Western Asia, Asia The west, since Afghanistan to Türkiye It is to contact and communicate with Asia, Europe and Africa Atlantic , The Indian Ocean the hinge . ^[1]

The Black Sea Come in and go out Mediterranean The portal of Turkish strait , The Strait of Hormuz is The Persian Gulf Important export, shipping is very busy.

Suez Canal and Red Sea It's from Asia and Africa Demarcation line Have communicated The Indian Ocean and Mediterranean .

Most of the climate is dry, water is scarce, many areas Annual precipitation Less than 200 mm, the terrain is dominated by plateau. Here's the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea The coast is a famous oil producing region, and West Asia is one of the most volatile regions. ^[1-2]

Chinese name: A surname
Foreign name: Western Asia
alias: Western Asia , Southwest Asia
weft: 12°35'N-43°34'N
longitude: 26°16'E-74°56'E
Economic growth rate: 3.8% (2012)
Total GDP: ￥18.82 trillion (2012)

Per capita GDP: ￥79178 (2012)
Number of countries: 20 (inclusive) Palestine )
Area category: district
Scope of ownership: Asia
Area product: Approximately 7,237,587 km²
Main terrain type: Plateau and mountain
Climatic type: Tropical desert climate, Mediterranean climate, temperate continental climate

catalogue

Geography

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EDITOR

West Asia is not only the union of Asia, Europe and Africa, but also human beings Ancient civilization One of the birthplace; Ancient Babylon (i.e. Mesopotamian civilization In the Mesopotamian plains of present-day Iraq; Islam, Christianity, Judaism Equal universal sum regional The birthplace of religion. In recent history colonialism , imperialism The division of the great powers made the ethnic, linguistic, religious, territorial and border issues in this region quite complicated. For many years it has been the subject of political unrest between two peoples or groups of states, or between peoples within a state Blasting fuse Coupled with the insertion and control of external pressure, it is more complicated. The root causes of a series of problems, development processes and trends in the West Asia region are related to it.

Radius

Western Asia Administrative region

West Asia includes Iranian plateau , Arabian Peninsula , The Mesopotamian plains , Asia Minor Peninsula , Levant .

From the borough, including Iran , Iraq , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Armenia , Türkiye , Syria , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Qatar , Yemen , Oman , United Arab Emirates , Kuwait , Lebanon , Cyprus , Afghanistan 20 countries in total. ( Egypt Asiatic Sinai Peninsula Is not part of Western Asia, while Turkey's part of Europe is part of Western Asia)

area

It covers an area of 7,237,600 square kilometers (excluding West Asia) Sinai Peninsula Including Turkey's territory in Europe), accounting for about 16% of Asia's total area.

Longitude and latitude The value ranges from 12° 35’n to 43° 34’n, and from 26° 16’e to 74° 56’e.

The terrain of the two districts is mainly plateau, The Tropic of Cancer Over the middle; Subtropical high pressure belt Honortheast Trade-wind zone Alternating control, hot and dry desert cloth; Agriculture mainly depends on irrigation, mountain oasis can be grazing; Winter precipitation Mediterranean, West Asia and North Africa Uniformly distributed.

position

Famous overland trade routes in ancient times." Silk Road "That is, starting from Xi 'an, China, along Hexi Corridor Out of Xinjiang, through Central Asia , West Asia, to Europe. West Asia has railways, roads and International aviation The line connects the rest of Asia, Europe and Africa In addition to controlling the sea traffic arteries.

landform

The terrain is mainly plateau, central The Mesopotamian plains (also known as two river basin), the soil is fertile, irrigation is convenient, and agriculture is developed. The eastern part of Western Asia Iranian plateau To the west Armenia Volcanic plateaus and Peninsulas of Asia Minor The Anatolian Highlands Are all surrounded by the Alps - Himalayan movement The period formed by folded mountains surrounded the inland plateau, which Marginal distribution There are many tall mountains. The southwest of the Arabian Peninsula is a region composed of The Precambrian Period Old land Forming a platform plateau. The plain area is not large, mainly Mesopotamia plain and the Transcaucasian Kura Valley plain. In geological history, the West Asian Plateau has been many times Volcanic activity , forming a large area of Lava platform . There are numerous volcanic distributions, subject to Neotectonic movement The impact of modern volcanoes and Seismic activity It's also quite frequent. External geomorphology aridity Aeolian sand landform Mainly, the desert is widely distributed.

climate

Climate of western Asia

Much of Western Asia has little rainfall and a dry climate, Water shortage Grasslands and deserts are widely spread. In the dry environment, people here developed animal husbandry and Irrigated agriculture . The Tropic of Cancer runs through the center of the district, and most of the area is in Subtropical high And dry Northeast trade wind Under control, at the same time, the southwest of the region is facing drought North Africa In addition, the edge of the plateau is surrounded by tall mountains, so the climate is dry, and many genera Tropical desert climate . There is little precipitation and strong evaporation. Annual precipitation is mostly below 250 mm, and precipitation areas generally do not exceed 500 mm, only the mountainous and Mediterranean coastal areas are more abundant in precipitation.

