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Tulip (Scientific name:
Tulipa×gesneriana
L.)
[2]
It is a perennial bulb flower in the lily family.
[1]
[16]
Also known as grass musk, dry lotus, lotus, narcissus, Yu Xiang and so on
[8]
. Tulips have bulbs. Leaf strip lanceolate to ovate lanceolate. Flowers single terminal, large and showy; Perianth segments red or mixed with white and yellow, sometimes white or yellow. Flowering in April - May
[1]
.
Originating in Europe, introduced and cultivated in China, it is a widely cultivated flower with a long history and many varieties
[1]
. Wild tulips are mostly distributed in hilly and mountainous areas, up to 4000 meters above sea level
[3]
Like cool, moist, sunny, sheltered growth environment
[12]
. Tulip is a world famous bulb flower, with extremely rich varieties and gorgeous colors, known as the "queen of the world flower".
[16]
It is the national flower of Holland, Iran and other countries
[17]
.
The cultivated varieties of tulip have reached more than 10,000, which are widely used in flower display and fresh cut flower production
[7
]
. The Netherlands is the world's tulip production center, the production of seed balls and cut flowers exported to many countries and regions in the world, generating foreign exchange earnings of up to billions of euros every year
[17]
. Tulip flowers can be used as Chinese medicine, according to the "Dictionary of Chinese Medicine" records, tulips have the effect of removing wet and dirty. The main indications are spleen and stomach dampness, chest cavity full depression, vomiting and abdominal pain
[4
]
.
- Chinese name
- tulip
- Latin name
- Tulipa × gesneriana L. [2]
- alias
- Grass musk, dry lotus, lotus, narcissus, Yu Xiang, etc [8]
- world
- The Plant Kingdom (Plantae) [2]
- The door
- Tracheophyta [2]
- The outline
- Magnoliopsida [2]
- Orders,
- Liliales [2]
- Families,
- Liliaceae (Rosaceae) [2]
- Belong to
- Tulip Tulipa ) [2]
- Kind of
- tulips Tulipa × gesneriana ) [2]
- Distribution area
- Originally from Europe, introduced to China [1]
tulips
Tulipa gesneriana
It is the main ancestor of modern tulip hybrids in Europe
[9]
. According to Tatyana A. Kritskaya's research, the fragrant tulip (
Tulipa suaveolens
Most likely early
Tulipa gesneriana
Wild ancestor
[5]
.
In 1559, Giesner found seeds in Augsburg (Germany) that had been brought from Turkey and recorded them and gave them this name. It caused a huge stir in Europe at the time. People began to know and like tulips. In 1753, the famous taxonomist Linneu s attributed all the tulips he knew of cultivated in gardens to this name
[9]
.
The Chinese name "tulip" in ancient times refers to plants such as Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Li Bai poem "Guest" : "Lanling wine tulips, jade bowl to amber light." This is the type of plant recorded in vanilla. Chinese scholars adopted the Chinese name from Japan when compiling the Great Dictionary of Botany in 1917, and Tomitaro Makino in his "Makino's Illustrated Guide to Japanese Plants," T. gesneriana L. A name, pointing out the misuse of the Han name (tulip)
[10]
.
The first tulips to be cultivated in Europe were introduced from Turkey and first cultivated in Austria. In the mid-17th century, tulips were popular in Belgium, Holland, and England. In 1620, the Netherlands cultivated two excellent varieties' Gala Beauty '(cv.Gala Beauty) and' drunken face '(cv.Zommer Schoon), indicating that the cultivation technology of tulips had reached a considerable level. Between 1820 and 1898, there were 31 excellent new varieties of tulips, some of which are still cultivated today, such as cv.Duchesse de Parme. Today, there are more than 10,000 varieties of tulips
[7
]
.
Bulbs ovate, about 2 cm long; Bulb skin papery, inner apex and base sparsely hairy
[1]
Tulip bulbs
Leaves 3-5, striate-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate
[1]
.
Tulip leaf
Flowers single terminal, large and showy; Perianth segments red or mixed with white and yellow, sometimes white or yellow, 5-7 cm long and 2-4 cm wide. 6 stamens equal in length, filaments hairless; Without style, stigma enlarged to cockscomb. Flowering in April - May
[1]
.
Tulip flower
Tulip originated in Europe, the Mediterranean coast and central Asia and other places, China introduced cultivation
[1-2]
[18
]
. Now Europe and America planting is very common, especially in the Netherlands cultivation of the most prosperous.
