Collect
Check out my collection
0
Useful +1
Regong Art,
Qinghai Province
Tongren City
Traditional folk art, one of the national intangible cultural heritage.
[1]
Regong art originated in the 13th century in the Huangnan Tibetan area of Qinghai Province and developed with the prosperity of Longwu Temple. Regong art mainly refers to the painting plastic arts such as Thangka, murals, embroidery and sculpture. The main content of Regong art is the Buddha Bunsheng story in Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan historical figures, myths, legends, epics, etc. At the same time, it also includes some secular content.
[1]
On May 20, 2006, Regong Art was approved by The State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, the heritage number is XVII -49.
[2]
In 2009, Regong Art was selected into the Representative list of the intangible Cultural Heritage of humanity.
[3]
On May 15, 2018, Regong Art was selected into the first batch of national traditional craft revitalization catalog.
[4]
- Chinese name
- Regong art
- Approval time
- 20 May 2006
- Intangible cultural heritage level
- National level
- Heritage number
- Ⅶ - 49
- Heritage type
- Traditional art
- Reporting area
- Tongren City, Qinghai Province
From the end of the 10th century to the beginning of the 13th century, it was the "later period" of Tibetan Buddhism, the transition period of Tibetan Buddhist art, and the origin period of Regong art. During this period, the increasingly nationalized Tibetan Buddhism has gained widespread belief, so the Tibetan Buddhist art, as its image teaching, also began to consciously change from the foreign style to conform to the national aesthetic habits.
The Tibetan Buddhist art remains of the transition period are relatively rich, as far as painting is concerned, such as
Ngari
Guge Kingdom
's
The lineage of Zampu and princes through the ages
"Mural, simple shape, simple and stable color, showing a strong
Tibetan plateau
The cultural color. In addition
Shigatse
Naddang Temple "Naddang Jian Temple Lama", "Gunga Jizze Lama" and other decorative flavor of thangka.
Regong art also originated in Tibet, the center of the snow region culture, but it mainly originated from three aspects: First, the three brothers Nian Zhihe Jian Cuo of Tibet arrived after studying painting in Nepal
Ando
Regong settled down to spread the art of Buddha painting; The second was in the 14th and 15th centuries
Sakya
Zhihe Nawah and his apprentices spread the art of Buddha painting in Regong area; Third, it was built in 1710 by Sant 'o Tsepei
Labrang Temple
At that time, his Mantang school painting method was introduced into Regong area, so the difference in the source and yuan made the painters of Regong art have their own characteristics.
Regong art continues to go to the outside world, artists in the early years of painting everywhere, covering Qing, Tibet, Gansu, Sichuan, Xinjiang and Mongolia, as well as India, Myanmar and Nepal and other countries, extensive exposure to Tibetan painting, painting, painting and painting.
Garze
Woodcarvings, Dunhuang murals and the art of other nationalities or friendly countries have absorbed rich nutrients and, after summing up and refining, gradually formed a delicate and vivid artistic style with local characteristics of Regong, which has become an important school in the Tibetan Buddhist painting circle.
[5]
In terms of categories, Regong art includes painting (mural painting, scroll painting known as thangka in Tibetan), sculpture (clay sculpture, wood carving), embroidery (embroidery, cutting pile), architectural color painting, pattern, sand painting art, butter flower and other art forms. The content mainly includes Buddha statues such as Sakyamuni biography, Bodhisattvas, Dharma protectors, Buddhist scriptures and fairies.
The early works of Regong art are crude and simple, with simple colors and typical Indian and Nepalese styles. Its tone is male, characters, landscapes, flowers, birds, insects and insects are vivid, and the picture gives people a sense of vigor and breadth. By the middle of the 17th century, the craftsmen of Regong were becoming more and more exquisite in their skills. The line drawing was simple and smooth, strong and powerful, and they used meticulous brushwork and heavy colors, solemn and steady, and the colors were fresh and strong, uniform and coordinated, and the figures they painted were both shaped and body. The painting style tended to be gorgeous and fine, and the decorative effect of the picture was emphasized.
[6]
Thangka
Draw as
Scroll painting
(Thangka in Tibetan), is a kind of easy to hang, easy to collect painting, framed with colored satin. This kind of painting has obvious national characteristics, strong religious color and unique artistic style, and has always been regarded as a treasure by the Tibetan people.
