Mongolian nationality ( Cyrillic alphabet They are a traditional nomadic people mainly found in East Asia and are one of the minorities in China Mongolia The main nationality. In addition, Mongolians are also distributed in Russia and other Asian and European countries, The Ewenki nationality and Family of soil It is also sometimes considered to be a branch of the Mongols. ^[1]

The Mongols originated in the ancient Wangjian River (today The Erguna River Along the east coast. At the beginning of the 13th century Genghis Khan Led by the Mongol department unified the Mongolian regions, gradually formed a new national community.

The Mongolian people have always lived on the grasslands and made their living by raising livestock. Living a nomadic life of "chasing water and grass", although this way of living has been weakened in modern society, it is still regarded as a symbol of the Mongolian people.

Mongolian people are relatively developed in science and culture, and music and dance also occupy a relatively prominent position in art.

" Secret history of Mongolia "," Mongolian gold history "," Mongolian source It is known as the three great historical works of the Mongolian people, among which the Secret History of Mongolia is UNESCO Identified as a world famous cultural heritage. Heroic epic Jangar "Is one of the three great Chinese epics.

The number of Mongolians in the world is approximately Ten million people. ^[18] According to the China Statistical Yearbook -2021 Among them, the Mongolian population in China is 6290,204. ^[16]

Chinese name: The Mongolian nationality
Foreign name: Mongols
alias: The Mongols, the grasslands, the people on horseback
Population number: About 10 million ^[18] (worldwide)
Population distribution: China, Mongolia, Russia, etc

species: Mongolian
Wenzi: Uighur Mongolian , Cyrillic Mongolian
Have faith in: Buddhism , Taoism , Islam , Catholicism , Christianity and Orthodox Church ^[17]
prescription: Inner Mongolia dialect , The language of Oirat Barhu Buryatia Mongolian

catalogue

name

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EDITOR

Initially, Mongolia was only a name used by one of the Mongolian tribes with Donghu as their origin, and later it gradually absorbed and merged with the forest hunting and grassland nomadic tribes living in Mobei, and developed into a common name for these tribes ^[2] .

The Mongols call themselves "Mongols", which means "eternal fire" and is also known as "horse back nation" ". ^[18] In ancient Mongolian, the word "Mongolia" means "plain". It is also believed that the original meaning of "Mongolia" is "celestial nationality". The name "Mongolia" is a phonetic change of "busy Huole", which was recorded earlier in the Tang Dynasty. Book of Tang "And Song Dynasty" Records of the Khitan State " ^{18 [19]} That is, "Wu Shiwei" in the new and old Book of Tang. "Mongwu" is the earliest Chinese translation of the word "Mongolia" The Tang Dynasty. ^[3] Later, there were "Menggu", "Menggu", "cute bones", "blind bones", "cute bones" and "cute bones" Ancient" ^[18] And many other homonyms. The Chinese translation of "Mongolia" first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty documents ^[2] .

history

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EDITOR

Subject article: History of Mongolia

Primitive society period

Fourteenth-century Persian" historia An ancient Mongolian legend: The Mongols were defeated by other tribes, brutally slaughtered, and only two men and two women survived. They fled to a place surrounded by mountain forests with good grasslands in between. This place is called "Ergunekun" - "the steep hillside". Here they live and multiply, and pass on from generation to generation. The "Erguna" in this legend is the Erguna River flowing through the Hulunbuir grassland, which is the birthplace of the Mongolian nation. ^[4]

According to records, the Mongol tribes initially consisted of only two clans, the Negus and Qiyan, who were defeated by other Turkic tribes and fled to live in the Ergunekun (Erguna river mountains) area. In the 8th century AD, due to the continuous growth of the population, they had to migrate out, and at this time there were 70 branches. These 70 branches are known as the "Diergen Mongols". According to the Secret History of Mongolia and the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, the Wolf and the white deer are the ancestors of Genghis Khan, who were born into the world by heaven's order. They then crossed the Kidron and began to breed at the source of the Oran River, in front of Mount Berhan, giving birth to Patachem. The Bataqihan in question is the ancestor of Genghis Khan. In fact, the grey Wolf and the white deer in Mongolian respectively read: Boltesina and Huamalangle, but the Chinese translation of the grey Wolf and white deer.

On the question of the true origin of the Mongolian nation, most modern and contemporary scholars believe that the Mongolian nationality originated from A surname . Donghu is a general term for all tribes of the same origin, with different dialects and names. It is recorded that "in the east of Xiongnu, it is called Donghu." From the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC, all parts of Donghu were still in the stage of primitive clan society development, and each tribe lived a life of "common with water and grass, living in impermanent place".

In the middle of the 4th century, Xianbei people living in the area of Xanthorhoe and Laohahe River basin, self-titled "Khitan". A branch of the Xianbei people living west of the Hinggan Mountains (present-day Hulunbuir area) was called "Shiwei". Muwei, first seen in the book History of Wei Dynasty ", as lost Wei. Shiwei and Khitan came from the same source, with the Xingan Mountains as the boundary, "the south is Khitan, and the north is Shiwei" (Northern History, vol. 94 Shiwei Biography). After the 6th century, the Muwei people were divided into five divisions: Nanmuwei, North Muwei, Bachimuwei, Fukami Honmuwei and Omuwei, and each division was further divided into several branches.

Later, Da tala became the general name of the Mongol ministries. For "they were, for the greater part of ancient times, conquerors and rulers of most of the tribes and regions, great, powerful, and fully respected" and "because of (their) extremely great and respected position, the other Turkic tribes, though of different kinds and names, came to be known by their names, and were all called Tartars" (Rashter, vol. 1, No. 1). Due to the strength of the Mongol Ministry, the name "Tatan" was gradually replaced by "Mongol" and became the general name of the Ministry of Shiwei. Written records of the name of Mongolia, first found in the Old Book of Tang, called "Mongwu Shiwei", is a member of the Dashiwei, living in the area south of the Erguna River.

In the 12th century, the descendants of this part of the people multiplied, the clan expenditure, gradually distributed in the present Onen river, the Kerulen River, the upper reaches of the Tula river and the area east of the Kent Mountain, forming a tribal group. Among them, the most famous are Qiyan, Zada LAN, Taichiwu, Hongjila, and Wu Lianghe and other nationalities and tribes. With them on the Mongolian plateau at that time were the Tatar Department, which nomadic around present-day Lake Baikal, the Mierqi Department, which lived in the Selengar River basin on the eastern bank of Lake Baikal, and the Oryala Department, which was active in the western part of Lake Baikal and the upper head of the Yenisei River. All three are in Mongolian languages. In addition, there were three Mongolized Turkic tribes ruled by Nestorian Turkic nobles, namely the Kelet region around the Uygur Khanting homeland, the Naiman region to the west, and the Wanggu region near the Yinshan region.

According to their lifestyle and level of development, these tribes are roughly divided into two categories: "grassland nomads" and "forest hunters". The first category includes the Turkic tribes who lived in the same place for a long time and the Mongol tribes who moved in to accept the Turkic influence and completed the transition to nomadic life. The second category is those who remain in the forest area and are mainly engaged in hunting, such as The Ewenki nationality .

National unity and foreign conquest

Subject article: Great Mongolia , Yuan Dynasty , Northern Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Patriarch Boriz Kublai Khan

It was held by Temujin on the Oran River in 1206 The Kuriltai At the Great Gathering, he was elected as the Great Khan of Mongolia, named Genghis Khan, and established the Great Mongolia. The establishment of the Mongol Khanate is of great significance to the formation of the Mongol nationality. From then on, for the first time in northern China, there emerged a strong, stable and developing ethnic group, the Mongolians, which unified various tribes. Whatever is under the jurisdiction of this country Monan , Mobei The region is generally known as the Mongolian region, and the inhabitants of various tribes in this region are collectively known as Mongols. At this time, the Mongols became the ruling people from the Liao and Jin dynasties (916 ~ 1234).

Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, from 1219 to 1260, the Mongols undertook three western expeditions, successively establishing a military empire across Europe and Asia The Ogodei Khanate , The Chagatai Khanate , Kipchak Khanate , The Ilkhanate The four Great Khanates. In the west at the same time, they also moved south. From Genghis Khan to Kublai Khan, after more than 70 years of wars, unified China and established the Yuan Dynasty. Its territory extends north to Russia Siberia South to China The South China Sea Northeast so far Heilongjiang downstream, across The Outer Hinggan Mountains , Wusuli River East, connect The Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan The southwest includes Yunnan, the northern, central and eastern part of present-day Myanmar; Northern Thailand, Laos The northwestern part of Vietnam was incorporated into the Yuan Dynasty province Build.