[18
]
Tulip distribution in China
Wild tulips are mostly distributed in hilly and mountainous areas, up to 4000 meters above sea level
[3]
Like cool, moist, sunny, sheltered growth environment
[12]
.
Tulips can adapt to both cold and wet winter and hot and dry summer. It can be grown above 8°C and can generally withstand low temperatures of -14°C. The suitable temperature for growth is 8-20°C, and it likes sandy soil with rich humus, loose fertile and good drainage. The number of hours of light per day should not be less than 8h, but appropriate shade should be provided when the sunshine is strong to avoid too short flowering period. The flowering period of tulips is generally 5-6 days, and the flowering period can be extended to 10-14 days under low temperature, high humidity, cloudy days and other environments. The growth period of cut tulip flowers is 45-70 days
[12]
.
Bulb propagation of tulip can be achieved through bulb propagation, seed propagation and tissue culture. Due to its short time and low cost, bulb propagation is mostly used in the production field, but its varieties are easy to degenerate after reproduction, and the latter two methods are mostly used in special fields such as breeding new varieties and detoxification
[14]
.
Tulips are generally propagated by parting balls. That is, after a season of growth of the cue ball planted in the year, 1-2 large bulbs and several small bulbs are produced around it, which are separated from the cue ball and planted separately according to the size of the seed ball. The large seed ball can flower in the year, and the small seed ball will flower after 1-2 years of cultivation
[7
]
.
Although the propagation of tulip seeds requires a long growth cycle, it is an indispensable means to cultivate new varieties with disease resistance, strong adaptability and high ornamental value. Cross breeding is one of the traditional breeding methods, and it is also an important way to breed new varieties of plants. The effect of improving tulip cultivars can be achieved by interspecific hybridization with some outstanding characters of tulip species
[14]
.
Using tulip bulbs, flower stems and other materials as explants, rapid propagation of tulip bulbs by tissue culture technology can not only maintain the excellent characteristics of the original varieties, but also have a high reproduction coefficient, which is an important means of industrialization of tulip bulbs breeding. Callus and small bulbs can be directly induced from the bulbous swelling stage, and small bulbs and green leaf tissue can be induced from the scales at the late stage of flower bud differentiation. The callus induction rate of outer scale was higher
[15]
.
Seed ball selection
Hydroponic tulip varieties selected "golden Apollo", "Gmale", "Miss Holland", "logo", "Dow Jones", "world true love", "French light", "pure gold" and other varieties with better hydroponic effect should be selected after low temperature treatment of 5 degrees ball. It is advisable to select a healthy seed ball with smooth skin, no damage, no pests and diseases, and the diameter of the seed ball is 10 ~ 12cm.
[20
]
Seed ball treatment
To remove the tulip root disc part of the bulb skin and the side of the bulb around the bulb. Before planting, the seed ball should be disinfected. The specific practice is: put the seed ball into a net bag, and then immerse the net bag in carbendazim powder for disinfection. After soaking, take out and dry for planting.
[20
]
Hydroponic basin selection
At present, there are mainly two kinds of tulip hydroponic containers on the market: one is a plastic hydroponic basin, including water dressers, seed ball planters and stem fixers. The other tulip hydroponic bottle is suitable for single plant cultivation, including the bottle belly, neck and mouth.
[20
]
Planting of seed balls
When using hydroponics pot planting, first add water to the water holder, you can directly use tap water, or you can use a special nutrient solution for hydroponics, the water level just reaches the root tray of the seed ball, and use the stalk fixer on the seed ball planter to make the connection between the two close. Finally, the planting device planted with the planting ball is firmly placed on the water collector, that is, the planting of the planting ball is completed. When planting in a hydroponic bottle, slowly add water or nutrient solution to the bottle first, and place the tulip bulb root disc down at the mouth of the bottle to make the water contact with the root disc but not soak into the bulb. Finally, fill the top and surrounding of the ball with small colored stones or glass marbles.
[20
]
Temperature management
Temperature plays an important role in the growth and development of tulips. The hydroponic tulips planted in the first 2 weeks of about 10℃ environment is conducive to the rooting of seed balls, two weeks after the temperature can be appropriately increased, 15℃ ~ 20℃ in the day, 10℃ ~ 15℃ in the night, the temperature is too high will make the plants grow, affect flowering or shorten the flowering period.
