Li Shangyin (c. 813-C. 858), styled Yishan, alias Yuxisheng, alias Fan Nansheng, and Du Mu called "Xiao Li Du", and Wen Tingyun called "Wen Li", was originally from Hani, Huaizhou (today's Qinyang City, Henan Province), and later moved to Xingyang with his ancestors ^[50] (now Zhengzhou City, Henan Province), poet in the late Tang Dynasty. ^{[46
]}

Li Shangyin lost his father when he was young and went back to his hometown with his mother to live a poor life. At the age of sixteen, he was known for his proficiency in ancient Chinese. Yamato three years (829) moved to Luoyang, met Linghu Chu and other predecessors. "Niu Party" Linghu Chu appreciated his literary talent, personally taught this style Zhangzuo learning, and gave financial support, and then hired him into the curtain, to Kaicheng two years (837), the entrance examination, and later re-entered the Linghu Chu, Linghu Chu's death, into the "Li Party" Jingyuan governor Wang Maoyuan, soon married Wang's wife. Since then, it has fallen into the vortex of "Niu Li Party contention" and has been regarded as "back grace" and "no action" by the "Niu Party". The following year should be "erudite Hong word section" examination, has been admitted and then brushed down. Huichang two years (842) should be "book judgment extraction test", was granted the secretary of provincial orthography. After Xuanzong ascended the throne, Niu Party gained power, and he immediately gave up his post in Beijing and went to Guihai with Zheng Ya of Li Party. In the later ten years, he drifted all over the country, worked for the local staff, and began to believe in Buddhism. In the twelfth year of the Middle School (858), he returned to his hometown due to illness and died in Zhengzhou. ^{[47
]}

Li Shangyin is one of the most outstanding poets in the late Tang Dynasty. His poems are carefully conceived, with subtle symbolism, delicate and rich speech, graceful and harmonious intonation, and subtle twists and turns to express profound emotions. ^{[48
]} Li Shangyin's mind "wants to return to heaven and earth", and urges the ambition of the revival of the Tang Dynasty, but in the late Tang Dynasty, there is no possibility of realizing his ambition. Its prose of parallelism and Ailei is very famous at that time because of its magnificent form and love, and it was edited by himself as "Fan Nanjia Collection", etc. Li Shangyin is also an outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty, and his poems have excellent works in each style, especially the achievement of five and seven words, and the atatments of seven words poetry are more than Du Fu and unique in the late Tang Dynasty. His main works are "Yao Chi" and so on. ^[49]

alias: Li Yishan
word: Nghia Son
No.: Yuxi born, Fan Nan born ^[44]
age: Tang Dynasty
Ethnic group: The Han nationality
Place of Birth: Xingyang, Henan Province (now Henan Province Xingyang City )
Date of birth: Circa 813

Date of death: About 858 years
Major achievement: Poetic achievement
Major work: " Poems of Li Yishan "
eigenname: Li Shangyin
Official post: Secretary province school book Lang, Hong Nong lieutenant and so on
Ancestral land: Wye Hanoi (capital of Vietnam)
mating: The Wangs

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biography

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EDITOR

Early life

Li Shangyin

In the eleventh year of Yuan and Tang Dynasty (816), Li Shangyin was about three years old and followed his father ^[41] Li Si went to Zhejiang. Before the age of ten, Li Si died. Li Shangyin had to return home with his mother and lead a hard and poor life. In the family, Li Shangyin is the eldest son, so he also bears the responsibility of supporting the portal. Li Shangyin mentioned in the article that he had been a "book seller chung" in his youth, that is, to make money for others to copy books and supplement the family. Li Shangyin "recited the classics at the age of five, and got a pen and inkstone at the age of seven", after returning to his hometown, he learned the classics from a cousin who was proficient in the Five Classics and primary school, and at the age of sixteen, he was named for his good at ancient literature. In addition, write a beautiful hand and a good article.

Tang Dahe Three years (829), moved to Luoyang, met Bai Juyi , Linghu Chu Wait for predecessors. Linghu Chu appreciated Li Shangyin's literary talent, valued it very much, let Li Shangyin and his son Linghu 绹 and other friends ^[1] Personally taught to this style (Pian Li) chapter of the study, and "to the year to the capital, so as to count on." Then hired it into the curtain for the inspector, had followed A surname Taiyuan and other places. In these years, Li Shangyin actively participated in the examination, and worked hard to learn literature. Although he failed repeatedly in the imperial examinations, he completed the transformation from SAN to Parallelism in writing. After that, he rarely wrote prose again.

In the seventh year of Tang Dahe (833), Linghu Chu After being transferred to Beijing, Li Shangyin left Taiyuan and returned to his hometown. After that, Li Shangyin studied Taoism in Wangwu Mountain for two or three years, which had a certain influence on his thought and creation.

Kaito In two years (837), after a long period of hard study and due to Linghu 绹's reputation, Li Shangyin was elected a Jinshi. ^[2-3]

The road to action

Portrait of Li Shangyin^[4]

In the second year of Emperor Wenzong's Kaicheng (837), Li Shangyin was admitted to Jinshi. He had failed many times before. The year of Li Shangyin's first appointment is difficult to verify, but it is believed that even 10 years before-the second year of Emperor Wenzong Taihe (828) -Li Shangyin began his long and arduous journey ^[5] . Like most candidates who lack a powerful background, Li doesn't expect to succeed all at once. The fact that there is no mention of this situation in his surviving poems suggests that he was not very concerned about his initial failure. However, as the number of failures increased, he gradually became dissatisfied. In... Send from Weng from Dongchuan Hongnong Shangshu curtain In the poem, he compared the examiner who did not admit him (Taihe seven years) to the villains who hindered his success: "In the period of Luan Emperor, the bird will not forgive."

The failure of the exam will not make Li Shangyin reflect on his lack of knowledge. As early as four years in Taihe, I had a study tour with him Linghu 绹 I took the entrance exam. This is obviously not because Linghu 绹 is better than Li Shangyin in knowledge and talent, but because of the influence of his father Linghu Chu. It was a common phenomenon in the imperial examinations of the Tang Dynasty that the elites helped each other and recruited a large number of candidates from the upper-class social network. Many candidates who lack support will deliberately make connections before the exam, or find ways to attract the attention of examiners and celebrities. According to Li Shangyin himself, he is relatively low-key in this regard (" With Tao Jinshi "), but if he did not have hopes for Linghu Chu, it is unlikely. From a letter Li Shangyin wrote to Ling Hu 绹 in the first year of Kaicheng, it can be seen that his mood has been quite irritable. His intermediate examination in Kaicheng two years was also the result of the influence of Linghu and his son on the on-duty examiner. ^[6]

Official career

Li Shangyin

In the spring of 838, after attending to Linghu Chu's funeral, Li Shangyin responded to Jingyuan's ministry Wang Maoyuan The hire, went to Jingzhou (governing today's Gansu Province Jingchuan county He became an aide to the King. Wang Maoyuan was very appreciative of Li Shangyin's talent and married his daughter Wang. ^[7] From Li Shangyin's later experience, it can be seen that this marriage dragged him into Niu Li party dispute The political vortex. Li Shangyin's awkward situation lies in: Wang Maoyuan and Li Deokyu Good friends, regarded as a member of the "Li Party"; And Linghu Chu father and son belong to the "cow party". As a result, Li Shangyin's behavior was easily interpreted as a betrayal of his recently deceased teacher and patron, and he soon paid the price for it. ^[8-9] In the Tang Dynasty, the qualification of a scholar was not immediately granted to an official position, but had to pass an examination organized by the Ministry of Official Officials.

In the spring of the third year of Kaicheng (838), Li Shangyin took part in the official examination, and was expelled in the review. The most immediate effect of this event on Li Shangyin was to delay his formal appointment to the imperial court for a year.