Due to the south or west expedition, the Mongolian people were recruited to various places, so the Mongolian people were scattered all over the country.

In 1368, the Yuan Dynasty collapsed and the remnants retreated to the Mongolian steppe.

Mongols after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty

After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty set up more than 20 Mongolian health centers in the western part of Liaodong, the southern part of Monnan, the northern part of Gansu and Hami, and the chiefs of the health centers were all Mongolian feudal lords. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Moxi Mongolian Wara Department and the eastern Mongolian Tartar Department successively paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty and established a subordinate relationship.

Mongolia is divided into east and west two parts: the eastern Mongolian nomadic Mobei and Monan, its leader for the Yuan room descendants, regarded as the orthodox Mongolia; The nomadic Wara region of Moxi (formerly Oryra) was known as Western Mongolia and was related to Eastern Mongolia by marriage.

In the 15th century, the north and south of Mongolia were reunified by Dayan Khan, and the eastern Mongolia was divided into six parts: Khalkha, Guliangha, Erdos, Tumt, Chahar, and Kareqin (Yongsheb). Late Ming and early Qing. Mongolia is in a state of division, with the desert as the boundary, divided into three parts: Mongolia in the south of the desert, Mongolia in the north (Khalkha), and Mongolia in the west (Erut). The Altan Khan of western Mongolia in the south of the country focused on developing trade relations with the Ming Dynasty. Kukuhe Tun (today's Hohhot), where I Da Khan resided, built a city wall, and became the political, economic and cultural center of the Monan Mongolian region.

At the end of Ming Dynasty, Jurchen established the post-Jin regime. After 1636, the Jin changed to the Qing Dynasty, and the feudal lords of Monnan Mongolia were successively conquered by the Qing Dynasty. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644, the Qing army entered the customs and unified China until 1757 to put down the Junggar tribes. At this point the Mongols were completely under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In order to strengthen the rule of the Mongols, the Qing Dynasty established the alliance flag system in the Mongolian areas on the basis of readjugation of the original big and small feudal lords and referring to the eight flags system of the Manchu. A series of edicts with the league flag system as the core were issued to strengthen and develop the Mongolian feudal system. However, the Qing Dynasty promoted Lamaism in Mongolian areas and practiced "Mongolian prohibition".

The independence of Mongolia and the establishment of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Subject article: Independence of outer Mongolia

Tsarist Russia Had territorial ambitions for Mongolia since the 18th century. Its official journal has publicly claimed that Russia has a special mission in Outer Mongolia and that the Gobi Desert is the natural border of the Empire's far East and southeast. However, the focus of Tsarist Russian aggression at that time was to swallow the whole of Manchuria (northeast China), yes Outer Mongolia The invasion is still on the back burner. The year 1840 Opium Wars Later, especially in 1860, the Qing government was Anglo-french army Defeated, Tsarist Russia forced the Qing court to make many unequal treaties, ceded large areas of territory from China, and seized many special privileges in the Mongolian region. ^[5]

In 1904-1905, it broke out in Liaodong Peninsula Russo-japanese War . As a result, Tsarist Russia was defeated in the war with Japan for the control of Northeast China, so it signed a secret treaty with Japan to divide the sphere of influence in North and South Manchuria, ceding southern Manchuria to Japan in exchange for Japan's recognition of its "special interests" in Outer Mongolia. ^[5]

Horlo Chobasan, the first leader of the Mongolian People's Republic

At the beginning of 1919, the history of Outer Mongolia took a major turn. Influenced by the Russian October Revolution, leader of the Mongolian People's Revolution Sukhbaatar and Horlo Choba Mountain , in Coulomb Two revolutionary groups were formed. Soon these two revolutionary groups merged into a single revolutionary organization, the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. ^[5]

In the summer of 1920, the direct warlords in China, controlled by Britain and the United States, defeated the ruling pro-Japanese An Phuoc It was a warlord, which made Japan lose the conditions for conspiratorial expansion in Mongolia. Therefore, Japan decided to use the remnants of its army, which had fled to northeast China after being defeated by the Red Army, to gain territory for itself in Mongolia. In October of the same year, Baron Wenganlun entered Mongolia with a cavalry division of 800 soldiers, taking advantage of the Mongolian people's opposition Xu Shuzheng The discontent of the military dictatorship was supported by the feudal princes of Mongolia and a section of the people who were not aware of the truth. On February 3, 1921, the gangsters of Winganleng routed the Chinese garrison and occupied Kulen. On 15 February, Vengarlen installed the Eighth king Jeb respects Damba He was reappointed Emperor of the Mongols and established an autonomous government, the members of which were appointed by Vinganlun. ^[5]

On March 1, 1921, the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, with the help of the Russian Communist Party, launched a military offensive in Russia Chaktu The first Congress was held to discuss and adopt the first programme of struggle, which was "to carry out the people's revolution against imperialism and feudalism, liberate the nation, transfer power to the masses of the people, and then transform social life". ^[5]

Mongolia's independence was not recognized by the government of the Republic of China at the time. In 1924, the government of the Republic of China and the government of the Soviet Union signed the Outline Agreement for the Settlement of Outstanding Cases, which still stipulated that Outer Mongolia was a part of China's territory and China enjoyed territorial sovereignty. But because of the outbreak in China Northern Expedition , Beiyang Warlords Busy with the war, the negotiations to resolve the pending case failed. ^[5]

Wulanfu, the first president of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region^[6]

In May 1924, the 8th Dzhamba died of illness. A month later, Mongolia abolished the constitutional monarchy, established a republic, and established the Mongolian People's Republic. From 1924, the government of Outer Mongolia declared itself closed to the outside world and broke off all contacts with China. ^[5]

Mongolia's international status was established after the end of World War II. In February 1945, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union reached an agreement on the participation of the Soviet Union in the war against Japan. The Yalta Agreement In order to prompt the Soviet Union to send troops to force Japan to surrender as soon as possible, the United States and Britain agreed to write in the first article of the agreement that "the status quo in Outer Mongolia shall be maintained", and the United States promised to persuade the Chinese government to recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia in order to achieve this clause.

In October 1945, the Kuomintang government sent Lei Fazhang, Deputy Minister of the Interior, to Outer Mongolia to "observe" the referendum vote of the entire Mongolian people on independence. ^[5]

Voting began on October 10, 1945, and ended on October 20, 1945, with 494,074 citizens voting, 489,291 in favor of independence, and the rest abstaining. That means 99% of voters voted for independence. On January 5, 1946, the Chinese Nationalist Government issued a formal proclamation declaring the independence of Outer Mongolia. ^[5]

On May 1, 1947, Chinese Mongols in Ulanhu Under his leadership, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established, becoming the earliest autonomous region in China. Later, nine autonomous prefectures and counties were established. Ulanhu Elected chairman. ^[6]

In 1949, People's Republic of China Set up. Following the The Soviet Union acknowledge Central Government of the People's Republic of China Take the lead with New China After the establishment of diplomatic relations, Mongolian People's Republic It was established with the People's Republic of China on October 16, 1949 Diplomatic relations . ^[5]

Around the 1990s, by Collapse of the Soviet Union and Upheaval in Eastern Europe The impact of the abolition of the Mongolian People's Republic Marxism-Leninism , renamed Mongolia . It became politically practical Multi-party system Economically, the market economy began to shake off 70 years of Soviet control, and people set off an ideological recovery National culture The wave of...

population

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EDITOR

The time of Genghis Khan

The total population of the Mongolian steppes at the time of Genghis Khan was around 1.7 million. When the Mongol Khanate was officially established in 1206 A.D., the total population of the Mongol Khanate should have been no less than 1.5 million, minus the death toll from more than two decades of fighting. The total strength of the Mongol army at the end of Genghis Khan's life was verified by the Russian V.V.Baltol'd as 129,000 men ^{7 [8]} .