Mediterranean The east coast has a Mediterranean climate with rain in winter and dry summer. Places such as the Arabian Peninsula have little rainfall and are world famous for their dryness Climatic province . Due to precipitation and terrain constraints, the region's inland watersheds and Arheic region The area is large, Surface runoff Poor, River network It's sparse. In addition to The Euphrates River with The Tigris River Most of them are short rivers, most of which originate from the mountainous areas on the edge of the plateau and are supplied by glacial snowmelt water, with small river water volume and significant seasonal changes.

vegetation

Natural vegetation Mainly tropical and subtropical deserts and semi-deserts ( Desert steppe ), sparse vegetation with few species and significant drought tolerance characteristics; Developed root system, Succulent stem Spiculate leaves, mostly dwarf and cushion shrubs, perennial Ephemeral plant And perennial pseudoephemeral plants. Forests are mainly distributed in the windy and rainy mountains. The land surface is mostly bare, and the oases with abundant water plants are mostly distributed in the areas with sufficient water such as the coastal lowlands and the banks of dry riverbeds, and the date palm forest growing on the oases is its special landscape.

Natural resources

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EDITOR

Petroleum resources

Petroleum resources in west Asia

West Asia is the region with the most abundant oil reserves, the largest output and the largest export volume in the world, and has the title of "world oil treasure house". West Asia's oil reserves account for more than half of the world's total oil reserves and production accounts for the world's oil Total output Exports account for about half of the world's total exports. More than 90% of the oil produced in West Asia is exported, mainly to the United States, Western Europe And Japan.

West Asian oil is mainly distributed in The Persian Gulf And its coastal areas, Saudi Arabia , Iran , Kuwait , Iraq and United Arab Emirates It is an important oil producer. Some countries have become rich by exporting oil. The Persian Gulf and its coastal areas, the seabed and the two river basins are the world's famous large oil fields, with the Persian Gulf as the center is a huge oil belt; Greater Caucasus Mountains Below, The Black Sea Nearby is the capital of Azerbaijan Baku For the main mining.

West Asia has large oil reserves, shallow burial, oiliness Good, easy to mine. The formation of oil and its Geological structure Closely related, Persian Gulf region The geological structure of the Lianghe basin is new Fold mountain system the Marginal depression Zone, Oil storage structure Good; At the same time, long warm Marine environment For a large number Marine organism Providing the right conditions for growth, the remains of Marine life sink to the bottom of the sea and become oil-producing Organic matter The source, through a complex biochemical process, gradually changed to oil. Other minerals are chromium, copper, antimony, manganese, iron and apatite Let's wait.

Oil export

On September 10, 1960, Iraq , Iran , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and Venezuela The five countries decided to gang up against it Occidental Petroleum corporation , maintenance of oil revenues, was declared established on 14 November, 6 November Opec (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) in United Nations Secretariat Filing and becoming an official international organization. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC or "Opec") is headquartered in the United States Austria capital Vienna Currently there are 12 member states (The current 12 member states are: Saudi Arabia Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Libya , Nigeria , Algeria , Angola , Ecuador , Venezuela). Its purpose is to coordinate and unify the oil policies of member States and to determine the most appropriate means to safeguard their respective and common interests. Its members hold 75% of the world's oil reserves, Crude oil production It accounts for 40% of the world's crude oil production and 60% of the world's crude oil exports. After the establishment of the organization, after a tireless struggle, its member states recaptured the formulation Oil price And control of oil production rights.

Oil Reserves in selected countries of West Asia (2009)
nation	Oil reserves (billion barrels)	Ranking first in the world
Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦	2646	1
Iran 🇮🇷	1370	3
Iraq 🇮🇶	1150	4
Kuwait 🇰🇼	1015	5
United Arab Emirates 🇦🇪	987	6

Note: 1ton is about 7 barrels

Economic development

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EDITOR

According to its economic characteristics can be divided into two kinds Economic type Oil exporting countries and non-oil exporting countries. Oil exporting countries include Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Bahrain , Kuwait , Iraq , Iran and Oman The other 8 countries are oil countries Economic lifeline The oil industry is in Gross national product , National income And the value of exports Absolute advantage . And the construction industry, haulage , Processing industry And commerce are based on oil production. After the war, the economy grew very quickly. Gross national product per capita In the forefront of the world. sole Economic structure Often suffer International market Especially the impact of the energy market, for which countries are adjusting Economic development strategy And gradually diversify.

Labor resources Insufficient, a large number of foreign workers and technicians enter from abroad every year, becoming important in the world Labor market . State enterprise Mainly, various economic components coexist. The economies of non-oil exporting countries are dominated by agriculture and animal husbandry. Mining industry The processing industry is weak, play Geographical position Advantages, in the transportation, processing and provision of labor services quite oil profits, and charged high transit fees, to obtain considerable income. Ex officio countries Development level There's a big gap.

pomegranate

West Asia has a long history of agricultural development Climatic effect , Irrigated agriculture The status is important. The main Food crop Wheat, barley, beans The second is millet, paddy Let's wait. Cash crop Cotton, tobacco, beet Let's wait. Livestock products and dry and fresh fruits are important export products, such as Date palm , hazel A surname Pistachio Azuki , pomegranate , olive , Purple lamb, Ankara Goats, etc. The cultivated land is concentrated in the coastal, river valley and oasis areas, and the grasslands and pastures in the mountains and plateaus Animal husbandry Main. The self-sufficiency rate of agricultural products is low, and it has become one of the main import areas of agricultural and animal husbandry products in the world.