In the fourth year of Kaicheng (839), Li Shangyin once again participated in the official examination, successfully passed, and got the Secret province School teacher The post, soon after, was transferred Hongnong (Present Henan Province Lingbao City A county lieutenant. Although the grade of the county officer and the school teacher is similar, they are far from the center of power, which will obviously affect their future development. Li Shangyin was not successful during his tenure in Hongnong, because he commuted the sentences of death row prisoners and was observed by his superiors in Shaanxi Sun Jian Therefore, Li Shangyin felt very humiliated and unbearable, and finally resigned by asking for a long vacation (" Lieutenant Ren Hongnong was sent to the state to beg leave and return to the capital "). Coincidentally, after Sun Jian was transferred just before, took over Yao He Managed to ease the tense situation, under his advice, Li Shangyin reluctantly stayed. But he was clearly in no mood to continue working. After five years (840), he resigned again and was granted approval.

Idle period

After resigning from Hongnong County, Huichang Two years (842), Li Shangyin to book judgment extraction into the secretary province for the right word, spinning Ding mother worried about home. Li Shangyin had to leave his job and go home Observe mourning Three years. This meant that Li Shangyin, who was established at a young age, had to give up his best chance to join the power class. The blow to Li Shangyin's political career was fatal. Li Shangyin stayed at home for three years (from the end of the second year in Huichang to the end of the fourth year in Huichang) Li Deokyu The most glorious period of his administration. Missing this period, with the death of Emperor Wuzong soon after, Li Deyu's political group suddenly fell from power, and Li Shangyin had difficulty finding political acquaintances. ^[3]

In the third year of Huichang (843), Li Shangyin's father-in-law Wang Maoyuan He died while fighting a rebellion against Liu Zhen on behalf of the government. Wang Maoyuan did not use his influence to help Li Shangyin's promotion, but his death undoubtedly made Li Shangyin's situation more difficult. ^[10]

Li Shangyin

Huichang four years (844) late spring, from Guanzhong moved home Yongle. Five years of winter (845), Fu Qu Jing, still for the secret province Zhengzi. This time, his post (" orthography ") was of a higher order than his previous one (" orthography "). School teacher ") Still low. Even so, Li Shangyin, after all, has a new starting point for development. In the Tang Dynasty, it was generally believed that officials in the capital would have more opportunities for promotion than those sent abroad, and the secretary province, where Li Shangyin was located, was more likely to attract the attention of senior officials. Another piece of good news for Li Shangyin is that the prime minister Li Deokyu Having gained the full confidence of Emperor Wuzong, the wily statesman was given almost full authority to handle the government. Li Shangyin actively supported Li Deyu's political propositions. He was full of self-satisfaction and had reason to expect the opportunity to be reused. ^[11]

Li Shangyin handled some family affairs during his years of idleness, and one of the most important tasks was to move some relatives' tombs back to the family cemetery in his hometown. This effort to preserve his family's honor gave him some psychological satisfaction. It can be seen from some existing poems that Li Shangyin tried his best to adjust his mentality and dilute his interest and expectation for political career. He sometimes engaged in farming, claiming that he was "eager to be a farmer" and wrote pastoral poetry in the style of Tao Yuanming. However, the chaotic situation has always attracted Li Shangyin's attention. He has very distinct political leanings that are almost impossible to hide.

Tour of the shogunate

Li Shangyin of the thirty-six poetry immortals in Qing Dynasty

Huichang In October of the fifth year (845), Li Shangyin ended his mourning and returned to the Secretary province. By this time, the effective cooperative relationship between Emperor Wuzong and the Prime minister Li Deyufu had reached a late stage. In March of the following year, Emperor Wuzong died, rumored to have been poisoned by the long-life medicine offered by the Taoist priest. After a series of court struggles, Xuanzong Li Chen He took the throne and opposed most of Emperor Wuzong's policies, especially Deyu Li. As a result, a new round of political purges continued for almost the entire sixth year of Huichang (846), and the once powerful Prime minister Li Deyu and his supporters were quickly pushed out of the center of power. With the support of Xuanzong himself, to Bai Minzhong The new forces led by the Cow Party gradually occupied important positions in the government.

In the sixth year of Huichang (846), Li Shangyin served as a Zhengzi in the Secretary Province. Thirty-five-year-old Li Shangyin finally had a son. Li Gunshi ), his Younger brother Li Xisu ^{[52
]} Also in this year Jin Shi, these two good news can only make him excited for a while. Due to support Li Deokyu With a political platform previously seen as a betrayal by Linghu 绹 and others, he is unlikely to share in the party's victory. At this time, Li Shangyin's position was almost too low to be worth being sidelined in the power struggle, and he was still depressed about his political career.

Large and medium-sized In the first year (847), he was an observer of the GUI Guan Zheng Ya Li Shangyin was invited to take up a post in Guilin. In May, Li Shangyin Tong Zheng Ya To the south, about 5,000 miles from the capital. Zheng Ya's move to the south was part of the Cattle Party's cleansing plan. Li Shangyin's willingness to voluntarily follow a demoted official showed that he sympathized with Li Deyu's party. On the other hand, it also shows that they no longer have confidence in their own promotion. In Guilin less than a year, Zheng Ya was once again demoted as a governor of the state, and Li Shangyin also lost his job.

In the autumn of the second year (848), Li Shangyin returned to Chang 'an. ^[12] It is said that when he was in poverty, he wrote a letter to his old friend Ling Hu 绹 (who had entered the inner circle of power) asking for help, but he was refused and had to pass his own examination to get a small post as a county lieutenant 盩厔. The irony is that 10 years ago, he also happened to hold the same position (Hongnong County lieutenant). ^[6] Li Shangyin served as a lieutenant 盩厔 for a short time and was transferred back to the capital. At this time, and the first year of his situation in the secretary province is very similar: low official position, slim future, lonely, looking forward to change.

In September (849), Li Shangyin was appointed governor of the Wuning Army Lu Hongzheng The invitation to work in Xuzhou. Lu Hong was a capable official and admired Li Shangyin very much. If his career goes well, Li Shangyin may have one last chance. Unfortunately, just over a year after Li Shangyin followed Lu Hongzheng, the latter died of illness in the spring of the fifth year of the Middle School. In this way, Li Shangyin had to find another way to make a living. ^[13]

Sunset scene

Heaven pity the grass, human love at night

Large and medium-sized In 851, Li Shangyin's wife Wang died of illness in spring and summer. Judging from Li Shangyin's poetry, he and Wang's affection is very good. Born into a wealthy family, this woman has devoted herself to caring for her family and supporting her husband for many years. Because Li Shangyin traveled abroad for many years, the husband and wife were together for a long time, and Li Shangyin had a guilty mind for his wife; And Li Shangyin's political career bumpy, no doubt enhanced this feeling of guilt.

Five years (851) autumn He was appointed governor of Nishikawa Liu Zhongying He sent an invitation to Li Shangyin, hoping that he could accompany him to the southwest border Sichuan Take office. Li Shangyin accepted a position in the army, and after simply arranging his family's affairs, Li Shangyin went to Sichuan in November for duty. sichuanese Zizhou During most of the four years that the shogunate lived, Li Shangyin was unhappy. For a time, he became very interested in Buddhism, socialized with local monks, donated money to print Buddhist scriptures, and even considered becoming a monk. The life of catalpa curtain is the most insipid and stable period of Li Shangyin's eunuch travel career, Li Shangyin has no desire to pursue the success of official career.

Large and medium-sized In 855, Liu Zhongying was transferred back to the capital. Out of care, he gave Li Shangyin arranged a salt iron push official position, although the grade is low, the treatment is relatively rich. Li Shangyin worked in this position for two to three years, and then returned to his hometown to live idle.

