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Dong Grand song is a traditional music popular in Dong populated areas such as Liping County, Congjiang County and Rongjiang County in southeast Guizhou Province and Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It is one of China's national intangible cultural heritage and one of the intangible cultural heritage of mankind.
From the Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, to the Song Dynasty, the Dong grand songs have developed to a relatively mature stage, to the Ming Dynasty, the Dong grand songs have been popular in some areas of the Dong. The development of Dong nationality's grand song is closely related to the living form of drum tower, hospitable customs and the language of Dong nationality. The structure of Dong nationality songs is strict and exquisite, the lyrics are rhyming, the melody is beautiful, and the lyrics mostly use bixing technique, which has profound meaning.
[1]
On May 20, 2006, Liping County, Guizhou Province, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region declared the Dong nationality Song Sutras
State Council, People's Republic of China
Approval for inclusion
The first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list
. On June 7, 2008, the Dong nationality Grand Song Sutra was declared in Congjiang County and Rongjiang County, Guizhou province
State Council, People's Republic of China
Approval for inclusion
The second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list
. The five intangible cultural heritage items are numbered II-28.
[2]
In 2009, the Dong nationality song was included in the Representative list of the intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
[3]
- Chinese name
- Dong nationality song
- Approval time
- In 2006 and 2008, it entered the national level of China. Selected as World Class in 2009
- Intangible cultural heritage level
- world-class
- Reporting country
- China
- Heritage number
- 28 Ⅱ -
- Estate category
- Traditional music
The Dong nationality has a long history, originating in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with a history of more than 2,500 years.
[18]
Low trending
Yue Ren Song
That kind of rhyme and style has laid the foundation for the production of Dong nationality's big song. In the Southern Dynasty, this kind of folk songs developed further, and in the Song Dynasty, Dong folk songs had reached a relatively mature stage, such as Lu You in the Song Dynasty
Notes from the Old School Nunnery
There have been accounts of the "beefing" group singing. By the Ming Dynasty, Dong nationality songs had been popular in some areas of Dong nationality, in the Ming Dynasty Kuang Lu
Chiya
It is recorded in the song, "long song closed eyes, shaking the head", that is, the singing situation of Dong nationality big song.
[4]
In the past long feudal society until the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Dong society had always been in a closed state of self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy, with blocked transportation, extremely weak commodity economy concept, few schools, few students, and very backward education. At that time, people were proud of "being able to sing" and "knowing more songs", and the more songs they mastered, the more knowledge they had, and the musicians and singers were respected by people. At that time, the Dong people believed that it did not matter whether they read books or not, but they could not learn songs, so there was a saying of "using songs to replace books".
After the 1950s, the Dong folk song was discovered by musicians Xiao Jiaju and Guo Kewa, who organized musicians to go deep into the Dong mountainous area of Liping County to collect, excavate, record and organize the Dong folk song from the depths of the mountains to the world. In the early 1950s, Wu Peixin, a singer of the Dong nationality in Liping Cave, visited the Soviet Union on behalf of the Dong nationality and brought the Dong nationality's big song abroad for the first time.
[19]
The main contents of Dong nationality's song singing can be divided into seven types: drum tower song, voice song, narrative song, children's voice song, drama song, social and folk song, mixed voice song.
[1]
Drum Tower song: Dong language "Gade floor". Used to greet guests in the drum tower to sing the big song, by the main guest male and female song teams to sing, the content of love songs narrative songs.
Loud song: Dong language is called "Ga et" "Ga Tao et". With a strong artistic, pay attention to the performance of tunes, the beauty of the sound, add a lot of words, melody more imitate the sound of nature, such as water, birds, cicadas and so on.
Narrative song: Dong language called "Ga Jun" "Ga ha". Generally, the song team goes out of the village, and sings at the invitation of the host, mostly with mythological stories and historical legends as lyrics.
Children's voice big song: Dong language called "Gara Wen". Sung by children, the content is mostly children's games and knowledge teaching, the lyrics are short, the rhythm is clear, the melody is cheerful and catchy.
Opera song: Dong language called "Ga wa", that is, the mass song. Generally before or after the opening of Dong opera, the chorus is mainly sung in unison, and only when the last sentence is dragged out, the atmosphere is warm.