Traffic artery

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EDITOR

Since ancient times, West Asia has been the main road of communication between the East and the West. " Silk Road "By Xi 'an, China, along Hexi Corridor Out of Xinjiang, Jing Pakistan From West Asia to Europe. West Asia is overland except to the west International aviation Lines connect three continents outside, communicate Mediterranean and Red Sea the Suez Canal Also connected Atlantic and The Indian Ocean . The channel to the northwest is The Black Sea The only way to the Mediterranean outfall . southern The Persian Gulf Is the world Oil transportation The main waterway, while The Strait of Hormuz , Bab el-Mandeb Strait It is the "choke point" on the sea oil transport route. Therefore, West Asia is a modern land, sea and air region connecting three continents and two oceans and five seas Transportation hub Zone, Strategic position It's very important.

Religious belief

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EDITOR

West Asia is Islam, Christianity and Judaism The birthplace of... The majority of the population is Islamic. It pairs Social development And has a profound impact on people's lives. The main religion of Jews is Judaism. Islam, Christianity and Judaism will all Jerusalem Worship as The Holy City . Mecca It's the holy city of Islam.

Partition introduction

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EDITOR

Iranian plateau Region, Arabian Peninsula District, The Mesopotamian plains , Mediterranean East coast region, West Asia plateau region Caucasus Mountains district

Iranian plateau

An isolated mountain plateau

Iran Plateau map

Including the inland plateau and its surrounding mountains, mainly by the north and south sides of the marginal mountains and the middle plateau basin. Its marginal mountains belong to the Alps - Himalaya Folded mountain Yes. Divided into two branches, North branch There are mainly The Alburz Mountains The Coppeter Mountains and The Hindu Kush Mountains ; The southern branch mainly has Zagros mountains , The Moklan Mountains , Kiltal mountains And extend into the east The Suleyman Mountains . Iranian plateau Between north and south Central Asia Plain sum Arabian Sea Between its bay and the west Armenian plateau and The Mesopotamian plains , East to Indian peninsula zonal Thar desert It is 2,500 kilometers long from east to west and 1,500 kilometers wide from north to south, with an area of about 2.7 million Square kilometer Most of them belong to Iran, a small part belong to Iran Afghanistan , Pakistan Wait for the country.

The mountains surrounding the Iranian plateau are high and steep, especially The Hindu Kush Mountains And the Zagros Mountains, altitude All above 3000 meters, the snow-covered mountains are tall and continuous, very spectacular.

The dry Iranian climate

Iran plateau climate mainly genera Subtropical arid and semi-arid climate It has the characteristics of significant continental nature, large temperature difference, and high precipitation in winter and spring, so it is called Iranian-style climate. The southern margin is Tropical arid climate .

Iranian plateau

The Iranian plateau is basically Subtropical high pressure belt And northeast Trade-wind zone The high terrain, air flow from the dry inland, and the interior of the plateau is basin-like, resulting in a prominent climate in this region: significant continental, cool in winter and hot in summer, Annual range Large. The average annual precipitation is 400 mm, most areas are below 200 mm, the central plateau is less than 100 mm, only in the marginal mountains, especially the windward side of the precipitation is more. The Alburz Mountains North slope and Caspian Sea Along the coast Annual precipitation Often more than 1000 mm, is the most abundant precipitation region; The annual rainfall in the northwestern and western mountains is between 500 and 750 mm. precipitation Spatial distribution From north to south, from west to east, from the mountains to Inland basin A gradual decline.

Vast inland basins

The closed terrain and the lack of rainfall allow for the formation of vast areas on the Iranian plateau indraft District (including Arheic region The internal flow and no flow area account for about 2/3 of its total area. There are no real rivers on the plateau, River length Not a huge one, Basin area Limited. The water level of the river is small and the water level is seasonal Interannual variation They're big, lots Seasonal stream Become prominent in the area Hydrological characteristics . The interior of the plateau is basically Region of inward flow And no flow zone, Inland river Most of them originate from the inner side of the mountain on the edge of the plateau and flow Inland lowland . Helmand Originate from Kabul West Pagman Mountain, flowing southwest Sabari Lake With a total length of 1,110 km, it is the Iranian plateau Longest river For the inland river, mainly by the mountain melt Snow water And winter rain supplies, Max Volume of runoff Spring floods can occur in the dry lowlands during the spring or late spring. The rest larger Internal river There are Heri River, Khalil River, Kur River and so on. Efferent stream Most of them are distributed in the outer side of the mountain on the edge of the plateau, all of them are very short and the basin area is very small. The longest outflow river is Karun Originate from Zagros mountain , flows southwest, in Abadan Nearby import Shatt al-Arab With a total length of 550 kilometers, it has certain navigable value. In addition, there are some smaller outflow rivers into Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman , The Persian Gulf . The famous lakes are Lake Sabari, Lake Namak, etc., which are inland Saltwater lake .

vegetation

Natural vegetation - The soil is mainly subtropical Desert steppe Desert and podzol , Brown calcic soil and Desert soil Series, Natural landscape mostly semi-desert Desert landscape. The whole inland plateau is basically semi-desert and desert, with sparse vegetation, few plant species, and sparse short grass and fleshy, thorny shrubs with developed roots. Forest area Very few, only about 10%, in the Southern Caspian lowlands the northern slopes of the Elburz Mountains are heavily forested Broad-leaved forest In the western part of the Zagros Mountains there are sparser forests in the mountains Forest zone There's a bunch of them Mountain steppe .

