhist temples , Tenkai Temple , Waquan Temple , Takasuji , Daorate temple , Bliss Temple , Qingliang Temple , Gurim Temple , Temple of Fragrant Forest , Tenlong Temple , Great Immortal Temple , Guan Wang Temple , Yumen Imperial Palace , Tripartite view , Cave Temple , Kizang Temple , Palace of the Queen of Heaven , Kwangtakuji , Changlu Temple , Mount Tai Temple , Longquan Zen Temple , Jiufeng Zen Temple , Fengyou Temple, Mingyin Temple , Donglu Guanyin Temple , Lake Mosque Etc.	Religious and cultural tour (3 photos)
Qinhuai style tour	Fuzi Temple Qinhuai scenic belt , Confucius Temple , East Old Gate , Tribute houses in Jiangnan , Black Yi Lane , A surname , Yuyuan , Mustard field , The former residence of Gan Xi , Lao Menci , Wang Xie Gu , East Water Pass , Momobadu , Egret Chau Park , The Delightful Pavilion , Dabao En Temple site Park , Former residence of Master Qin , The former residence of Li Xiangjun , Wu Jingzi's former residence , Shen Wansan's former residence , Hooped bucket lane , Long stem bridge Etc.	Fuzi Temple Qinhuai scenic belt
Nature science tour	Zhongshan Botanical Garden , Nanjing Underwater World , Hongshan Forest Zoo , Nanjing Homo erectus fossil Site Park , Nanjing Museum of Paleontology , Nanjing Geological Museum , China Arctic Pavilion Meteorological Museum , Purple Mountain Observatory , Nanjing National Defense Park , Jiangsu Radio and Television Tower , Nanjing Science and Technology Museum , Nanjing Turtle and Turtle Museum of Nature , Nanjing Earthquake Science Museum , Nanjing Yuhua Stone Museum , China Gold Leaf Art Museum Etc.	Nanjing Radio and Television Tower
Cultural Expo tour	Nanjing Museum , Nanjing Museum , Chinese Imperial Examination Museum , Museum of Modern Chinese History , Museum of the Six Dynasties , Nanjing Library , Jiangsu Provincial Art Museum , Jinling Library , Nanjing Yun Brocade Museum , Nanjing City Wall Museum , Taiping Heavenly Kingdom History Museum , Nanjing planning and construction exhibition Hall , Nanjing Folk Museum , Nanjing Jiangning Museum , Jiangning Weaving Museum , Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Museum , Nanjing Zhiqing Memorial Hall , Qiuyushan Cultural Hall of Fame , Gong Xian Memorial Hall , Lu Xun Memorial Hall , Lin Sanzhi Memorial Hall , Fu Baoshi Memorial Hall , Nanjing University History Museum Etc.	Nanjing Museum (Chaotian Palace)
Red Tour	The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders , Terrace of the Raining Flowers , Chinese delegation Meiyuan New village Memorial Hall , Crossing the river victory Memorial Hall ( New Nanjing River crossing victory Memorial Hall ), Crossing the river victory Monument , Nanjing anti-Japanese Aviation Martyrs Memorial Hall , Jinghai Temple "Nanjing Treaty" historical data exhibition hall , Rabe and the International Security Zone Memorial , Hengshan County anti-Japanese democratic government site Etc.	The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders
Riverside style tour	Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , The second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , Nanjing Yangtze River third Bridge , Nanjing Yangtze River fourth Bridge , Sierra Leone , Nanjing Eye , Nanjing Youth Olympic Center , Nanjing Olympic Sports Center , Jiangsu Grand Theatre , Green Expo Park , Midriver bar , shogunyama ( Guanyinge Temple , Toutai Cave , Ertae-dong , Santae-dong ), Swallow Promonade , Bagua Chau , Nanjing Binjiang scenic zone , Greenwater Bay Wetland Park Etc.	Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
Travel holiday tour	Tangshan hot spring tourism resort , Gaochun International Slow City tourist resort , Yukshan hot spring , Laoshan National Forest Park , Youzishan National Forest Park , No thought Mountain National Forest Park , Gaochun Gucheng Lake ecological scenic spot in Nanjing , Wujiazui tropical style valley Etc.	Nanjing Gingko Lake International Golf Club
Natural beauty tour	Shitangjia , Shitang bamboo Sea , Pearl Spring , The peach Garden of the world , Nian River , Zhimaling Mountain , Hometown of educated youth , Fu Jiabian , Nanjing Rose Garden , Chrysanthemum Terrace Park , Jiangxinzhou Folk Village , Jiangshan Scenic spot , Hirayama Forest Park Etc.	Shitangjia

Local specialty

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sort	list
food	Yuhua tea	Salted duck	Live bead	Dragon robe crab roe soup bun
	Sweet-scented tripe	Jinling roast duck	Gucheng Lake hairy crab	Hong blue jade ribbon cake
	Tian Jia tea	The green mountains and the green spiruochun	The jade sword of Urabashi	Xingdian Halal Roast duck
engineering	Nanjing brocade	Yuhua Stone	Jinling folding fan	Nanjing antique ivory carving
	Jinling gold leaf	Nanjing velvet	Carved velvet	Feather tribute fan
	Old street cloth shoes	Jinling ward off evil spirits	Slow city leaf painting	Bamboo carving in Jinling
	Gaochun ceramics	Nanjing wood carving	-	-

