Natural resources ^[1] It refers to the substances in nature that human beings can directly obtain for production and life. It can be divided into three categories, one is non-renewable resources, such as various metallic and non-metallic minerals, fossil fuels, etc., need to be formed after a long geological time; The second is renewable resources, refers to biological, water, land resources, etc., can be reproduced or recycled in a short period of time; Third, inexhaustible resources, such as wind and solar energy, will not lead to a reduction in storage after being used. The central task of nature conservation is to protect, multiply (refers to renewable resources) and rational use of natural resources, in order to improve the ability of resource regeneration and continued use, to obtain the unity of environmental benefits and social and economic benefits.

Chinese name: Natural resources
Foreign name: natural resources
encompass: Coal, iron, oil, water, natural gas, etc

subject: Ecological engineering
domain: Environmental science
categorize: Natural resources and economic resources

catalogue

intro

broadcast

EDITOR

Natural resources, also known as natural resources, are goods that are valuable in their original state. Generally speaking, if the main project to obtain the goods is Collect and purification Instead of producing, then the goods are a natural resource. Mining, Extract oil Fisheries and forestry are therefore generally regarded as industries that obtain natural resources, whereas agriculture is not. Natural resources are goods Natural wealth .

Natural resources

Natural resources are all tangible and intangible things given by nature or left by predecessors, which can be used directly or indirectly to meet human needs. Resources can be divided into natural resources and economic resources, and the whole nature that can meet human needs is natural resources, including air, water, land, forests, grasslands, wildlife, various minerals and energy. Natural resources are dynamic and can provide material and space for human survival, development and enjoyment. The development of society and the progress of science and technology require the development and utilization of more and more natural resources.

Definition of natural resources

broadcast

EDITOR

" Ci Hai The definition of natural resources refers to natural objects that exist naturally (excluding raw materials processed and manufactured by human beings) and have the value of natural objects, such as land, mineral resources, water conservancy, biology, climate, ocean and other resources, which are the sources and layout of raw materials for production. United Nations Environment Programme It is defined as: under certain time and technical conditions, it can produce economic value. Advancing the present and future welfare of mankind Natural environmental factor The general term for.

Yu Guangyuan's definition

Yu Guangyuan Natural resources are resources that exist naturally in nature and are not processed by human beings, such as land, water, organisms, energy and minerals.

Natural resources in the narrow sense

Natural resources in the narrow sense only include Material resources That is, in a certain way Social economy It can be produced under technical conditions Ecological value Or economic value, thereby improving the quality of human life in the present or foreseeable future Natural substance and Natural energy The sum of. Natural resources in a broad sense include Physical natural resources And comfort the sum of natural resources.

Forest resources

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Definition of natural resources

Natural factors and conditions that, at certain times and under certain conditions, can produce economic benefits to enhance the present and future welfare of mankind.

Natural resource attribute : In the natural environment related to the development of human society, can be used to produce Use value co-influence Labor productivity The natural elements, often referred to as natural resources, can be divided into tangible natural resources (such as land, water, animals and plants, minerals, etc.) and intangible natural resources (such as Light resource , thermal resources, etc.). Natural resources have availability , integrity, variability, Spatial distribution The characteristics of non-uniformity and regionality are the material basis for human survival and development and the source of social material wealth, and are one of the important bases for sustainable development. Natural resources can be classified as follows: biological resources, agricultural resources, forest resources, land resources, mineral resources, Marine resources Climate, meteorology, water resources, etc.

Characteristics of natural resources

broadcast

EDITOR

① Finiteness of quantity. It refers to the quantity of resources, which contradicts the growing demand of human society, so it is necessary to emphasize the rational development, utilization and protection of resources;

② Unbalance of distribution. The presence of quantitative or qualitative significance Regional difference ; The distribution of some renewable resources has obvious Regional differentiation law ; The distribution of non-renewable mineral resources has geological laws.

(3) The relationship between resources. The elements of natural resources in each region have ecological relations with each other and form a whole, so comprehensive research and comprehensive development and utilization must be emphasized.

utilizable development . It means that the scope and ways of human utilization of natural resources will be further expanded or the utilization rate of natural resources will be continuously improved.