Li Shangyin is in power Niu Li party dispute Between the cracks, life is very unsuccessful, depressed and unhappy, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang At the end of the Middle Age (about 858), Li Shangyin was in Zhengzhou Died of an illness. ^[14]

Literary achievement

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EDITOR

Achievement review

About 600 poems of Li Shangyin have been handed down, of which a considerable proportion touch on current political themes in a direct way. Li Shangyin has made great achievements in his epic poems. They are by no means "thinking about the secret feelings of the ancient times", and are different from those previous poems, but focus on learning from historical experience and lessons to refer to the Chen political affairs, ridicule the current world to supplement the play, so that history chanting has become a special form of political poetry. The poem without title is a unique creation of Li Shangyin. Most of them to men and women love acacia as the theme, the artistic conception to be fine, the feeling is like a change, the rhetoric is fine, the tone and beauty and can be dense and dense, read to make people angry. His childhood environment and education made Li Shangyin's world view basically belong to the Confucian system, and his life attitude was active in entering the world and eager to make a difference. At the same time, he was quite able to think independently, and very early on, he was not impressed with the sermon of "learning the Tao must seek the ancient, and there must be a teacher for the literature", and even conceived the bold idea of "What is there outside the moral benevolence and justice of Kong's family". In poetic creation, he was initially fascinated by Li He's strange and mysterious style and the light and beautiful poetic style of the Southern Dynasty, and wrote many poems about love after them, such as "Yantai", "River Yang" and "Hanoi". After repeated trials and charges of destruction showed him how rough the road was, his poems began to express resentment and some criticism of society. Yamato In the end, The change of the nectar The bloody reality opened his eyes and made him further in thought and creation. At this time, the poems he wrote such as "Two poems of Feeling" and "Heavy Feelings" were quite profound and powerful in criticizing decadent politics.

Poetry type

Epic poem

As an intellectual concerned about politics, Li Shangyin wrote a large number of poems in this field, of which about 100 survive. therein Han stele "" Line times western suburbs for a hundred rhymes "" Following Master's Lead "" Feel two songs "And so on, is one of the more important works. Li Shangyin's early political poems refer to the current situation, the tone is stern, sad and angry, and contains the meaning of self-expectation, which can reflect his mentality at that time. In his poems about political and social content, it is a characteristic of Li Shangyin's poems to use historical themes to reflect his views on contemporary society. " Fuping little Hou "" The second song of the Northern Qi Dynasty "Maoling" and so on, is one of the representatives.

At the beginning of his poetry creation, Li Shangyin was fascinated by Li He's strange and mysterious style and the beautiful poetic style of the Southern Qing Dynasty, and he intentionally copied it and wrote many poems about love. However, the "Change of Nectar" in the ninth year of Daya (835) made him witness the dark political situation in which a large number of officials were killed and eunuchs gained power, and his thoughts and creations changed, and he wrote many political poems criticizing the dark reality. ^[15] If he expressed his own views on the situation, he angrily denounced the crimes of the eunuchs, praised the generals who dared to oppose the dictatorship of the eunuchs, and eagerly hoped to eradicate the eunuchs and restore the emperor's power. Double feeling ". Or if one wishes to imitate Du Fu's Northerly expedition The long political poem "Line times West suburbs One hundred rhyme". ^[15]

Most of Li Shangyin's political poems appear as epic poems satirizing the present. As... Ode to history "Criticized the ruler's lewdness, ignorance and incompetence. The Sui Palace Two first, intended to remind the late Tang rulers to accept the lessons of the past. As also in... Mawei second head Second, it made a bitter satire and mockery of the tragic ending that Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty had made all his relatives and relatives separated for the emperor, and even his own pet concubine could not be kept. Subtle and deep, meaning beyond the words. " Jia Sheng The author deeply expressed his feelings about the late Tang rulers' irony in preferring to live for a long time and their own lack of talent. As also in... Goddess 'pool By King Mu of Zhou satirizing the Tang Dynasty emperors seeking fairies," Following Master's Lead Alluding to the imperial court's eastern attack on Li Tongjie by ancient events.

The success of Li Shangyin's epic lies in paying attention to the concise conception and fine materials, skillfully blending history with reality, or creating scenes with fictional colors with imaginary words, breaking through the limitations of historical reality and revealing the essence of the satirical object more deeply; Or grasp the details or micro-matter with typical significance, dig deeply, so that it has a higher generalization and typicality. At the same time, his feelings and opinions are naturally contained in the vivid image, with a strong lyric color and profound sentiment, to achieve the profound meaning of the image of the bright, meaningful and harmonious unity of the emotional, and enhance the artistic expression of the epic. ^[15]

Poetry chanting things

Li Shangyin's career was bumpy and his ambition could not be realized, so he used poetry to relieve his depression and anxiety. " Anding Tower "" A spring day "" on the plain of tomb "" Du Shuzhong left the table "Are some of the more popular ones. It is worth noting that many of these works are considered to be important successors of Du Fu's poetic style.

Titleless poem

Li Shangyin's love poems are unique in Chinese classical poetry. Part of it was a profound partnership he had with his wife, Miss Wang. Night rain in the north Through the description of the night rain and autumn scenery of Bashan, this poem shows the poet's loneliness in a foreign land and his deep longing for his wife. Within 12 years of their marriage, Li Shangyin's wife died. His memorials, such as" Chongrang house in the first month "" After mourning the wound, go to East Shu to scatter the snow There is no home and the thought of having a home, written with blood and tears, it is unbearable to read. ^[16]

Include the majority Titleless poem The works of chanting inner feelings are the most distinctive part of Li Shangyin's poems and have also received the most attention from later generations. " Brocade harp "Yantai Poems" " Green city three songs "" Over the Shrine of the Virgin "And so on, maintaining a similar style to the title-free poem. And "Five Willow Branches" Night rain in the north "" After mourning the wound, go to East Shu to scatter the snow It reflects the artistic conception of Li Shangyin's emotional poetry in another style.

Li Shangyin's untitled love poems are the most widely read, but his untitled poems have the characteristics of "obscurity" and their will is hidden. These untitled love poems, including" No title There are 15 poems titled ", and nearly 30 poems titled "quasi-untitled" with the first two characters of the sentence. Some of these poems have sustenance, but most of them are pure love poems. Li Shangyin's "quasi-untitled" poems are also excellent. As... Brocade harp This poem seems to be chanting things, but it is actually singing thoughts. It has hidden the specific things in life, with the brocade, the full use of bixing, symbols, allusions and other techniques, will be filled with sadness, anger, image and graceful expression. ^[16]

Li Shangyin is famous for his poems without title. According to the statistics of poems collected in the Collection of Li Shangyin's Poems, it can be basically confirmed that there are 15 poems named after "Untitled" when the poet was writing, and another 5 poems are often labeled "untitled" in popular poetry collections. A surname "You people tireless appreciation", "seven wonders" "Long Mei Painting" "Shouyang Princess" "Stay Lang Lai" "Outdoor heavy Yin"), after Feng Hao, Ji Yun and other people's examination, think that most of the original title due to the version of the problem caused by the loss of the situation, not really titles-free poems.

Some researchers (such as Willow ^[17] It is believed that the poems with titles in Li Shangyin's poetry collection should also belong to the category of poems without titles, because the titles of these poems are often taken from the first few words of the poem (such as "Yesterday", "Yesterday"). insolation Or the title of the poem has no connection with the content itself (such as "To Have" and "One Piece", etc.). However, according to this standard, there are nearly one hundred poems in Li Shangyin's poetry collection that can be classified as poems without title. So there is no majority support for this ^[18] .

