The period of the four Caliphs

Period of the Four Caliphates (' Asr al-Khulafa 'A1-Rashidun, 632-661)

Arab Empire Early historical stages of creation. Also called orthodoxy caliphate . In 632, Islam prophet Muhammad After his death, religious and political leaders in Arab countries were called" caliph It means "Successor of the Messenger of Allah". The first four caliphs were elected by Muslim communities: ABU Bakr (reigned 632-634), Umar ibn Khattab (reigned 634-644), Uthman ibn Afan (reigned 644-656), and ABU Bakr (reigned 632-634). Ngari Ibn Abi Talib (reigned 656-661). The four of them ruled for 29 years, originally in Medina as the capital, and moved to Kufa, Iraq, when Ali was in power. During this period, with the large-scale foreign military expansion, Islam began to spread to a wide area outside the Arabian Peninsula, which is known as the "Arab pioneering era".

ABU Bakr Abdullah (573-23 August 634) Arabic name: The axle of the axle of the axle of the axle of the axle of the axle of the axle of the axle of the axle of the axle of the axle of the axle . Islam The first in history caliph He reigned from 632 to 634.

ABU Bakr was born Mecca He was a wealthy local businessman. seer Muhammad When the spread of Islam began, ABU Bakr became one of the earliest supporters and supported Muhammad's preaching with his property. When Muhammad was threatened by Meccan nobles and had to go medina ABU Bakr, a loyal follower, also took part in this historic migration. Hijira ).

In 619, Muhammad had his first wife Hedeiche After his death, he married ABU Bakr's daughter Aisha ; ABU Bakr thus became Muhammad's father-in-law. This undoubtedly shows the prophet's trust in him. After Muhammad's death, ABU Bakr was elected by the religious leaders of Medina on 8 June 632 Muhammad khal? fat Ras? l Allah (Successor of the Messenger of Allah), i.e caliph . He assumed all the authority of Muhammad except prophecy.

Under ABU Bakr's leadership, the apostate tribes returned to the fold, Arab The war of conquest began. ABU Bakr is with Persia Sassanid dynasty and The Byzantine Empire The war was won. After his death, Umar bin Khttab He inherited the duties of caliph.

Omar ibn Khattab , also translate Omer (In the Penitentium, it was about 591-644 years), yes Islam Second in history caliph (since 634). prophet Muhammad One of his most famous advocates and comrades.

Born in Mecca, Omar spent his early years as a shepherd and trader, and grew up in humble circumstances. His father, Khattab ibn Nufayl, came from a middle-class polytheist family. In those uncivilized times, he was well educated, martial, and physically strong. Although Omar was widely respected and came from a noble family, he was not much different from the rest of the Quraish. Omar was an ordinary member of the Quraish tribe before the creation of Islam.

When Muhammad began to preach Islamic morality, Omar worked to preserve the Arab tradition of polytheism. He was firmly opposed to Muhammad and actively persecuted him Moslem . In early legend, Omar even flatly assassinated Muhammad. A passing Muslim told him it was best to take care of his own household first, as Omar's sister and brother-in-law had converted by then Islam . When he arrived at his sister's house, he found her and her husband reading from the book The Koran "On the Psalms. This provoked him into a fight with his brother-in-law. His sister was accidentally shot by Omar to protect her husband, and when he saw her bleeding, Omar deeply regretted it. In a gesture of reconciliation, Omar also read a verse from the sutras his sister had just recited. It is said that Omar converted to Islam that very day because he was infected by the scriptures. When Omar spoke to the Quraish chieftain Abu Jahl After reporting his conversion, the sheik reportedly scolded him: "God curse you!" Omar has since made himself known Kaaba Pray for Islam, tribal chief Abu Sufyan Abu Jahl and ABU Jahl were furious but could do nothing. This further emboldened Muslims to spread Islam openly, as no one dared to obstruct Omar's prayers.

Umar moved in 622 medina He was one of the first settlers to Medina. Where he became Muhammad One of the two main advisers (the other being Ab Burkle ). He took part in the battles of Badr, Uhud, Khaybar and the raid on Syria, among many other battles, becoming a close comrade of Muhammad. In 625, Omar's daughter Hafsah married the Prophet Muhammad.

ABU Bakr has been elected as the new leader, i.e caliph . The native Muslims of Medina were preparing to elect their own leaders. This shattered the agreement reached between the native inhabitants of Medina and the Meccan settlers. ABU Bakr and Omar both attended the meeting, and after a day of discussion, Omar volunteered to pledge allegiance to Bakr. The electorates of Islam then pledged their allegiance to Bakr, obeying the hints given by Muhammad that ABU Bakr would be his successor.