Natural resources

Natural resource inclusion

broadcast

EDITOR

The content of natural resources changes with The Times and expands with the improvement of social productive forces and the progress of science and technology. According to the proliferation performance of natural resources, it can be divided into:

renewable

Such resources can be used repeatedly, such as climate resources ( Solar radiation , wind), water resources, Geothermal resources (Geothermal and hot springs), hydro, Sea tide .

renewable

Such resources can be grown, and their renewal rate is dependent on their own reproductive capacity and Natural environmental condition The restriction, such as biological resources, is a living organism that can grow and reproduce, whose renewal rate depends on its own reproductive ability and external environmental conditions, and should be developed and utilized in a planned and limited way.

nonrenewable

Including geological resources and semi-geological resources. The former for example Mineral resources The metallogenic cycle of metallic ore, non-metallic ore, nuclear fuel, fossil fuel, etc., is often measured in millions of years; The latter as Soil resources Although its formation cycle is shorter than that of mineral resources, it is also very slow compared with the consumption rate. Such natural resources should be used as comprehensively as possible, pay attention to economy, and avoid waste and destruction. Such resources take a long time to form or are not renewable.

Natural resources

Classification of natural resources

broadcast

EDITOR

Natural resources can be divided into May Renewable resources Renewable natural resources and non-renewable resources. Natural resources have the characteristics of availability, integrity, change, uneven spatial distribution and regionality. Natural resources can be divided into: biological resources, Agricultural resources Forest resources, land resources, Mineral resources , Marine resources Climate, meteorology, water resources, etc.

Biological resources

Biological resources Under the current social economic and technological conditions, human beings can use and may use organisms, including plant and animal resources and microbial resources. Biological resources have regenerative function, such as rational use and scientific care management, not only can grow, but also can reproduce according to human will; If it is not properly used, it will not only cause its quantity and quality to decline, but also may lead to extinction. In the biological resources information column, there are sub-columns such as animal resources information, plant resources information, microbial resources information, nature reserves and biodiversity information.

Plant resources Under the current socio-economic and technological conditions, human beings can use and may use plants, including common plants on land, lakes, oceans and some rare and endangered plants. Plant resources are not only the main source of food needed by human beings, but also can provide various cellulose and medicines for human beings, and have a wide range of uses in human life, industry, agriculture and medicine.

China has a vast territory, complex terrain, diverse climate, rich vegetation species and intricate distribution. In the eastern monsoon, there are tropical rainforests, Tropical monsoon rain forest , central and South subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, North subtropical deciduous broad-leaved evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest, Temperate deciduous broadleaf forest , Cold temperate coniferous forest , and Subalpine coniferous forest Temperate forest grassland and other vegetation types. In the northwest and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there are dry steppe, semi-desert steppe shrublands, dry desert steppe shrublands, plateau cold desert and alpine steppe Grassy meadow Shrub and other vegetation types. According to statistics, there are 300 families of seed plants, 2980 genera, 24600 species. Among them, 2946 angiosperms (23.6% of the total angiosperms in the world). Relatively old plants, accounting for about 62% of the world's total genera. Some plants, such as metasoia and ginkgo biloba, which have been extinct in other parts of the world in modern times, are "living fossils" that remain in China. Seed plants have cold, warm and hot three zones of plants, more species than the whole of Europe. In addition, there are a variety of cultivated plants. In terms of use, there are more than 1000 kinds of wood trees, more than 4000 kinds of medicinal plants, more than 300 kinds of fruit plants, more than 500 kinds of fiber plants, more than 300 kinds of starch plants, more than 600 kinds of oil plants, and more than 80 kinds of vegetable plants, becoming the world Plant resources One of the richest countries.

Animal resources Under the current socio-economic and technological conditions, human beings can use and may use animals, including general animals on land, lakes and oceans and some rare and endangered animals. Animal resources It is not only a source of fine protein needed by human beings, but also can provide human fur, animal power, cellulose and special medicines, and has a wide range of uses in human life, industry, agriculture and medicine.