Feng Hao in "Yuxisheng poetry Collection Notes" summed up the predecessors on the annotated poems, from which we can see the big difference in the views of the family: "to solve the untitled poems, or they are fables, or they are full of abilities. Each has its own prejudice, but each cannot agree with the other. More than a close reading of the complete collection, and even the actual sustenance of more people, straight to do less erotic, sandwiched in the indiscriminate, confusing ears." ^[19]

Social singing and poetry

Microengraving (imitation plate bridge body) "East Return"^[20]

Among the poems Li Shangyin used for communication, he wrote several to Ling Hu 绹 (" Pay farewell to Ling Hu Bu Que "" Send the fox doctor "Pay Linghu Lang see send" "send Linghu bachelor" "Dream Linghu Bachelor" "Let fox people say last night west ye play month for play gift") is particularly noteworthy, to explain his relationship with Linghu 绹 provides direct evidence. Li Shi widely absorbed the predecessors' strengths, bearing Du Fu's seven rules of melancholia, melting Qi Liang's poems gorgeous and colorful, learning Li He's ghost fantasy, formed his deep feeling, lingering, beautiful, exquisite style. Li Shi is also good at using classics, with the help of appropriate historical analogies, so that the hidden meaning can be expressed. Li Shangyin "East also" poem is popular, read the poem, you can see that Li Shangyin revealed to go back to the teacher learning fairy is just an excuse, the so-called learning Tao but to relieve their own inner injustice and lament their fate of misfortune, more in the face of the government all kinds of shameless indignation and the Tang Dynasty is gradually declining. ^[17]

Rhythmical prose

Li Shangyin's achievements in writing, other than poetry, have been less discussed. In fact, he was one of the most important rhythmical writers in the late Tang Dynasty. This style pays attention to the duality of words and uses a lot of allusions, which is widely used in the official documents of the Tang Dynasty. Under the training of Linghu Chu, Li Shangyin became an expert in rhythmical prose and wrote for many officials, such as sonatas and letters. " Book of Tang · Wenyuan Biography said that Li Shangyin "especially good for prayer". As the rhythmical prose used in the chapter at that time required flowery words and accurate expression, so the requirements for the use of Canon were very high. Li Shangyin, who was good at writing rhythmical prose, developed the habit of using verse, so it is believed that this is the reason why he likes to use verse in his poems. ^[21]

Li Shangyin had compiled his parallelism prose works into a total of 832 pieces in 20 volumes of Fan Nanjia and Fan Nanyi, which no longer exist. According to the records of the New Book of the Tang Dynasty and the History of the Song Dynasty, Li Shangyin's collection, in addition to two self-compiled, there are others. But none of these collections have survived.

Fan Wenlan Li Shangyin's antithetic prose was highly valued in the Brief Compilation of General History of China, and it would not be a pity if all the antithetic prose of Tang Dynasty were lost as long as Fan Nan Collected Works remained.

Poetic features

Li Shangyin's poetry was unique in the late Tang Dynasty, because he was sentimental and passionate. He used many works to express the sad emotions of the intellectuals in the late Tang Dynasty and his persistence in love, which created a new style and a new realm of poetry. His poems are luxuriant and luxuriant, especially some love poems Titleless poem It was written in a sentimental way. In addition, Li Shangyin used the subtle and obscure expression technique to the extreme, but some poems were too obscure and blurred, difficult to explain, to have "poets always love Xikun good, only hate no one to make Zheng Zhi". ^[4]

The highest achievement of Li Shangyin's poetry is Modern style poetry Especially the law of seven words. He is the successor of... Du Fu Later, the Tang Dynasty A surname The second milestone in the history of development.

Li Shangyin inherited the characteristics of Du Fu's seven rules, which were careful and depressed, and integrated the rich and vivid colors of Qi Liang's poems and the fantasy symbolism of Li He's poems, forming a unique style of deep mianmiao and beautiful seencraft. As... Over the Shrine of the Virgin "By love meet, in the landscape integration of the symbol of Bixing, convoking the sense of poor frustrated life; " Spring rain Transfer the beauty of Li He's ancient poetry into the rhythmic poetry, the language is beautiful and neat, the rhythm is round and graceful, and the image is very beautiful. However, because of his love of using rare references in his poems, the overall meaning of the poems is often obscure. Secondly, Li Shangyin develops the expression of life's lament to a deeper subtle and obscure aspect, and is good at expressing melancholy and lonely emotions with beautiful and exquisite art forms. His poems are full of confused and sad experience. His works are deep and exquisite, with profound charm, "near but not floating, far but not endless", rich in symbolic and suggestive colors, and have a hazy beauty. As... Brocade harp Regarding its poetry, there have always been different opinions: there are mourning, sustentation, love, listening to the song, compilation of self-preface, self-injury and other explanations, expressing subtle and far-reaching, with hazy beauty. Thirdly, in a sense, his poetry is the symbol of his soul, which is a purely subjective expression of life experience. Li Shangyin's seven wonders are as follows: Stay Luo clan pavilion huai Cui Yong Cui gun "" Night rain in the north "" Sunset pavilion "And so on, more to express the sense of life, delicate feelings, artistic conception, poems throughout life and times of sadness, with a sad sad mood and sad beauty, in the art is fine beauty worry about, Shen Bo Jia Li, in the rich rhetoric, dim implicit expression of their feelings, become a typical of sad and beautiful literature.

Li Shangyin's poetry has a wide range of teachers. His sorrowful sentiments and the means of sustenance of vanilla beauty are derived from Qu Yuan, and his poetry has something in common with Ruan Ji. Du Fu's spirit of worrying about the country and the people, the gloomy style of Qi Liang's poetry, and the symbolism and style of Li He's poetry all influenced Li Shangyin. Some of Li Shangyin's long ancient works are strange and close to Han Yu. He also has a few poems fresh and beautiful, pure white painting, derived from the six dynasties folk songs. Li Shangyin is good at melting hundreds in one furnace, so he can become a family. ^[22]

Individual works

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EDITOR

Among the 300 Poems of Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin's poems account for 22, ranking fourth in number. According to... New Book of Tang There are twenty volumes of Fan Nanjia Collection, twenty volumes of Fan Nanyi Collection, three volumes of Yu Xi Sheng Poems, one volume of Fu and one volume of Wen, some of which have been lost. There is a... Poems of Li Yishan ". ^[11]

Representative works
No title	Chu Palace	Mawei second head	Residual flower
Brocade harp	Bajangliu	cicada	Night rain in the north
Ba 'an District	Jia Sheng	Goddess in the moon	Mocking peach
All fruits laugh at the cherry	Banbashi Xiaobo	Mocking cherry	Chen Harem Palace
North building	The second song of the Northern Qi Dynasty	Chen Harem Palace	castle
Northern fowl	purslane	Out of town	Pool side
Green city three songs	Green tile	Chonglet house east pavilion drunk after Mianran have done	Zoubi Yi
Kaibian sent Li Ying to Suzhou	Be Xue Yanbin	Don't make the fox mend the fault	Reward Cui eight early plum have gift and show
Master Don Ji-hyun	Sick smell Hedong Gongle camp set wine account sent on	The reward will be sent to the fox doctor	Out of the gate hostel pan bean pavilion to the bush feeling

Publish a book

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EDITOR

Selected works of Li Shangyin

Author name Li Shangyin

Work time 2006-02-01

Selected Works of Li Shangyin was published by Jiangsu Education Publishing House on February 1, 2006, by Li Shangyin. This book collects many works about Li Shangyin's poetic texts and annotates them.
Notes on Li Yishan's poetry collection Notes on Li Yishan's collected works

Author name Li Shangyin

Work time The 2005-05

Notes on Li Yishan's Poetry Collection Notes on Li Yishan's Collected Works is a book published by Lin Publishing Group in 2005, the author is Li Shangyin.
Life is a fool: a selection of love poems through the ages