ABU Bakr's reign was short, and most of his time in office was spent Apostasy war During this war some tribes attempted to secede from the Muslim Alliance. Omar was Burkel's main adviser at the time. in Ab Burkle After his death in 634, Omar was named his successor.

During Umar's reign as caliph, the Islamic Empire expanded and conquered at an unprecedented rate Mesopotamia , parts of Persia and eventually the destruction of Persia Sassanid dynasty , and from The Byzantine Empire They took Egypt from their hands, Palestine North Africa and Armenia . In the year 636 Damascus nearby The Battle of Yarmouk In it, Umar won with less, ending the Byzantine Empire in Syria The rule of... Although the Islamic Empire expanded outward from the beginning, the peoples of those conquered lands (especially Persians He has made significant contributions to the development of Islamic culture.

In the year 636 The Euphrates River lateral Battle of Al-Qadisiya In, Arab To defeat the Persians by less. During the battle, the Arab general Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas outflanked the Sassanid army and killed the Persian general Rostam Farrokhzdha.

637, in the long Jerusalem After the siege, the Arab army was able to enter the city peacefully and sign a treaty. A few years earlier the Senator had declared that he would not sign a treaty with anyone but the Caliph himself. For this reason, Umar himself came to Jerusalem after the Muslim Army had taken complete control of the surrounding territory. For the benefit of both Muslims and Christians, Omar humbly entered the city with his donkey attendants beside him. He is said to have returned the portal to the inhabitants of the city via Orthodox Christian elders Sopronius After the signing of the peace agreement (today known as the "Peace Agreement") Treaty of Omar ").

Omar asked the elders to lead him to the ruins of an ancient Jewish temple. Omar was shocked to find the site covered in stains. That's because the Romans initiated the custom of using it as a pile to sell. Omar knelt on the spot and cleaned up with his hands. When the Muslims saw what he was doing, they followed him, right away Aksa The entire area, about 25 acres, was cleared. After that, a wooden one masjid Built south of the site, this is Al-aqsa Mosque . Omar was taken by a rabbi who had converted to Islam Ka'ab al-Ahbar Led a tour of the cornerstone of the site. The stone was surrounded by a fence, many years later The Umayyad Dynasty the caliph Built on top of the ruins Dome of the Rock .

After the capture of Jerusalem, Umar established great respect for members of other faiths living in the city. For the first time in 500 years since the Jews were expelled from the Holy Land, they were allowed to practice their faith and live near Jerusalem. On the basis of Encyclopedia Judaica Seventy families settled in the city. Omar also sanctioned a number of agreements (known as Umar covenant Together with Christian believers, they established their rights and duties under Muslim rule.

As a conqueror, Omar presided over many reforms and overhauled state policy. He established and developed administrative departments in the newly conquered lands, including several new government departments and bureaucracies, and presided over the census of the Muslim-ruled areas. Under his rule, garrisoned cities such as Basra , Kufa Was built and expanded. In 638, he presided over the expansion and restoration of Mecca Grand mosque And Medina's Mosque of the Prophet . He began to organize the compilation Islamic code At the same time, he ordered the expulsion of Christian and Jewish communities from Najran and Khaibar, and banned non-Muslims from living there Hijaz Province stay for more than three days.

As a leader, Omar was known for his simple and austere lifestyle. Unlike being intoxicated by the good times and susceptible to the influence of other contemporary leaders, his attitude to life did not change much from when Muslims were weak and persecuted. He succeeded him in 639 AD as caliph Four years later, Hijile (Referring to Muhammad from Mecca migrate medina Seventeen years later, the Islamic calendar (Hui calendar) was developed, with Hiji as the epoch.

In 644, Omar I was killed by a Christian Persian Slave Assassinate.

Osman ibn Afan (in Arabic: ث, the state of China, 574 ~ June 17, 656), is Islam The third in history caliph He reigned from 644 to 656. Sunnite Think he's four." Proper caliph One of them; while Shiah They consider him a usurper like the previous two caliphs.

Osman ibn Afan was born Mecca The Kulai Clan Hit the mark The Umayyad family Older than the prophet Muhammad It's a little smaller. As a brother ABU 苏富扬 While most of the members of the Umayyad family, who represented him, vehemently opposed Muhammad's preaching of Islam, Uthman was one of Muhammad's first followers and closest comrades. Uthman also married Muhammad's daughter. When Muhammad was forced to leave Mecca, Uthman and his wife joined the Mohammedans Ethiopia There were 15 Muslim families of immigrants at the time, as well as later immigrants medina The immigrants.