Rites and customs song: Dong language called "Gaye". Every year, on the second day of the first month of the first month of the ancestral temple, hand in hand or hand on the shoulder to step on the hall to sing the song, the rhythm is bright.
[19]
The content of Dong nationality's songs is usually to simulate the natural sounds of birds singing, insects singing, mountains and rivers. If according to its style, melody, content, singing mode can be divided into four categories: Ga Suo (ga), ga Ma, Ga think, Ga Ji.
1. Ga Suo is also known as the big sound song, emphasizing the twists and turns of the melody and the beauty of the sound. The lyrics are generally short, highlighting the rather long underlining words and tunes between and after the lyrics, several singers take turns to sing the high notes, so that the high notes rise and fall one after another, the bass is generally sung by other singers in unison, forming a contrast against the high notes, and the melody is mostly imitated by insects and birds in nature, rivers and rivers are named after their insects, birds and animals or seasons.
2, Ga ah is called soft big song, generally to express the love of men and women as the main content, is characterized by slow, soft and infectious.
3, Gaxiang, also known as the ethics of the big song, is a kind of exhorting the world to give priority to the big song, the music melody fluctuation is not big, pay attention to the expression of the lyrics content, mostly praise or satire, is the main ethical means to calm and persuade the Dong family.
4, Gaji is also known as the narrative song, mostly to expand the story plot and character dialogue as the main content, the music melody is slow, low and sad, there are a single lead singing, the collective bass phase contrast as the main way of expression, and the people divided voice chorus of Ga Jin two types. The lyrics of narrative songs are generally longer, and the singers need to have amazing memories and rich expressions.
[1]
1. A song with multiple types of words is the largest number of Dong songs, and the classic Dong songs belong to this kind of songs. Classical big songs are big songs sung on formal occasions (that is, songs sung by men and women), so there are male and female voices.
2, one word and one song class Dong nationality big song, is a small number of songs, such songs have only one song lyrics and a tune combined with it. This type of song is generally not used for singing, mainly for enjoying, this type of song often only female or only male voice.
3. The one-word Multi-song song is the smallest song in the Dong nationality's big songs, and it is a variant form in the development process of Dong nationality's big songs. One-word multi-song songs are mainly female songs, most of which are performed by transferring the lyrics of a one-word song to the tune of another one-word song, and male lyrics can also be transplanted into female voices.
4. The structure of Dong nationality's songs is rigorous and exquisite, with complete three-segment characteristics: each song is composed of three parts, which are divided into the beginning, the body and the end. The beginning and end of the song mirror each other, and the body of the song is set in the middle.
5, the structure is composed of fruit (group), mei (first), monk (segment) and Angle (sentence).
[5]
Dong nationality song
2. Be serious. Dong nationality songs are used and sung in public occasions, such as the occasion of welcoming guests, major festivals, etc., and there are many people to participate in singing, the scene is grand. The content is mainly historical and narrative, serious but not random, length and capacity are large, men and women, old and young are suitable to sing and listen to.
3. No accompaniment, no conductor. When singing a big song, there is no need to orchestrate and direct, and the singing personnel rely on strict training and tacit understanding when singing, often in one go, both complete and perfect.
[6]
1, the lyrics are concise, to highlight and display the melody of the sound of the main "sound song". Although the lyrics of "Big Song" are simple, the form is equally complex and serious, and it seems to be more lyrically perfect and meaningful.
2, Dong song lyrics rhyme, beautiful melody, lyrics mostly use Bixing method, profound meaning.
[6]
Compared with many "folk oral music traditions" in the world, Da Song has its particularity and excellence in skill application and technical talent, mainly manifested in three points:
Music art
In terms of "music art", the flexible use of "multi-part technology", the important feature of big song music is that two parts cooperate in singing without a conductor, and pay attention to the imitation and refinement of "natural sound". This kind of singing mainly simulated the sound of birds, cicadas and forest and water in nature, and formed a set of unique words and sound expression modes in long-term practice. The continuous sound of the low part goes on like running water, and the high part rises and falls like cicadas on the bank of a stream; The cultural significance of the whole "nine-degree range" of the big song is manifested as the "singing of the whole people" and the frequent singing of the Dong people.