China is one of the countries with the richest animal resources in the world. According to statistics, there are about 2070 species of terrestrial vertebrates in China, accounting for 9.8% of the world's terrestrial vertebrates. Among them, there are more than 1,170 species of birds, 400 species of mammals and 184 species of amphibians, accounting for 13.5%, 11.3% and 7.3% of the world's similar animals, respectively. In the north of the line from the Himalayas to the north of the Hengduan Mountains to the Qinling Mountains to the Funiu Mountains to the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River, the temperate and cold temperate fauna are the main, belonging to the Palearctic, and the southern part of the line is dominated by tropical animals, belonging to the East Ocean. In fact, due to the flat terrain in the eastern region and the north-south trend of the Hengduan Mountains in the west, the phenomenon of mutual infiltration and mixing of animals in the two boundaries is more obvious.

Microbial resources In the current social economic and technological conditions, human beings can use and may use microorganisms based on fungi, the material provided by human life and industry, agriculture, medicine and other aspects can play a special role.

biodiversity Is the sum of the ecological complex formed by organisms and their environment and the various ecological processes associated with it, by genetic (genetic) diversity, Species diversity and Ecosystem diversity And so on. Genetic (genetic) diversity refers to the diversity of genetic factors and their combinations that determine traits in an organism. Species diversity is the species expression of biodiversity, which can be divided into regional species diversity and community species (ecological) diversity. Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of habitats, biomes and ecological processes within the biosphere. Genetic (genetic) diversity and species diversity are the basis of biodiversity research, and ecosystem diversity is the focus of biodiversity research.

Agricultural resources

Agricultural resources ^[2] is Agricultural natural resources And agricultural economic resources. Agricultural natural resources include those that can be used in agricultural production Natural environment element Such as land resources, water resources, climate resources and biological resources. Agricultural economic resources refer to the socio-economic factors and social production results that directly or indirectly play a role in agricultural production, such as the quantity and quality of agricultural population and labor force, agricultural technical equipment, including transportation, communication, culture, education and health Agricultural infrastructure Let's wait. This column focuses on giving agricultural natural resources.

Forest resources

Forest resources It is a general term for woodland and the forest organisms on which it grows. Here the forest resources are mainly, but also include understory plants, wild animals, soil microorganisms and other resources. Forest land includes arbor land, dredge land, shrub land, forest clearing, cutting ground, burning ground, nursery land and national planning suitable land. Forests can be renewed and are regenerative natural resources. The main index reflecting the quantity of forest resources is the forest area and Forest stock volume . Forest resources are one of the most important resources on the earth and the basis of biodiversity. It can not only provide a variety of valuable wood and raw materials for production and life, but also provide a variety of food for human economic life. More importantly, forests can regulate the climate, maintain water and soil, prevent and alleviate natural disasters such as drought and flood, wind sand and hail. There are purifying air, eliminating noise and other functions; At the same time, the forest is also a natural animal and botanical garden, feeding a variety of birds and animals and growing a variety of precious trees and medicinal materials.

Land resources

Land resources ^[3] The broad sense of land resources refers to the resources (natural resources, human resources and others) under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state, including territory, territorial sea, airspace, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone Socio-economic resources A general term for); The narrow sense of land resources refers to the natural resources within the jurisdiction of a sovereign state. Land resources have the characteristics of integrity, regionalism, limitation and variability. Land resources generally include two aspects: land resources and mineral resources.

Land resources It is the land that can be used by human beings under socio-economic and technological conditions, and it is a natural complex composed of factors such as terrain, climate, soil, vegetation, rock and hydrology, and it is also the product of human past and productive labor. Therefore, land resources have both natural and social attributes and are the "mother of wealth". There are many ways to classify land resources, and the most common ones in China are terrain classification and land use type classification:

(1) According to topography, land resources can be divided into plateaus, mountains, hills, plains and basins. This classification shows the natural basis of land use. Generally speaking, forestry and animal husbandry should be developed in mountainous areas, and farming operations should be developed in plains and basins.

(2) According to the type of land use, land resources can be divided into cultivated land, forest land, grassland, industrial and mining transportation residential land, etc.; The land suitable for development and utilization is the land suitable for reclamation, forest land, pasture land, swamp beach waters, etc. Temporarily difficult to use the land namely Gobi, desert, alpine mountains and so on. This classification focuses on the development and utilization of land, and focuses on the social benefits, economic benefits and ecological environmental benefits brought by land use. Evaluate the ways and production potential of land resources that have been utilized, investigate and analyze the quantity, quality and distribution of land resources that should be utilized and the directions for further development and utilization, identify the quantity and distribution of land resources that cannot be utilized for the time being, explore the possibility of future transformation and utilization, and provide basic scientific basis for further tapping the production potential of land resources and rationally arranging the production layout.