Author name Li Shangyin

Work time The 2004-9-1

"Life is a fool: Selected love poems through the Ages" is a book published by Shantou University Press on 2004-9-1, the author is Li Shangyin.
Miscellaneous digest of Yishan

Author name Li Shangyin

Yishan Zizuan is a book published by Yuelu Publishing House in April 2005, the author is Li Shangyin et al.
Selected collection of Chinese family Basic Book collection: Li Shangyin

Author name Li Shangyin

Li Shangyin's Selected Collection of Chinese Family Basic Books is a book published by Shanxi Guzhi Publishing House in 2008. The author is Li Shangyin.
Chinese folk story

Author name Li Shangyin

Work time The 2000-1-1

Chinese Folk Tales is a book published by Jilin Literature and History Publishing House in 2000. The author is Li Shangyin and Liu Qi (selected notes).
Chinese Classics Series - Selected poems of Li Shangyin

Author name Li Shangyin

Work time The 2011-10

"Chinese Classics Series - Selected Poems of Li Shangyin" is a book published by Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House in 2011.
Tang and Song famous poems: Li Shangyin's poems

Author name Li Shangyin

"Tang and Song Famous Poems: Li Shangyin's Poems" is a special selection of Li Shangyin's poems, annotated and commented by contemporary famous scholars, in order to lead everyone into this immortal art world. The poet Li Shangyin is the last shining light of the late Tang Dynasty. His handsome and elegant appearance hides a sentimental and romantic poetic heart. His life is full of suspense, especially his love, his "untitled" poem, complicated and confusing, beautiful and moving, hiding a lot of...
Poems of Li Shangyin (1 letter, 3 volumes)

Author name Li Shangyin

Work time 2013-6

The Poetry Collection of Li Shangyin (1 letter and 3 volumes) is a book published by the National Library Press in 2013.
Li Shangyin's poems are sparse

Author name Li Shangyin

Work time 1985-11-01

Li Shangyin was an outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty.

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Historical records

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EDITOR

" Book of Tang · Volume 190 · Biographies 140 ^[23]

" New Book of Tang · Volume 233 · Biography No. 128 ^[24]

" Biography of the Talented Son of Tang Dynasty · Volume 7 ^[25]

Character evaluation

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EDITOR

Overall evaluation

Under the light of the predecessors, the poetry of the late Tang Dynasty had a trend of great decline, but Li Shangyin pushed the poetry of the Tang Dynasty to another peak. He was a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty. Du Mu Alongside him, the two are known as" Xiao Li Du ". Li Shangyin and again Li He Li Bai is collectively called "three Li". with Wen Tingjun Collectively called" Wen Li Because the poetry is similar to the Duan Cheng-style and Wen Tingjun styles of the same period, and the three are ranked 16th in the family, it is called" Thirty-six body ". ^[4]

Celebrity evaluation

Poets of Tang dynasty Bai Juyi I greatly appreciate Li Shangyin's articles and once said: "After my death, I will be enough for your son." ^[25]
In the Later Jin Dynasty, Liu Shi Wait for... Book of Tang · Volume 190 · Biography 140 ":" Shang Yin can ancient literature, do not like pairs. Engage in Linghu Chu curtain. Chu can chapter play, then with its teachings taught Shang Yin, since the beginning of this style chapter play. Erudite strong memory, writing can not be since the rest, especially good for prayer. With Taiyuan Wen Tingjun, South County Duan Cheng-style, time number "thirty-six". Wen Si Qingli, court narration of it. And all have no holding exercise, bullying talent, thin for the dauber. Famous officials do not enter, canð¡ end
Jinyuan literati Yuanhao Question Poets always love West Kun good, only hate no one for Zheng Jian. ^[26]
Yuan Dynasty Xin Wenfang Shang Yin work poetry, for the text crabtree ancient, quit difficult hidden. And 従 Chu learning, weight pair length, and overelaborate. Each belongs to the hospital, more and more review the book, the left and right scale, number 'Dassai fish'. And the purpose can be moving, people call it before and after. ... Later critics said that his poetry "like a hundred treasure tassel, a thousand wire iron net, a rich secret roses, to apply." The word is true. ... Shang hidden text has its own style, and later scholars attach importance to it, called ' Sicuene bodies 'Too. ^[25]
qing Wu Qiao After Li, Du, can not open a way of life, their own family, only Li Yishan.
qing Ji Xiaolan " Synopsis of the general catalogue of four repositories "Untitled" among them, there is indeed sustenance, 'nearly well-known Ahou' and so on. There are really evil people, "last night stars last night wind" and so on. There are those who have lost the subject, 'Li Li wave a leaf boat' and so on. There are connected with "Untitled", miscombined into one, "you people tireless appreciation" and so on. Its first two words for the title, such as "Bi city" "Jin Ser", the same example. All to the beauty of the vanilla solution, very good purpose.
qing He Shang " Carrying wine garden poetry ": Wei Jin to fall, multi-work, Yishan still Bixing.
Contemporary classical poetry writer Su Ying Amorous people have been easy to self-injury, the situation wants to find the return of love in the ruthless world, and finally nowhere to use their feelings, they only feel that the world has failed them. This to Li Shangyin, there is no half a point of hypocrisy, after all, all his grievances are deserved, because the world really failed him ^[26] .

Anecdotal allusion

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EDITOR

A master of three

Li Shangyin once claimed to be of the same lineage with the Tang Dynasty's royal family, and it was confirmed by research that Li Shangyin was a distant ancestor of the Tang Dynasty's royal family. However, there are no historical documents to prove this, so it can be considered that this blood relationship between Li Shangyin and the Tang royal family is quite distant. Li Shangyin asserted his imperial family status several times in his poems and articles, but this did not bring him any practical benefits. ^[27]

The records of Li Shangyin's family can be traced back to his grandfather Li Xue . The highest administrative post he ever held was that of magistrate of Meiyuan (northwest of present-day Fuping County, Shaanxi Province); Great-grandfather Li Shuheng (a Shuhong), once served as a county officer in Anyang (today's Henan Province); grandfather Lee 俌 , was the president of Xingzhou (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) clerk to join the army; father Li Si Once served in the palace, when Li Shangyin was born, Li Si Ren Win praise Magistrate (now part of Henan Province).

Li Shangyin had a family of three scholars, and the first scholar of Li's family was Li Shuhong, the king of Anyang. Li Shuhong is the grandfather of Li Shangyin, nineteen years old, the first scholar in one stroke, and Pengcheng Liu Changqing, Qinghe Zhang Chujin equal name. Beginning life in Anyang, 29 years died, buried in Huaizhou Yongdian east of the original doctor so the United States of the original order of the left. As for Li Shuhong, few historical records record his deeds.

Hope to be envied

Five Generations - Sun Guangxian "Northern Dream Suoyan" records: in Linghu Chu died many years after a Chongyang Festival, Li Shangyin visited Linghu 绹, just Linghu 绹 is not at home. Prior to this, Li Shangyin has many times to the high-ranking Linghu 绹 Chen old love, hoping to get help, have been the other party cold reception. More than feeling, on the topic of a poem in Linghu 绹 home hall: "Once a total of mountain weng wine, frost day white chrysanthemum around the steps. Ten years no news, nine bottles before the thought. Do not learn Hanchen planted alfalfa, empty teach Chu guest sing gracilaria. Lang Jun Guan your horse, the East pavilion has no reason to peep." Gently ironic Linghu 绹 forget the old friendship. Linghu 绹 came back to see this poem, both ashamed and melancholy, so let this room locked up, never open. It was later said that this poem made Ling Hu 绹 angry and wanted to remove the wall where the poem was inscribed, but since his father's name appeared in the poem (" Chu "), according to the custom at that time, he could not destroy the poem, so he had to lock the door. Therefore, he hated Li Shangyin all the more.