Oral literature
In "oral literature", the traditional songs are sung in the second local dialect of the southern Dong nationality, and the use of lyrics is closely related to the local language. The lyrics of the big songs vary in length, from more than 10 lines for the short ones to hundreds of lines for the elderly. The structural pattern is "even lines of singular words, the sentences are of varying lengths, and the length can be large or small", thus forming a natural and strict rhythm, that is, the rhythm rule of "24 big rhymes" with "foot rhymes" and "waist rhymes". Language is the foundation of Dge, and Dge tradition has become the most effective way to inherit and protect the Dong language and culture because of the dependence and refinement of language.
Oral transmission
On "oral inheritance", big song embodies the wisdom of "example" and "interaction" in oral inheritance in a relatively closed cultural environment. The combination of "speech" and "example", the tacit, specific, dynamic and competitive inheritance scene between "acquisition" and the festival "performance", strengthens the singers' understanding and memory of big songs, and the language, singing voice, body and mood in the performance are transformed into various scenes that are indelible in their hearts, so that the stiff memory of songs is replaced by wonderful life experience. The big song becomes truly one with the singer in the heart. It can be said that the Dong Dge community is a face-to-face oral cultural community, during which the transmission and exchange of songs constitute the basic social interaction, and everyone participates in the acquisition, inheritance and reproduction of singing, culture and life as both singers and listeners. The "oral tradition" of Dge provides a broader psychological space for the personalized and localized variation of music and lyrics. Become an important link between different generations of people.
[19]
The representative songs of Dong nationality include "Zhulang Niangmei", "Mang Year Liumei", "Yuan Dong", "Cicada Song", "Mountain is really beautiful", "silly", "Squirrel Song", "March Song", "Ye Lao Song", "Ga Gao Sheng", "Ga Yin Ya" and "Ga Opera".
[7]
The grand song of the Dong nationality is not only a kind of music art, but also an important part of understanding the social structure, marriage relationship, cultural inheritance and spiritual life of the Dong nationality. It has research value in many aspects such as social history, ideological history, education history and marriage history.
[4]
As a multi-voice folk song, Dong nationality's big song is rare in its multi-voice thinking, multi-voice form, chorus technique and cultural connotation. As a kind of folk song used in special areas and special people, Da Song and local culture coexist harmoniously, showing strong "ethnic, local and functional" characteristics.
[19]
Historically, the inheritance of Dong nationality's big songs is mainly family inheritance, and the carrier of inheritance is the "song team" of the big songs. The core of inheritance is the songwriter, the song leader, and the existence and level of the three directly determine the existence and level of Dong nationality's big songs. Song team refers to the large and small singing groups existing in the Dong village, with as few as a few people and as many as hundreds of people in each song team. According to the age group, the children's song team, the men's song team, the women's song team, the elderly song team, etc. The members of the song team do farm work during the day, and gather to sing at night or at leisure. Song head is the leader of the song team, is the completion of the high voice part of the Dong nationality big song, singing skills are superb, quick response, can lead the song team to go the village song. The song master is the soul of the Dong people's Tiange, and his usual task is to be responsible for the training of the whole village song class. When children of the Dong nationality join the singing class at the age of four or five, they learn to sing big songs. Apart from production labor, most of the time they grow up under the education of singers. It is the tradition of children learning songs, youth singing, and old people teaching songs since ancient times that makes the Dong nationality preserve the unique cultural form of the Dong nationality's big songs in the long history of thousands of years.
[19]
However, many singers and singers are old, and the inheritance of Dong nationality's big songs is facing a crisis, no successor, on the verge of loss, and in urgent need of protection.
[8]
Wu Pinxian
, female, inheritor of the second batch of national intangible Cultural Heritage representative projects of Dage of Dong Nationality, Serial number: 02-0253, Application area: Liping County, Guizhou Province.
[9]
Wu Guangzu, male, inheritor of the second batch of national intangible Cultural heritage representative projects of the Dong nationality Dge, serial number: 02-0254, Application area: Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
[10]
Qinnai
, female, inheritor of the second batch of national intangible Cultural Heritage representative projects of Dge of Dong nationality, Serial number: 02-0255, Applicant area: Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
[11]
Wu Renhe
, male, inheritor of the third batch of national intangible Cultural Heritage representative projects of Dong Nationality Dge, serial number: 03-0826, Application area: Congjiang County, Guizhou Province.
[12]
Panza honeysuckle
, female, inheritor of the third batch of national intangible Cultural Heritage representative projects of Dong Nationality Dge, Serial number: 03-0827, nominating area: Congjiang County, Guizhou Province.