Natural resources

In order to Mineral resources The most abundant. Oil, Natural gas reserves The oil is mainly distributed in the southwest foot of the Zagros Mountain, that is, it is new in structure Fold mountain The frontal depression area, oil storage structure is good, has Proved reserves More than 10 billion tons, yes Southwest Asia As well Asia And the world's major oil producers. Iron ore is also very rich, mainly concentrated in the northern mountain areas, such as Kerman Bamian and other places, large reserves, high grade. Copper, chromium, lead, zinc and other deposits are also considerable. The land consists mainly of various grasslands suitable for grazing, Arable land Less, less than 1/5 of the total area, insufficient water to make grassland Stocking capacity It's very low.

Arabian Peninsula

World's largest peninsula

The Persian Gulf

Arabian Peninsula is located in the southwest corner of Asia, is the world's largest peninsula, north of the Gulf of Aqaba - the Shatt al-Arab estuary line as the border, northeast of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, southeast of the Arabian Sea, the south Aden , west septum Red Sea with African continent Look at each other. It is roughly between 12° ~ 30° north latitude, 35° ~ 60° east longitude, about 2240 kilometers long from north to south, about 1200 to 1900 kilometers wide from east to west, with a total area of about 3.22 million square kilometers. significant Physical geography Features: The old block forms a platform type plateau terrain; A hot, arid tropical climate; Large no-flow area; Tropical desert The landscape. These features are a striking reflection of the Arabian Peninsula Geographical environment the wholeness To make it a distinctive Natural area It also shows obvious inter-regional differences with other regions in Southwest Asia. Because most of the residents here believe in Islam, mainly Arab, universal Arabic Hence the name Arabian Peninsula.

Old mesa plateau

Geologically, the Arabian Peninsula was originally Gondwana Part of Miocene Epoch Since then, the extension to the northwest has formed the Red Sea -- The Gulf of Aqaba - Jordan Rift zone It stretches northeast to form the Gulf of Aden, making Arabian plate with African plate Separate (only Suez Canal Zone base), and dive in a counter-clockwise direction Eurasian plate Below; Meanwhile, on the southwestern coast of the Gulf of Oman, there is a tectonic plate subduction It forms the Hajar Mountain Range (Mount Sham is 3,352 meters above sea level). The peninsula terrane is ancient, and the basement is mainly proterozoic Crystalline rock , in ancient crystalline rocks and Volcanic rock The foundation is covered with Paleozoic Era Mesozoic sedimentary rock, except a few areas, the vast area in Tectonic movement The sedimentary strata remain basically flat or nearly level Monoclinal structure And did not experience large fold changes.

Tropical arid climate

The Arabian Peninsula is located in the tropics, Solar radiation Intense, year-round tropical continent Air mass Control, the plateau peninsula around the more is high montanously The plateau and hot areas are rarely affected by the moist air mass of the ocean, so the tropical arid climate here has a very strong continental nature, very hot and dry with little rain. One of the hottest places in the world. Peninsular year Mean air temperature All above 20℃, most thermidor The average temperature in July exceeds 30 ° C, and the average temperature in January, the coldest month, is also higher than 10 ° C, mostly between 15 and 24 ° C. It's hotter in the south, like Aden at the southern tip of the peninsula, Annual mean temperature It is 28.9 ° C, 32.5 ° C in July, 25.4 ° C in January, and the average monthly temperature exceeds 30 ° C in four or five months. Peninsular absolute Maximum air temperature Often 50 ~ 55℃ high temperature. peninsula The temperature varies from year to year It is very large, generally above 15 ° C, and can reach about 20 ° C in some places. The Arabian Peninsula is dry with little rain. The peninsula receives very little precipitation, with most areas receiving less than 100 mm per year. The peninsula has little precipitation and strong evaporation, Surface water It's very poor. The water system is very agenesis Most of the area is no flow area. Basically no perennial rivers and lakes, rivers are mostly dry rivers, dry river beds only in rare heavy rain or a short time after a rainstorm within a certain amount of water, formed Intermittent stream . Although some of these can still be seen on the peninsula Modern climate - A wide and deep river valley whose hydrology is grossly disproportionate, but which is not a product of today's climate paleogeography Chronological comparison Humid climate A masterpiece.

The dry rivers on the Arabian Peninsula can be roughly divided into two types of internal and external dry rivers, of which the elders can reach thousands of kilometers. In some parts of the ancient sea trace, there are still a small number of saltwater lakes and Marsh wetland .

landscape

The natural landscape of the peninsula is mainly desert and semi-desert (desert steppe) landscape, in addition Oasis landscape .

The Neff Desert

1. Dry desert - tropical Desert landscape Mainly distributed in The Rub al-Khali Desert , The Neff Desert And the Dagena Desert.

Dahana-type desert: prevailing Northeast trade wind , Physical weathering Strong, fine sand is blown Adjacent region The earth's surface is mostly rich Iron oxide Hardness of gravel And it is divided by dune area with different width and narrow, which is no flow area. The surface vegetation is extremely sparse.

Nevid-type desert: Wind deposition The surface is formed by continuous sand dunes and Dune chain Formed into a sandy plateau. The Great Neff Desert The sand is white and red, Little Neff Desert Mostly white sand. There is also very little vegetation here, after the rainy season, some plants begin to grow here, green grass, grow Pulsatilla pulsatilla , tamarisk Wait for plants.

Akaf-type desert: an active dune area composed of fine sand, most of which are not fixed and move with the wind, mainly distributed in the western and southern parts of the Rub al-Khali Desert, with little vegetation and only some desert growth Pioneer plant .