Know a Li by his poems

Song by Yao Kuan Xixi Cluster language "Recorded in the late Tang Dynasty spread a story: a group of scholars in Dongting Lake In the rafting play, someone proposed to make a poem on the topic of magnolia. So they drank and wrote poems in turn. At this time, a poor scholar suddenly appeared, and the population was absolutely: "Dongting wave cold dawn invading clouds, daily sailing to send far people." Several degrees magnolia boat look, I do not know Yuan is this flower body." Then he disappeared. Everyone was surprised, and later learned that this man was the ghost of Li Shangyin. In another edition (Song Li Qi," Ancient and modern poetry There is no ghost, is a group of poets in Chang 'an meeting, someone recited this poem, we found that he is Li Shangyin.

To the Buddha

Li Shangyin, a poet whose essence is beautiful language, has a devout belief in Buddhism. Li Shangyin had close contact with Buddhism since he was a child. The monks he communicated with included Che Master, Zhen Master, Hui Xiang Master, Rong Zen Master, and so on Chigen Disciple, retreat into the empty door. Li Shangyin turned to Buddhism because of the sense of urgency caused by the conflict between his ideal ambition, personality emotion and the outside world. With his unique emotional experience, Li Shangyin realized the true meaning of Buddhism, such as the impermanence of all actions, the absence of self in all Fa, and all suffering, and obtained a certain degree of liberation from the "only method" of Zen. Buddhism greatly influenced Li Shangyin's personality, emotion, thinking and aesthetics, and also created his unique poems with charm. ^[42]

Lotte Tou 'er

Song · CAI Juhou CAI Kuanfu poetry In his later years, Bai Juyi loved Li Shangyin's poems very much, and once jokingly said: I hope I can be reborn as your son after my death. Later, Li Shangyin's eldest son was born and named Bai Lao, but this son was very stupid. Until the youngest son was born, the youngest son is very intelligent, everyone laughed that if Bai Juyi reincarnated, the youngest son is.

Eat Li Shi alive

Song by Li Qi Ancient and modern poetry It is recorded in the Northern Song Dynasty that Yang Yi, Liu Yun and others sang poems to each other and founded the "Xikun-style", which was famous for learning Li Shangyin's poetic style. At that time, there was a professional actor playing Li Shangyin, wearing tattered clothes, saying to others: Yang Yi they tore my clothes alive. To everyone's laughter. Some people use this story to satirize the "Xikun style" poetic school's inheritance of Li Shangyin. ^[28]

A good mentor and friend

Li Shangyin's enlightenment education probably came from his father, and the teacher who had the greatest influence on him was a kindred uncle he met after he returned to his hometown. This cousin had been to the imperial school, but had not been an official, and lived in seclusion all his life. According to Li Shangyin's memory, the uncle had attains in classics, primary school, ancient literature, and calligraphy, and he held Li Shangyin in high regard. Under his influence, Li Shangyin "can be the ancient style, not love pair". When he was about 16 years old, he wrote two excellent articles (" On Talent "and" On Holiness ", which do not exist today), which won the admiration of some scholar-officials. Among these scholar-officials, the time was included The Balance Force Make fox Chu of the order.

Linghu Chu Another important figure in Li Shangyin's academic career, he was an expert in Pian Ti Wen and appreciated Li's talent, not only teaching him the writing skills of Pian Ti Wen, but also supporting his family life and encouraging him to sociate with his children. With the help of Linghu Chu, Li's writing of the antithetic prose improved very rapidly, and he gained great confidence, hoping to use this ability to start his official career. In this period (the fourth year of Yamato, 830 AD) Book of Thanks In, Li Shangyin expressed his gratitude to Linghu Chu and his smug ambition: "Micro meaning ever had a little, empty with ink. Long Tao . Since midnight, I do not envy Wang Xiang having a sword." ^[29]

Relative member

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EDITOR

relation	name	intro
great-great-grandfather	Li Xue	Once served in the United States (now Shaanxi Fuping county ) county magistrate
great-grandfather	Li Shuheng (a master Shuhong)	Be appointed as Anyang county His lieutenant
grandfather	Lee 俌	He served as a clerk in Xingzhou and joined the army
father	Li Si	He served in the palace to serve the imperial history, won Jia (now Henan Huojia county ) county magistrate
wife	The Wangs	Wang Maoyuan Daughter of
son	Li Gunshi	He was born in 846 or 847 AD (the sixth year of Tang Huichang/the first year of the Middle East) and died at an unknown date

Personal life

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EDITOR

Origin of name

Li Shangyin, character Yishan. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, King Wu attacked Zhou Zhou, Boyi and Shuqi thought that "the minister killed the king", knocking the horse and remongizing, Tai Gong was called "the righteous man", but did not kill. After the founding of Zhou, "and Bo Yi, Shu Qi shame, righteousness not to eat Zhou Gu, hidden in Shouyang Mountain." For the story, see Shi Ji Bo Yi Biography. Therefore, "Yishan" should be "Shang Yin". Also, there are four Hao hidden in Shangshan in the early Han Dynasty, or take the meaning here ^{[45
]} .

Emotional life

Bust of Li Shangyin^[30]

Li Shangyin portrait Li Shangyin's love life has attracted the attention of many researchers, partly because Li Shangyin's poems represented by Untitled show a complicated and delicate emotion, which is easy to be regarded as the expression of rich love experience.

About Li Shangyin's love, the part of speculation is far more than there is actual evidence, but this does not prevent people from talking about it with relish, and even try to analyze his poems like reading detective novels, hoping to find practical evidence. The following women are believed to have had emotional entanglements with Li Shangyin:

The Wangs

Wang is the wife of Li Shangyin. However, some people infer from Li Shangyin's "Offering his little niece to send a letter" (" Kuang Wubei has married, Yin Xu has not established ") that Wang is Li Shangyin's remarried wife. If this is true, Li Shangyin would have had a first wife, but there is little information on this. Li Shangyin and Wang's feelings are very good, after Wang's death, he wrote "House Song" and other mourning poems, sincere feelings, the meaning of grief. One of the most famous was written on his way away from home to the province of Shu. After mourning the wound, go to East Shu to scatter the snow "The army is far away from the sword, there is no home and mail clothes." Three feet of snow, back to the dream Boom machine " There is also speculation that "Jin Ser" is also written in memory of his late wife, with the broken strings as a metaphor for his wife's death.

For the study of Li Shangyin's love life, Su Xuelin's Love Story of Li Yishan (1927) is the most famous. The book was republished in 1947 and renamed "Yuxi Poem Riddle". Su Xuelin The study, inherited Cheng Mengxing The achievements of Feng Hao and others have broadened and enriched the content of this field. For example, through her research, most people accepted Li Shangyin's love experience with a female Taoist priest. However, Su Xuelin's speculation and reasoning were almost unrestrained, resulting in several bizarre romances, including one he had with Maid of honour Having an affair.

willow

The name of the willow branch appears in Li Shangyin's writing Kaito A set of poems from the first year (836) (" Five willow branches "). He also wrote a long preface to the series, telling the story of Liu Zhi: She was the daughter of a wealthy merchant in Luoyang, lively and lovely, cheerful and generous, and had heard a poem by Li Shangyin by chance. The poetry of Yantai "), heart love, so take the initiative to date him. But Li Shangyin missed the appointment. He later learned that Willow Branch had been taken as a concubine by a powerful man. The two never saw each other again, and if Li hadn't invented it, this fruitless relationship would probably have been his first love.