China

据2010年第六次全国人口普查数据中国蒙古族人口约为650万，中国的蒙古族人口主要分布在中国内蒙古、东北，在新疆、河北、青海都有分布，其余散布于河南、四川、贵州、北京和云南等地。 ^[1]

Inner Mongolia: Before 1949, the population of Inner Mongolia was in the stage of high birth, high death and low natural growth. After the establishment of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government, the population of Inner Mongolia pastoral area began to recover growth. In 1961, the Statistics Bureau of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region announced that the Mongolian population had grown to 1.213 million, an increase of 45.79% over 1947 when the autonomous region was growing. Since then, due to food production, the population has moved into the pastoral areas in large numbers. From 1987 to 2000, the population in the pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia maintained a relatively gentle growth rate without major fluctuations. According to the 2010 census, the Mongolian population in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is 4226,093.

According to the China Statistical Yearbook -2021 The Mongolian population in China is 6,290,204. ^[16]

Mongolia

According to data released by the National Statistical Committee of Mongolia on July 15, 2013, the Mongolian population is about 2.28 million.

Russia

There are about 900,000 Mongolians in Russia (2009 data). There are Buryat Mongols in Siberia (about 400,000 people), Oirats (including Kalmyks and Dulberts) and so on. ^[1]

Other regions

South Korea: 34,000
USA: 15,000-18,000
Czech Republic: 7515
Japan: 5401
Germany: 3852
United Kingdom: 3701
France: 2859
Turkey: 2,645
Kazakhstan: 2523

Total: The total Mongolian population in the world is about 10 million The man. ^[18]

political

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EDITOR

Subject article: Yuan Dynasty , Four khanates , Independence of outer Mongolia , Mongolian People's Republic

Yuan Taizu Chizi Tiemuzhen

In 1206, the Mongol leader Temuzhen (later known as Genghis Khan) unified the Mongol ministries and established the Mongol regime. Genghis Khan and his descendants waged a massive war. ^[9] With the establishment and expansion of Great Mongolia, Mongolian power gradually expanded into Eurasia. But at the same time, the struggle for Khan's position and power also made the internal crisis of Genghis Khan's "golden family" more and more serious and more and more open. During Genghis Khan's lifetime, this contradiction was also becoming public. In order to balance the interests of his descendants, Genghis Khan delineated the fiefdom of his four sons (that is, Gurus). Its territory was basically in present-day Xinjiang and Central Asia to the north and west. It was roughly as follows: the fiefdom of the eldest son Shu Chi was in the Russian region west of the present-day Erqisi River and north of Khwarazm. After Shu Chi's death, his son Batu established the Khinchak Khanate centered on the Volga River basin in 1243; The fief of the second son, Sahatai, was on the grassland between the present Amu and Syr rivers. Genghis Khan also sealed Koraijian, the fifth son of his wife, in Mobei; Only the younger son, Toret, had no fiefdom, inheriting his father's grazing land, population, and army. After Chagatai's death, his grandson Hela Xullie succeeded him.

Area ruled by the Mongols in the late 13th century

The Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, united China. The unity of Yuan promoted the development of multi-ethnic countries. The provincial system implemented by the Yuan Dynasty effectively governed China. ^[9] The supreme ruler of the Yuan Dynasty was still the titular Great Khan of all Mongolia, retaining the identity of the suhonate. As far as the Yuan Dynasty was concerned, he was the emperor, and as far as the Mongol Khanates outside the Yuan Dynasty and the Mongols were concerned, he was the sacred "Xue Chan Khan" of Mongolia, receiving titles from the Yuan Dynasty until the end of the Yuan Dynasty Xu Da made a northern expedition After the Yuan Dynasty retreated to Mobei.

During the Qing Dynasty, the government exercised special administration over Inner Mongolia. On the one hand, the Mongol leaders were bribed by marriage, and the chiefs and their sons and nephews were married off by matriarchal women. On the other hand, the "Zasak system" of divide and rule is practiced in politics, that is Alliance flag system .

On July 11, 1921, Outer Mongolia established a pro-Soviet state Constitutional monarchy The government.

On November 25, 1921, Outer Mongolia established the "people's revolutionary regime" and signed the Treaty of Rapprochement with the Soviet Union in 1922. The government in Beijing issued a statement condemning Outer Mongolia's attempt to split the Republic of China and did not recognize Outer Mongolia's independence.

On April 17, 1924, the Mongol monarch Zhebzun Dhamba died.

On November 26, 1924, with the support and action of the Soviet Union and the Third International, the Mongolian People's Party announced the abolition of the constitutional monarchy and was established Mongolian People's Republic The city was renamed Ulaanbaatar, and the Soviet Union was allowed to garrison in 1911 as the era of independence. However, China and other major governments such as the United Kingdom and the United States did not recognize it.

On October 25, 1961, the United Nations Security Council approved the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations by a vote of 9 to 0, with one vote (the United States) abstaining.

Around the 1990s, the Mongolian People's Republic was renamed Mongolia and Marxism-Leninism was abolished.

economy

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EDITOR

The early social economy of the Mongols was mainly hunting and nomadism, and until the 13th century, the Mongols still had the custom of "round up and hunt". In a long period of time, animal husbandry economy was the main social and economic category of Mongolian people. It was not until the 16th century that the Mongolian people developed a mixed farming economy of animal husbandry and agriculture on the flat rivers on both sides of the river. By the beginning of the 20th century, the regional economy of the Mongolian people could be divided into livestock areas, agricultural areas, semi-livestock and semi-agricultural areas.

culture

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EDITOR

Ethnic totem

The totems worshipped by the Mongols are wolves, deer, bears, yaks, eagles, swans, trees and so on. The first sentence of the Secret History of Mongolia states that the ancestors of Genghis Hohan were Bortachina and his wife Huomalanle, totems worshipped by the Mongols, the Wolf and the deer.

In addition, under the influence of the Han culture in the Central Plains, the Mongolian people also worship the dragon, and some tribes have tree totem worship, yak totem worship and so on. Various totemic myths reflect the characteristics of the Mongolian nation and many common points with the northern nationalities, especially the myths of the Altai language group, reflecting the close connection between them. ^[10]

The Wolf Totem

Mongolian Wolf felt painting

The Wolf totem of the Mongolian nation was originally the totem of the ancient Qiyan tribe Borzhijin, which is recorded in the Secret History of Mongolia and the Origins of Mongolia. After hundreds of years of interpretation, the Wolf totem has been regarded as the totem of the entire Mongolian nation. ^[10]

The Secret History of Mongolia begins with a clear statement: "The ancestors of Genghis Hohan were Bortetchina (pale Wolf), who was born under the destiny of heaven, and his wife, Huamalanle (white deer), who crossed the Sea of Tengkidsi and settled down in front of Mount Boerhan, the source of the Oran River, and gave birth to a son named Batatchihan." It reflects the important historical fact that two Mongol tribes with Wolf and deer as totems moved west from the Erguna River in the late Tang Dynasty. The "Mandarin · Zhou language" records: "Mu Tianzi west hunting dog, won its five Kings, four white wolves and four white deer to return." Historian Jian Bozan argues that "the white Wolf and the white deer were the clans of the time". ^[10]

"Mongol Origins" records that Genghis Khan specially issued a special order to "Guo Ormalal" (grass yellow deer) and "Bultke Qinchuno" (pale Wolf) in the hunt, these two beasts were released, which can be seen as a god animal to be cared for. According to the Mongolian History of Dosang, gogodae Set a Wolf free in the hope of increasing his life, but do not want the Wolf to be "hunted and killed by hounds." Ogodei thought it was a bad omen. Sure enough, he died soon after. ^[10]

Lututeng

Mongolian shamans believe that deer can show spirits and exorcise evil spirits. The hats worn by shamans in Balhu, Chahar, Horqin and other areas in Inner Mongolia are decorated with tin antlers, and the bronze mirrors and Fa drums used are also painted with the image of deer, indicating that the ancient Mongolian people, especially the forest hunters, used deer as a totem deity. ^[10]

Eagle Totem

Durbert Urtunasube, the right wing of Horqin, was the twenty-seventh grandson of Genghis Khan's younger brother Hasar, and their clan called itself the Eagle Clan, with the eldest son and eldest grandson of each generation named after various eagles. ^[10]