China's land resources have four basic characteristics: the absolute quantity is large, the per capita possession is small; The types are complex and diverse, and the proportion of cultivated land is small. The utilization situation is complicated and the regional differences of productivity are obvious. Regional distribution is uneven, and protection and development problems are prominent.

(1) The absolute number is large and the per capita occupancy is small

China has a land area of 9.6 million square kilometers and a maritime area of 4.73 million square kilometers. Land area In terms of land resources per capita, China ranks 11th among the world's top 12 countries in terms of area. All kinds of land resources in China are characterized by large absolute quantity and small per capita occupancy.

(2) The types are complex and diverse, and the proportion of cultivated land is small

China's terrain and climate are very complex, and its land types are complex and diverse, providing favorable conditions for the diversified management and all-round development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, secondary and fishery. However, it should also be noted that some land types are difficult to develop and utilize. For example, China Sandy desert The Gobi accounts for more than 12% of the total land area, and it is difficult to transform and utilize. The proportion of arable land, which is crucial to China's agricultural production, is just over 10%.

(3) The utilization situation is complex, and the regional differences in productivity are obvious

The development and utilization of land resources is a long historical process. Due to the complexity of China's natural conditions and the particularity of various historical development processes, the situation of land resource utilization in China is extremely complicated. For example, in the vast northeast plain, the Han people mostly use arable land to grow sorghum, corn and other grains, while the Korean people mostly grow rice. Farmers in Shandong have rich experience in peanut planting and have a high yield, while farmers in Henan and Hubei grow sesame and have a good return. Under similar natural conditions, Taihu Lake basin, Pearl River Delta and parts of Sichuan Basin have formed national silkworm rearing centers and so on.

The degree of land resources development will be different with different utilization methods, and the productivity level of land will be significantly different. For example, in the same subtropical mountains, the management of tea gardens, orchards, economic trees will have higher economic and social benefits, and let the trees grow naturally, unplanned to cut down, not only the economic benefits are lower, but also the land resources will be damaged.

(4) Uneven distribution and prominent problems in protection and development

The uneven distribution mentioned here mainly refers to two aspects: first, the uneven distribution of specific land resource types. For example, the limited cultivated land is mainly concentrated in the plain area of the eastern monsoon region of China, and the grassland resources are mostly distributed in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Second, per capita ownership Land resources Uneven distribution.

The land resources in different areas face different problems. China has little forest land and insufficient forest resources. However, while the northeast forest region strives for the balance of harvesting and breeding, the southwest forest region faces the problem of wasting forest resources. China's vast grassland resources are not fully utilized, and the level of animal husbandry production is not high. However, in some parts of the grassland, it faces overgrazing, Pasture degradation The problem.

Mineral resources Refers to the formation of geological mineralization, buried in the ground or exposed to the surface, and has the value of development and utilization of minerals or useful elements. Mineral resources belong to Non-renewable resources Its reserves are limited. There are more than 160 known minerals in the world, of which more than 80 are widely used. According to its characteristics and uses, it is usually divided into metal minerals, Nonmetallic mineral And energy minerals three categories.

China has a vast territory, diverse geological conditions, rich mineral resources, 171 kinds of minerals. There are 157 species with proven reserves. Among them, the proved reserves of tungsten, antimony, rare earth, molybdenum, vanadium and titanium rank first in the world. Coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury, tin, nickel, apatite The reserves of asbestos are in the forefront of the world.

The distribution of mineral resources in China is characterized by uneven regional distribution. For example, iron is mainly distributed in Liaoning, eastern Hebei and western Sichuan, and rarely in northwest; Coal is mainly distributed in North China, Northwest, Northeast and southwest regions, of which Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other provinces are the most concentrated, while the southeast coastal provinces are very little. This uneven distribution of the situation, so that some minerals have a considerable concentration, such as tungsten ore, in 19 provinces and regions are distributed, reserves are mainly concentrated in the southeast of Hunan, southern Jiangxi, northern Guangdong, western Fujian and Guidong - Guizhong, although conducive to large-scale mining, but also to transport has brought great pressure. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of transportation in order to make the unevenly distributed resources allocate and use effectively throughout the country.