[20
]
Light management
Light has an important role in tulip flowering and color, tulip growth and flowering need more sunshine, light quality directly affects the quality of tulip flowering, tulip growth suitable light intensity is 20000 ~ 30000lx. Hydroponic tulips are generally placed in the south sun of the home, and too much light will shorten the flowering period, so when the light is strong at noon, it should be moderately screened. Generally, the flowering period of hydroponic tulips is about 10 days, and if the moderate shading and low temperature are maintained, the flowering period can be extended for 5 to 7 days.
[20
]
Water management
In the process of hydroponics, air humidity has an important effect on the growth of tulip plants, and the appropriate air humidity is 65% ~ 75%. In the process of tulip hydroponics, it is generally necessary to add water 2 to 3 times, and the water level is the same as when the first time is added, such as the water level is too high to soak into the flower ball, which is easy to infect the seed ball with germs or even rot, affecting the normal growth and flowering of the seed ball.
[20
]
Land preparation
Tulips like fertile, humus rich, well drained sandy loam. Should choose in the sunny, no shelter zone, the terrain is arranged into the middle of the high, low around, and supplemented by drainage ditches to prevent water. The soil should be deeply tilled and disinfected before planting to reduce the number of pathogens and pests. According to the ratio of 5∶1, fine sand was added into the soil to make sandy loam, and cake fertilizer was applied to increase the content of soil organic matter
[6]
.
Seed ball treatment
Peel off the outer skin of the ball to be planted for hair roots. Because seed balls can carry pathogenic bacteria, the preparation of non-toxic seed balls is very important in production. The peeled seed balls were soaked in methyl tobuzin solution for 20 minutes for disinfection, and then planted with dry water after disinfection
[6]
.
plant
In northern Anhui, China, tulips are usually planted in mid-December. Planting in accordance with the "cross" type planting, planting density depends on the diameter of the seed ball, the general plant spacing should be 2 times the diameter of the seed ball; If the diameter of the seed ball is too large, in order not to affect the flowering landscape effect, the plant spacing can be adjusted appropriately. It is beneficial to enhance the landscape effect to adopt the method of drawing line or opening trenches in advance. The planting depth should not be too deep, with the top of the seed ball about 3cm from the soil surface is appropriate, and a layer of fine sand is covered on the topsoil after planting, which is conducive to maintaining soil moisture
[6]
.
temperature
For the first 2 weeks after planting the 5°C seed ball, the soil temperature should be maintained at 9-12°C. 15-20°C is the optimum temperature for the later stage of tulip growth. After the bud is seen, the temperature in the shed should be kept at 17-25°C during the day. If the temperature in the shed is higher than 25°C, it should be ventilated and cooled in time. If the temperature in the shed drops quickly in the afternoon, the insulation quilt or leather curtain should be covered at 13°C, and the temperature in the shed should be kept above 8°C at night. During the coloring period, the temperature in the shed during the day should be controlled at 12-15°C, higher than 15°C should be ventilated and cooled in time, and the temperature in the shed at night should be kept above 8°C
[12]
.
illumination
Light has an important effect on the quality of cut tulip flowers, and the light intensity of cut tulip flowers should be above 5000lx. The requirement of light is not strict in the rooting stage, partial scattered light is enough, and the light should be appropriately increased after germination, and the insulation blanket or grass curtain can generally cover the shed film 1/2, and the light should be gradually enhanced in the later stage, especially in the bud stage, the plant needs photosynthesis to provide nutrients. The light does not need to be too strong during the bud coloring period, otherwise the bud will quickly change color. Tulips are not sensitive to the length of light, but at least 7h of light should be guaranteed every day.
[12]
Water and fertilizer management
Tulip water management adhere to the principle of "low temperature less watering, high temperature more watering". Once the ball is planted, water it thoroughly, and then maintain sufficient soil moisture to promote rooting. In the planting period to apply sufficient base fertilizer, mainly to cake fertilizer, the growth period generally do not need topdressing, but the plant growth is weak, can be supplemented by nitrogen fertilizer (such as urea) topdressing, but the amount should not be too large. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed before flowering to promote flowering effect
[6]
. The greenhouse with conditions can use ventilation to adjust the air humidity in the greenhouse, and the relative humidity is best less than 80%. Fertilizer operation to prevent fertilizer and bulb direct contact, fertilizer solution do not stain the leaves
[12]
.