According to the Secret History of Mongolia, Borduchar Menghei, the youngest son of Genghis Khan's 10th ancestor, was abandoned by his four brothers. When he had no choice but to hunt for a living by an eagle, his descendants Borzhijin regarded the eagle as the savior and worshipped him as the god of protection. Temujin was framed by his "Anda" (brotherly friend) Jamuai before he claimed to be Khan, and a falcon saved him. ^[10]

According to Mongolian shamanic tradition, Haidongqing was a celestial bird messenger who was sent down to earth to marry the tribal leader, give birth to a beautiful girl, and cultivate her into the world's first "Wudugen" (witch). In Buryatian shaman mythology, the earliest incarnation of the male shaman was also related to the eagle. ^[10]

Bear totem

Buryat and Dalhat people often call the bear ancestor, sacred, call the bear "ortoge", meaning the elder, the old, they think that people are changed from the bear, and call the bear grandfather, father, ancestor, which is the performance of people regard the bear as a blood relationship with their own, so they use the corresponding kinship appellation to call them, like relatives treat them. The Dalhart follow a very special set of customs and rituals for bear hunting, such as the male bear can hunt all year round, but the female bear does not hunt until she has cubs and comes out of the den in the spring. ^[10]

After capturing the bear, eating the bear's head meat seems to be the legacy of the ancient primitive people's "totem communion" custom. In the view of primitive people, using the blood and flesh of the totem as holy communion can consolidate their intimate relationship with the totem and regain the spirit of the totem. ^[10]

Religious belief

shamanism It is the ancient primitive religion of the Mongols. Shamanism worships a variety of natural and ancestral deities. Genghis Khan believed in shamanism, worship Tengri Khan "eternal Heavenly Emperor". Until the Yuan Dynasty, Shamanism was dominant in Mongolian society, and still had an important influence on the Mongolian royal family, princes, nobles and folk. When the royal family offered sacrifices to their ancestors, offered sacrifices to the imperial Temple, and drove the emperor, shaman presided over the sacrifices. Genghis Khan and his successors adopted an inclusive policy towards various religions. Popular religions include Buddhism, Taoism, Islam Religion, Christianity, shamanism, etc. Mungo Khan During this period, in addition to shamanism, Mengge Khan and the royal family also supported Islam, Christians, Taoist disciples and Buddhist monks, and personally participated in various religious ceremonies. The same policy was adopted in the Yuan Dynasty. During the Yuan Dynasty, Islamic temple building activities spread all over the country, and Christianity was also valued and protected. A surname patspar Once to Kublai Khan and his queen, prince and many other empowerments. Buddhism replaced shamanism in the court. However, the influence of Buddhism was limited to the upper Mongolian ruling class, and the majority of Mongols still practiced shamanism. ^[11]

Second half of the 16th century, Mongolia The Ministry of Tumt Altan Khan Alatan Khan Welcome into Tsongkhapa The Tibetan Buddhism Gelug . In 1578 Altan Khan and Dalai III Sonam Gyatso met at Yanghua Monastery in Qinghai and held a Dharma meeting, at which Sonam Gyatso was named by Altan Khan as the "Waqir Dara Dalai Lama of the Holy Knowledge of Everything", thus giving rise to the title of Dalai Lama. Since then, with the support and advocacy of the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tibetan Buddhism flourished in Mongolia. But shamanism in the eastern region in the form of sacrifice, divination, healing activities have been preserved to varying degrees.

Under the advocacy of the Qing government, the whole Mongolian region built large monasteries, carved Buddha statues, painted murals, cast gods and various metal processes were developed. lamaism In Mongolia, it became a tool to paralyze the Mongolian people.

Language and writing

The Mongols have their own written language. Mongolian Belong to Altaic family Mongolian language family There are Inner Mongolia, Oirat , Barhoo Bulliat, Khorchin Four dialects ^[11] .

The traditional Mongolian script dates back to 1204 AD. After the Uighur palm printer Tatatonga was captured by the Mongols, Genghis Khan praised his loyalty to the country and gave him the same rank, thus the Mongolian script was born in the Uighur script. At first it was written horizontally, then it was written vertically. The Mongol explanation for this was that it was more convenient to write vertically when writing was needed on a horse's neck.

At the end of the century, Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, created another "eight Siba" and made it popular. This is an intricate form of writing created by Kublai Khan's master, Lozhe Gyaltsen Bhaspa, a monk from Tibet. Through this script, he hoped to bring a unified way of writing communication to the Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian languages in the Yuan Dynasty. But this kind of writing only travels between the upper levels.

Early 14th century, by Mongolian scholars Chucky Orcel The original text was reformed and became the universal norm Mongolian . The Mongolian Association in Yunnan Yi And Chinese, its Mongolian language and the northern Mongolian language is roughly interlinked. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368, the Ba Si Ba character was also withdrawn from the general system.

In the 1940s, Mongolia was established under Soviet influence Damudin Sulun The "Writing Reform Committee", which was attended by other writers, officially abandoned Uighur Mongolian and began to use it soon after Slavic alphabet Based on Cyrillic Mongol. After the 1980s, some middle schools and high schools in Mongolia offered Uighur Mongolian courses, but the promotion effect was not ideal. There are still only some schools in Mongolia that teach the Uighur Mongolian language, but neither parents nor students pay much attention to learning it.

In 1979, China officially established the basic dialect and standard pronunciation of Mongolian. In 1980, the People's Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region approved and forwarded the Request Report of the Mongolian Language Work Cooperation Group of Eight Provinces and Regions on the Establishment of Basic Dialects, standard sounds and Trial Mongolian phonetic Standards, and decided to use Chahar local language as the standard sounds. In 1977, the second Mongolian Language Professional Conference of eight provinces and regions adopted the "Regulations on Punctuation symbols of Mongolian Language". In 1991, the People's Language Committee of the Autonomous Region issued a "Notice on the Trial of Mongolian abbreviations and sketch writing". In 1996, the "Mongolian alphabet sequence" was standardized. In 1997, the "Mongolian Orthography Committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region" was established, and the first meeting was held, which standardized more than 3,000 non-standard basic entries into more than 1,500, and unified the writing forms of their derivatives.

President of Mongolia in 2010 Elbegdorj An order was issued to restore and expand the use of Uighur Mongolian. The order states, Presidents of Mongolia The Chairman of the State Great Hural (Parliament), the Prime Minister and government officials, etc. must use Uighur Mongolian for official documents and letters when communicating with foreign officials of the same rank; Birth and marriage certificates of Mongolian citizens, relevant certificates issued by educational institutions at all levels, and graduation certificates must be written in both Uighur and Cyrillic Mongolian.

science

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EDITOR

Astronomical calendar

Ming Antu, a Mongolian astronomer and mathematician, worked for several decades in the Qing Dynasty and participated in the compilation of three astronomical calendar books, The Origin of the Law Calendar, the Compilation of the Calendar after the Examination of the Calendar, and the Examination of the Instrument and Image ^[12] .

Mongolian medicine

Mongolian medicine is a traditional medicine gradually formed and developed in the long-term medical practice of the Mongolian people. With a long history and rich content, it is a summary of Mongolian people's experience and wisdom in fighting against diseases, and it is also a medical science with distinct national and regional characteristics. In the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, it has the characteristics of less medicine, good curative effect, economical and simple.

Mongolian medicine explains the physiological and pathological phenomena of human body with the relation of "Heyi", "Shira" and "Badakan". The so-called "Hei" refers to the motivation of various physiological functions. All thinking, language, movement and the functional activities of various organs are governed by it. If the "Heyi" function is abnormal, it will lead to the weakening of the function of the viscera, manifested as abnormal consciousness, insomnia, forgetfulness and so on. "Sheila" means hot. The body temperature, the heat energy of the tissues and organs and the excitement of the spirit are all "Sheila" in play. "Sheila" is excessive, there will be a variety of warm and hot diseases, such as bitter mouth, vomiting acid, manic expression and other manifestations. "Badakan" refers to a mucous substance in the body, which has the characteristics of cold. The dysfunction of "Badakan", in addition to the general cold signs, also easily lead to the stagnation of water and fluid and the phenomenon of various secretions increased.