November 3, 644 Second Caliph Omar ibn Khattab After his assassination, Uthman was elected the third caliph. His reign was marked by a large number of appointments to important positions by members of the Umayyad family. Uthman's cousin, governor of Damascus Muawiye It became the whole when Uthman was caliph Syria The Governor of the Republic. During the Ottoman period, the Islamic holy text was finalized The Koran . The Shia, however, have always denied Uthman's credit for stereotyping the Qur 'an. Shiites believe that the Quran contains many references to the Prophet's Cousins and adopted sons, who were also the first generation of Shiites imam Ngari The text of the book was censored due to Haussmann's prejudice.

During the Ottoman era, the Arab cavalry remained invincible. Iranian Sassanid dynasty Be wiped out; A general who conquered North Africa in Omar's time Amur ibn As thwarted The Byzantine Empire A plan to retake Egypt. Caucasian Area sum Cyprus Also under military pressure to become part of the Islamic world.

Although the fall of the Sassanid dynasty in Persia under Uthman, will Arab Empire The territory was greatly expanded, and it was codified into the holy book of Islam, the Koran, and made no small contribution, but Uthman also caused resentment among those around him for using only family members. 656, from Iraq And Egyptian opponents besieged Uthman's residence in Medina. On 17 June, Osman was assassinated by opponents who broke into his house. Osman was reading the Quran when he was stabbed.

After the assassination of Uthman ibn Afan, his nephew Muawiyah opposed the prophet's nephew Ali as caliph; He publicly displayed Uthman's bloody clothes, suggesting that Uthman was murdered by Ali. Uthman's body was laid to rest in Medina.

Ali bin Abi Talib (Arabic: The advancements of the system are loaded with liquid and loaded with liquid October 23, 598, or March 17, 599 or 600 - January 28, 661) Islam The founder, prophet Muhammad ( Muslim saint His cousin and son-in-law ruled between 656 and 661 Arab Empire . Sunnite Moslem Ali as the fourth and last Proper caliph ; Shiah Muslims regard Ali as the first generation imam He also regarded Ali and his descendants as the legitimate successors of Muhammad. Ali and his descendants were of Muhammad ancestry Holy descendant A member of... Muslim society It was divided by a disagreement over the identity of Ali's successor Sunni and Shia Two schools.

According to many sources, during Muhammad's lifetime, Ali was the only one born in the kingdom Mecca sanctuary Kaaba The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam. Ali's father and mother were ABU Talib ibn Abd al-Mutarib (Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib) and Fatima Bint Assad (Fatima bint Asad), but he was raised by the family of Muhammad, who was raised by his uncle ABU Talib. When Muhammad was inspired by God, Ali was one of the first to receive it, and he devoted his life to Islam .

Muhammad set out medina Ali followed soon after. Muhammad told Ali that he had received instructions from God to carry his daughter Fatima Marry Ali. During Muhammad's ten years at the head of the masses in Medina, Ali was active, leading the warriors in battle, delivering orders and messages, and taking part in almost every battle to defend the Muslim community.

The third caliph Osman bin Afan After the assassination, Ali was Fellow travelers of Muhammad Elected caliph, he faced resistance and civil war during his tenure. In 661, he was in Kufa masjid He was attacked during worship and died a few days later.

in Islamic culture Ali was respected for his courage, knowledge, conviction, integrity, unyielding devotion to Islam, loyalty to Muhammad, equal treatment of all Muslims, and tolerance of his enemies. Alis Commentary on the Qur 'an , Islamic jurisprudence And an authority on religious thought. Ali in almost all The Sufi Order His position is high, and his influence runs through the whole History of Islam .

Hassan bin Ali bin Abi Talib ( Arabic : The equipment is covered by the equipment. The equipment is covered by the equipment. The equipment is covered by the equipment is covered by the equipment ) is the fourth Proper caliph Ali bin Abi Talib with Islam founder Muhammad ( Muslim saint Daughter of) Fatima The firstborn son, also the firstborn son of the Prophet, belongs to Holy descendant One of them. So is Hassan. Shiah The second person I honor imam . After the assassination of his father Ali, Hassan had accepted Iraq Kufa district Moslem For his fifth term caliph But soon after Syria The Governor, The Umayyad Dynasty The founder of the Caliphate Muaweye I He gave up his caliphate and resigned medina The final cause of death was a mystery, by his brother Hussein bin Ali bin Abi Talib Inherit the throne of imam.