Hala-type desert: a desert composed of lava surfaces, which is affected by lava fields Wind erosion And the formation, the ground crinkling rugged, sharp peaks, for special Rock desert The landscape.

Sugar Cane

Plants are scarce in the desert, except for local oases, the vast areas only grow sparse vegetation or barren land with no grass, sand and soil Stony soil Such desert soil is representativeness The soil, the landscape is extremely monotonous.

2. The desert grassland landscape is mainly distributed in the edge of the peninsula and the desert edge, and the natural vegetation is drought-tolerant steppe Mainly, many shrubs.

3. Oasis landscape in the Arabian Peninsula oasis distribution is more common, but the total area is not large, in the desert and Coastal zone Scattered distribution, here the water resources condition is better, mostly for the groundwater overflow zone or through the excavation of the well canal irrigation zone. In these areas with better water conditions, vegetation is verdant and growing Date palm , acacia , The Arabian acacia Tamarisk, Tamarisk, etc. In addition, oases and other fertile areas can grow a variety of grains, fruits and vegetables, and in some areas rice. Rich in water and heat resources Yemen Coastal area Tropical plant Lush, can grow coffee, sugar cane, etc Tropical cash crop .

Mineral resources Abundant, especially near the "sea of oil" The Persian Gulf It has the richest oil and natural gas reserves in the world. Most other resources are poor, especially water resources are extremely poor, there is little arable land, forests and other Plant resources Less, for development Agricultural production Very unfavorable.

The Mesopotamian plains

Yanghe Alluvial plain " Mesopotamia ", Greek language The original meaning is "interriver area", that is, two river basins, referring to The Tigris River with The Euphrates River The middle and lower reaches of the region. The range starts roughly in the east Iranian plateau , west to Syria and Arabian plateau , from the North Armenia Mountainous area The Toros Mountains ), south The Persian Gulf . Roughly between 30° north latitude Between ~ 37°, located in the subtropical zone.

The Mesopotamian plains The terrain is low and flat, with a height of more than 200 meters, and most areas are less than 100 meters above sea level, such as Baghdad, about 500 kilometers from the coast, which is only 34 meters above sea level. The terrain of the plain gradually decreases from northwest to southeast, with Baghdad as the border, the northwest is called the Upper Mesopotamia Plain, and the southeast (Upper Mesopotamia Plain). Basra The lower Mesopotamian Plain, below Basra to the sea is the Shatt al-Arab River delta . The surface of the plain is mostly composed of terrace and Flood plain There are still local elevations above the plain. Because the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are so silted up, River bed It is increasing in height, so that the elevated riparian zone can be seen on the plain, but the lowlands of the lake on the plain are also striking.

The Mesopotamian Plain except Northern region Have obvious Subtropical summer dry climate Except for color, the rest of the region is subtropical arid and semi-arid climate. This area has high temperature, hot summer, warm winter, drought and little rain. The average temperature in July, the hottest month, is above 30℃. The temperature is characterized by a large temperature difference. As in winter Cold air Occasionally south, short-term temperatures can drop below 0°.

The average annual precipitation in the Mesopotamian plain is more than 200 mm, with more precipitation in the northwest (500 mm) and less in the southeast (less than 100 mm). The seasonal distribution of precipitation is mainly winter rain, followed by spring and autumn, and little or no rain in summer months. It is mainly due to the influence of the Mediterranean polar front in winter Extratropical cyclone The path to the east, so it has the characteristics of "winter rain", winter rain (December to February) can account for about 50% of the annual precipitation, such as Baghdad 53%, Basra 49%.

The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are the main rivers flowing through the plain. All of them originate from the northern mountains outside the country and are transit rivers, whose water sources mainly depend on rainfall and snow in the northern mountains meltwater When flowing through this area, the water volume gradually decreases, which has the characteristics of rivers in arid and desert areas. There are many lakes and swamps in the middle and lower reaches.

Natural vegetation consists of desert steppe and Desert plant Mainly, the soil is mainly large rivers Alluvial soil And brown calcium soil, gray calcium soil and various desert soil. Plants are relatively poor, mostly short-lived and perennial pseudoshort-lived Desert plant Such as tamarisk, Willow guanyin , Olefin Let's wait. Most plants in desert steppe are herb The rest are brambles and thorns corm A kind of plant. On the banks with perennial water and bog Lush with lush riverbank plants, arbor There are all kinds of shrubs and plants. Riparian forest Tree species are small hanging trees, willow , elm , mulberry Tree, crabapple Tree, etc. In ancient times, canals and channels here, irrigation is convenient, agriculture is quite developed.

Mesopotamia Petroleum resources Rich, Iraq It's the oil exporting countries. In addition, the plains are richer in water resources than other countries in Southwest Asia. Because the plain has better climatic, hydrological and topographic conditions, a large number of date palm trees are planted here, accounting for about 37% of the world's date palm production ranks first in the world (accounting for 48% of the world's date palm production).

Eastern Mediterranean

landform

It is located in the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, from the Gulf of Iskenderen in the north to the south The Gulf of Aqaba , include Syria The West, Lebanon , Palestine And western Jordan and other areas, the region is roughly between 30° ~ 37° north latitude subtropical, is a north-south narrow, unique landscape of the natural geographical area, with its rift zone Structural relief , subtropical summer dry climate and Mediterranean The vegetation is significantly different from other natural areas in Southwest Asia.