Regong art
Sculpture art
Sculpture occupies an important position in Regong art, which mainly includes clay sculpture, wood carving, brick carving, stone carving, etc., of which clay sculpture is the most developed. Clay sculpture is divided into monochrome clay sculpture and colored sculpture, which is the main body of Regong sculpture. The mature period of clay sculpture art is about the middle of the 17th century to the early 19th century. The statues in this period are vivid, the expressions are vivid, the clothing folds are both concise and smooth, and rich in texture, both exquisite and elegant, and the color contrast is strong and bright coordination, so that the monochrome clay and color sculpture are unified as a whole.
Regong clay sculpture and
Monastic architecture
Combined, and strive to express its extensive content. The scope of the statue is also very wide, divided by the sun, moon and stars, mountains, trees, birds and animals, insects and fish as decorative patterns and foil, often according to the Buddhist story or classic need to plastic color images, such as strange and diverse, grotesque protection God, green face King Kong, horse red hair God, some riding lion sitting elephant, dancing gun rod, some neck hanging human skull necklace, furious dance... ... The diversity of manner inspires awe. The success of Regong clay sculptors is to choose the general instant expression and physical dynamics, so that people can associate the causes and consequences from the static image, and thus indirectly grasp the potential connotation associated with the shape of this object.
In addition, wood carving,
Brick carving
Stone carving is also quite large-scale, wood carving is mainly printing supplies of the sutra board, lintel, capital decoration carving, there is also a considerable amount of wood carved Buddha. Brick carvings are mainly seen in buildings, such as flowers on the ridge, dragons and phoenixes, lions, and cornices
beastkiss
, reliefs on the walls, etc.
Patterns are decorative arts attached to buildings, indoor furnishings, and daily appliances. They are mostly found in Buddhist temple buildings and are used for portraits, books, murals, walldresses, doors and Windows, columns, and decorations.
caisson
Painting beam carving building, etc. This kind of pattern is symmetrical, clear, elegant, solemn, square, round or other geometric figures. Then use the different colors and expression techniques, as well as the density, convergence, straightening, length, size and other techniques to change, the same flower shape, can produce a variety of forms, constitute a rich and colorful pattern.
Graphic art
Graphic art has largely been outside the scope of Buddhist art. from
Religious instruments
The decoration on daily utensils to carpets and fabrics is full of dazzling things, which is characterized by a more intense local flavor and national color, and has a high practical value.
Embroidery art
Regong art
Wood carving art
Woodcuts are mainly printed supplies of scripture board,
Door lintel
The decorative carving on the capital, there is also a considerable amount of wood carved Buddha. Buddha statues are generally divided into two kinds of monochrome wood carving and colored wood carving, and there are both good, diverse styles, gentle knife, rigid and soft, extremely changing, strong national characteristics, unique in the art of Regong wood carving, famous in the world.
[6]
The themes of Regong art painting can be broadly divided into Spajo,
Biographical painting
Idol painting, history painting, genre painting and story painting, etc.
Sparjo
Regong art
Similar subject matter with Sparho also "Sumi Mountain Map"
Four continents wind fire earth map
"Celestial Sun, Moon and stars" "World Formation" "Altar City" "Pure land" and so on.
Biographical painting
In addition to the "Buddha Bunsheng story" and "Buddha Biography Story", which are shared in the teaching art and Theravada art and express all kinds of good deeds of Shakyamuni's past and present lives, there are also the Tibetan King Biography, which is unique to Tibetan Buddhism.
Songtsen Gampo
Red Song Dezan, Red Reba Jin, etc.),
Tale of the Dharma King
(
patspar
Tsongkhapa, the Fifth Dalai Lama, etc.), Master biographies (Padmasambhava, Adixia, etc.). It vividly reflects the spreading process of Buddhism in Tibet.
Idol painting
These idols mainly include Buddha (Shakya Buddha, Dairi Tathagata Buddha, Maitreya Buddha, etc.), Bodhisattvas, arhats,
The four Heavenly Kings
Numerous Buddhist deities, such as Tara, Dharma Protector, and portraits of historical figures, such as
Ruler princess
, Princess Wencheng,
Loc Dontsan
take
Missan
Buza, Padmasambhava, Tsongkhapa, etc.