Medical works such as "Four chapters of Ganlu", "Coral Test Recipe", "Mongolian Medicine Jinguiji", "Mongolian Medicine Preparations and pulse diagnosis", "Mongolian Medicine Canon" have great influence on medical theory, prescription, diagnosis and medicine. In addition, there are also many medical works, such as "Mongolian and Tibetan Integrative Medicine", "Pulse", "Four Basic Theories of Medicine", "Five Classics of Medicine" and so on. In the field of veterinary medicine, the Mongols have also made important contributions ^[12] .

Maths

The Mongols have done a lot of research on mathematics. The first person to study Euclid's Elements was Mongo. It is recorded that" Genghis Khan By all Kings Mongo The emperor is more learned, and he knows how to explain Euclid's schemes."

In the early 18th century, a Mongolian scientist working in the Qing Dynasty's Qintian Supervision minantagram He made great contributions to mathematics. At that time three related passed in from Europe Trigonometric function But it's not proven. Ming 'an diagram "only its method, but did not detail its meaning", so it spent 30 years of research, not only created the "cut circle and proportional method" proved three formulas, but also independently obtained six analytical formulas. Ming Antu left a manuscript of mathematical research later by his son Minh Tan , Student Chen Jixin Zhang Liangting collated into a book, the title was written into a 4-volume mathematical monograph "Cutting the circle density Method". "Cutting the circle" refers to dividing the circumference into several equal parts, or dividing an arc length within the circumference into several equal parts, and then using the circle cutting method to find the circumference length or an arc length within the circumference. This value is very close to the actual value, which can also be said to be an approximation of PI. The "quick method" refers to the method that can be easily and quickly calculated. In this book, he not only strictly proved the correctness of the three infinite series introduced by the West, derived the three formulas of "finding the circumference of the circle", "finding the sine of the arc back" and "finding the positive vector of the arc back", but also discovered and demonstrated six infinite series, and created six formulas that exceeded the scientific level of the world at that time. That is, arc back to find the chord, arc back to find the vector, through the chord to find the arc back, sine to find the arc back, the arrow to find the arc back. In proving these 9 formulas, he also created four formulas, such as finding sinusoidal positive vector with covector, finding local arc with covector, finding sine and cosine with arc back and finding arc back with sine and cosine. This "cut circle and proportional method" created by him contains the advanced idea of the combination of form numbers and the mutual transformation of straight lines and arcs. This idea of finding a circle line by a straight line and finding a straight line by a round line has the same meaning as the western calculus, and is a relatively advanced idea in the field of world mathematics at that time. Therefore, Ming Antu is regarded as the pioneer of calculus and the pioneer of higher mathematics, and has made great contributions to the development of Chinese mathematics.

It is not only Ming Antu who studies mathematics and has written works to be passed down to later generations, but also Dulun at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Duren wrote a volume called "Laughing and Calculating", also known as "Shaoguang Chapter of the First Edition", which belongs to elementary mathematics.

philosophy

In the early period of Mongolia, due to low productivity, they were dominated by nature and did not understand natural phenomena. Therefore, they worshipped natural objects and worshipped mountains such as Hangai Mountain, Altai Mountain, Ili River and Irtysh River. And give human beings the same life, have a will, personify it, transcend nature, and become God. From the beginning of various worship, there was no clear concept formed, with the development of society, the expansion of the field of activity, the formation of animistic ideas, from the concrete knowledge of association, not only perceptual knowledge, but also rational knowledge, the development of thinking ability, the formation of early Mongolian social thought ^[13] .

After the establishment of the Mongol Khanate, Genghis Khan strengthened the khanate by granting the khanate power from heaven, and realized its unity by using the thought of eternal life in heaven, conforming to the trend of social development. Until Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, further consolidating and perfecting the feudal monarchy. In terms of hierarchy and Buddhist thought, it fully explains people's ability to understand the world at that time. The book Secret History of Mongolia reflects the consciousness of The Times. They combined the Khan of Mongolia and the Son of heaven into one body, believing that heaven is the Buddha, the Buddha is the Lord of heaven, and the Khan of Mongolia is not the son of heaven, but the embodiment of Buddha, becoming the unity of Buddha and Khan, Buddha is eternal and supreme. Buddhist thought gradually merged with the original Mongolian social thought and disintegrated the traditional Mongolian thought of worship to heaven. This is also a major change in Mongolian political philosophy, marking the development of philosophical thought ^[13] .

Many scientists in astronomy, medicine and science and technology have appeared in Mongolian history. Their works contain many philosophical thoughts, from which Mongolian philosophical thoughts can be reflected. For example, Mongolian scientist Ming Antu engaged in scientific research and believed that the object of his research was objective existence and objective laws of nature. In his book The Method of Cutting the Circle, he did not regard the search for the circle as a product of thought, but as a change of nature, which is hidden in the external world. Although the book is a mathematical principle, the explanation reflecting the specific quantity of things through concrete mathematical practice is extracted through scientific argument, which is a materialist point of view. It also reflects Ming Antu's simple dialectic thought ^[13] .

ART

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EDITOR

The Mongolians are fond of music and are good at singing and dancing. They are known as the "music nation" and the "poetry nation". Mongolians have lived a nomadic life since ancient times. In the long course of history, Mongolians have created rich and valuable musical wealth with their wisdom and artistic genius. Mongolian folk songs have the unique style of national vocal music. Mongolian music has both the common style of the whole nation and the unique style of each region ^[14] .

The Mongolian dance rhythm is cheerful, the movement is strong and powerful, with the most characteristic shoulder shaking, arm kneading and horse walking. The classic Mongolian traditional dances are roughly "horse knife dance", "chopstick dance", "Andai dance", "cup bowl dance" and so on. The main traditional instruments are the horse head qin, Yatoga (" Zheng "), the Mongolian pipa, the Mongolian ukulele and the Mongolian war drum.

unit

A yurt where herdsmen live on the Hulunbuir Grassland

Yurt It is a kind of dome-type living house with a round pointed roof on the grassland, which is composed of wooden grid pole, wrapped door, top ring, lining felt, set felt, leather rope, mane rope and other components.

In Chinese classics such as the Book of Han, yurts are called "felt tent" or "dome". In Mongolian classics, it is called "Orugtager", meaning windowless house, and in modern Mongolian, it is called "Panbugge day" or "Mongol Leger day", meaning round or Mongolian house. The word "bag" comes from Manchu. The Manchu language calls this kind of house that Mongolians live in "Mongolian bo", "bo" means "home", "bo" and "bao" sound close, therefore, Mongolian bao is passed down as a translated sound.

MUSICIANS

Subject article: Music of Mongolia

Long folk song

Mongolian herdsmen created long-tune folk songs to express their emotions and express their nomadic life during their long-term nomadic labor. In the process of spreading for a long time, long-tune folk songs have formed a complete system, including grassland madrigals, hymns, homesickness songs, wedding songs, love songs and other different kinds of songs.

Long tune The folk songs have a wide range of sound, beautiful and smooth tunes, and the melody lines are carried out in waves, ups and downs, showing the natural environment of the broad grassland. The rhythm is long, with many accents and few words. Declarative language rhythm, lyric long rhythm and decorative "Nogula" rhythm are cleverly combined to form the rhythm of long-key folk songs.

Holnoble

Good noble, also called "Hulibao". It is a form of folk art in which one or more people perform "rap" in the Mongolian language, accompanied by their own instruments such as Sihu. It was formed around the 12th century.

" Holnoble The Mongolian meaning is "sing together" or "sing together". The lyrics are four verses in alliteration. Or four sentences a rhyme, or two sentences a rhyme, there are dozens of singing words a rhyme to the end of the situation. The performance of the program, the length can be long or short, artists often improvise live lyrics and singing. The content of the program can be narrative, lyrical, eulogizing and satirical. Rhetorical devices, including metaphor, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition, etc., are widely used. Thus, the performance has the characteristics of humor, bright rhythm and lively dripping.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, there has been a variety of performance methods, the simple form of the mouth performance is called "Yabulgan"; The form of musical instrument accompaniment performance, according to the different accompaniment instruments, is divided into Huqin accompaniment "Huren Hao Laibao", and a variety of Musical Instruments accompaniment "Ni Ri le Hao Laibao". "Yabulgan" form, also depending on the number of performers, there are two forms of one-person solo performance and two-person pair performance. In the content of the program, it also formed three types of narration, mockery and praise. In addition to the shows that show the life of the ethnic group, such as "Princess Yandan", "Rich Chagan Lake", "It is better to be an entertainer" and so on, the historical stories of the Han nationality, such as "The Story of Wang Zhaojun" and "The Story of Wang Zhaojun". Water Margin "And" Romance of The Three Kingdoms "And other content has also been choreographed by Hollytreasure artists.