They are listed from west to east Topographic unit :

1. Mediterranean coastal plain Coastal Mediterranean coast, the width is generally not more than ten kilometers, the surface is mainly composed of quaternary loose material, coastal beaches and low wetlands. Cyprus Located in the Mediterranean Sea, it is surrounded by volcanic mountains to the southwest and mountains to the north limestone Formed of low hills, the central plains.

Lebanon Mountains

2. Mountains and hills from the north to the south are the Ansariya Mountains, the Sharj Mountains, Lebanon Mountains And Jordan Mountains and other hilly mountains, anticlinal mountains, limestone widely distributed, karst Geomorphic development . This belt of mountains is about 40 ~ 67 km wide, Mean altitude 800 ~ 1000 meters, the Lebanon mountains of Kurnet - Saouda mountain height of 3083 meters above sea level, is the highest mountain in the belt. The mountain terrain is slow in the west and steep in the east, and the height difference is obvious. Jerusalem, which borders the Jordan Valley to the east, is 900 meters above sea level and 1,300 meters above the Dead Sea, which is 24 kilometers away. Dead Sea The lake is 430.5 meters above sea level, and its shore is the lowest point on the earth that has been exposed to land, known as the "navel of the world".

3. The Jordan Rift Valley the Dead Sea Trench zone, yes East African Rift zone The continuation, also known as West Asia rift Band, including Jordan The Valley, the Dead Sea Depression and Arabian valley . Between the Jordan Valley and the west side of the mountains and hills is a steep cliff valley wall with a height difference of 1200 meters, and the Jordan River flows from north to south and cuts through basalt It empties into the Dead Sea and is about 320 kilometers long. Between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba, the Arabian Valley is 15 to 25 kilometers wide and 175 kilometers long, with steep walls.

4. Eastern mountain also known as East Jordan Mountain, in Jordan Rift valley To the east, it is a platform mountain composed of limestone, 450 ~ 1200 meters above sea level, and the terrain slopes gently to the east.

Mediterranean east coast region Mediterranean climate , for Southern Europe The Mediterranean climate extends to the east, and the general climate is characterized by mild and rainy winters and hot and dry summers. The average temperature in January, the coldest month, is above 7 ~ 8 ° C (except for individual mountainous areas). Due to the western Mediterranean, affected by the ocean, the hottest month occurs in August, and the average temperature is generally above 25 ° C, such as Beirut At 27.1 ° C, Haifa 28.4 ° C, 24.2 ° C in Jerusalem, Damascus It is 27.6℃, so it belongs to the warm summer type Mediterranean climate Temperatures are generally higher than those in the western Mediterranean at the same latitude Climatic province .

The annual precipitation in this area is mostly 300 ~ 900 mm, the western coastal precipitation is more, the eastern mountain precipitation is less, the north is more, the south is less. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is the most in winter, and the precipitation in December to February accounts for more than 60% of the annual precipitation, while the precipitation in June to August is less than 1%, and many places have no rain at this time, and the precipitation area is generally not more than 10 mm.

Most of the rivers here are shorter Outflow region Rivers, the Dossier flows into the Mediterranean; Some inland rivers may flow in Inland lake , or seasonality dried-up Seasonal river .

olive

The climate of winter rain and summer dry, the growth of Mediterranean vegetation, mainly the growth of summer drought tolerance olive , Sophora tree, FIG They also grow pine, camphor, oak, poplar and other tree species, in order to adapt to the drought characteristics here, they mostly have short stems, long roots, thick skin, needling Leaf shaped or having a waxy smooth surface. It grows in drier places chervil , ulex A short thicket of shrubs such as pomegranates. But also grow there lily , tulip , iris And daffodils and other grasses and plants. In mountainous areas there are deciduous forests, Coniferous forest and Mixed forest Vegetation, etc., the main tree species are oak, beech The representative plants are the Lebanese fir and Silesia fir Let's wait. here Zonal soil Mainly for Brown soil .

subtropics Sclerophyllous evergreen forest - scrub Constitutes the main landscape of the area, in addition, Mountain forest The view is also outstanding.

The Asia Minor Plateau

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EDITOR

Asia Minor Kotaka Hoa Armenia The volcanic plateau lies roughly between 36° and 42° north latitude and is adjacent to the north The Black Sea and Caucasus Mountains District, south Mediterranean The East coast of the Mediterranean and the Mesopotamian Plain, West Shore Aegean Sea and Black sea strait (include The Bosphorus And the Law of Marmara The Dardanelles Most of its territory is the Asia Minor Peninsula. It is... Asia The great peninsula in the west, which blocks the passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, is Southeast Europe to Southwest Asia the Land bridge Its strategic position is very important.

Plateau topography in Geological structure The Asian Minor Plateau and the Armenian Volcanic Plateau belong to the same Alpine-Himalayan region as the Iranian Plateau Folded mountain Belt, mainly for the plateau terrain, the terrain is quite high. However, in the geological structure and Structural relief In terms of characteristics, the two plateaus have their own characteristics.

1. Asia Minor Plateau aka The Anatolian Highlands Composed of marginal mountains and inland plateaus, it is an intermountain plateau. The northern rim Mountains, known as the Ponting Mountains, are bounded from west to east by the Krolu Mountains and the Cadeniz Mountains, and consist of a series of parallel limestone mountains with an elevation of 2,000 to 2,500 meters. The terrain is high in the east and low in the west. The north slope declines in a ladder-like manner, and the south slope gradually transitions to the interior of the plateau. There are deep valleys and sunken basins among the mountains, and narrow plains along the coast.