External communication

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Sister city

International sister city			Domestic sister city
city	Home country	Closing date	city	Province or autonomous region	Closing date
Nagoya City (severed ties)	Japan	December 21, 1978 - February 2012 ^[193]	Urumqi	Xinjiang	April 5, 1984
St. Louis	America	November 2, 1979	Nanchang	Jiangxi (Province)	December 16, 1985
Florence	Italy	February 22, 1980	Nanning	Guangxi	December 16, 1985
Eindhoven	Netherlands	October 9, 1985	Taiyuan	Shanxi (Province)	October 9, 1986
Leipzig	Germany	May 21, 1988	Xi 'an	Shaanxi (Province)	May 21, 1987
Mexicali	Mexico	October 14, 1991	Zhengzhou	Henan (Province)	May 12, 1988
Limassol	Cyprus	September 23, 1992	Xiamen (in Fujian Province)	Fujian (Province)	October 1992
field	Korea	14 November 1994	Ordos	Inner Mongolia	September 1998
London	Canada	May 7, 1997	Lanzhou (capital of Gansu Province)	Gansu (Province)	26 August 2002
Perth	Australia	18 May 1998	Guangzhou	Kwangtung	July 8, 2008
Bloemfontein	Republic of South Africa	22 March 2000	Harbin	Amur River	April 14, 2009
Barranquilla	Colombia	June 3, 2001	New Taipei	Taiwan	July 4, 2009 ^[194]
The city of Malacca	Malaysia	18 September 2002	-
Bandar Seri Begawan City	Brunei	November 21, 2011
Windhoek	Namibia	September 6, 2015
Mogilev	Belarus	September 27, 2016 ^[195]
Concepcion	Chile	May 26, 2018
Bien Hoa	Vietnam	May 26, 2018
Siem Reap	Cambodia	May 26, 2018
Shiraz	Iran	July 25, 2018
Semarang	Indonesia	October 24, 2018 ^[196]
Akka	Israel	January 2019
Kathmandu	Nepal	October 14, 2019 ^[197]
Hentiy	Mongolia	July 7, 2002 ^[251]
Birmingham	Britain	July 7, 2002 ^[251]
Reference materials: ^[198-200]

Sister town

For more information about the friendly cities in each district of Nanjing, please refer to the section "Foreign Exchanges" "Column.

Famous person

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age	type	list
Ancient times	Number one scholar	Luying , Ye Zuqia , Yu Li , Wu Qian , Zhang Xiaoxiang , Huang Guan , Jiao Hong , Zhu Zhifan , Circle round , Yuan Shi , Prose quality , Yin Feng , Dong Yongsui , Hu Renyu , Great Scholar Qin , Huang Siyong , Ashi Moto Tadao Ren Changhua (the first Hui exploration in China ^[191] ), Fu Shanxiang The only female champion in China ^[192] )
	Emperor	Sun Liang , A surname , Sun Hao , Sima Yan , Sima Yue , Sima Dan , Simapi , Sima Yi , Sima Yu , Sima Yao , Sima Dezong , Sima Dewen , Liu Shao , Liu Jun , Liu Ziye , Liu Yu , Liu Yu , Liu Zhun , Xiao Ze , Xiao Baozhen , Xiao Baorong , Xiao Yan , Xiao Gang , Xiao Yi , Chen Bozong , Chen Qian , Chen Xu , Li Yu , Zhu Di , Zhu Yunwen , Zhu Gaochi
	culture	Baozhi , Wang Changling , Xu Xi , tremendous , Jin Cong , Xu Zhonglin , Gu Qiyuan , Yu 楍 , Shen Fuzong , Liu Zhi , Cao Xueqin , Great Scholar Qin , Deng Tingzhen
	science	Zu Chongzhi , Tao Hongjing , Wang Zhenyi
Modern times	military-political-commercial	Liao Luyan , Li Ruhong , Stern teaching , Guo Jinlong , Zhang Guiping , Dong Mingzhu , Yang Xiaochao , Pan Yue , Lu Shaye , Wu Zhenglong ^[250]
	culture	Shi Liangcai , Lin Sanzhi , Tang Guizhang , Hu Xiaoshi , Guo Bingwen , Gan Tao , Chen Yuguang , Yu Guangzhong , Feng Lihuan , Wu Jinglian , Li Yining , Ye Zhaoyan , Chen Weiya , Wang Shuo
	science	Zhang Jianzhai , Zhang Dongliang , Yu Dayfu , Zhou Ren , Gao Yisheng , Li Guoling , Yang Liming , Zhang Pang , Ye Zhizheng , Gu Zhiwei , Wu Liangyong , Zhao Renkai , Jiang Xikui , Hu Hesheng , Ding Henggao , Zhong Nanshan, a prominent Chinese expert in respiratory diseases (and a hero of the 2003 fight against SARS) , Liu Yongtan , Son Jong-soo , Huang Ru
	Physical education	Luan Jujie , Xu Rong , Hu Xinggang , Yang Yang , Zhao Ruirui , Xiao Qin , Wu Lei
	entertainment	Hai Thanh , Mei Ting , Ni Ni , Yang Zishan , Yan Yidan , Zu Feng , Xiong Delin , hackberry , Jiang Zixin , Chen Bicge , Dai Feifei , Tao Zeru , Gao Haining , Feng Xianzhen , Wu Wenjing , The monarch , Wang Bozhao , Ma Junqin , Zhou Zhou , Xuan Lu , Huang Tingting , Sun Ning , Gong Mi , Xu Xiyan , Shen Danping , Zhao Yuanyuan , Stand side by side , Chen Ziyan , Kinning , Zhou Ziyan , Tang Xin , Hu Xiaoyue , Ding Wei , Zhang Doudou , Li Yingying , Ma Xiaoyuan , Qian Liuyin