Uliger

Uliger The Chinese meaning is "storytelling", because of the use of Mongolian rap, it is also called Mongolian storytelling, is a form of Mongolian folk art. Mongolian folk, who only tell stories without musical accompaniment, called Uligar "Yabagan Uligar", also known as "Hurui Uligar"; Uligar accompanied by Choer is called "Choin Uligar"; Uliger, who raps with four hu accompaniments, is called "Hulen Uliger". Chaoren Uliger is widely spread in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and other Mongolian inhabited areas and Mongolia. Hulen Uliger has been widely spread among the masses in the rural pastoral areas of Mongolian Zhen in Liaoning Province, Golos in Jilin Province and Horqin in Inner Mongolia.

Horse head qin

Among the many Musical Instruments, the Matouqin is the most respected by Mongolians. Matouqin is a traditional musical instrument unique to Mongolian people, with a very unique style. The traditional horse-head qin is about four feet long, with a wooden pole, a horse's head carved at the top, and a shovel-shaped leather drum at the bottom. It is tied into two strings with the horse's tail, and then made into a bow string with the horse's tail. When played, it can sound melodic and deep. The performance of the Matouqin is different from other string instruments in that its bow strings are not sandwiched between the strings, but pulled outside the strings.

four-hu

Mongolian artists playing Sihu

Mongolian Sihu is one of the most distinctive Musical Instruments of Mongolian nationality, divided into three categories: treble Sihu, alto Sihu and bass Sihu. High tone Sihu sound bright, crisp bright, mostly used in solo, ensemble; He is good at playing lyric music, and mainly accompanies Uliger and Holaibao, the folk rap art of Horqin. They play a very important role in the cultural life of Mongolian people. The typical songs of the Mongolian Sihu are "Rushing", "Eight tones", "Asr" (above is the big Sihu), "Maud Lema", "Winding Vine", "Lotus Flower" (above is the small Sihu) and so on. The Sihu culture of the Mongolian nationality has rich accumulation, rich expression, unique skills, melodious and simple melody. It is an outstanding musical creation of the Mongolian people engaged in semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral production, and has high academic research value in Mongolian history, culturography, folklore, and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

After the Yuan Dynasty, four-hu The art spread widely, once popular in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous region, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and North China and other Han inhabited areas, had a profound influence on the Han folk rap. Tongliao city, located in the hinterland of Horqin Grassland, is the most prosperous area of Sihu art at present.

painting

The earliest ancient Mongolian painting art is the rock paintings of nomads, mostly by folk painters. It reflects the image of people's production and labor at that time.  A group of famous Mongolian painters appeared in the Yuan Dynasty. For example, the court painter Li Huosun painted portraits of ancestors such as Genghis Khan and Ogetai. Yu Sweating is good at ink bamboo painting, "Wind and smoke green Map" is the best painting. The third son of Emperor Taiding, Prince Gong, was good at painting and painting, and had created works such as Painting Deer and Painting Butterfly. Timur, too There is "landscape Fresco"; Yuan Huizong Shi Jinshi Bo Yan Shouren Capable of poetry and painting, drawing" Bamboo and stone map ", etc. Hao Zhong anger has "no escape map" and so on. A Mongolian painter in the late Yuan Dynasty Zhang Yanfu There are "Jiangnan Autumn Thought Map", "Cloud Forest Map"," Yunshan Map ", "Bamboo sparse bird" and so on.

There was Chen Xi in the Ming Dynasty. Qing dynasty painters Wangchimbal Famous paintings include "Green Mountain", "White Clouds" and so on. A famous landscape painter Fabric map , painted with" Xiaoxiang map ", wrote "Painting learning mind Fa Answer", on some important issues about painting are incisive discussion.

Mongolian painting art is also expressed in murals. The tomb of the Yuan Dynasty is covered with painted murals. The wall is painted with a picture of a man and a woman sitting opposite the master, and behind him is a boy and a girl. The figure and costume of the figure have obvious Mongolian characteristics; Both sides of the tomb wall are painted with pictures of the life of the tomb owner, and the natural scenery of Saibei is shown in the background. There are also many murals in Buddhist temples in Mongolia. Such as Meidai Zhao, Dazhao, Wudang Zhao, Usu Tu Zhao and other places, there are large-scale murals.

Modern Mongolian painter The Pine Year (1837-1906), once in the Qing Dynasty Tongzhi eight years (1869) as a painter As high as a mountain As a teacher, after the famous teacher pointed to teach, quite attainments. In the twenty-third year of Guangxu (1897), he wrote a book called "Yi Yuan on Painting". 

literature

Mongolian literature has a long history, such as myths and legends, heroic epics and songs, which truly and vividly reflect the clan society and the tribal people's fishing, hunting and animal husbandry production in the early days of slavery, the fierce and frequent wars between primitive tribes, and the ancient laborers' ideal and desire to conquer the natural forces and social evil forces. As in... The warrior Gunakan "," Jangar These ancient heroic epics reflect the face of a historical era with a huge artistic generalization, and have a profound impact on the development of Mongolian literature in the future generations.

From Genghis Khan's unification of the Mongol ministries to the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian political and economic development was unprecedented, with the Han people in the Central Plains, the domestic ethnic minorities and even the Eurasian countries to strengthen the economic and cultural relations, so that the cultural tradition with national characteristics greatly developed, forming a prosperous period in the history of national literature and art. The classic of historical literature Secret history of Mongolia "(the old translation of the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty), excellent folk narrative poem" Two of Genghis Khan's horses The emergence of the lyrical ballads "Song of Mother and Child" (namely "Golden Palace Birch Book"), "Song of Alai Chinbo", etc., marked the rise of writers' literature and the continuous prosperity of various folk literature.

From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the whole Ming Dynasty, the Mongolian feudal masters retreated successively from Eurasia and the vast areas of the Central Plains to the north and south of the desert. The economic and cultural relations between the various ethnic groups were greatly weakened, and since then Mongolian literature has entered a so-called "storm period". Although the development of literature as a whole was not interrupted by this, it was uneven in the various Mongol departments and settlements, and the prolonged feudal division provoked widespread discontent and resistance in all aspects of society. Biographical epic Gesell's biography "Is a written work formed after long-term oral transmission, this excellent work is derived from the Tibetan epic" The Biography of King Gesar However, it has been passed down from generation to generation in Mongolia and has been fully Mongolized, becoming an independent work rich in Mongolian national characteristics. When the Qing Dynasty unified China, the melee and division of the Mongols gradually ended, and the society became stable. With the restoration of economic and cultural ties among ethnic groups, the influence of Han classical literature (mainly poetry and novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties) and Tibetan folk literature (such as folk stories and proverbs) on Mongolian literature is increasing. Many Chinese and Tibetan literary works, such as Water Margin "," Romance of The Three Kingdoms "," Say Thang "And" Biography of King Gesar "were adapted or recreated, and were widely disseminated in the form of Mongolian storytelling and stories, almost reaching the level of household names.

Mongolian modern literature is produced and expanded in the fire of national struggle and class struggle. It is directly related to the survival of the nation and the fate of the people, and is rich in the strong spirit of The Times. A folk narrative poem in praise of the heroes of the uprising. Gadarin As well as the popular anti-Japanese and anti-Manchu folk songs "National Soldiers Song" in the occupied areas of eastern Inner Mongolia.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, poets Na Saiyin Hauktu and Ba Brinberg, novelists Malachinv, A Odesl, Ankachinv (Monan), Zalagaghu, and playwrights Hauktuneren and Yun Zhaogang all wrote many influential works. After them, a group of literary newcomers emerged in the new period in the theme, style and literary concept of innovation, has shown remarkable achievements in various fields of literature. In addition, the collection, sorting and research of Mongolian folk literature and classical literature have also made great achievements. Many new versions or new chapters of the epics "Gesl" and "Jangar" have been discovered successively, and the long poem "Hero Gesl Khan" sung by the famous folk artist Pajie has been recorded and sorted out. The classic work Secret history of Mongolia "," Annals of history "," Ground floor "," The Weeping Red Pavilion "And so on after the revision and examination, has been published. After these works were translated into Chinese, they had a good influence on all nationalities in China.