Marine resources

Marine resources It is a general term for Marine organisms, Marine energy, Marine minerals and Marine chemical resources. Marine living resources Mainly fish and shrimp, it plays an extremely important role in environmental protection and providing human food. Marine energy includes subsea oil, natural gas, tidal energy, wave energy, ocean current power generation, seawater temperature difference power generation, etc. The future development also includes the energy development of uranium and heavy water in seawater. Marine mineral resources Including manganese nodules in the seabed and titanium and zirconium in the heavy placer ore in the coastal zone. Marine chemical resources It includes extracting fresh water and various chemical elements (bromine, magnesium, potassium, etc.) and salt from seawater. The development of Marine resources is more complex than that of land, with high technical requirements and larger investment, but the amount of some resources is dozens or even thousands of times more than that of land. Therefore, in the case of increasing consumption of human resources and decreasing reserves of many terrestrial resources, the development of Marine resources has very important economic value and strategic significance.

Meteorological resources

Climatic resources It is the light and heat resources brought by solar radiation, as well as atmospheric precipitation and air flow (wind) that can be utilized by human beings under socio-economic and technological conditions. Climatic resources have a great impact on human production and life. They are both available for a long time and have strong regional differences.

Energy resources

Energy resources It is a material and natural process that can provide a large amount of energy for human beings under socio-economic and technological conditions, including coal, oil, natural gas, wind, water, ocean currents, waves, vegetation fuels, solar radiation, electricity, etc. Energy resources are not only an indispensable material in human production and life, but also the material basis of economic development, which is closely related to sustainable development.

1. Classification by their formation and source:

(1) From Solar radiation Energy, such as: solar, coal, oil, natural gas, hydro, wind, bioenergy Let's wait.

(2) Energy from the earth's interior, such as nuclear energy and geothermal energy.

(3) Gravitational energy of celestial bodies, such as: Tidal energy .

2. Classification by development and utilization:

(1) Conventional energy, such as coal, oil, natural gas, water energy, biological energy.

(2) New energy, such as: Nuclear energy , geothermy , Ocean energy , Solar energy , methane , Wind energy .

3. Classification by attributes:

(1) Renewable energy, such as: solar energy, geothermal energy, water energy, wind energy, biological energy, ocean energy.

(2) Non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy.

4. Classified by conversion transfer process:

(1) Primary energy, energy directly from nature. Such as: coal, oil, natural gas, water energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, ocean energy, biological energy.

(2) Secondary energy sources, such as: methane , gasoline, Diesel oil Coke, gas, steam, thermal power, hydropower, nuclear power, solar power, tidal power, wave power, etc.

Mineral resources

China has a vast territory, diverse geological conditions, rich mineral resources, 171 kinds of minerals. There are 157 species with proven reserves. Among them, the proved reserves of tungsten, antimony, rare earth, molybdenum, vanadium and titanium rank first in the world. Coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury, tin, nickel, apatite, asbestos and other reserves are in the forefront of the world.

The distribution of mineral resources in China is characterized by uneven regional distribution. For example, iron is mainly distributed in Liaoning, eastern Hebei and western Sichuan, and rarely in northwest; Coal is mainly distributed in North China, Northwest, Northeast and southwest regions, of which Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other provinces are the most concentrated, while the southeast coastal provinces are very little. This uneven distribution of the situation, so that some minerals are relatively concentrated, such as tungsten ore, although in 19 provinces and regions are distributed, but the reserves are mainly concentrated in the southeast of Hunan, southern Jiangxi, northern Guangdong, western Fujian and Guidong - Guizhong, although conducive to large-scale mining, but also to transport has brought great pressure. It is urgent to strengthen the construction of transportation in order to effectively deploy and use the unevenly distributed resources throughout the country ^[4] .

Water resources

Water resources It is a kind of resource in nature that can coexist in fluid, solid and gaseous states at the same time, and it is a part of the water source that can be used and may be used by human beings under socio-economic and technological conditions, such as shallow groundwater, lake water, soil water, atmospheric water and river water.