The southern edge mountain is The Toros Mountains It is mainly composed of limestone, and the mountains are curved and generally arranged as geese, divided into the West, middle and East Toros Mountains. The altitude is mostly between 2000 and 3000 meters, and some peaks are above 3000 meters. The mountains are steep and gradually transition eastward to the Armenian Volcanic Plateau. The mountains on the south side are steep and lean towards the coast, Coastal plain Narrow, with the Antalya Plain, the Saihan River and The Ceyhan River downstream delta More important.

2. The Armenian Volcanic Plateau is also known as the Armenian Mountain Sink (or Knot of mountains It is formed by the convergence of the east extension mountains of the Asia Minor Plateau and the west extension mountains of the Iranian Plateau, that is Ponting Range The Toros Mountains and The Alburz Mountains and Zagros mountains The confluence of mountain junction zone. plateau altitude Mostly 3000 ~ 4000 meters, high terrain, is a Volcanic eruptions dominant Lava plateau The main peak is large Ahler Mountains Located at the eastern end of the Eastern Toros Mountains, is a Extinct volcano Cone, 5165 m above sea level, about 40 km in diameter, summit Year-round snow cover . There is reason Volcanic lava Formed by blocking river valleys Van Vatn , for the mountain Dammed lake .

The plateau has strong tectonic activity, Volcanic earthquake Many of them. The volcano runs from Alburz Volcano to Sipan Volcano on the north shore of Lake Van, and from Kazbek Volcano to Mount Daale Tectonic line Regularly distributed, with about a dozen volcanic cones, Magmatic activity Intense, forming a lot of hot springs.

climate The southwest margin of Asia Minor Peninsula is Mediterranean climate . years Mean air temperature 17 ~ 19℃, the average temperature in January 8 ~ 10℃, the average temperature in July 25 ~ 30℃, Annual precipitation About 700 mm. Most of the interior of the plateau is continental semi-arid with a Mediterranean climate. Subhumid climate , or semi-arid Steppe climate . Its climate is characterized by cold winter, the average temperature in most areas in January is lower than 0℃, sometimes -3℃ low temperature, frost-free period of about 240 days; Summer is dry and hot, the average temperature in July is about 25℃, and some areas have exceeded 30℃. Common year precipitation 200 ~ 600 mm, mostly concentrated in winter and spring, also belongs to winter rain type; Summer is very dry, rainfall is scarce, such as Ankara, June to August precipitation 40 mm, accounting for only 11% of the annual precipitation. Cold wet in winter and dry hot in summer are the basic climatic characteristics of the inland plateau.

The Black Sea coast is heavily influenced by the sea and is affected by the winter months westerlies And the influence of passing cyclones produces abundant precipitation; During the summer, northerly winds across the Black Sea absorb water vapor and produce large amounts of water in the coastal mountains Orographic rain So there is no obvious dry season here, and there is a certain amount of precipitation in each season. The average annual temperature is 13 ~ 15℃, the average temperature in January is above 0℃, the average temperature in July is above 20℃, the climate is mild and humid, and other in the region Local climate The characteristics are quite different.

Many in the district Outflow drainage Rivers are injected into the Black Sea, Aegean Sea, Sea of Marmara , Mediterranean and The Persian Gulf . Rivers are shorter, belong to the mountain rivers, rivers slope Large, rapid water flow, water volume also has obvious seasonal changes. Inland drainage basins are limited in distribution, mainly concentrated in the south-central Anatolian plateau, Tuzsee The Basin and Konya Basin are the two main centers of this inland basin.

vegetation One's own district Natural landscape forested steppe Landscape based. Forest vegetation is mainly distributed in the marginal mountains and Coastal zone , can be divided into the following types:

Bay tree

1. Mediterranean vegetation is subtropical Sclerophyllous evergreen forest scrub It is mainly distributed in the western and southern coastal areas of the Asia Minor Peninsula, and the lowlands are mainly evergreen shrubs, that is, the Maki community, and the main plants are myrtle A surname Olive , Bay tree Etc., in the mountains mainly forest, Dominant tree species For oak, pine and fir , also have beech and maple Etc., the soil is mainly Brown soil .

2. The Ponting forest is mainly distributed in the northeast corner of the district, extending in a narrow band. There's plenty of rain here, no Summer drought The winter is mild, suitable for Ponting forest growth. This forest is subtropical Evergreen forest , mainly evergreen trees, such as sweet oak, etc., but also many evergreen shrubs, such as mountains cuckoo , laurel and myrtle, Manchurian walnut Let's wait. The soil is mainly red soil and yellow soil.

3. Deciduous forest and Mixed forest It is distributed in the northern and eastern parts of the district. The main tree species are Oriental spruce , horntree , alder Beech, etc.; Oak and pine are predominant in drier areas. The soil is mainly Brown forest soil .

4. The grassland is mainly distributed in the interior of the plateau and some drier areas in the southeast, with annual precipitation generally less than 400 mm, and in the southeast, where the summer temperature is high, the grassland distribution area extends to the 500 mm annual iso-precipitation line. Some drier and less rainy areas are desert grasslands or semi-desert . The soil here is mainly Chestnut soil , Brown calcic soil Let's wait.