Dance

Folk dances in China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and areas inhabited by Mongolian people in Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces. Mongolian dance culture is closely related to their hunting and nomadic life. Primitive dance forms of Mongolian ancestors, Yinshan cliff paintings chiseled in the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age, Ulanqab In the cliff painting, there is a vivid and true expression. In ancient times, the Mongolian people also had many dances that imitated fierce animals, such as "Baihaiqing" (white eagle) dance, bear dance, lion dance, deer dance and so on. Most of these dances have been lost as independent forms, but in Shamanic dance Is still reflected.

The Mongols are engaged in animal husbandry and hunting. Due to the long-term living in the geographical environment and climate conditions of the grassland, since ancient times to worship heaven and earth mountains and rivers and eagle totem, the herdmen have created a large number of music and dance in life, such as" Milking dance "," Chopstick dance "," Bowlpan dance The most famous of which is" Andai ".

custom

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EDITOR

Traffic habit

The traditional means of transportation of Mongolians mainly have two kinds of draft animals and vehicles. The draft animals are mainly horses and camels, and the vehicles are stranglers.

Herd horses

The Mongols are known as the horseman people. In ancient times, all children and old people used horses instead of walking. Horses are not only a means of transportation for Mongolians, but also an important part of Mongolian national culture. Mongolians are familiar with horses and usually use extensive horse herding. Mongolian horses are divided into several series, there are Ujumu Qin horse, Shangdu Hippo, Wusan horse, three hippo, Horqin horse and so on.

Kublai Khan's hunting map

Mongolian grassland is vast, rich grass, very suitable for horses. The horse is good at exercise, so it has a large amount of food, a small stomach, fast digestion, defecation while eating, and most of the day has to keep eating grass. In summer, there are many hot mosquitoes, and horses avoid mosquitoes and heat during the day, so they mainly eat grass at night to gain weight.

Mongolians grow up on horses since they are young, and the horse is the cradle of Mongolians. The Mongols believe that horses are the most perfect and understanding animals in the world. Mongolian horses are fierce, agile and brave, but very loyal to their masters. The Mongolian people regard the horse as a shepherd's friend, the horse is honored by the head, the Mongolian people forbid hitting the horse's head, not abusing the horse, not allowing two people to ride a horse, and the horse is not allowed to run wildly during the autumn fat period to make the horse sweat. The horse shepherd and rider should carry the horse sweat board and the horse brush with them at any time to wash the horse's body and shave the horse sweat, relax the muscles and blood, relax the muscles and eliminate fatigue for the horse, and at the same time, this is also the way for the owner and the horse to be close and enhance their feelings.

The horse is deeply integrated into the Mongolian spiritual world. Mongolian hymns, fables, aphorisms, folklore, folk songs, music, art, sculpture, etc. on the theme of horses are endless. Mongolians also have many festivals related to horses, such as: horse racing festival, foal Festival, horse milk Festival, what festival and so on. The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan on the Ordos Plateau houses a Windugen Chagan of Genghis Khan and two white horses of Genghis Khan.

In modern times, Mongolian horses in China have gradually lost their role in production, living and riding in both urban and pastoral areas, and the number of Mongolian horses is also rapidly decreasing. Mongolian people realize that Mongolian horses are becoming less and less, and people with insight in society have begun to establish various organizations related to Mongolian horses, and the work of studying Mongolian horses and rescuing Mongolian horses is being carried out on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia.

Camel

Camel, temperament docile, easy to tame, hunger and thirst, heat and cold, good trek, can bear weight. Both produce milk, meat, wool, and can be used, a body with four uses, is less than other livestock. There are many camels in the western region of Inner Mongolia, which is called "Temo" in Mongolian and is an indispensable means of transportation for herdsmen. It can be ridden and loaded. It is two or three meters tall, the legs are very long, each step can reach more than one meter away, can travel one hundred or two hundred li a day. The trek is long and the negative gravity is quite high. Can carry 200 kilograms of goods, equivalent to the weight of a steed and two bullocks. Since ancient times, it has the reputation of "the boat of the desert" and is the main cargo in the desert area. In the deserts of western Inner Mongolia, teams of camels often travel with heavy loads. The exploration team examines the desert, the sand control team greening the desert, the tourist team roaming the desert, only the camel is their loyal partner.

Loehler

Lerer car, ancient known as "pulley car", "Luo Luo car", "Niu Niu car", etc., is an ancient means of transportation on the northern grassland. This kind of car body is small, but the double wheel is tall, and the diameter is generally about one meter or six meters. Can be completely made of birch or elm wood, without iron parts, simple structure, easy to manufacture and repair. The whole car is generally divided into two parts: lower foot and upper foot. The bottom foot consists of a wheel, a spoke and an axle. The manufacture of wheels is generally made of hardwood cutting 12 car rims first, and the 12 car rims are connected and fixed together to form a circular wheel, and the spoke bars supporting the wheels are generally about 36. The upper leg consists of two shafts and 10 braces. The shaft is about 4 meters long and can be fixed with 10 car supports in the middle. A Lerer weighs about one hundred catties, can carry five or six hundred catties to more than one thousand catties.

Festivals

Erdun Xiii Aobao

name	time
Mongolian New Year (Spring Festival)	The first day of the first lunar month ^[15]
The Festival of Genghis Khan	The 17th day of the third lunar month
Nadam Fair	Lunar seventh to August ^[15]
Aobao Festival	July 13th of the lunar calendar

Sacrificial custom

To Tenggeri Khan Mongolian phonetic translation, Tengri Khan means "Emperor of heaven". One of the Mongolian shamanic concepts. Refers to the upper world, i.e., heaven; It also refers to the "ancestor" who dominates all natural phenomena; It also means "fate". Offering to Tengri Khan, the emperor of heaven, is one of the Mongolian rituals. There are two kinds of offerings to heaven: the "white sacrifice" of traditional dairy products and the "red sacrifice" of sheep blood sacrifice. In modern times, the folk activities of the Eastern League Flag were mostly carried out on the seventh or eighth day of July.	Aobao Mountain of Mongolian worship to heaven
Libation fire The herders and hunters of the Mongols worshipped fire because their ancestors believed in shamanism with natural properties and animistic ideas, and believed that fire was generated when heaven and earth were separated, so they paid more respect to "Vudgarai Khan Aheh" (fire goddess mother). The annual and lunar offerings are offered to the fire. The annual festival is held on the 23rd of the twelfth month of the lunar calendar. Under the auspices of the elders, the sacrifices such as butter, white wine, beef and mutton are put into the fire, thanking the God of Fire for his blessing, and praying for the prosperity of people and animals, good harvest and good fortune in the coming year. The lunar festival is usually held on the first and second days of each month. In addition, there are many taboos about fire that reflect the Mongolian reverence for fire, such as not pouring water into the fire, not ramming with knives and sticks in the fire, and not spitting into the fire.	Alashan right flag sacrifice fire ceremony
Altar ao Bao Sacrificial aobao is a religious custom handed down from ancient times by the Mongolians, held in the season of abundant water and grass every year. Aobao means stone pile. That is, on the high ground of the open and scenic mountain, a round solid tower is stacked with stones, and a long pole with scripture strips or livestock hair horns is attached to the top. At that time, the sacrificial cooked beef and mutton, the host gave prayers, men and women and children worshipped and prayed for good weather, people and animals. After the sacrificial ceremony, horse racing, archery, wrestling and other competitive activities are often held. Aobao Festival is formed to commemorate the birthplace of Erguna mountain forest area, expressing their attachment to their ancestral land and infinite reverence for their ancestors. This most important shamanistic ritual has evolved into an annual festival.	Zarut flag Aobao ceremony

taboo

1, daily life taboo: Mongolians riding, driving close to the yurt should not be heavy riding fast, so as not to disturb the herd; If there is a fire or red cloth in front of the door, it means that there are sick or pregnant women in the house, no outsiders should enter; Guests can not sit on the west Kang, because the west is the position of the Buddha; Avoid eating the meat of dead animals and donkey meat, dog meat, white horse meat; Red and white are forbidden for funerals and black and yellow for weddings. Do not bake feet, shoes, socks and pants on the brazier; Smoking, spitting, touching rituals, scriptures, Buddha statues, and loud noise are prohibited when visiting the monastery's scripture hall or temple. Hunting is also prohibited near the monastery.