Rivers and lakes are China's main freshwater resources, Poyang Lake , Dongting Lake Taihu Lake Hongze Lake , Chaohu Lake It is one of the five major freshwater lakes in China. Therefore, the distribution of rivers and lakes and the amount of water directly affect the life and production of people everywhere. China's per capita runoff is 2,200 cubic meters, which is 24.7% of the world's per capita runoff. Among the river basins, the Pearl River Basin has the largest per capita water resources, with a per capita runoff of about 4,000 cubic meters. The Yangtze River basin is slightly higher than the national average, about 2,300-2,500 cubic meters. The Hailuanhe River Basin is the most water-stressed area in China, with a per capita runoff of less than 250 cubic meters.

The distribution of water resources in China is more in the south and less in the north, while the distribution of arable land is less in the south and more in the north. For example, the North China Plain, where wheat and cotton are concentrated, accounts for about 40% of the country's arable land, but only about 6% of the country's water resources. The poor coordination of water and soil resources has further aggravated the water shortage in northern China.

China's hydropower reserves reach 680 million kilowatts, ranking first in the world. 70% of them are distributed in the four provinces and municipalities in Southwest China and the Tibet Autonomous Region, with the Yangtze River system being the largest, followed by the Yarlung Zangbo River system. The Yellow River system and the Pearl River system also have large hydropower reserves. The developed areas are concentrated in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Pearl River.

Categorize in terms of quantity change :

1. Depleting natural resources. It is stored in a certain amount in a certain place and decreases with the use of people until it is finally exhausted. Mineral resources are a typical depleting natural resources.

2. Stability of natural resources. It has the characteristics of steadiness and quantitative stability. Such as land resources.

3. Mobility of natural resources, also known as Regenerative resources . This resource is always regenerated at a certain rate, and at the same time, it is disappearing at a certain rate, such as sunlight, water, etc. Water area resources (except), forest, etc.

Mobile natural resources can be divided into two sub-categories: one is constant mobile natural resources. Their total resources at a certain point always remain the same, such as sunlight resources and Hydropower resources Let's wait. The second is the fluctuating liquidity of natural resources. Their total resources at a certain point will change due to people's development and use, such as forest resources and water resources.

Nature of natural resources

broadcast

EDITOR

Natural resources have a duality, which is not only the basis of human survival and development, but also Environmental element .

Natural matter and energy that have already been utilized are called "resources," and matter and energy that may be utilized in the future are called "resources." Potential resource ".

According to the distribution of natural resources and the length of time used by human beings, natural resources can be divided into limited resources and limited resources Unlimited resources There are two main categories, in which limited resources can be divided into renewable resources and Non-renewable resource .

Natural resources generally refer to those that exist in nature and can be used by human beings Natural condition ( Natural environment element ). United Nations Environment Programme Defined as: in a certain time, place conditions, can produce economic value to improve human current and Future welfare Natural environmental factor And conditions. Usually include Mineral resources , Land resources Water resources, climate resources and biological resources. It is closely related to human society; It is not only an important basis for human survival, but also a source of raw materials and fuel for social production Production layout Necessary conditions and places. Natural resources are only relative concepts, with society productivity With the improvement of the level and the progress of science and technology, some natural conditions can be converted into natural resources. supra Seawater desalination technology In arid regions, parts of sea water and salty lakes may become a source of fresh water.

Forest resources

Characteristics of natural resources

broadcast

EDITOR

regional

An imbalance in the distribution of resources, significant in quantity or quality Regional difference And has its special distribution law.

versatility

Most resources have multiple functions and uses.

sociality

Through production activities, human beings process natural resources into valuable material wealth, so that natural resources have a wide range of social attributes.