Disease and insect control
Tulip diseases mainly include gray mold, root rot, white silk, etc., once the disease is found, spray methyl tobuzin or chlorothalonil in time, clean up the sick plant, and pour the soil around the sick plant. The main pests were aphids or root lice, which were controlled by spraying imidacloprid and watering dimethoate solution for root lice
[6]
. The common diseases of tulip greenhouse cut flower cultivation are floral disease, wilt disease, penicillium disease, base rot disease, and common insect pests are underground nematode, thrips, aphids, mites and so on. The quality and yield of cut flowers are seriously affected by pests and diseases, so effective measures should be taken to prevent and control the pests and diseases
[12]
.
Seed ball collection and storage
The open field tulips gradually dry and hibernate after full flowering, and the best harvest period is when the stem 1cm away from the bulb begins to shrivel. No more watering should be done half a month before the seed ball harvest, and the seed ball should be dug out as a whole to reduce mechanical damage. Remove the soil on the surface of the newly dug seed balls in time, disinfect and dry them, pack them for storage, keep the storage place ventilated, check the condition of the seed balls regularly, and remove the seed balls infected by pathogenic bacteria in time
[6]
.
Harvesting and processing of cut flowers
The best time to harvest tulips is when they are dewened. Harvesting usually takes place around 7-8 in the morning or 5 in the evening. Take 35cm as the standard length of cut flower stems, and leave as many leaves as possible for cutting under the premise of ensuring that the flower stems are long enough. Sort and bundle according to height and size of flowers. The location should be in the lower 1/3 of the stem. The pretreatment of cut tulip flowers without fresh-keeping liquid or nutrient solution will speed up the elongation of the stem, the stem becomes weak, and the phenomenon of bending is easy to appear, and the ornamental value is lost
[12]
.
According to the Dictionary of Chinese Medicine, tulips become wet and dirty. Master spleen and stomach dampness; Chest duct full tightness; Vomiting and abdominal pain; Bad breath and greasy fur
[4
]
.
According to the second volume of the Annals of Medicinal Plants in Xinjiang (1979 edition), the medicinal part of the Ili tulip is the bulb, which has the effect of clearing heat, detoxifying, dispelling tangles and removing blood stasis, and can cure the symptoms of sore throat and so on
[11
]
.
Tulip varieties are extremely rich and colorful, colorful, known as the "world flower queen", often used in cut flowers and flower beds, mirror materials, urban garden open field flower show more widely used
[17]
.
In Gogenhoff Park, the Netherlands, for decades, the tulip exhibition has been opened in the spring, and tourists from all over the world have come to enjoy it, known as "the most beautiful garden in the world". In the late 1990s, tulip flower exhibitions were held in cities such as Xi 'an, Hangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing
[13]
.
Tulip flower border design
There are more than 8,000 horticultural varieties of tulips, and more than 200 commonly used varieties. In 1981, at the Tulip Branch of the World Variety Landing Conference held in the Netherlands, the "International Classification and Identification List of Tulips" revised and prepared according to the characteristics of flower date, flower shape, flower color and so on, tulips were divided into 4 categories of early flower, middle flower, late flower and original species, and 15 groups. They are: single petal early flower group, double petal early flower group, victory group, Darwin cross group, single petal late flower group, lily group, lace group, green spot group, Lembraun Group, parrot group, double petal late flower group, Kaufman Group, Foster group, Greer's group, other mixed groups
[19
]
See the following table:
|
class
[19
]
|
Group of
[19
]
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|
Early flowers
|
Single early flower group (SE)
|
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Double early flower Group (DE)
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|
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mesanthoidea
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Victory Group (T)
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Darwinian Hybrids (DH)
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Late flowers
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Monopetalous late flower Group (SL)
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Lily Group (L)
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Lace Group (Crispa)
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Green Spots (V)
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Rembrandt group (R)
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Parrots (P)
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Double late Flower Group (DL)
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Kaufman group (K)
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Variety and hybrid
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Forster group (F)
|
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Greer's group (G)
|
|
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Other confounding groups (M)
|
The tulip is the national flower of the Netherlands, Iran, Hungary, Turkey, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and other countries. Every year on May 5, is set as the Dutch "Tulip festival", tulips in the eyes of the Dutch into a beautiful, solemn, luxurious and successful symbol
[17]
.
The flower words of tulip are love, consideration, elegance, wealth and intelligence
[16]
.