[13]
Hu Guanmei
, female, inheritor of the fourth batch of national intangible Cultural Heritage representative projects of Dong Nationality Dge, serial number: 04-1510, Application area: Rongjiang County, Guizhou Province.
[14]
Jafoying
, male, inheritor of the fifth batch of national intangible Cultural Heritage representative projects of Dge of Dong nationality, serial number: 05-2050, Application area: Congjiang County, Guizhou Province.
[15]
Students sing a song of the Dong ethnic group at a junior middle school of the Dong Ethnic Group in Sanjiang Dong Autonomous county, East China's Shandong province, Nov 1, 2018. On the same day, the 49th and 50th Dong song free training classes jointly organized by Liuzhou Mass Art Museum and Sanjiang County Cultural Center were held at the school.
[16]
In November 2019, the List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Project Protection Units was announced, Liping County Cultural Center, Liuzhou City Mass Art Museum, Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Development Center, Congjiang County Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center, Rongjiang County Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center obtained the qualification of "Dong Grand Song" project protection units.
[17]
Pilot bases for the protection of Dong grand songs have been established in Liping Rock Cave and Congjiang Xiaohuang, the main popular areas of Dong grand songs, and the inheritance and protection of Dong grand songs have been widely concerned and valued by the society.
[19]
On October 31, 2023, the "List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Project Protection Units" was published, and the original protection units of the Dong nationality Grand Song project had major changes in unit nature and organization, and did not have the basic conditions for protection units. Re-identified the protection units of Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County Cultural Center (Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Development Center) and Liping County Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center.
[20]
Important activity
In 1955, Dong singers such as Wu Quanmei from Liping Cave organized a folk choir to sing Dong songs for state leaders and musicians in Beijing and were received by Premier Zhou Enlai.
[19]
In October 1986, a group of 9 Dong girls, mainly from Liping, participated in the Golden Autumn Art Festival in Paris, France, and performed at the Summer Le Palace, which was praised as "shining music like a clear spring".
[19]
At the Spring Festival Gala in 1994 and 2001, Dong folk songs such as "Song of Cicada" and "Cuckoo to Promote Spring" were performed by the Dong folk song team of Liping County.
In 2002, Liping Dong Grand Song Art Troupe participated in the second program of "Plateau Like Song - A Journey to Find the Roots of Chinese Remote Ethnic Minority Music" held in Beijing Concert Hall, and gave a special performance of 90 minutes.
[19]
In 2002, at the opening ceremony of the second "Liping · China Dong Drum Tower Culture and Art Festival", more than 2,000 people sang Dong folk songs. During the festival, the 9th Annual Meeting of the Chinese Musicians Association and the International Academic Symposium of Dong Folk Songs were held.
[19]
On March 17, 2018, the third Dong Grand Song Competition was held in Duye Square, Guyi Town, Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Liuzhou, Guangxi. Nearly 1,000 people from 35 singing teams performed their singing performances, ranging from the elderly to the children of Tongjiao.
[7]
Honorary award
In October 2007, Dong Big Song Choir of Liping County, organized and selected by Guizhou Choral Association, won the first place in the gold medal of the competition at the first National Socialist New Rural Chorus Conference held by the Culture and Art Center Theater in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province.
In June 2012, Wu Pinxian, national inheritor of Dong nationality's Grand song in Liping County, won the "Inheritance Award" of Chinese intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritors.
[19]
In April 2016, director Ou Chouchou's film "Dong Song" won two awards at the 49th Houston International Film Festival, the Remi Gold Award for Best Art Direction and the Grand Jury Special Remi Gold Award for Best Director.
[18]
According to folklore, a long time ago, a group of young children and girls of the Dong ethnic group were farming in the mountains. When they took a break, they sat under the trees and talked and laughed. Their laughter amused the birds and insects on the mountain, and suddenly a hundred birds sang together, a hundred insects sang together, and the voice rose one after another. Later students were attracted by this beautiful sound, sidelining their eyes and listening, and then consciously or unconsciously imitating the voices of various insects and birds to learn to sing, some singing high notes, some singing low notes, the more they learned, the more flavor, so year after year, day after day, "Ga Jiyo", "Ga Neng le", "Ga Guo Dao", "Ga du Gu Neng le" and other songs imitating cicadas were produced.
[19]