Song Huayang

Li Shangyin practiced Daoism in Yuyang Mountain in his youth, so it is suspected that he had an affair with a female Taoist priest during this period. In poems such as "Sending Song Huayang Sister Again on Moonlight Night" and "Sending Song Huayang Real Person and Mr. Liu in Qing Dynasty", Li Shangyin mentioned the name of "Song Huayang", so Song Huayang was considered to be Li Shangyin's lover. There is also an exaggeration: Li Shangyin and Song Huayang sisters once fell in love at the same time. Su Xuelin In "Yuxi Poem Enigma" for this story to the greatest extent of imagination. ^[31]

lotus

Folklore has it that before he married Wang, he had a lover named "Lotus", and they were very fond of each other. A month before he went to Beijing for the examination, Lotus suddenly fell seriously ill, and Li Shangyin spent his last days with Lotus. This tragedy caused a great blow to him, and he often used lotus as the topic in his later poems, which was also a sentimental attachment to the old love.

Character relation

According to the style of some of Li Shangyin's poems, some people think that he is introverted. Yuan Xingpei Editor-in-chief: History of Chinese Literature, Vol. 4, Chapter 11). This guess is somewhat arbitrary. If we look at some other lively and humorous works of Li Shangyin, we can draw a completely opposite conclusion. Existing sources (mainly his own poems and articles) indicate that Li Shangyin had a wide social range, and that he was a sociable and popular man.

The people in Li Shangyin's circle are divided into four categories:

Career figures: Linghu Chu, Ling Hu 绹, Cui Rong, Wang Maoyuan, Li Zhifang, Lu Hongzhi, Zheng Ya, Liu Zhongying, Li Hui, Du Jong-ying, Xiao Huan, Yang Yuqing, Yang Sifu, Zhou Ji, Yao He, Sun Jian and others;
Poets and friends: Du Mu, Wen Tingyun, Bai Juyi, etc.;
Like-minded: Liu 蕡, Yong Daoist, Cui Jue, Li Ying et al.;
Courtesy: Linghu Xu, Han Zhan and his colleagues at various stages.

In Li Shangyin's social life, the concern of future generations is that he and" Niu Li party dispute "The relationship. Scholars before the Qing Dynasty generally believed that Li Shangyin got it when he was young Linghu Chu Appreciation, and the opportunity to follow him to learn "Siliu wen" (parallelism), should naturally become the cattle party to which Linghu Chu belongs. Scholars after the Republic of China, although there are different opinions on which party Li Shangyin should belong to, they all agree that it is precisely because of this experience between Li Shangyin and Linghu Chu that he was involved in the political vortex of the Niu Li Party all his life.

Li Shangyin himself may have wanted to stay out of the Niu Li party dispute, his contacts have Niu Li, poetry on both sides of the affirmation, but also have criticism. However, it is clearly wishful thinking to remain neutral in the political struggle. The result is Li Shangyin on both sides not to please, Linghu 绹 especially loathe him, think he is ungrateful. After Linghu 绹 became an official, Li Shangyin tried many times to remedy the situation, including writing some poems to Linghu 绹 (such as "Sending Linghu Lang Zhong"), hoping that he would remember his old love, but Linghu 绹 always ignored him.

In this case, Li Shangyin's official career was obviously not smooth, and he had served under Emperor Wenzong of Tang Dynasty Kaito Four years (839), Emperor Wuzong of Tang Hoi Chang five years (845) twice served in the secretary province, but only for a short time held a low official position. Li Shangyin also worked in the grassroots government as a minor official (Kaicheng four to five years: Hongnong County lieutenant; Two to three years: 盩厔 lieutenant), the same brief and bumpy. He spent most of his life in the shadow of expatriate officials. In fact, whether the "cow Party" or the "Li Party" gained power, Li Shangyin never had a chance to be promoted. His political career ended with Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty Large and medium-sized In the twelfth year (856), he followed the transfer of salt and iron to Liu Zhongying as a salt and iron promotion officer, and when Liu was transferred to the Ministry of War, he also lost his job. He died soon after returning to his hometown.

Contact with Linghu Chu father and son

After the death of his father, the young Li Shangyin accompanied his mother back to his hometown in Henan Province, a completely unfamiliar and rather difficult environment for him, with no family or clan influence to help him naturally enter a social circle as he grew up. Li Shangyin established his own social network by virtue of his talent, character and character. As early as the age of sixteen, he began to associate with some local intellectuals, distributed his works to them to read, and gained a certain fame - perhaps thus caused Linghu Chu The attention of...

Knowing Linghu Chu was one of the most important events in Li Shangyin's life, and his later life was largely related to it. Linghu Chu helped Li Shangyin to enter the social stratum of scholastic officials, but also made him involved in the vortex of party strife. From 829 (the third year of Emperor Wenzong Taihe), when Linghu Chu employed him as an aide, until 837 (the second year of Emperor Wenzong Kaicheng), when Linghu Chu died, they maintained a very close relationship. Li Shangyin's humble and sincere attitude won Linghu Chu's trust, and this degree of trust can be shown by the fact that Linghu Chu summoned Li Shangyin to his side when he was on his deathbed and asked him to write a note on his behalf - this was not an ordinary note, but a political note to be presented to the emperor. Linghu Chu himself is a master of this style, and he would rather let Li Shangyin help complete the summary of his life. On the other hand, there is a very subtle distance between them. Li Shangyin addressed Linghu Chu as "four zhangs" on some occasions and appeared to be quite close, but he never relaxed enough to forget to express gratitude from time to time. Of course, rather than Li Shangyin cautious to maintain a distance, it is better to say that Linghu Chu's attitude given the boundary between the two sides.

In the process of interacting with Linghu Chu, Li Shangyin learns how to get along with people who both have status and appreciate their talents. Such a person has multiple identities for him: uncle, teacher, elder, boss, sponsor... In short, they will have a great influence on their personal career and life.

Contact with Wang Maoyuan family

Wang Maoyuan was Li Shangyin's father-in-law. As a border official, Wang Maoyuan was famous and his family was rich. In some sources, he is credited with being the most famous" Niu Li party dispute "A member of the Lee Party. The authors of both The Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang believe that Li Shangyin betrayed the Niu Party to which he belonged after Linghu Chu's death by marrying Wang Maoyuan's daughter. However, some modern studies show that Wang Maoyuan's identity as a Li Party is not so conclusive, because there is no historical evidence that he really participated in the party struggle. On the other hand, Li Shangyin did not gain more political capital because of his marriage, except for a short stint as an aide to Wang Maoyuan. Li Shangyin also reveals in his poems that he did not rely on his father-in-law's support in economic and political career. Such an argument seems plausible. Huichang three years, Wang Maoyuan in the war against Liu Zhen died of illness, at this time Li Shangyin idle at home, unexpectedly did not arrive at his father-in-law's side in time. It can be seen that the relationship between the two sides is not very close.

Contacts with Zheng Ya, Lu Hongzhi, Liu Zhongying and others

Zheng Ya Lu Hongzhi, Lu Hongzhi and Liu Zhongying were the three most important governors of Li Shangyin's shogunate career. They all appreciated Li Shangyin's talent and helped him to fight for his interests in a limited way.

Contact with Liu 蕡

Liu 蕡 was Li Shangyin's political idol. In his early examination essays, he strongly criticized the malpractice of eunuch interference in politics, which won the admiration of the court and the opposition, but also ruined his career. Five of Li Shangyin's extant poems are addressed to Liu 蕡. And probably met in 2000.