History painting
Painting according to history and telling history with painting is a major feature of Tibetan Buddhist painting. In a sense, since
Tubo Dynasty
The subsequent history of Tibet is a religious history of Tibetan Buddhism from its emergence to its heyday. There are biography of the Tibetan king, biography of the Fa King, biography of the master and other biographical paintings, including "Princess Wencheng into Tibet", "Celebrating","
Uncle before the feast
"Eight Siba Painting Biography" "Dharma King Zhai Meeting" "
The Fifth Dalai Lama saw the Shunzhi map
", etc.
Genre painting
These paintings reflect the daily customs of the Tibetan people, including production labor, cultural entertainment,
Sports competition
Weddings, funerals and mass religious activities have a strong ethnic and folk color.
Story painting
In...
Monkey to human
As a representative, legend says that in ancient Tibet, a macaque married with the rock witch, gave birth to six monkeys, and then multiplied to 500, to be fed by God, "the hair trace is shorter, the tail is also shrinking, and the language is more human, and then becomes human", and becomes the ancestor of the Tibetan. It reflects the Tibetan people's view of human origin
Naive materialism
The understanding of evolution has a typical "prototype" significance.
Because Tibetan Buddhism requires "all projects to be in harmony with the law, all murals to be in harmony with the sutra, and all carving and sculpture to be in harmony with the mantra", the essence of Regong art is, after all, subject to religion rather than aesthetics, and piety is more important than artistic spirituality. The essence of art lies in creation, but Regong art, like other Tibetan Buddhist art schools, is "copying" under an extremely strict norm. The so-called "three classics and one ignorance" ("
Image measurement
"Buddha said image measurement Jing Shu" "
Painting metric
As a production method, although it marks the peak of this art, because it is easy to get started, these methods also help to promote the overall rise of Tibetan Buddhist art, but they leave the craftsmen to play the creative room is extremely narrow. What's more, the vast majority of artisans are Tibetan Buddhist monks and believers, devout religious emotions, always consciously or unconsciously limit personal creativity.
[5]
The main categories of Regong art include mural, thangka, clay Buddha, pile embroidery, embroidery, wood carving, wood carving, stone carving, brick carving and architectural painting.
mural
Regong art
Whether it is dry murals, wet murals or cloth murals, the painting process is basically divided into seven steps:
(1) Draft. On the wall to produce usable powder draft, different images are drafted with charcoal pen, draft must be strictly in accordance with the "image measurement classics" standards.
(2) Paint the base color. Including the first layer of color of the image and the color of the space.
(3) The color separation mouth makes the object show the feeling of convex and convex three-dimensional and Yin and Yang.
(4) Draw lines. One is used for the uniform thickness of the character, and the other is used for the thickness of the landscape.
(5) Hook the gold thread. There are many places where gold thread is used in Regong art painting, and the clothing pattern of the figures and the outline of the rocks are all hooked with gold thread, so that the picture has a fine effect.
(6) Finishing of the five features and hands and feet. This is the finishing touch to remind the overall spirit of the finishing link.
(7) To apply gold and powder, use a special small leather bag to squeeze the lead powder paste to draw the pre-designed pattern, the leach line is slightly raised, and then glue the gold foil with water, and gently press it with silk and cotton fabric.
Thangka
Thangka is a transliteration of the Tibetan word "scroll painting". What may have initially been a "walking image" carried around by Buddhists later became the main form of indoor offerings in Tibetan Buddhism. The production methods of thangka include painting, weaving and stacking embroidery. Painting Thangka cloth processing and painting techniques, similar to cloth fresco. The Kesi Thangka was mainly produced by the imperial court in the mainland, and the pattern image was woven by the technique of warp and weft breaking. Thangka stacking technique is unique, according to the composition of the need to cut the colorful satin mat wool or cotton embroidered on the cloth curtain, no matter how to make the thangka, finally go through a "mounting" procedure, that is, in the heart of the painting around the sewing brocade, and then the top and bottom of the heaven and earth rod, so as to use the hanging.
woodcut
Woodcut prints are said to have been introduced from the mainland to Tibetan areas by the disciples of Baspa during the Sakya period. They were continuously or individually printed on cloth or paper. They were used as Buddhist scrolls or Jia horses, hung under the eaves in front of houses, through the streets, and scattered in the deep mountains and dangerous valleys and vast grasslands as mascots for prayer.