Honorary title

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honor	Ranking/Lot	Awarded time
"2023 China's Happiest City" (Provincial capital and planned city)	-	November 2023 ^[353]
2023 Nature Index - Research City ranked 6th	-	November 2023 ^[352]
National low-carbon pilot excellent city	-	July 2023 ^[328]
"New first-tier City" selected by "City Business Charm Ranking" in 2023	-	June 2023 ^[333]
Top 100 cities in China with innovation capability	4th (North depth only)	February 15, 2023 ^[286]
National Innovation City Innovation ability index	2nd (Shenzhen only)	February 15, 2023 ^[287]
Nature Index 2022 - Ranking of research cities	8th in the world and 3rd in China	November 2022 ^[260]
Top 10 global research cities	8th in the world and 3rd in China	September 2021 ^[244]
Top 20 research cities in the world	8th in the world and 3rd in China	September 2020 ^[14]
Top 100 cities in Asia	11th in Asia and 5th in China	August 2020 ^[15]
Ranking of high-quality development of Chinese cities	5th (only Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen )	August 2020 ^[133] ^[201]
Overall ranking of business environment in Chinese cities	sixth	June 2020 ^[202]
China city Science and technology innovation development index	5th (only second to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen)	January 2020 ^[203]
National ecological garden city	-	January 22, 2020 ^[204-205]
Literary capital of the world	Only in China	October 2019 ^[206-207]
Global Cities Index report	中国大陆第5	May 2019 ^[208-209]
Best travel destination in the world	Fifth in the world and only in China	In March 2019 ^[210-211]
Top 50 research cities in the world	12th in the world and 3rd in China	November 2018 ^[129]
International peace city	Only in China	September 2017 ^[212]
Roller skating capital of the world	Unique in the world	February 2016 ^[213]
China Well-off Society Construction Demonstration Award	first	October 2015 ^[214]
National comprehensive transport service demonstration city	First batch	In August 2015 ^[215]
China's most promising city for development	third	In March 2015 ^[216]
China's most cultural soft power city	first	In November 2014 ^[217-218]
Chinese city network image ranking	second	June 2014 ^[219]
World 2013 City Conference Industry development city ranking	third	In May 2014 ^[220]
China's urban Infrastructure Competitiveness Index ranking	5th (only Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen )	In April 2014
China's most attractive city for investment	fourth	January 2014
China's happiest city	third	December 2013 ^[221]
China's best image city	second	December 2013
National forest city	-	September 2013 ^[222]
Top 10 cities in China with Internet image	second	May 2013 ^[223]
World famous hot spring city	-	October 2012 ^[224]
China's happiest city	second	July 2012
National demonstration city for intellectual property work	First batch	June 2012 ^[225]
Top 200 most attractive cities in the world	-	January 2012 ^[226]
China's happiest city	Gold medal	December 2011
International Garden City	Category E Gold Award (Highest award)	November 2011
Top ten civilized cities in China	second	October 2011
Top 10 best cities to live in China	first	January 2011
China's best international image city	The 3rd (only after Beijing and Shanghai)	October 2010
Top ten leisure cities in China	third	October 2010 ^[227]
Famous software city in China	China's first	September 2010 ^[228]
Triple play Pilot city	First batch	July 2010 ^[229]
National innovative city	-	January 2010
Pilot city for comprehensive reform of science and technology system	sole	In May 2009
National informatization and industrialization integration experimental zone	First batch	In March 2019 ^[327]
National civilized city	-	January 2009
United Nations Habitat Award	Special Honorable mention	In November 2008 ^[230]
China's top ten characteristic leisure cities	first	The year 2008
China Habitat Environment Award	-	The year 2008 ^[231]
National greening model city	-	November 2007 ^[232]
福布斯中国大陆最佳商业城市100强	third	September 2007 ^[233]
Safest city in the country	third	September 2007 ^[234-235]
National health city	-	Since 2003 ^[237]
National environmental protection model city	-	The year 2003 ^[238-239]
China's excellent tourist city	First batch	The year 1999
National garden city	-	Since 1997 ^[236]
National double support model city	-	Since 1991 ^[240]

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