Historical dispute

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EDITOR

Blood mystery

Li Shangyin once claimed to be with Tang Dynasty However, there is no official title document to prove this, so it can be considered that this blood relationship between Li Shangyin and the Tang royal family is quite distant. Li Shangyin asserted his imperial family status several times in his poems and articles, but this did not bring him any real benefits. ^{[33] 32 -}

Birth and death year examination

About the birth year of Li Shangyin, New Book of Tang "," Book of Tang There is no written record. Some studies on the age of Li Shangyin, among which the most influential one says that Li Shangyin was born in the seventh year of Yuan and He (812 AD) and died in the twelfth year of the Middle School (858 AD), and believes that Li Shangyin only lived to 47 years old. ^[43]

About the year of Li Shangyin's death, the "Old Book of Tang" this biography: "At the end of the Middle and Large, Zhongying sat down to kill left, Shang Yin abandoned Zhengzhou. He died a few days later." It was the year title of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, starting from 847 Yuan Gong and 859 AD. Thirteen years in total. The "end" of the Middle School here should refer to the twelfth year of the Middle School (858 AD). According to the New Book of Tang "," Book of Tang ", Petan In the 11th year of the Middle School, the Chinese book was rounded up, and in the 13th year of the Middle School, the human rights of the Chinese book was still held accountable. Wen Tingyun relegated as a county lieutenant, just the time. Then, the so-called "previous year" was the Twelfth year of the Middle School (AD 858), when Li Shangyin died. ^[34]

An examination of the place of burial

There are three theories about the burial site of Li Shangyin. A place located in Qinyang City District east 1.5 km Qin River south bank of Qinhuai office temple after village south ^[51] The other is located in Xingyang City Yulong Town South of alfalwa village. The former is the place of origin of Li Shangyin, and the latter is the hometown where his ancestors moved. Due to the scarcity of information about Li Shangyin's later life, the location of his death and burial has not yet been determined. The last one is in Jianglingbao village, Boai County. ^[35]

The document of Li Shang's Tomb in Qinyang is based on the book of the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. Records of Hanoi County The historical monument map and the relevant content of the "Hanoi Tongzhi · Mausoleum" in the Qianlong period. The "Hanoi County Chronicle" indicates the location of the "Li Nishan Tomb." "Hanoi Tongzhi Mausoleum" clearly recorded: "Li Shang hidden tomb, in the Fucheng east. The cloud ancestor in the collection Wye The eastern suburbs, not today." ^{[37] 36 -}

Posterity influence

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EDITOR

Among the 300 Poems of Tang Dynasty edited by Sun Zhu in Qing Dynasty, 32 poems of Li Shangyin were included, second only to that of Li Shangyin Du Fu (38), ranked second, while Wang Wei made 29 and Li Bai made 27. This anthology of Tang poems is widely known in China, which also shows Li Shangyin's great influence among ordinary people.

Li Shangyin's poems by Wang Jing, calligrapher and painter

Although the social significance of Li Shangyin's poems is inferior to that of Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi However, Li Shangyin is the most influential poet for later generations, because more people love Li Shangyin's poems than Li, Du and Bai's poems. Li Shangyin's poems, especially his love poems, have exerted great influence on the later generations from the late Tang Dynasty Han A Et al., early Song Dynasty Sikun Poet, until the Qing Dynasty Huang Jingren , Gong Zizhen In the style of poetry are influenced by it. In addition, the graceful poets of the Tang and Song dynasties and many love playwrights of the Ming and Qing Dynasties also learned from him constantly. It is especially worth noting that Li Shangyin's poems, which express the sentimental sentiment, integrate the sense of life and times into the sad and sad, and pursue a kind of fine beauty and quiet beauty, and the characteristics of poetry and Ci are more obvious, such as the small subject matter, the deep and subtle thoughts, the graceful and delicate artistic conception. This builds a transitional bridge between poetry and ci. ^[22]

According to the Ye Xie He said, "There are seven wonders of the Song Dynasty, of which there are about three or four who learn from Du Fu and three who learn from Li Shangyin." (Original Poem) Early Northern Song Dynasty Yang Yi , Liu Jun , Qian Weiyan Li Shangyin, the clan of others, often sang to each other, pursued colorful rhetoric and neat antithesis, and published a collection of Xikun's songs, which was called Xikun style. At that time, it was quite influential, but he did not learn the essence of Li Shangyin's poetry, and his achievements were very limited, and his influence disappeared with Ouyang Xiu and others entering the literary world. In addition, Wang Anshi also spoke highly of Li Shangyin, believing that some of his poems were "beyond praise even for old Du" (" CAI Kuanfu's Poems "). Wang Anshi's own poetic style is also obviously influenced by Li Shangyin.

The poets of the Ming Dynasty came before and after seven sons Chen Zilong , Qian Qianyi , Wu Weiye All were influenced by Li Shangyin. Those who liked to write erotic poems in the Ming and Qing Dynasties studied Li Shangyin's title-free poems, such as the Collection of Doubtful Clouds and the Collection of Doubtful Clouds by Wang Yanhong, a poet in the late Ming Dynasty. Doubtful Rain Set (Note: Whether "Doubtful Cloud Collection" is a collection of Wang Yanhong's works, there is a great dispute in the academic circle). The charming poems of the Mandarin Duck and butterfly school novels in the Republic of China were also influenced by him.

Daoyuan, a monk at the end of the Ming Dynasty, wrote notes for Li Shi, and in the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Heling On the basis of Daoyuan's annotations, a small part was deleted and many additions were made to complete three volumes of Li Yishan's Poem Notes. This is the earliest complete annotated version of Li Shangyin's poetry that can be seen at present. After that, Lu Kunzeng (" Li Yishan Poem Interpretation ") Yao Peiqian The annotated research of many people, such as (" Notes on Li Yishan's Poetry Collection "), Qu Fu (" Yuxi Sheng Poetry ") Cheng Mengxing (" Re-revised Notes on Li Yishan's Poetry Collection "), Feng Hao (" Detailed Notes on Yuxi Sheng Poetry "), has been able to roughly understand the allusions in Li Shangyin's poems, but there is still no conclusion on the meaning of many poems. For the influence of Li Shangyin on later generations, see Wu Tiao Gong Li Shangyin's Influence on the Poetry Circle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Shangyin's Beauty in the Qing Dynasty, Wang Yuxiang's Li Shangyin Pair Su Manshu The Influence of Poetry, Wang Zhaoyang, On the Influence of Li Shangyin's Poetry on the Formation of the unique style of Ci, Liu Xuekai, Li Shangyin's Poetry and the Tang and Song Dynasties Graceful ci "And other papers. ^[38]

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Xingyang Cemetery

Xingyang Li Shang Hidden Cemetery

Li Shangyin Xingyang Cemetery is located in the farmland about 200 meters south of alfalfa Village, Yulong Town, and is now Li Shangyin Park. The tomb is 4.13 meters high, 10.4 meters long from east to west, 10.6 meters wide from north to south, low from east to west, in the shape of a coffin. There is a narrow hole in the south base of the tomb, which can only accommodate the tomb. It looks like the tomb road, but it is actually the invisible hole dug by the local people in the middle of the last century to avoid the war. According to the local people, there was a small mound 100 meters southwest of the original tomb, which was the tomb of Li Shangyin's uncle, and it was razed to the ground and turned into farmland. On January 7, 1987, the local government declared the tomb of Li Shangyin to be the second batch of cultural relics under protection. ^[39]

Boai County Cemetery

Li Shangyin Cemetery in Boai County

The cemetery of Li Shangyin in Boai County is located in Jianglingbao Village, which is located in Qinyang City East of Xindian Village (ancient name Yongdian), there has been a tomb in the northwest of the village, the tomb of Li Shangyin, the national cultural relic protection unit, was written on the tombstone, and the fourth national Li Shangyin seminar was held in Boai County, expanded on the original site. Now the tomb area is surrounded by bluestone wall, circular, eight meters in diameter, surrounded by bluestone brick. In front of the tombstone, the head of the monument is carved as a dragon, the front of the tablet body is in the middle of the seal "Li Shangyin's tomb", the upper part of the tablet engraved Li Shangyin's life profile, written by Liu Xuekai, the third president of China Li Shangyin Research Society, and Dong Naibin, the fourth president of China Li Shangyin Research Society, wrote a plaque of "Li Shangyin's hometown" for Boai County. ^[40]

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