Stone line painting
Stone line painting originated in the early 15th century. Legend has it that Tsongkhapa and his disciple Kezhujie were both skilled at making images. It is mainly engraved on pebbles or stone chips, respectively painted red, white, blue and yellow, piled in the foothills or lakeside, commonly known as "mani pile". And put a cow skull, the skull is also engraved with scripture, for believers to worship at any time.
[5]
The subject matter of Regong art painting is extensive, and the world with religion as the core is all-encompassing, involving politics, economy, history, folk customs, literature and art and other aspects of social material life and spiritual life. Representative works are "Tibetan culture Regong Art painting Grand View".
[5]
With its unique aesthetic concept, unique raw materials and unique inheritance habits, Regong art has important historical and artistic value in Tibetan Buddhism, folk art and architectural art.
[1]
With its exquisite design, bright colors and fine lines, Regong art is not only popular in areas where Buddhism is prevalent, but also more and more popular among art lovers in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as well as around the world. However, with the death of old artists one after another (four master painters passed away around the turn of the century), the continuous impact of market economy and commodity awareness, and the continuous prosperity of tourism, there are fewer and fewer hot Gong art products, and more and more fakes, copies and shoddy products flooding the market, which are in urgent need of rescue and protection.
[1]
More Dengdaji
Male, Tibetan, born in August 1964 in Tongren City, Qinghai Province, the first batch of representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage projects, master of Chinese arts and crafts, representative project: Regong Art.
[7]
Keiga
Male, Tibetan, born in 1940, died in 2007, native of Tongren City, Qinghai Province, representative inheritor of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects, master of Chinese arts and crafts, representative project: Regong Art.
[8]
Xihe Road
Male, born on December 1, 1946, from Tongren City, Qinghai Province, representative inheritors of the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects, representative project: Regong Art.
[9]
Mother's father
Male, born on February 17, 1971, representative inheritors of the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects, representative project: Regong Art.
[10]
Chaygo Point
Mr. Liu, male, born in April 1966, representative inheritors of the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects, representative project: Regong Art.
[11]
Rozandampa
Mr. Liu, male, born in 1968, representative inheritors of the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects, representative project: Regong Art.
[12]
Huan Gong
Male, Tu nationality, representative inheritor of the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects, representative project: Regong Art.
[13]
In 1958, the Qinghai Provincial Federation of Literature and Art and the Provincial Group Art Museum organized efforts to excavate and organize the art of Regong, and organized artists such as Ka Xianjia to draw a large number of Tibetan patterns.
[5]
In 1961, the Youth Branch of the China Artists Association organized a survey group to conduct a comprehensive survey on the history and characteristics of Regong art and write a report on the investigation of Wutun Art.
[5]
In 1996, in order to train a group of high-level Regong artists, Huangnan Prefecture government and Northwest Institute for Nationalities jointly established the "Regong Art Class".
[5]
On November 14, 2006, Qinghai Regong Art Association was established in Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The purpose of the association is to explore the connotation of Regong art, promote the prosperity and development of Regong art, transform the intangible culture of ethnic minorities into material culture, and serve the building of a new socialist countryside.
[14]
In October 2023, the List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Project protection Units was announced, and the Regong Art project passed the assessment, and Tongren City Cultural Center obtained the qualification of the project protection unit.
[17]
On March 20, 2024, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism announced the List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Production Protection Demonstration Bases from 2023 to 2025, and Qinghai Renjun Regong Art Co., LTD., which is based on the Regong Art Project, was identified as "National intangible Cultural Heritage Production Protection Demonstration Base from 2023 to 2025".
[18]
Social activity
On the morning of December 19, 2019, the first International Thangka Art Exhibition and World Thangka Art Conference of "Meet Beijing" opened at the China Millennium Monument in Beijing.
[15]
On January 6, 2020, China's Qinghai Ethnic Culture Art Exhibition opened in Johannesburg, South Africa, displaying more than 200 pictures and 20 Thangka works.
[16]