2. Taboo on fire The Mongols worship fire, fire god and kitchen God, believing that fire, fire god or kitchen God is a holy thing to ward off evil spirits. Therefore, after entering the yurt, it is forbidden to roast your feet on the stove, and it is not allowed to roast wet boots and boots beside the stove Shoes . Do not cross the stove, or step on the stove, and do not break cigarettes, throw things, or throw dirt on the stove. Do not use a knife to pick a fire, insert a knife into the fire, or use a knife to remove meat from a pan.

3. Taboo on water The Mongols believe that water is a pure god. It is taboo to wash hands or bathe in the river, let alone wash Woman Or throw unclean things into the river. Grassland is dry and short of water, grazing by water grass, no water can not survive. So herdsmen are used to saving water, paying attention to keeping water clean, and regard water as the source of life.

Marriage custom

Marital System: Mongolian people have two kinds of marriage system: marriage by grab and marriage by contract. Marriage by abduction is a form of marriage in slavery societies. Before the 13th century, most Mongolian society practiced marriage by snatch. For example, Genghis Khan's father also quickly put the marriage of A Tur and Mrs. Huelun, is a form of marriage by snatch. Betrothal was a form of marriage in feudal society. After the 13th century AD, the Mongolian people entered the feudal society, that is, the universal practice of betrothal system. But there are still some remnants of marriage by marriage. Marriage by snatch or plunder was still common in inter-tribal wars.

Marriage Request: Before a young man and woman are engaged, the man must ask the woman for marriage. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was customary for a man's parents or a commissioned matchmaker to go to the woman's family to ask for a marriage. According to Mongolian tradition Marriage custom The man must ask the woman's family many times in order to get the promise of the woman's family. In Volume 1 of the Secret History of Mongolia, it is recorded that Yashigai led his son Temuzhen (that is, Genghis Khan) to Germany. Xue Chan home for relatives. De? Xue Chan said, "Ask many times before you give it, it will be respected; Ask a few times, but give it, because it will be looked down upon." Later, a Mongolian proverb came into being: "Ask a lot and you'll be expensive; ask a little and you'll be cheap." After reaching an agreement, the man brings hada, milk wine and five forks of sheep or the whole sheep to the woman's house to "make up his mind". Women invited friends and relatives to accompany guests to drink, indicating a formal engagement.

Betrothal Price: A gift given by the man's family to the woman's family after the marriage of young men and women is also called bride price. The amount of the betrothal price depends on the financial situation of the man's family. In rural areas, gold and silver jewelry, cabinets, and clothing are used as betrothal gifts. Cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock are often used as betrothal gifts in pastoral areas. The herdsmen regard "nine" as an auspicious number, and the betrothal gifts take "nine" as the starting point, from "nineteen" to "ninety-nine", at most not more than eighty-one, taking "ninety-nine" as the meaning of longevity. If poor herders do not have the betrothal price of nine animals, they can also choose an odd number less than nine, and take three, five or seven animals as betrothal gifts, but they must not choose the number of wives.

Dowry: A wedding gift for a daughter. The Mongols are very particular about dowry. The number of dowry gifts sent by the man, the woman will send a corresponding amount of dowry. It is usually the things that the wife marries, more than the things that the man gives to the woman's family. Therefore, there is a Mongolian saying: "If you can afford a daughter-in-law, you can't afford a girl."

Choose a good day: One of the Mongolian marriage customs. Also known as the day of choice. Before liberation, after the men and women married, they first asked the lama to divinate, choose an auspicious day, and determine the wedding date. After the auspicious date is set, the man's family sends the matchmaker and his friends and relatives to the woman's home with gifts such as hatta, wine and candy to discuss the marriage with her parents. After the agreement, the two families began to prepare for the wedding. Generally, it is to clean the happy house, or the new yurt, slaughter cattle and kill sheep, prepare dowry, dowry and other wedding supplies, notify both sides of relatives and friends, and visit.

Marry: One of the Mongolian marriage customs. In the past, the Mongolian people married very ceremoniously, and retained the traditional marriage customs of men to women's homes to get married. The wedding is usually the day before the wedding day. In the joyful atmosphere, the groom puts on a colorful Mongolian robe, ribbons around his waist, a cap with red tassel tops on his head, high leather boots, and a bow and arrow. The best man is also in his festive best. Ride a horse together, carrying floats and gifts, to the woman's home to marry. The wedding to the woman's home, first around the yurt week, and to the woman's home "touch the door sheep" 1 and other gifts. Then, the groom and the best man hold hada and wine, toast to the bride's parents and relatives one by one, and bow down. After the ceremony, the wedding party enters the table for dinner. In the evening they prepared a feast of five forks of sheep. And hold a traditional ceremony to seek fame. The next morning, when the wedding set out, the bride was carried on the float by her uncle or uncle. The groom rides his horse three times around the bride's float. Then the bride and the bearer set off together.

Wedding: The Mongolian people pay great attention to the wedding ceremony, although different regions and forms are different, but they are very solemn and lively. The general marriage customs in pastoral areas are: when the marriage returns to the man's home, the bride and groom get off the horse and cart and first circle the yurt three times. The bride and groom then walk through two high fires to be washed by the fire god. It shows the purity of love and the prosperity of new life. After the bride and groom enter the yurt, they first worship the Buddha, and then meet their parents and relatives. After the ceremony, comb the bride's hair by the forehead Ji. After dressing and dressing, wait for the wedding reception to begin. The wedding banquet is usually arranged sheep back or the whole sheep mat, all kinds of milk food, candy everything. At the wedding banquet, the groom carries a silver pot, the bride holds a silver bowl, and offers Hada and wedding wine to the elders, relatives and friends one by one. The boys raised their silver cups and drank freely; The girls sang along with the horse head fiddle. The wedding often lasts for two or three days before relatives and friends leave. And the woman to give her parents to stay with the bride for one to three days. Sometimes the mother of the bride will accompany her for more than ten days. When they parted, mother and daughter hugged and cried bitterly, expressing their reluctance to part.

Fire Worship: An important ceremony in a Mongolian wedding. The Mongolian people worship fire in different ways. But it's all part of a wedding. After the bride marries the groom's home, the first thing to be held is to worship the fire ceremony, the bride and groom pass between the two piles of fire, accept the baptism of fire, so that their love is more pure, unswervingly faithful, happy and happy life, and grow old together. The Durbert Mongolian fire worship ritual is unique. When the bride enters her husband's house, a large fire is built in the courtyard, and the bride and groom pour milk into the fire together, and bow and kowtow. On the side stood the master reciting the "Praise of Fire" : the flint discovered by the Holy Lord Genghis Khan, the fire preserved by the lady of Huelun mother, the sacrifice with white Hada and milk wine, the fire of the nation from ancient times to the present. Please pray for the bride and groom! The fire of God is the witness of your marriage; Kowtow to the bride and groom! The light of Buddha carries on the family line for you.

Seek fame and ask me: One of the procedures of Mongolian marriage. Ask the bride's name. Also known as asking for a title. It's a fun play. On the night when the married man sleeps in the woman's house, he shall have a feast of five forks of sheep or a whole sheep in the bride's boudoir, also called a fame-seeking feast. The groom and the bride, the bride and her brothers and sisters, are of the same generation and participate in this feast. At the banquet, people would tease the groom, force him to kneel or half kneel, and ask the bride's baby name or milk name. The bride was shy or deliberately silent. The bride's sister-in-law and sisters also did not answer, deliberately stalling for time. At this time, the man's blessing and the woman's sister-in-law answer each other, and sing the opposite song, until the woman said the real name, the fame banquet came to an end. Asking for a name is actually an intellectual competition to express the wisdom of young Mongolian men and women.

Tip one's hat: Also known as hat snatching. In the past, on the way to marry the Mongolian people, the wedding and the delivery of the wedding horse galloping, chasing each other, all want to compete for the first home, become the winner. To this end, the two sides will have a hat contest on the way. Usually, the bride tries to grab the hat of the wedding, pick it on the riding crop, or throw it on the ground, forcing the groom to dismount to pick it up, in order to affect its speed. The married cover each other, rather than let the giver grab the hat.

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