marketization

broadcast

EDITOR

Question raising

For a long time, the production, supply and marketing of China's natural resources have been operated under the control of the planning system. Resource product The vast majority are taken by the state Mandatory planning Allocation of the way to take away, the price is lower than the international market similar products several percent or even lower. Resource producing areas and their enterprises have very little autonomy and leeway to bring their products to market. In recent years, the development of market economy makes the price of resource-based products seem more and more unreasonable. "Resources are priceless, raw materials are low, and products are high," so that the processing industry sector can effortlessly obtain good benefits because of the low price of raw materials, while the resource-based industry sector bears a huge administrative loss. As a result, the processing industry sector does not cherish cheap raw materials, and the resource-based industry sector has no enthusiasm to improve the output rate of resource products, resulting in China's long-term economic growth dependent on high input of resources. According to statistics, our country energy Input coefficient It ranks first among more than 100 countries in the world, and the waste of resources is staggering. In addition, the planned allocation of resources creates hidden waste: Resource products are transferred out of the origin by the national mandatory plan, and the resource processing industry departments in the origin are forced to purchase these products from non-origin sources (for example, logs in Heilongjiang Province are transferred out of the province continuously, and the papermaking industry in the province has to spend a lot of manpower and material resources to purchase logs out of the province every year), which undoubtedly puts huge pressure on the transportation department. It also causes the loss of resource products and the waste of people, money and things.

Water resources

Visible, natural resources Plan management Resulting in a serious waste of natural resources, is China's high consumption, low efficiency economic growth and Industrial structure The root cause of low level and slow conversion. In addition, the planned management of natural resources also causes some other negative effects. The planning system makes the leaders of grass-roots units lack initiative, creativity and sense of responsibility, resulting in low management level of enterprises and poor economic benefits; The planning system damages the function of the market mechanism, makes the fair competition can not be reflected, and seriously hinders the progress of technology. The planning system often makes the consumers of resource products unable to get the real satisfaction, often there is no supply for those who need it, but those who do not need it are forced to buy it. A series of problems caused by the planning system have also led to serious environmental pollution Ecological environment Worsening day by day.

influence

1. The impact of natural resource marketization on resource-based industries

After the natural resources enter the market, because the demand is greater than the supply, the result of the competition among the demanders will inevitably make the price of the resource products rise. The economic benefit of the resource-based industry sector which has got rid of the restriction of the planning system for a long time will be significantly improved in the short term, and the "economic crisis" which troubles the resource-based industry sector of our country will be alleviated. The improvement of the economic situation has increased the enthusiasm of the resource-based industry sector, and the output rate of natural resources products has also increased. However, in order to pursue greater benefits, the exploitation intensity of natural resources is bound to rise. In many areas of our country, the natural resources are already under the condition of over-exploitation. How to avoid the over-exploitation of natural resources has become the primary problem faced by the commercialization of natural resources.

In fact, the problem of over-exploitation of natural resources already exists under the planning system, which is the inevitable result of demand exceeding supply, not the product of the market economy. Over-exploitation under the planned system is partly due to the management's efforts to meet the demand for natural resources in the processing industry sector Resource industry The department ordered super-strength mining Mandatory planning On the other hand, it is due to the resource industry door to supplement the products in the plan Policy loss And their own large mining intensity, so that enterprises can obtain higher than Planned price Income from the sale of excess products. Other factors, such as collective and individual exploitation in violation of policies, also contribute to the overexploitation of resources.

It can be seen that it is precisely because of the constraints of the planning system that natural resources cannot reach the balance of supply and demand under the market mechanism, resulting in low output and over-exploitation of natural resources. The reasonable way to solve the problem of over-exploitation of natural resources is the legislation of natural resources. The market economy is a legal economy. Only a sound legal system can make the market economy develop healthily. The most important way to address issues in natural resource legislation remains Economic means . The main problems to be solved in natural resources legislation are: (1) the relationship of property rights of natural resources. We should change the phenomenon of "whoever develops belongs to who", truly nationalize the ownership of natural resources, and completely separate the ownership from the use right; We will implement a system of paid use of natural resources. Users of natural resources should report to the representatives of natural resource ownership Resource management Departments pay a reasonable amount Tax money ; Implement a compensation system for the consumption of natural resources. The charge for the consumption of natural resources is based on the nature and quantity of natural resources, so that the regeneration of natural resources and the protection of the environment are financially guaranteed Resource exploitation The increase of the degree increases, and the increasing speed is greater than the impulse acceleration of resource exploitation intensity, so as to avoid over-intensity exploitation; Criminal and economic sanctions against those who destroy natural resources and disregard natural resource regulations.