ASSETS One's own district Natural resources In the Mineral resources , Forest resources and Land resources Relatively rich. Mineral resources are mainly coal, iron chromium, copper, forest cover in southwest Asia is better, such as Türkiye Forest coverage rate Up to 13.6%, 1/3 of the land resources are cultivated land (including orchards). But water is scarce.

Caucasus region

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The Caucasus rises from the north Caucasus Mountains In order to Ridge line For the boundary), Nanda Armenian plateau West shore Black Sea, east shore Caspian Sea It is a mountain belt extending from northwest to southeast.

new Fold mountain In geological history, the Caucasus mountains were Ancient Mediterranean Part of the Alps from the late Tertiary to the early Quaternary -- Himalayan movement Period, by Arabian plate And Iran, Turkey, etc subplate , with Europe Plate collision Stitched together for young Fold mountain system Formed the large and small Caucasus Mountains and the mountains in between swale It has the characteristics of mountain and lowland interphase distribution. The terrain can include three Topographic unit .

1. The Greater Caucasus Mountains are Caucasus Mountains The main body of the land, the Greater Caucasus Mountains stretch from northwest to southeast for more than 1,200 kilometers long and 180 kilometers wide. The Greater Caucasus Mountains are a huge and complex Fold structure - anticlinorium The height of the axis zone is 3,000 to 4,000 meters, of which there are more than a dozen mountains above 4,800 meters above sea level, and these tall mountains are covered with snow all year round and are distributed by glaciers. The Great Caucasus Mountains can be divided into east, middle and west three parts, in the middle Caucasus Mountains the highest terrain, the main peak Mount Elbrus (5642 m above sea level) is located in the north. The Greater Caucasus Mountains have frequent volcanoes and earthquakes, and many hot springs.

2. Lesser Caucasus It is also a folded mountain, connected to the eastern edge of the Ponting Mountains in the west, extending to the east as the Taresh Mountains, and gradually transitioning to the El Burr Mountains, more than 500 kilometers long, Mean altitude 2500 ~ 3000 meters.

3. The Transcaucasian lowlands consist mainly of the Kulin lowlands in the east and the western lowlands Korsida Lowland All belong to structural depression. The Korsida lowlands are typical of alluvial -- Accumulative plain . The Kulin lowland is a mountain depression narrow in the northwest and gradually wider in the southeast, and the eastern part is Kula - Arak The lowlands. The western Kurin lowland is 750 meters above sea level, the eastern Kula lowland is 500 to 400 meters, and the estuary is only 25 meters.

climate Although the area of the Caucasus mountains is small, the distance between east and west is large, and the great Caucasus Mountains have a significant climatic barrier effect and become an important climate Demarcation line As a result, the climate in this region is not homogeneous Climatic type ; The tall mountain itself has obvious Vertical zoning Sex.

Macrocaucasian Mountain Mountain climate The southwest slope of the foothill is Subtropical climate (east dry west wet), more precipitation, mostly winter rain; In ascending order Temperate climate , Alpine climate and Permanent snow cover Yes.

Kohl The Hida lowlands are Subtropical humid climate With mild winters and abundant rainfall throughout the year, The temperature varies from year to year Not big (18℃), hot and humid in summer, most thermidor The average temperature in August is 23 ~ 24℃, and the average temperature in January is 4 ~ 6℃. The average annual precipitation is 1500 mm.

Kulin lowland is subtropical Arid climate Winter is mild, the average temperature in January is above 0℃, the average temperature in July is more than 26℃, Annual range Is 22 ~ 26℃, the average annual precipitation, the west is 200 ~ 400 mm, the east is below 200 mm, the uneven distribution of precipitation seasons, almost no rain in summer, mainly winter rain.

The main rivers in this area are the Korshida River and Koura . The Korshida River melts with high mountains Snow water And precipitation recharge mainly, there Summer fishing season .

Moso bamboo

Vertical natural band spectrum The Caucasus mountains are especially large Caucasus Mountains The altitude is very high and has a complete vertical landscape band spectrum. In the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the average temperature drops by 0.5 ° C for every 100 meters of elevation, and the average precipitation increases by 60-70 mm (the maximum precipitation zone is about 3,500 meters) Climatic condition Changes in vegetation, resulting in -- Soil type the Vertical zone Change. From the foothill area Meadow grassland - Black soil, chestnut soil belt, gradually transition upward to Broad-leaved forest - Mountain brown soil Belt (400 ~ 1200 meters above sea level), Coniferous forest - Mountain Podzolic soil Belt (altitude 1200 ~ 2200 meters), Subalpine meadow - Alpine meadow soil Belt (altitude 2200 ~ 3000 meters), Alpine tundra Zones (2,600-3,500 meters above sea level) and alpine snow and ice zones (3,000 meters or above 3,500 meters above sea level).

In the Korshida lowlands, a humid subtropical forest landscape, grows Moso bamboo Alder, oak, etc., the soil is red and yellow soil; Kulin lowland is mainly a semi-subtropical desert and grassland landscape. growing artemisia , Ephemeral plant Etc., the soil is mainly podzol Grey thirsty soil, etc.

Caucasus Mountains oil, Natural gas reserves Abundant; Here the forest vegetation is thick, the land is fertile, the water is sufficient, yes Southwest Asia Natural condition The most privileged area. However, there are also some unfavorable conditions, such as less agricultural land, and destructive earthquakes often bring great disasters to local residents.

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