The use of economic and legal means to avoid the excessive exploitation of natural resources is undoubtedly much more powerful than purely administrative means. The resource-based industry is restricted by law and the market price rise, so it will inevitably focus on the output rate of natural resources, which is very necessary for the full utilization and conservation of natural resources.

2. The impact of processing industry

Many enterprises in our country, especially large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, have been constrained by the planning system for a long time, but also have a lot of protection, such as the supply of cheap natural resource products. When raw material prices are low and finished goods prices are relatively high, many companies are still losing money. Once natural resources enter the market and the prices of resource products rise, these companies can be imagined to face difficulties. So should the market for natural resources be put on hold?

The competition facing our industrial sectors is not only from abroad. The development of market economy will make our economy run in line with the world economy and integrate into the world economic competition. After entering the customs, there are very few industrial sectors that can be protected. Most industrial sectors must compete directly in the international market. The processing industry must win with high quality and low price. The cheap source of raw materials makes enterprises lack the enthusiasm to improve the utilization rate of raw materials, so there is a strange phenomenon that although the cost of processed products is low, the consumption of raw materials is high. It is inevitable that natural resources will enter the market, and once the supply of cheap raw materials is lost, the cost of processed products will rise, and the competitiveness will be greatly weakened. Technological progress in the world is rapid, and the later the marketization of natural resources, the shorter the adaptation period of the processing industry sector to the market raw material prices, and the greater the impact it faces. If the planned management of natural resources is liberalized only after integration with world markets, the survival of vulnerable processing industries will be even more difficult. Therefore, we must sweep away international practices as soon as possible and use market economic means to manage the prices and prices of raw materials in the processing industry Finished product The price.

Natural resources

3. The marketization of natural resources will promote the formation of resource-saving industrial structure

The marketization of natural resources can enable the resource-based industry sector to deepen the development of natural resources, can enable the processing industry sector to reduce the demand for natural resources, and can also enable other industrial sectors (such as the construction industry, the construction industry, the construction industry) to reduce the demand for natural resources. Transportation industry Enhance the awareness of cherishing natural resources. The result of these functions is the full utilization of natural resources. The effective demand for natural resources (the demand in equilibrium) will be lower than the effective demand for natural resources when it stabilizes after the fluctuations that inevitably occur during the transition from one system to another. It can be seen that the marketization of natural resources has a very positive impact on restraining the industry's demand for natural resources, improving its output rate and reducing its waste. The commercialization of natural resources plays a very important role in the establishment of resource-saving industrial structure. In other words, to establish a resource-saving industrial structure, natural resources must be pushed to the market.

Relevant law

broadcast

EDITOR

Our country attaches great importance to the issue of natural resources, and the laws enacted in this area include Forest law Grassland Law, Mineral Resources Law, Water law And so many parts. In 1979, China passed the first environmental protection law -" Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (Trial). In March 1997, the revised" Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China Added provisions on "crimes of damaging the protection of environmental resources". As of 1998, China has promulgated a total of Environment dependent Department of Resource Law 9. In addition, a system of paid use of natural resources has been established. A set of management measures in which the State adopts compulsory means to make the units or individuals exploiting and utilizing natural resources pay a certain fee. This is also the legal embodiment and confirmation of the value of natural resources. With the construction and perfection of our legal system, the idea that natural resources have value has been accepted by most economists, and has been reflected in the economic policies and legislation of many countries. At the same time, a natural resources archives system was established, Natural resources licensing system Let's wait. That is, before engaging in the exploitation and utilization of natural resources, the parties must submit an application to the relevant administrative authorities, and after examination and approval, a set of management measures for the activity can be carried out only after the license is issued. The development, utilization, import and export of natural resources have been regulated. Especially in Land resources On the other hand, there is a "land use right certificate"; in Grassland resources In terms of "grassland use warrant"; In terms of forest resources, yes Forest felling permit Timber transport documents; In respect of mineral resources, it shall have mining licenses and exploration licenses; In terms of fishery resources, yes Breeding use certificate , fishing license; in Wildlife resources In terms of licensed hunting permits, hunting permits, Domestication and breeding permit Import and export permit certificate; In terms of water resources, there are permits to take water and so on. These are conducive to the effective supervision, management and protection of natural resources.

Many people are calling for: protect the earth, protect natural resources...

Natural resources

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001